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ffi political map, 130
relief and water, BB
AAI. 84 Chasms, 33 Dam,53
Abyssal plain, 37 Chimney, 38 Day,12
Abysses, 33 Cliffs, 36 Deforestation, 1 13
Africa Climate, 66,75, 82 Delta, 36
climate and biogeography, 93 Climates Depression, 34,35
relief and water, 92 co|d,72,75, 87 Desert, 72,94, 135
Air pressure, 70 Alpine, 72,110 coastal, T2
Altitude, 71 , 110 Polar,72,95 continental, 72
Anemometer, 66,70 desert, /5 frozen,72
Antarctica, 95 hof,72,75 warm,72
Anlarctic Circle, 14 Equatorial, 72,89,93 Desertification, 1 13
Anticyclone, 70 Monsoon, 72,91 Dromedary,66
Aquifer; 53. 57, 108 Tropical, 72, 89 Droughts, 57
Archipelago,36, 137 warm,72,15 Duck-billed platypus, 94

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Arctic Circle, 14 Continental, 72 Dunes, 32
Arctic tundra,9l ,97 Maritime, 72,110
Asia Mediterranean, T2, 110
climate and biogeography, 91 Sub-tropical, 72 Earth, 10
political map,132 Climatic zones Earthquakes,3l , 40,96
relief and water; 90 cold zone, 68 Eafth's axis,12
Asteroid belt, 11 hot zone, 68 Emerged lands, 29
Atmosphere, 11 , 64,75 warm zone, 68 Endemic, 82
Atoll,94 Climatology, 66 Epicentre,40
Autonomous communities, 124, 1 37 Climogram,68 Equator, 14,72
Autumn, 12
Coast, 36,54 Equinox
Cold currents, 50, 85, 89 Autumn, 13
Cold front, 69 Spring, 13
Bay, 36 Condensation,49 Eruption, 3B
Beach, 36 Continentality, 71 Estuary, 36
Bioclimatic regions, 4, 1 17
1 1 Contlnental platform, 37 Eucalyptus, 94
Biodiversity, 89,94, 103, 117 Continental slope, 37 Europe
Continents, 30, 126, 132 climate and biogeography, 85
Constituton of Spain, 124,137 political map,126
Coral reef, 92 relief and water; 84
Camel, 66
Core,28, 41 Evaporation, 49
Canyon, 32
innet 28 Exosphere, 64,65
Cape, 36
Capiial, 124,128,137 oute[ 28
single-provin ce, 124 Councils, 124
multi-province,124 Counties, 124 Faults, 31
Cartographic projection. 1 6 Countries, 126,137 Fauna,112
conical, I6 Course of a river; 52 Fjord, 84
cylindrical, 16 lower course, 52 Floods, 56
flat, 16 middle course, 52 Flood tide, 50
Cartography, 6, 16 upper course, 52 Fluvial terrace, 33
Caves, 33 Cove, 36 Fold, 31
Central and South America Crater, 38 Forest, 82,85,91
c r'¡ate and biogeography, 89 Crust, 28, 29,41 Fresh water, 48
lndex

Galaxy, 10 Lake, 53, 57 National Park, 1 16

elliptical, 10 Latitude, 14,21 ,70 Natural environment, 82
irregula; '10 North, 14 Natural monument, 116
spherical, 10 South,14 Natural park, 1 16
spiral, 10 Latitudes Natural reserve, 1 16
Geographic coordinates, 1 4 high,14 Neptune, .10
GIS, 6 . low, 14 Night, 12
Glaciers, 53,57 middle, 14 Nomadic, 134
Global warming, 64,75 Lava,31,38 North America
GMT,20 Leeward, 71 climate and biogeography, 87
Gorge, 33 Length, 14 political map, 128
Greenwich meridian, 14, 20 East, 14 relief and water, 86
Gulf, 36 West, 14
Lion, 93
Lithosphere, 30,41 Oceania, 94,136
Hail, 68 Livestock farming, 134 Oceans, 36, 48,50, 57
Hawaiian, 39 Low pressure, 70 Ocean currents, 50, 57 ,71
Heliograph, 66 Low tide, 50 Ocean ridges, 37,41
Hemisphere, 14 Ocean trenches, 37,41
Austral or Southern. l4 orbit,12
Boreal or Northern, '14 Orogenic forces, 30, 41
Magma, 31,38,41
Hibernate, 66 Ozone layer, 65
Magma chamber, 38
High tide, 50
Mantle, 28,30, 41
Hill, 34
Map, 17
Hydrography,82, 109
large-scale, 1B Parallels, 14, 21
Hydrosphere, 48, 57
medium-scale, 1B Parent material, 1 12
Hygrometer, 66
small-scale, 1B Peak, 34
Hypocentre, 40
thematic, '17 Pelean, 39
Humus, 1 12
topographic, 17 Pengurn, 95
Hurricanes, 74,96
Marine bottoms, 30,37 Peninsula, 36,104
Marine rift valley, 37 , 41 Pond, 53
lVlars, 10 Plain, 34, 35
lce, 53, 5l ,12 Marsh, 36 Plane, 18,34,35,71
lceberg, 53, 95 Mediterranean forest, 1 16 Planets, 10
Infiltration, 48 Mercury, 10 Plateau, 34
lnternational Date Line, 20 Meridians, '14, 21 Pleats, 31
lnuit, 128 Mesosphere, 64 Pluviometer, 66,68
lslands, 36, 106, 130, 131
Mestizo population, 1 31 Polar bear, 66
lsobars. 70
Meteorology, 67 Poles
Mid-ocean ridges, 37, 41 North Pole, 10
Milky Way, 10,21 South Pole, 10
Jungle, 91,97 Millibars, T0 Pollution, 1 13
Jupiter, 10 Monsoon, 56 Population densi§, 132, 137
Moraine, 33 Precipitation , 48,68
Mountain, 34 Protected landscape, 94
Kangaroo, 94 Mountain range, 34,35 Protected marine area, 1 16
Koala, 94 Municipalities, 124, 137 Provinces, 124,137

Glossory 159
B
Rain. 68
C Horizon,112
Soils, 1 12
Solar System , 10,21
Tidalwave,40
Tides, 50, 57
TIG,6
convective, 68 Solstice, Tigeq 91
frontal, 69 Summer, 13 Time zone, 20
orographic, 69 Wintet'13 Torrents, 33
torrential, 74,75,96 Summer, 1.2 Translation; 12,21
Rainfall, 48,68 Summit, 34 Tributaries, 52
Rainforgst, 93,97 Sun, 1 0 Tropic of Cancer, 14
Regional park, 1 16 Spain Tropic of Capricorn, 14
Relative humidity, 70 climates Troposphere, 64
Relief, 30, 71 , 82 Mediterranean Tsunami, 40,96
carstic, 32 interiol 1 10 Tuareg nomands, 134
coastal, 32,41 semi-arid, 1 10 Twisters, 56,74,96
continental, 34,36, 41 Alpine, 110,117
faulted, 31 Oceanic, 110,117
fluvial, 32 Sub-tropical,110,117 Underground watel 53, 57
glacial, 33 continental waters and seas, 108 Universe, 10
of the sea floor,37,41 watersheds Uranus, 10
pleated,3l Atlantic, 109 Urban centres, 133
wind,32 Cantabrian, 109
Ria, 36 Mediterranean, 109
natural landscapes, 1 12 Valley, 30,34
River basin, 52 bioclimatic regions Vane, 70
River cl¡annel, 52 Canarian, 1 '14 Vapour, 48,57
Riverb'ed, 52 Alpine, 1 14 Vegetation, 1 12
Rivers, 52,54,57, 108 Mediterranean,ll4 Venus. lO
itotation, 12,21 . Oceanic, 1 14 Vesuvian, 39
relief, 104, 107 Volcanic bombs, 38
geographic location, 1 04 Volcanic cone, 38
types of rock Volcanoes. 31, 38, 41, 96
Salt water; 48
clayey, 105 Vulcanian, 39
Satellite, 10
limestone, 105
Saturn,10
silica, 104
Savannah,93,97
Scale, 18
stalactite, 32
Warm currents, 50, 85, 87
graphic, stalagmite, 32
. 1B
star / celestial body, 10
Warm front, 69
numerical, 1B Water, 32,41
steppes, 91,97
Sea, 36, 48, 55, 57, 1 1, 108 Water cycle,48,49
stratosphere, 64
Sea currents , 50, 57 , 71 Water rate, 52
streams, 52'
Seal,95 Watershed, 52, 108
Seasons, 12,13
strombolian, 39
Waves, 50,57
Spring, 13 Weathel 66,75
Semi desert, 72 Weather forecast, 66
Shade,71 faiga,91,97 Weather satellites, 75
Sierra, 35 Tectonic plates,'ZO, +l Weather station, 66
Slavery, 135 Temperature , 32, 41 , 68 Weathering, 52,113
Snow,8,57,68,12 . Temperature range, 68 Wells,53
Soilhorizons Thermal gradie¡t, 71 Wetland, 1 13
A Horizon, 1 '12 Thermometer, 66, 68 Wind, 32,41,70
B Horizon, I 12 Thermosphere, 64 Windward, Tl