PHYSICS REVIEWER aave = v2 – v1 / t2 – t1 = Δv / Δt

Velocity where:
-speed and direction
aave = average acceleration
Scalar quantity v – Velocity
-physical quantity t – time

Vector Quantity MOTION WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION

-has both a direction and magnitude v = vo + at
x = xo +vot + (1/2) at2
Displacement v2 = vo2 + 2a(x-xo)
-change of position; from one from point to x-xo = (vo +v/2)t
another
Free Falling Bodies
Vectors may be: -bodies moving at a constant acceleration
1. Parallel – same Direction
2. Anti-parallel – opposite direction Acceleration due to Gravity
g = 9.8 m/s2
Vector Addition
C = B + A ; where c = a+b MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENTIONS
Projectile
-anybody that is given an initial velocity and
then follows a path determined entirely by the
effects of gravitational acceleration and air
resistance.

Trajectory
Components of Vectors -path followed by a projectile is 2-dim because
A = Ax + Ay it involves xy-coordinate plane.

Projectile Motion(PM)
-combination of horizontal motion w/ constant
velocity & vertical motion w/ constant
acceleration

If ѳ is measured from the (+) x-axis, rotating Ax = 0; Ay = -g

towards the (+) y axis
Ax = AcosѲ ; Ay = AsinѲ Eq. involve in PM
x = (vocosѲo)t
If we know vector A y = (vosinѲo) – ½(gt2)
vx = vocosѲo
A = √ Ax2 + Ay2 vy = vosinѲo – gt

So, tan Ѳ = Ay / Ax; Ѳ = arctan Ay / Ax For Finding the projectile speed at any given
time:
Unit Vector V = √ Vx2 + Vy2 – magnitude
-vector that has a magnitude of 1 Tan Ѳ = Vy / Vx
Î = points to the direction of x - axis Things to remember:
Ĵ = points to the direction of y - axis At initial position t=0 with the x-axis horizontal
& y-axis upward then:
Ā = Āxî + Āyĵ xo = 0; yo = 0; ax = 0; ay = -g
B = Bxî + Byĵ At the highest point of trajectory
vy = 0
MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
MOTION IN A CIRCLE
vave = x2 – x1 / t2 – t1 = Δx / Δt Velocity at one complete revolution (period (T))
v = 2πR/T
where: where:
R – Radius
vave - average velocity T – Time
x – Displacement Radial Acceleration
t – time arad = v2 /R – by substitution - arad = 4π2R/T2
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION F = kx – force of a spring
Newton’s 1st Law: Where:
-a body acted on by no net force moves w/ k – Spring constant
constant velocity & zero acceleration. x – diff. of the stretch and outstretch spring.
For a body in equilibrium:
ΣF = 0; where F – Force W = ½(kX2) – work done on a spring
Each Component: If already initially stretch:
ΣFx = 0; ΣFy = 0 W = ½(kX22) - ½(kX12)
Newton’s 2nd Law:
-if a net external force acts on a body, the body Power
accelerates. The direction of acceleration is the -the time rate at w/c work is done
same as the direction of the net forces. PAVERAGE = ΔW / Δt; unit = wat

ΣF = ma; where m = mass, a = acceleration Momentum

Each component: -the product of particles mass times velocity
ΣFx = max; ΣFy = may; ΣFz = maz p = mv

Mass Law of Gravitation

-characterizes the initial properties of a body FG = Gm1m2/r2
Weight Where:
-a force exerted on a body by the pull of the G-Gravitational constant
earth or some other large body. m – mass of the object
w = mg ; where w- weight, m-mass, r – dist. Bet. The 1st and 2nd object
g - acc. Due to gravity
Newton’s 3rd Law: Motion of Satellites
-If a body A exerts a force on body B (an action), v = √GmE /r (circular orbit)
then body B exerts a force on body A (a
reaction). These two forces have the same T = 2πr/v = 2πr3/2/√GmE – one period
magnitude but are opposite in direction.
Periodic Motion
Forces acted on different bodies: -motion that repeats itself in a definite cycle
T=1/ƒ – period on full cycle
FA on B = -F B on A ƒ=1/T - # of cycles per unit time
In solving forces, use the free body diagram
Density
ρ = m/v

FLUID MECHANICS
Pressure
P = F/A ; force per unit area
Unit for pressure: Pascal

Continuity Equation
Work -the mass of the moving fluid doesn’t change as
W=Fs; where F – Force, s – displacement it flows.
A1v1 = A2v2 (continuity Eq.)
Unit for work: Joules = 1 N.m Where:
When force & displacement are on different A – Stationary cross-section area
directions v – Speed of the fluid
W = FscosѲ
V = Av – Volume flow rate
WTOTAL > 0 – speeds up
WTOTAL < 0 – slows TEMPERATURE and HEAT
WTOTAL = 0 maintains same Speed TF = 9/5TC + 32°
TC = 5/9 (TF - 32°)
KE = ½(mv2) TK = TC + 273.15
**Constant-volume gas thermometer
**the work done by the net force on a particle T2/T1 = P2/P1
equals the change in the particles KE T in Kelvin
P – pressure
WTOTAL = K2 – K1 = ΔK (work-energy theorem)
Kelvin – absolute temp. scale
T = 0K = -273.15 °C – absolute zero
SPRING Thermal Expansion
-expansion due to change in temperature ***Emissivity is often larger for dark surfaces
Linear thermal Expansion than for light ones.
ΔL = αLOΔT ;
where THERMODYNAMICS
α. – coefficient. of linear thermal expansion -interaction with the surroundings, or
LO – initial length environment, in the least two ways, one w/c is
Volume Thermal Expansion heat is transfer.
ΔV = βVOΔT;
Where First law of thermodynamics
β - coefficient of volume thermal expansion -the change in internal energy of a system
VO – initial Volume during any thermodynamic process depends
Specific Heat Capacity only on the initial and final states, not on the
Q = mcΔT; c – specific heat of a material path leading from one to the other.
Phase Change Denoted by:
Q = ±mL ∆U = Q – W
Where:
(+) – heat entering – used when materials melt Where:
(-) – heat leaving – used when it freezes U – internal energy
LF – heat of fussion Q – quantity of heat
m – mass W – work
**If it is an isolated system (one that does no
MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER work on its surroundings and has no heat flow
Conduction to or from its surroundings)
-occurs w/in a body or bet. Two bodies in W=Q=0
contact Therefore,
U2-U1=∆U = 0
H=kA ((TH-TC)/L) (heat current in conduction)
Where: Kinds of thermodynamic processes
A - cross-sectional area of the rod Adiabatic Process
K - thermal conductivity of the material -no heat transfer into or out of a system
TH-TC – temperature difference on the rod Q=0
L – length of the heat flow path ∆U = Q
**when a system expands adiabatically, W is (+)
Large k – good conductors of heat (system does work on its surroundings), so ∆U is
Small k – poor conductors or insulators (-) & internal energy decreases.
**when a system compressed adiabatically, W is
Thermal insulation in buildings: (-) (work done on the system by the
H=A (TH-TC)/R; R = L/k surroundings) and U increases.
Where: Isochoric Process
R – Thermal resistance of a slab (material) -constant volume process
**when volume is constant, it does no work in
Convection its surroundings. So W=0.
-transfer of heat by mass motion of a fluid from ∆U = Q
one region of space to another. Isobaric Process
-constant pressure process
Types: **∆U,Q,W = 0
Forced Convection But calculating the work
-the fluid circulated by a blower or pump W=p(V2-V1)
Free/natural Convection Isothermal Process
-the flow is caused by differences in density due -constant temperature process
to thermal expansion, such as hot air rising **∆U,Q,W are non-zero.

Radiation Molar heat capacity of ideal gas

-the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves CP = C V + R
such as visible light, infrared, and UV radiation. Where
CP – molar heat capacity at constant pressure
H=AeσT4 (heat current in radiation) CV - molar heat capacity at constant volume
Where: R – 8.315 J/mol * K
A – surface area
e – emissivity Ratios of Heat Capacity
T – absolute Temp γ = CP / CV
σ – Stefan-Boltzmann constant
σ=5.67051 x 10-8 W/m2 * K4
Capacitance
-the measure of the ability of a capacitor to
store energy
C = Q/Vab (definition of capacitance)
Where:
Q – magnitude of the charge of the conductor
Vab – Voltage of the batery
SI unit – farad = 1 C/V = 1 coulomb/volt
Index of Refraction
n = c/v
where
c – speed of light in free space(3x10 8 m/s)
v – index of refraction of the medium
Image Formation on PLANE MIRRORS(PM)
-the distance of the object and the image from a
plane mirror is always equal

Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor in a

vacuum
C = єOA/d
Where:
єO = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
A – Area of each plate
d – distance bet. Two capacitors s – object distance from PM
s’ – image distance from PM
Capacitors in Series s = - s’
1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + …
y – height of the object
Capacitors in Parallel y’ – height of the the image
Ceq = C1 + C2 +C3 + … m – lateral magnification (ratio of y’ over y)
m = y’/y
POWER if:
P = IV m is positive – image is real(upright)
Where: m is negative – image is inverted
I – current
V – voltage Lenses
Converging lenses – positive focal point
Voltage - Image produce:real
V = IR Miniscus lenses – one part concave other
SI - Volts convex
Where:
R – Resistance

R = ρL/A
ρ - resistivity of material
L – length
A – cross-section Area

ρ = E/J
E – magnitude of electric field
J – Current density

Resistors in Series
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + …
Resistors in Parallel
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …
SI - ohms
Diverging Lenses – negative focal point For Diverging Lenses:
- Image produce:virtual For all locations:
-virtual, erect and smaller than the object

Interference
- The variation of wave amplitude that occurs
when waves of the same or different frequency
come together.
-Either constructive or destructiove

Double Slit
-Produces an interference patern of light and
dark lines

Focal length (f) – distance from a lens to its focal

point
Depends on:
Index of refraction (n)
Radii of curvature (R1 & R2)
Radii of curvature is (+) – convex (curved
outward)
Radii of curvature is (-) – concave (curved
inward) Diffraction Grating
-it produces sharper and brighter interference
1/f= (n-1) (1/ R1 + 1/ R2) paterns than a double slit
-consist of more than 2 gratings (slits)
Lenses have two focal points:
Near focal point – w/c the light come form
Far focal point – other side of the lense

FOR CONVERGING LENSES

OBJECT IMAGE APPEARANCE EXAMPLE
BET. F & BEHIND VIRTUAL, MAGNIFYING
O THE ERECT, GLASS
LENS LARGER
THAN THE
OBJECT
AT F NONE NONE LIGHTHOUSE
BET. F & BEYOND REAL, PROJECTOR
2F 2F’ INVERTED, Diffraction – a wave behavior in w/c waves bend
LARGER around the edge of an obstacle in their path
THAN
OBJECT Covalent Bonding – The mechanism by which
AT 2F AT 2F’ REAL, OFFICE electron sharing holds atoms together to form
INVERTED, COPIER molecules
SAME SIZE
AS OBJECT TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
TYPE COVALENT IONIC MOLECULAR METALLIC
BEYOND BET. F’ REAL, CAMERA BOND SHARED ELECTRIC VAN DER ELECTRON
2F & 2F’ INVERTED, ELECTRON ATTRACTION WAALS GAS
SMALLER FORCES
THAN PROPERTIES Very hard; Hard; High Soft; low Ductile;
OBJECT high melting melting and metallic
melting point; may boiling luster;
AT AT F’ REAL, CAMERA point; be soluble in point; ability to
INFINITY INVERTED, soluble in polar liquid soluble in conduct
F SMALLER a very few such as covalent heat and
THAN liquid water liquids electric
current
OBJECT readily
Example Diamond Sodium Methane Sodium
Chloride
Radioactive Decay

Alpha Particles
-the nuclei of 42He atoms
Beta particles
-w/c are electrons or positrons(+ charged
electrons)
Gamma Rays
-photons of high energy

Electron Emission
nO → p+ + e-
Positron Emission
p+ → nO + e -
Electron Capture
p+ + e - → nO

RADIOACTIVE DECAY
DECAY NUCLEAR
TRANSFORMATION
A A-4 4
ALPHA ZX → Z-2Y + 2He
A A -
ELECTRON ZX → Z+1Y + e
EMISSION
A A -
POSITRON ZX → Z-1Y + e
EMISSION
A - A
ELECTRON ZX + e → Z-1Y
CAPTURE
A A
GAMMA ZX → ZX + γ