EnvE EnviroSeries

Environmental Engineering

Generation and Composition

• First element in the WWM Systems that ensures a proper design of

successive unit operations and unit processes (for both collection and
treatment).
• Generally, municipal wastewater stream can be separated into three
components:
- Black water
- Yellow water
- Grey water
• These components differ greatly in composition and concentration of the
various constituents.
 6
Technical Aspect
Wastewater WSS INFRASTRUCTURE

GENERATION COMPOSITION

The Use of Water

• Drinking
• Recreation
• Fishing
• Irrigation
• For transporting waste:
washing, cleaning, flushing
Kontaminan Utama
Air Limbah Domestik
?
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Major Contaminants
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
Contaminant Relevance to wastewater

Suspended solids When discharged sludge deposition & anaerobic conditions

Biodegradable Oxygen depletion & to the development of septic

organics (anaerobic) conditions

Pathogens Communicable diseases (by pathogenic organisms)

Major contaminants in
domestic wastewater
Nutrients - Reduced biodiversity of aquatic life species
- Oxygen depletion
- Toxicity problems (blue-green algae)

Refractory organics Tends to resist conventional treatment.

e.g. detergents, phenols & pesticides

Heavy metals Originate from commercial/industrial activities. Serious

consequences for sludge disposal & reuse possiblities

Dissolved inorganics TDS relevant for wastewater use. Salt accumulation in irrigated
soils may reduce crop production in the long term
 The Principal Pollution Problems, The Uses Affected,
Associated WQ Variables [Thomann & Mueller, 1987]

Manifestation of Water use WQ Problem WQ Variables

problem interference
Fish kills Fishery Low DO BOD
Nuisance odors, H2S Recreation NH3, org N
Ecological health Organic solids
Phytoplankton
DO
Disease transmission Water supply High bacterial levels Total coliform bacteria
Gastrointestinal Recreation Fecal coliform bacteria
disturbance, eye irritation Fecal streptococci
Viruses

Tastes and odors—blue Water supply Excessive plant Nitrogen

green algae Recreation growth Phosphorus
Ecological health (Eutrophication) Phytoplankton
Carcinogens in Wsupply Water supply High toxic chemical Metals
Fishery closed- unsafe toxic Fishery levels Radioactiv substances
levels Ecological health Perticides
Ecosystem upset; mortality, Herbicides
reproductive impairment Toxic product
chemicals
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Wastewater
ORIGIN & REUSE

Overall origin of waste

flows collected in an
urban municipal
sewerage network
EnvE EnviroSeries
Environmental Engineering

Generation and Decomposition

• Black Water
- High in organic load
- Conversion into biogas via anaerobic treatment appears to be attractive
- The major concern with respect to health risks (pathogens and
pharmaceutical residuals).

• Yellow Water
- Contains high amounts of N & P
- Could be used as a source for fertilizer.

• Grey Water
- Can be purified relatively easily and used for several reuse purposes (e.g.
Flushing toilets, cleaning and irrigation).
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Wastewater
ORIGIN & REUSE
 6
Technical Aspect
Wastewater WSS INFRASTRUCTURE

GENERATION COMPOSITION

Domestic Wastewater Classification

Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Typical Composition
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

Typical composition of
domestic wastewater
(Metcalf and Eddy, 1992)
EnvE EnviroSeries
Environmental Engineering

Wastewater Strength in Terms of BOD5 & COD

Wastewater
GENERATION COMPOSITION

Composition of Human Faeces and Urine

 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Distribution
POLLUTION LOAD

•Distribution of the pollution load of

one person over the black and grey
water fractions in the Netherlands
(Veenstra, 1998)

•Specific production rates of human

excreta
 6
Technical Aspect
Wastewater WSS INFRASTRUCTURE

GENERATION COMPOSITION
Examples of industrial wastewater concentrations for BOD5 and
suspended solids

Examples of industrial wastewater concentrations for

nonconventional pollutants
 6
Technical Aspect
Wastewater WSS INFRASTRUCTURE

GENERATION COMPOSITION

Wastewater Standards
USEPA definition of secondary treatment
Wastewater
GENERATION COMPOSITION
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Distribution
POLLUTION LOAD

Distribution of the pollution load of

one person over the black and grey BOD
water fractions in the Netherlands
(Veenstra, 1998)
TSS

Black water

Grey water
Total N

Total P

Flowrate

Microorganism
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Characteristics
SEWAGE SOLIDS

Classification of solids found

in domestic wastewater
according to particle size

Suspended or
Dissolved nonfilterable solids
solids

Size of particle, mm
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Characteristics
SEWAGE SOLIDS

Distribution of solids in a
typical municipal sewage
700 mg/l
(Lamb, 1985) Total solids

250 mg/l 450 mg/l

Suspended solids Filterable solids

150 mg/l 100 mg/l 50 mg/l 400 mg/l

Settleable nonsettleable Colloidal Dissolved
solids solids solids solids
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Characteristics SEWAGE

Carbonaceous and nitrogenous BOD

exerted in wastewater sample
(Metcalf and Eddy, 1992).

NBOD

CBOD
 6
Technical Aspect
WSS INFRASTRUCTURE
Characteristics SEWAGE

Fraction Mineral Organic Total BOD5

• Division of municipal sewage Suspended 90 (35%) 160 (65%) 250 mg/L 80 mg/L
solids into mineral and organic Dissolved 200 (45%) 250 (55%) 450 mg/L 120 mg/L
fractions. Total 290 (40%) 410(60%) 700 mg/L 200 mg/L

• Communicable disease indicators

and organisms (Thomann and
Mueller, 1987)
Wastewater
GENERATION COMPOSITION

• No general relationship  Various oxygen demands

• However, for untreated domestic wastewater:

• The presence of industrial or agricultural wastewaters alters these ratios

considerably.
 Domestic wastewater is a mixture of:

Yellow water
(urine)
Black water
Brown water
(from toilets)
(faeces +
flush water) Domestic
wastewater

Greywater

Sullage
 Volumes of wastes

Litres per person per year:

1. Brown water: ~50
2. Yellow water: ~500
3. Grey water: ~10,000–100,000

– ie, domestic wastewater volume of

~30–275 litres per person per day
 NPK in waste streams

kg/person yr: Brown Yellow Grey

N ~4–5 ~10% ~87% ~3%
P ~0.75 ~40% ~50% ~10%
K ~1.8 ~12% ~54% ~34%
COD ~30 ~47% ~12% ~41%