Bharathiyar College of Engineering & Technology , Karaikal-609609

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

CYCLE TEST -I
Date: 23.08.2018 Time: 9.30 am to 11.30 am Max. marks: 50
Sub Code & Subject: MET71- COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
Year : IV- A & B
Name of the Faculty : Mr.M.THIRUNAVUKKARASU
Part- A Answer ALL questions (10x2=20)

1. What is meant by computer graphics?

Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually,
the term refers to computer-generated image data created with help of
specialized graphical hardware and software.

2. Differentiate between stroke writing and raster scan displays.

Random Scan (Vector Scan) In this technique, theelectron beam is directed
only to the part of the screenwhere the picture is to be drawn rather than
scanning from left to right and top to bottom as in raster scan. It is also
called vector display, stroke-writing display, or calligraphic display.

3. Write the steps in the design process.

Recognition of need, Definition of problem, Synthesis, Analysis and
optimization, presentation

4. What is the basic principle of vector refresh graphics terminal?

refresh vector displays use a normal phosphor that fades rapidly and needs
constant refreshing 30-40 times per second to show a stable image.

5. What are the output devices more commonly empolyed for general
graphics application?
Speakers,Headphones, Screen (Monitor) CRT and LCD, Printer impact and
non impact Punched card input/output, Punched tape, Voice output
communication aid, Video, Plotter
6. Define the term geometric modelling.
Geometric models are usually distinguished from procedural and object-
oriented models, which define the shape implicitly by an opaque algorithm
that generates its appearance.

7. What is Bezier Basis function?

A Bézier curve is a parametric curve that uses the Bernstein polynomials as
a basis. ABézier curve of degree The coefficients, are the control points
or Bézier points and together with the basis function determine the shape of
the curve.

8. Write the advantages of wire frame modelling.

Simple to construct, Designer needs little training, System needs little
memory, Take less manipulation time, Retrieving and editing can be done
easy, Consumes less time, Best suitable for manipulations as orthographic
isometric and perspective views.

9. Write the Euler’s rule in B-Rep representation.

The Euler equation provides an invariant relationship between the vertices,
edges, and surfaces of a simple polyhedral object. The Euler-Poincare
equation expands this relation to include objects with holes, passages.

10.Distinguish global coordinate system and work coordinate system.

Global coordinate system - corresponds to the entire body and is used to
define nodes in the entire body.The Work Coordinate System First
introduced with the Unigraphics D2 release, the WCS is essentially a
legacy object that is still used to determine the orientation and origin of
any newly created object which is not created using another object
for reference.

Part-B (3x10=30)

11.Explain the construction and operation of a cathode ray tube.

 Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on computer screens with
the help of programming. It involves computations, creation, and
manipulation of data. In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a
rendering tool for the generation and manipulation of images.
Cathode Ray Tube
The primary output device in a graphical system is the video monitor. The
main element of a video monitor is the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), shown
in the following illustration.
The operation of CRT is very simple
 The electron gun emits a beam of electrons (cathode rays).
 The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection systems that
direct it towards specified positions on the phosphor-coated screen.
 When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a small spot of light at
each position contacted by the electron beam.
 It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam back over the same
screen points quickly.
There are two ways (Random scan and Raster scan) by which we can
display an object on the screen.
Raster Scan
In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one
row at a time from top to bottom. As the electron beam moves across each
row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated
spots.
Picture definition is stored in memory area called the Refresh
Buffer or Frame Buffer. This memory area holds the set of intensity values
for all the screen points. Stored intensity values are then retrieved from the
refresh buffer and “painted” on the screen one row (scan line) at a time as
shown in the following illustration.
Each screen point is referred to as a pixel (picture element) orpel. At the
end of each scan line, the electron beam returns to the left side of the screen
to begin displaying the next scan line.

Random Scan (Vector Scan)

In this technique, the electron beam is directed only to the part of the screen
where the picture is to be drawn rather than scanning from left to right and
 top to bottom as in raster scan. It is also called vector display, stroke-
writing display, or calligraphic display.
Picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing commands in an area of
memory referred to as the refresh display file. To display a specified
picture, the system cycles through the set of commands in the display file,
drawing each component line in turn. After all the line-drawing commands
are processed, the system cycles back to the first line command in the list.
Random-scan displays are designed to draw all the component lines of a
picture 30 to 60 times each second.

Application of Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics has numerous applications, some of which are listed
below
 Computer graphics user interfaces (GUIs) − A graphic, mouse-oriented
paradigm which allows the user to interact with a computer.
 Business presentation graphics − "A picture is worth a thousand words".
 Cartography − Drawing maps.
 Weather Maps − Real-time mapping, symbolic representations.
 Satellite Imaging − Geodesic images.
 Photo Enhancement − Sharpening blurred photos.
 Medical imaging − MRIs, CAT scans, etc. - Non-invasive internal
examination.
 Engineering drawings − mechanical, electrical, civil, etc. - Replacing the
blueprints of the past.
 Typography − The use of character images in publishing - replacing the
hard type of the past.
 Architecture − Construction plans, exterior sketches - replacing the
blueprints and hand drawings of the past.
 Art − Computers provide a new medium for artists.
 Training − Flight simulators, computer aided instruction, etc.
 Entertainment − Movies and games.
 Simulation and modeling − Replacing physical modeling and enactments

(Or)
12.Briefly explain various input devices used for computer graphics.

 Keyboard

 Mouse

 Joy Stick

 Light pen

 Track Ball

 Scanner

 Graphic Tablet

 Microphone

 Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)

 Optical Character Reader(OCR)

 Bar Code Reader

 Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which
helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of
traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for
performing additional functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards
with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet.
The keys on the keyboard are as follows −

S.N Keys & Description

o

Typing Keys
1 These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys
(09) which generally give the same layout as that of
typewriters.

Numeric Keypad
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement.
2 Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out
in the same configuration used by most adding machines
and calculators.

Function Keys
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard
3 which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard.
Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for
some specific purpose.

Control keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It
4 includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also
include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page
Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

5 Special Purpose Keys

Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such
as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab,
 and Print Screen.

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-
control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base,
which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals
to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel
is present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position
of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the
computer.

Advantages

 Easy to use

 Not very expensive

 Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position
on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and
upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be
moved in all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in

Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a
displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a
photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.
When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen
button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location
and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.
Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop
computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by
moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.

Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a
mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a
square.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It
is used when some information is available on paper and it is to be
transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.

Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a
digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited
before they are printed.
Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital
form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or camera into a
series of numbers that could be stored in a computer. They can be used by
the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been pointed at.

Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it converts graphics

and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for
fine works of drawing and image manipulation applications.
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital
form.
 The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a
multimedia presentation or for mixing music.
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of
cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque
number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains
particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.

This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The
main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.

OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine
readable code, and stores the text on the system memory.
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of
light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods,
numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a
stationary scanner.

Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value,
which is then fed to the computer that the bar code reader is connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made
by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected
and marked.

13. Explain in detail the architecture of a computer aided design system.

 computer-aided drafting (CAD) is the use of computer systems to aid in the
creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used
to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve
communications through documentation, and to create a database for
manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print,
machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD, (for Computer
Aided Design and Drafting) is also used.

Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation,

or EDA. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation
(MDA) or computer-aided drafting (CAD), which includes the process of creating
a technical drawing with the use of computer software.
CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict
the objects of traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the
overall appearance of designed objects. However, it involves more than just
shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output
of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and
tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or
curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications,
including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and
architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to
produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and
technical manuals, often called DCC digital content creation.

(Or)
14.Describe the step by step procedure of models of the design process accordind
to pahl and beitz.
15. Explain the basic concept of geometric and solid modelling used in CAD
application?

There are number of applications of the CAD software, one of the most popular
applications being geometric modeling. First of all let us see what is geometric
modeling? The computer compatible mathematical description of the geometry of
the object is called as geometric modeling. The CAD software allows the
mathematical description of the object to be displayed as the image on the monitor
of the computer.
 Steps for Creating the Geometric Model
There are three steps in which the designer can create geometric models by using
CAD software, these are:
1) Creation of basic geometric objects: In the first step the designer creates basic
geometric elements by using commands like points, lines, and circles.
2) Transformations of the elements: In the second step the designer uses
commands like achieve scaling, rotation and other related transformations of the
geometric elements.

3) Creation of the geometric model: During the final step the designer uses
various commands to that cause integration of the objects or elements of the
geometric model to form the desired shape.
During the process of geometric modeling the computer converts various
commands given from within the CAD software into mathematical models, stores
them as the files and finally displays them as the image. The geometric models
created by the designer can open at any time for reviewing, editing or analysis.

 Representation of the Geometric Models

Of the various forms of representing the objects in geometric models, the most
basic is wire frames. In this form the object is displayed by interconnected lines
There are three types of wire frame geometric modeling, these are: 2D, 2.1/2D and
3D. They have been described below:
1) 2D: It stands of two dimensional view and is useful for flat objects.
2) 2.1/2D: It gives views beyond the 2D view and permits viewing of 3D object
that has no sidewall details.
3) 3D: The three dimension representation allows complete three-dimensional
viewing of the model with highly complex geometry. Solid modeling is the most
advanced method of geometric modeling in three dimensions.

Solid modeling (or modelling) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical

and computer modeling of three-dimensional solids. Solid modeling is
distinguished from related areas of geometric modeling and computer graphics by
its emphasis on physical fidelity Together, the principles of geometric and solid
modeling form the foundation of 3D-computer-aided design and in general support
the creation, exchange, visualization, animation, interrogation, and annotation of
digital models of physical objects.
Parameterized primitive instancing
 This scheme is based on motion of families of object, each member of a family
distinguishable from the other by a few parameters. Each object family is called
a generic primitive, and individual objects within a family are called primitive
instances. For example, a family of bolts is a generic primitive, and a single bolt
specified by a particular set of parameters is a primitive instance. The
distinguishing characteristic of pure parameterized instancing schemes is the lack
of means for combining instances to create new structures which represent new
and more complex objects. The other main drawback of this scheme is the
difficulty of writing algorithms for computing properties of represented solids. A
considerable amount of family-specific information must be built into the
algorithms and therefore each generic primitive must be treated as a special case,
allowing no uniform overall treatment.
Or
Constructive solid geometry
Constructive solid geometry (CSG) connotes a family of schemes for representing
rigid solids as Boolean constructions or combinations of primitives via the
regularized set operations discussed above. CSG and boundary representations are
currently the most important representation schemes for solids. CSG
representations take the form of ordered binary trees where non-
terminal nodes represent either rigid transformations
(orientation preserving isometries) or regularized set operations. Terminal nodes
are primitive leaves that represent closed regular sets. The semantics of CSG
representations is clear. Each subtree represents a set resulting from applying the
indicated transformations/regularized set operations on the set represented by the
primitive leaves of the subtree. CSG representations are particularly useful for
capturing design intent in the form of features corresponding to material addition
or removal (bosses, holes, pockets etc.). The attractive properties of CSG include
conciseness, guaranteed validity of solids, computationally convenient Boolean
algebraic properties, and natural control of a solid's shape in terms of high level
parameters defining the solid's primitives and their positions and orientations. The
relatively simple data structure and elegant recursive algorithms[7] have further
contributed to the popularity of CSG.

(Or)
16. What are the limitations found in the general wireframe modelling system?
Explain with example.

Wire frame modelling is one of the methods used in geometric modelling systems.
A wireframe model represents the shape of a solid object with its characteristic
lines and points. The word “wireframe” is related to the fact that one may imagine
a wire that is bent to follow the object edges to generate a model.
In other words, a wire frame model is an edge or skeletal representation of a real-
world 3D object using lines and curves.
Model consists entirely of points, lines, arcs and circles, conics, and curves. In 3D
wireframe model, an object is not recorded as a solid. Instead the vertices that
define the boundary of the object or the intersections of the edges of the object
boundary are recorded as a collection of points and their connectivity.

One can use a wire frame model to

1. View the model from any vantage point

2. Generate standard orthographic and auxiliary views automatically

3. Generate exploded and perspective views easily

4. Analyse spatial relationships, including the shortest distance between

corners and edges, and checking for interferences

5. Reduce the number of prototypes required

Advantages of Wireframe model:

1. Simple to construct

2. Designer needs little training

3. System needs little memory

4. Take less manipulation time

5. Retrieving and editing can be done easy

6. Consumes less time

7. Best suitable for manipulations as orthographic isometric and perspective
views.

Disadvantages of Wireframe model:

1. Image causes confusion

2. Cannot get required information from this model

3. Hidden line removal features not available

4. Not possible for volume and mass calculation, NC programming cross

sectioning etc

5. Not suitable to represent complex solids