Experiment # 1 Simulink Tools: Objective

Power Transmission & Distribution Lab.
Manual
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EXPERIMENT # 1
Simulink Tools
Objective:
To learn and understand the fundamentals of Matlab Simulink (SimPower Systems) Toolbox
for Power System Simulation.
Theory:
SimPower Systems is a modern design tool that allows scientists and engineers to rapidly and
easily build models that simulate power systems. SimPower Systems uses the simulink
environment, allowing you to build a model using simple click and drag procedures.
In this lab you are required to simulate simple power systems models and study the effects of
changing the design parameters on the performance of power system.
You will be using the libraries of Simpower systems and simulate your models. The library
consists of the following tools.
Electrical Sources
Machines
Elements
Measurements
Power Electronics
The above tools consist of almost all the possible devices required in the simulation of a power
system.
You should first go through all the elements known to you and study their parameters
Lab Exercises:
Q1. As a quiz to yourself, check the parameters of Pi-Section Line and write in your own words
what you have learned.
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Power Transmission & Distribution Lab. Manual
Following is the technique of the design of simple block diagram of a Power System
Transmission network working for single phase
You will get:

AC source from Sources
Series RLC branch, Series RLC Load, Pi- Section Line from Elements
Current and Voltage measurement from Measurements
And Scope from Commonly Used Blocks
Q2. You are required to simulate the above model on your own then place another block called
PowerGUI in your network and write in your own words the significance of this block.
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EXPERIMENT # 2
Simulink for Power System Design

Objective:
To understand the simulation techniques involved in simulating a Three Phase Transmission
Network using Simulink (Matlab).
Theory:
Usually Power Networks are Three Phase rather than Single Phase, the network in previous lab
session was to make you familiar with the basics of Power Network Simulation using Matlab.
Lab Exercises:
Q1. Write the values of parameters that you have set into your model
Branch:
Load:
Pi-Section:
Sources:
Now you are required to install a measurement block at the input side and compare its values
with the one at the output side. Is there any difference? State why is it so.
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Q2. Why there are no grounds blocks in the above figure?

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EXPERIMENT # 3
Circuit Breaker Simulation

Objective:
To learn the operation of a circuit breaker with simple RL Load by simulating its network using
Matlab Simulink.
Theory:
A circuit breaker is a device that can operate automatically or manually in abnormal as well as
normal conditions.
Sometimes one need to operate a circuit breaker in order to cut off supply and perform his task
on the electrical network safely.
In this lab session you are required to simulate the following circuit.
Now that you are quite familiar to the use of Simulink components therefore it is expected that
you simulate the model on your own.
Lab Exercises:
Q1.Write in your words, why the waveform is not stable after the circuit breaker is closed.
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The above block diagram operates the circuit breaker using external timer, you are required
to implement the same without using the timer, write the changes that you made and show your
model to the instructor.
Q2. How can a fault be introduced in simulink?

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EXPERIMENT # 4
Power Factor Improvement

Objective:
To learn the importance of power factor improvement on residential loads by simulating
network on Matlab Simulink.
Theory:
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power
flowing to the load over the apparent power in the circuit and is a dimensionless number
between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as a percentage, e.g. 0.5 pf = 50% pf). Real power is the
capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product
of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the
source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the
source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power.
In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load
with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents
increase the energy lost in the distribution system, and require larger wires and other
equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will
usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power
factor.
Low power factor is usually not that much of a problem in residential homes. It does however
become a problem in industry where multiple large motors are used. Power Factor Correction
Capacitors are normally used to try to correct this problem.
How to improve power factor?
Power factor has been defined earlier as a function of active and apparent power. For sinusoidal
(undistorted) voltage and current, a vector representation is also possible and helpful.
For most electrical loads like motors, the current I is lagging behind the voltage V by an angle
phi. Ia is called the “active” component of the current.
Ir is called the “reactive” component of the current.
Voltage and current vectors
The above diagram drawn up for currents also applies to powers, by multiplying each current
by the common voltage V.
We thus define:
 Apparent power: S=Vxl (kVA)

 Active power: P = V x la = V x I x cos phi (kW)
 Reactive power: Q = V x lr = V x I x sin phi (kvar)
Active, reactive and apparent power
The physical unit for the reactive power is one volt-ampere-reactive (var), with one kilovolt-
ampere-reactive (kvar) often used for commodity.
Thus, the supply source has to provide not only the active power P, but also the reactive power
Q, resulting in the apparent power S.
It can be easily seen from figure above that for a given active power P, there is a great benefit
to decrease the phase angle phi, so that the apparent power and the corresponding current could
be reduced.
The principle of “Power Factor Correction” (or “Reactive Energy Compensation”) is to

generate the reactive power close to the load, so that the supply source could be relieved.
Capacitors are most commonly used to supply reactive energy to inductive loads such as
motors.
Principle of Power Factor Correction
Qc is the reactive power produced by the capacitors. S’ is the apparent power after
compensation.
You are supposed to design the following circuit, keep in mind to make your load highly
inductive so that the difference between current and voltage waveforms is visible.
Now add a capacitor in parallel to the load and check whether the power factor is improved,
then write your comments at the end. Show power factor calculations with and without
capacitor.
Lab Exercises:
Q1. Why pf improvement is important?
Q2. Is there any other device other than capacitors to improve pf?
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EXPERIMENT # 5
Cable Faults Detection

Objective:
To learn the use of Murray Loop Test in detecting cable faults.
Theory:
A Murray Loop Test is used to locate faults in networks of cables such as three-phase services,
groups of underground cables, etc. It works by using the principle equation on which the
Wheatstone bridge is based: when the galvanometer is in a null condition, R1/R3=R2/R4.
The location of a cable fault within a network can be found by using a process of elimination:
good connections are identified and are then excluded from further iterations of the Murray
Loop Test.
One end of the faulted cable is connected through a pair of resistors to the voltage source. Also
a null detector is connected. The other end of the cable is shorted. The bridge is brought to
balance by changing the values of RB1 and RB2, which is achieved when:
Which is equivalent to:
The value of resistance Rx is proportional the length Lx, thus the location of the fault can be
calculated:
Where L is the total length of the cable under test - a value proportional to Rg.
In this lab session students are advised to divide themselves in group of two and perform the
experiment. The instructor will place a fault anywhere and students are required to perform
measurements and mathematical calculations to justify the test.
Lab Exercises:
Perform your calculations and write the comments:
Q1. Can a Murray test detect overhead line faults?
Q2. Is there any other technique to detect cable faults?

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EXPERIMENT # 6
Voltage Regulation
Objective:
To learn the importance of voltage regulation by simulating a single phase medium length
transmission line with different loads on MATLAB Simulink.
Theory:
When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a voltage drop in the line due to the
resistance and inductance of the line. The result is that receiving end voltage VR is generally
less than the sending end voltage VS. This voltage drop is expressed a percentage of the
receiving end voltage and is called as voltage regulation.
The difference in the voltage at the receiving end of a transmission line between conditions of
no load and full load is called as voltage regulation. It is expressed as percentage of receiving
end voltage.
𝐕𝐑(𝐍𝐋)−𝐕𝐑(𝐅𝐋)
% age Voltage Regulation = × 100
𝐕𝐑(𝐅𝐋)
Voltage regulation is negative in case of capacitive loads.
Short Transmission line:
For short transmission lines, sending end voltage is given by:
VS= VR + Z IR. At no load, IR is equal to zero. So, VR(NL) =VS. Hence
𝐕𝐬−𝐕𝐑
𝐕𝐑
Medium Transmission line:
Sending end voltage for medium length transmission line is:
Vs= AVR + BIR and A= (1+ YZ/2) ; B= Z. At no load, IR is zero. So VR(NL) =VS / A.
𝐕𝐬
𝐀
−𝐕𝐑
𝐕𝐑
Long Transmission line:
Sending end voltage for long length transmission line is:
Vs= AVR + BIR and A= Coshγl ; B= Zc Sinhγl. At no load, IR is zero. So VR(NL) =VS / A.
𝐕𝐬
𝐀
−𝐕𝐑
𝐕𝐑
You are required to measure voltage regulation of single phase medium length transmission
line by simulating the circuit in MATLAB Simulink and verify the results by mathematical
calculations.
Lab Exercises:
Perform your calculations and write the comments:
Q1. Why is voltage regulation negative for capacitive loads?

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EXPERIMENT # 7
DC Distributor
Objective:
To simulate a DC distributor model on Simulink Matlab and compare its results theoretically.
Theory:
During early days of the invention of electricity, low dc voltages were used. With the passage
of time dc was proved to be inefficient and ac took the place. Now a day's electricity is
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of ac. However, dc has to be supplied in
order to run dc loads e-g dc machinery etc.
Researchers are also putting their efforts in the relevant field and trend is now shifting back to
dc distribution.
DC distributors are of following types:
Fed at one end

Fed at both ends
Fed at centre
Ring distributor.
Above is a typical dc distributor fed at both ends. Now you are quite familiar to Simulink so
you are supposed to simulate your distributor at your own. The resistance of each segment will
be your roll no. divided by 2 and the supply at both ends will be your roll no. multiplied by
five.
Lab Exercises:
Simulate the distributor and check your results theoretically.
Your Simulink Model:
Theoretical calculations:
Q1. What is the significance of dc distributors?

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EXPERIMENT # 8
AC Distributor
Objective:
To simulate an AC distributor model on Simulink Matlab and compare its results theoretically.
Theory:
AC distribution worldwide and we also get power at our residence through AC distribution.
We shall employ the same circuit as that of previous lab session with a little bit changes. The
power at load points C, D, E, and F are defined as 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, and 0.85 respectively.
Above is a typical ac distributor fed at one end. Now you are quite familiar to Simulink so you
are supposed to simulate your distributor at your own. The resistance of each segment will be
your roll no. divided by 2 and the supply at both ends will be your roll no. multiplied by five.
Lab Exercises:
Simulate the distributor and check your results theoretically.
Your Simulink Model:
Theoretical calculations:
Q1. What is the significance of ac distributors?

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EXPERIMENT # 9
Power Measurement
Objective:
To learn and perform power measurement by using 3-Ammeter method.
(CIRCUIT DIAGRAM)
Apparatus
1) 3-Ammeters
2) Power supply
3) Connecting leads
4) Watt meter
5) Inductive load
6) Resistive load
Theory
On analysing the given circuit, the total current I1 is divided into I2 and I3 . I2 is passing through
resistor, so it is in phase with the applied voltage while I3 is passing through inductive load
which means that it is lagging the applied voltage by an angle ø.
Graphically, it can be represented as shown in the vector diagram. Resolve I into its
components and consider ΔABC. From the figure, we get
I12 = (I2+ I3cos ø) 2 + (I3sin ø)2

I12 = I22 + I32 cos2 ø +2 I2 I3cos ø + I32 sin2 ø
A I3cos ø B
Ø I2
I1
(Vector diagram) I3sin ø
I12 - I22 = 2 I2 I3cos ø + I32 (cos2 ø+ sin2 ø) C
I12 - I22 = 2 I2 I3cos ø + I32
cos ø = (I12 - I22 - I32) / 2 I2 I3 ___________(1)
I3 cos ø = (I12 - I22 - I32) / 2 I2
Multiply and divide both sides by input voltage, we get
V I3 cos ø = V*(I12 - I22 - I32) / 2 I2
P = V*(I12 - I22 - I32) / 2 I2 ____________ (2)
Observations and calculations

Sr.No Vin I1 I2 I3 Pc
(volts) (Amp) (Amp) (Amp) (watt)
1
2
3
4
5
Lab Exercises:
Q1. Is this method accurate?
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EXPERIMENT # 10
Power Measurement
Objective:
To learn and perform power measurement by using 3-Voltmeter method.
(CIRCUIT DIAGRAM)
Apparatus
1) 3-Voltmeters
2) Power supply
3) Connecting leads
4) Watt meter
5) Inductive load
6) Resistive load
Theory
On analysing the given circuit, it is observed that the element resistor and
inductor are connected in series which means that the same amount of current is passing
through each element. The voltage drop across inductor is leading the current by an angle ø.
Graphically, it can be represented as shown in the vector diagram.
Resolve I into its components and consider ΔABC. From the figure, we get
V12 = (V2+ V3cos ø) 2 + (V3sin ø)2

V12 = V22 + V32 cos2 ø +2 V2 V3cos ø + V32 sin2 ø B
(Vector diagram)
V1 V3 V3sin ø
A C
V2 V3cos ø
V12 - V22 = 2 V2 V3cos ø + V32 (cos2 ø+ sin2 ø)
V12 - V22 = 2 V2 V3cos ø + V32
cos ø = (V12 - V22 - V32) / 2 V2 V3
V3 cos ø = (V12 - V22 - V32) / 2 V2
Multiply and divide both sides by current ‘I’ , we get
IV3 cos ø = I*(V12 - V22 - V32) / 2 V2
P = I*(V12 - V22 - V32) / 2 V2
Observations and calculations
S.NO I V1 V2 V3 Pm Pc %age
(amp) (volts) (volts) (volts) (watt) (watt) Error
1
2
3
4
5
Lab Exercises:
Q1. What is the reason of error?
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EXPERIMENT # 11
Energy Consumption
Objective:
To understand the terms in calculating the Total Cost in a Residential and Commercial
or Industrial Bill.
You are given an Industrial or commercial Bill. Calculate the total energy cost of the
utility bill.
Explain the terms used in the bill.
Perform Exercise in the end of the Lab Session.
Theory:
The rates of utility companies are based upon the following guidelines:
1. The amount of energy consumed [kW.h]
2. The demand rate at which energy is consumed [kW]
3. The power factor of the load.
The amount of energy consumed is measured by Energy meter and the demand of the system
during the demand interval is measured by Demand meter.
What is The Difference between Demand and Consumption?
Demand is how much power you require at a single point in time, measured in kilowatts (kW).
Consumption is how much energy you use over a period of time, measured in kilowatt-hours
(kWh).
Example: Assume ten lights are turned on each with a 100-watt bulb. To accomplish this, you
must draw - or demand - 1,000 watts, or 1 kW of electricity from the power grid. If you leave
all ten lights on for two hours, you would consume 2 kWh of electricity.
Demand Measurement
Demand varies by customer and month. To record demand, a special meter tracks the flow of
electricity to a facility over a period of time, usually 30-minute intervals. Over the course of a
month, the 30-minute interval with the highest demand is recorded and reflected on a monthly
bill.
Minimum Charges means a charge to recover the costs for providing customer service to
consumers even if no energy is consumed during the month.
Fixed Charges means the part of sale rate in a two-part tariff to be recovered on the basis of
Billing Demand in kilowatt on monthly basis.
Variable Charge means the sale rate per kilowatt-hour (kWh) as a single rate or part of a two-
part tariff applicable to the actual kWh consumed by the consumer during a billing period.
Maximum Demand where applicable, means the maximum of the demand obtained in any
month measured over successive periods each of 30 minutes duration.
Sanctioned Load where applicable means the installed load in kilowatt as applied for by the
consumer and allowed/authorized by the Company for usage by the consumer.
Power Factor shall be to the ratio of kWh to KVAh recorded during the month or the ratio of
kWh to the square root of sum of square of kWh and kVARh,.
Formulae to be used:
1. Energy Charges (Rs) = No. of Units x energy charges (Rs/kWh)
2. Fuel Adjustment Charges (Rs) = No. of Units x energy charges (Rs/kWh)
3. Fixed Charges (Rs)
If MXD>50% of connected load
then
Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x MXD
If MXD<50% of connected load
then
Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x 50% of connected load
4. Additional Surcharge
Additional Surcharge (Rs) = No. of Units x Additional surcharge (Rs/kWh)
5. Income Tax
Applicable on Taxable Amount
Taxable Amount = Energy Charges + Fuel Adjustment Charges + Additional Surcharge +
Fixed Charges + Electricity Duty + Meter Rent + P.f Penalty
6. Sales Tax
Sales Tax = some percent of Taxable amount (See Tarrifs) Electrical Power Distribution &
Lab Exercise:
Attach the bill here:
Calculations:
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Experiment # 1 Simulink Tools: Objective

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Experiment # 1 Simulink Tools: Objective

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Power Transmission & Distribution Lab.

You will get:

Simulink for Power System Design

Q2. Why there are no grounds blocks in the above figure?

Circuit Breaker Simulation

Q2. How can a fault be introduced in simulink?

Power Factor Improvement

How to improve power factor?

Voltage and current vectors

 Apparent power: S=Vxl (kVA)

Active, reactive and apparent power

The principle of “Power Factor Correction” (or “Reactive Energy Compensation”) is to

Principle of Power Factor Correction

Cable Faults Detection

Which is equivalent to:

Q1. Can a Murray test detect overhead line faults?

Q2. Is there any other technique to detect cable faults?

Voltage regulation is negative in case of capacitive loads.

Short Transmission line:

For short transmission lines, sending end voltage is given by:

VS= VR + Z IR. At no load, IR is equal to zero. So, VR(NL) =VS. Hence

Medium Transmission line:

Sending end voltage for medium length transmission line is:

Long Transmission line:

Sending end voltage for long length transmission line is:

Q1. Why is voltage regulation negative for capacitive loads?

DC distributors are of following types:

Fed at one end

Simulate the distributor and check your results theoretically.

Your Simulink Model:

Q1. What is the significance of dc distributors?

Simulate the distributor and check your results theoretically.

Your Simulink Model:

Q1. What is the significance of ac distributors?

I12 = (I2+ I3cos ø) 2 + (I3sin ø)2

I12 = I22 + I32 cos2 ø +2 I2 I3cos ø + I32 sin2 ø

(Vector diagram) I3sin ø

I12 - I22 = 2 I2 I3cos ø + I32 (cos2 ø+ sin2 ø) C

I12 - I22 = 2 I2 I3cos ø + I32

cos ø = (I12 - I22 - I32) / 2 I2 I3 ___________(1)

I3 cos ø = (I12 - I22 - I32) / 2 I2

Multiply and divide both sides by input voltage, we get

V I3 cos ø = V*(I12 - I22 - I32) / 2 I2

P = V*(I12 - I22 - I32) / 2 I2 ____________ (2)

Observations and calculations

V12 = (V2+ V3cos ø) 2 + (V3sin ø)2

V12 = V22 + V32 cos2 ø +2 V2 V3cos ø + V32 sin2 ø B

V12 - V22 = 2 V2 V3cos ø + V32 (cos2 ø+ sin2 ø)

V12 - V22 = 2 V2 V3cos ø + V32

cos ø = (V12 - V22 - V32) / 2 V2 V3

V3 cos ø = (V12 - V22 - V32) / 2 V2

Multiply and divide both sides by current ‘I’ , we get

IV3 cos ø = I*(V12 - V22 - V32) / 2 V2

P = I*(V12 - V22 - V32) / 2 V2

Observations and calculations

1. The amount of energy consumed [kW.h]

2. The demand rate at which energy is consumed [kW]

3. The power factor of the load.

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