2016

Agrostology (from Greek ἄγρωστις, agrōstis, "type of grass"; and -λογία, -logia),
sometimes graminology, is the scientific study of thegrasses (the family Poaceae, or Gramineae).
The grasslike species of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), the rush family (Juncaceae), and the
bulrush or cattail family (Typhaceae) are often included with the true grasses in the category
of graminoid, although strictly speaking these are not included within the study of agrostology. In
contrast to the word graminoid, the words gramineous and graminaceous are normally used to
mean "of, or relating to, the true grasses (Poaceae)".

Agrostology has importance in the maintenance of wild and grazed grasslands, agriculture (crop
plants such as rice, maize, sugarcane, and wheat are grasses, and many types of animal fodder are
grasses), urban and environmental horticulture, turfgrass management andsod production, ecology,
and conservation.

Botanists that made important contributions to agrostology include:

 Jean Bosser
 Aimée Antoinette Camus
 Mary Agnes Chase
 Eduard Hackel
 Charles Edward Hubbard
 A. S. Hitchcock
Erns
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INTEG
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM – An Introduction
At present, the farmers concentrate mainly on crop production which is subjected to a high degree of uncertainty in income an
contest, it is imperative to evolve suitable strategy for augmenting the income of a farm.
Integration of various agricultural enterprises viz., cropping, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry etc. have great potentialities i
enterprises not only supplement the income of the farmers but also help in increasing the family labour employment.

1. The integrated farming system approach introduces a change in the farming techniques for maximum production in the
optimal utilization of resources.
2. The farm wastes are better recycled for productive purposes in the integrated system.
3. A judicious mix of agricultural enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture etc. suited to the given agro-
 economic status of the farmers would bring prosperity in the farming.

Advantages of Integrated Farming System

 Higher food production to equate the demand of the exploding population of our nation
 Increased farm income through proper residue recycling and allied components
 Sustainable soil fertility and productivity through organic waste recycling
 Integration of allied activities will result in the availability of nutritious food enriched with protein, carbohydrate, fat, m
 Integrated farming will help in environmental protection through effective recycling of waste from animal activities lik
 Reduced production cost of components through input recycling from the byproducts of allied enterprises
 Regular stable income through the products like egg, milk, mushroom, vegetables, honey and silkworm cocoons f
farming
 Inclusion of biogas & agro forestry in integrated farming system will solve the prognosticated energy crisis
 Cultivation of fodder crops as intercropping and as border cropping will result in the availability of adequate nutritio
milch cow, goat / sheep, pig and rabbit
 Firewood and construction wood requirements could be met from the agroforestry system without affecting the natural
 Avoidance of soil loss through erosion by agro-forestry and proper cultivation of each part of land by integrated farmin
 Generation of regular employment for the farm family members of small and marginal farmers.

Advantages of Integrated Farming System

 Higher food production to equate the demand of the exploding population of our nation
 Increased farm income through proper residue recycling and allied components
 Sustainable soil fertility and productivity through organic waste recycling
 Integration of allied activities will result in the availability of nutritious food enriched with protein, carbohydrate, fat, m
 Integrated farming will help in environmental protection through effective recycling of waste from animal activities lik
 Reduced production cost of components through input recycling from the byproducts of allied enterprises
 Regular stable income through the products like egg, milk, mushroom, vegetables, honey and silkworm cocoons f
farming
 Inclusion of biogas & agro forestry in integrated farming system will solve the prognosticated energy crisis
 Cultivation of fodder crops as intercropping and as border cropping will result in the availability of adequate nutritio
milch cow, goat / sheep, pig and rabbit
 Firewood and construction wood requirements could be met from the agroforestry system without affecting the natural
 Avoidance of soil loss through erosion by agro-forestry and proper cultivation of each part of land by integrated farmin
 Generation of regular employment for the farm family members of small and marginal farmers.

Advantages of Integrated Farming System

 Higher food production to equate the demand of the exploding population of our nation
 Increased farm income through proper residue recycling and allied components
 Sustainable soil fertility and productivity through organic waste recycling
 Integration of allied activities will result in the availability of nutritious food enriched with protein, carbohydrate, fat, m
 Integrated farming will help in environmental protection through effective recycling of waste from animal activities lik
 Reduced production cost of components through input recycling from the byproducts of allied enterprises
 Regular stable income through the products like egg, milk, mushroom, vegetables, honey and silkworm cocoons f
farming
 Inclusion of biogas & agro forestry in integrated farming system will solve the prognosticated energy crisis
 Cultivation of fodder crops as intercropping and as border cropping will result in the availability of adequate nutritio
milch cow, goat / sheep, pig and rabbit
 Firewood and construction wood requirements could be met from the agroforestry system without affecting the natural
 Avoidance of soil loss through erosion by agro-forestry and proper cultivation of each part of land by integrated farmin
 Generation of regular employment for the farm family members of small and marginal farmers.

Mixed farming
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops as well as the raising
of livestock. This type of farming is mostly practiced in continents like Asia and countries like India,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Afghanistan, China and Russia. It was first mainly used for self-consumption,
but now in countries like US, Japan, etc., this is done for a commercial purpose.[1]
Cultivation of crops along with rearing of animals for meat or milk is called Mixed Farming. For
example, the same farm may grow cereal crops, and keep cattle, sheep, pigs or poultry.[2]
In mixed farming, along with farming some other agriculture based practices are also carried out.
Often the dung from the cattle is used to fertilize the cereal crops. Before horses were used for
haulage, many young male cattle were often not butchered as surplus for meat but castrated and
used as bullocks to haul the cart and the plough.

Mixed farming
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops as well as the raising
of livestock. This type of farming is mostly practiced in continents like Asia and countries like India,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Afghanistan, China and Russia. It was first mainly used for self-consumption,
but now in countries like US, Japan, etc., this is done for a commercial purpose.[1]
Cultivation of crops along with rearing of animals for meat or milk is called Mixed Farming. For
example, the same farm may grow cereal crops, and keep cattle, sheep, pigs or poultry.[2]
In mixed farming, along with farming some other agriculture based practices are also carried out.
Often the dung from the cattle is used to fertilize the cereal crops. Before horses were used for
haulage, many young male cattle were often not butchered as surplus for meat but castrated and
used as bullocks to haul the cart and the plough.

Mixed farming
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops as well as the raising
of livestock. This type of farming is mostly practiced in continents like Asia and countries like India,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Afghanistan, China and Russia. It was first mainly used for self-consumption,
but now in countries like US, Japan, etc., this is done for a commercial purpose.[1]
Cultivation of crops along with rearing of animals for meat or milk is called Mixed Farming. For
example, the same farm may grow cereal crops, and keep cattle, sheep, pigs or poultry.[2]
In mixed farming, along with farming some other agriculture based practices are also carried out.
Often the dung from the cattle is used to fertilize the cereal crops. Before horses were used for
haulage, many young male cattle were often not butchered as surplus for meat but castrated and
used as bullocks to haul the cart and the plough.

Mixed Farming and Its Advantages

Mixed farming:

Mixed farming is one which crop production is combined with the rearing of livestock. The
live stock enterprises are complementary to crop production; so as to provide a balance and
productive system of farming. In mixed farming at least 10% of its gross income must be
contributed by livestock activity. The upper limit being 45% under Indian condition. So the
farm on which at least 10 to 49% income is found from livestock is called mixed farm. In
mixed farming cow and buffaloes are included with crop production. If farmers are rearing
cows, buffaloes, sheep goat, and fisheries with crop cultivation this type of farming is called
diversified farming.

The scope of mixed farming to combination of crops and their complementary livestock
enterprises of mixed farming would certainly include a vast majority of our farms,
establishing a complementary relationship between crop and livestock enterprises.

Enterprises Contribution to gross Farming type

income of farm
1. Cow and Buffalo only 10 to 49% Mixed farming
2. Cow, buffalo and poultry 10 to 49% Diversified farming

Advantages:

. It offers highest return on farm business, as the by products of farm are properly utilized.
2. It provides work throughout year.
3. Efficient utilization of land, labour, equipment and other resources.
4. The crop by products such as straw, bus, fodder etc. is used for feeding of livestock and
in return they provide milk.
5. Manures available from livestock maintain soil fertility.
6. It helps in supplying all the food needs of the family members.
7. Intensive cultivation is possible.
8. If one source of income is lost he can maintain his family from other source of income.
9. Milk cattle’s provide draft animals for crop production and rural transport.
10. Mixed farming increases social status of the farmer.

In India the livestock is much closed connected with agriculture because animal power is the
main source of power in agriculture. FYM is the main source for maintaining soil fertility and
animals make good use of subsidiary and by-products on farms and in turn they provide
milk under such circumstances mixed farming will most suit in Indian conditions.
Disadvantages:

1. Indigenous method of cultivation is used till now.

2. Draft and milch animals should be sold when they fail in production.
3. Healthy calf should be reared to replace age old animals.

Required of Mixed Farming:

i) Complicated management practices.

ii) Sound cropping scheme.
iii) Good cattle in suitable number.
iv) Transport facility.
v) Marketing facilities.