PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
(p=2)
COLLOQUIUM QUESTIONS
1st Colloq, Unit 1-6
1. Name types of death according to etiology.
(p=3)
-Fatal trauma
-Death from disease
-Violent death
2. What is cadaver stain? (p=2)
-Postmortem hypostasis of blood with hemoly-
sis and redistribution of blood
3. What is cadaver hypostasis? (p=3)
-Flowing down of blood under the influence of
gravity without the heart pumping
4. Name signs of death discovered in external
examination. (p=6)
-absence of breathing and asystole
-absence of pulsation
-clouding of the cornea
-brown macular cornea
-decreased rectal temperature
-stiffened cadaver
-cadaver stain
-cadaver putrefaction
5. What is cadaver inhibition? (p=1)
-Postmortem saturation of tissue with products
of hemoglobin disintegration
6. Cadaver after 24 hours in a warm room, has
a grey and green belly skin, its soft tissues
have crepitas with palpation, contains gas
bubbles. What is the name of these cadaver
changes and what are their etiologies? (p=4)
-Name of changes: Cadaver emphysema
-Etiology: Autolysis process and putrefaction
7. Name etiology of violent death. (p=3)
-Murder
-Suicide
-Trauma
8. Give the definition of vocational hyperemia.
(p=2)
-It is a type of hyperemia that develops due to
a sudden decrease in local barometric pressure
9. What is ‘caput medusa’? What is the type of
hemodynamic disorder? When does it hap-
pen? What is the cause? (p=4)
-It is the prominent dilation of subcutaneous
veins of the anterior abdominal wall including
vena paraumblicalis and vena epigastricus
-It is a type of collateral hyperemia
-It happens during liver cirrhosis
-It is caused by congestion of veins due to por-
tal hypertension
10. What is collateral hyperemia?
-Dilation of collateral vessels which are filled
with blood due to obstruction of its main ves-
sels
11. Explain mechanism of the hemorrhage from
gastric ulcer. (p=2)
-Per diabroxin: hemorrhage due to erosion/
corrosion of the vessel wall by pus and enzyme
12. What are the cells of ‘valvular heart dis-
eases’? Where are they detected during
medical examination? What happens in the
lungs? (p=3)
-Cells: Siderophages (Hemosiderin laden
macrophages)
-They are detected in rusty phlegm
-The lungs undergo brown induration with
chronic pulmonary congestion
13. During postmortem examination, there were
network of enlarged hypodermic veins and
hemorrhage from enlarged esophageal veins.
What is the basic vessel with blood stream
disorders? What is the significance of the
indicated vein alterations? (p=3)
-Vena porta with portal hypertension causes
collateral local hyperemia of vena gastricus and
vena esophagus which have adaptive compen-
sation for portal hypertension
-collateral hyperemia of esophageal vein can
result in vericeal rupture and massive hemor-
rhage (hemetemesis)
14. Name and give latin terms, give Russian
equivalents of hemorrhage mechanism
names. (p=6)
-per rhexin: rupture of vessels (разрив сосуда)
-per diabroxin: erosion of vessels (эрозия)
-per diapedesin: hypermobility of small vessels
(увеличение кроницаемости сосуда)
15. In patients with mitral valvular disease,
cough and rusty phlegm appear. Explain
rusty colour of the phlegm. Give characteris-
tics of left heart functional condition and
hemodynamic changes in the lung. (p=4)
-Rusty phlegm contains siderophages
(hemosiderin-laden macrophages)
-There is left heart failure (CHF) due to mitral
prolapse and pulmonary congestion with di-
lated capillary and diapedic blood flow into al-
veolar spaces
-This leads to an increase of siderophages, a
condition known as Brown Induration of the
lung.
16. Name types of local hyperemia. (p=6)
-Angioneurotic
-Collateral Hyperemia
-Post-ischemic
-Vocational local hyperemia
-Inflammatory hyperemia
-AV shunt
17. Explain melena which you can see in a pa-
tient with stomach carcinoma. (p=3)
-Melena is tarry black stool due to per diab-
roxin bleeding because of erosion of the vessel
wall by malignant tumor enzymes in peptic ul-
cer disease
18. What is stasis? (p=3)
-Stasis is the cessation of natural flow of
physiological fluid in a living organism
-characterised by the slowing down of circula-
tion and increased microvascular permeability
and
-increased concentration of RBC and dilation of
small vessels
19. Name and give latin names, give Russian
names of external hemorrahge types. (p=4)
-Epistaxis (эпистаз)
-Metrorrhagia (метроррагия)
-Menorrhagia (менорагия)
-Hemotemesis (гематемезис)
-Hemoptysis (кровохарканье)
-Hematuria (истинная гематурия)
-Melena (мелена)
20. Give names of basis hemorrhage types.(p=2)
-Internal (hematoma, petechii, ecchymoses,
purpura)
-External (epistaxis, hemoptysis, melena)
21. Give classification of exsanguinating hemor-
rhages according to the source. (p=5)
-arterial
-venous
-capillary
-parenchymatous
-heart chamber
22. Name processes which take place with
brown induration of lungs. (p=4)
-venous hyperemia
-per diapedic blood flow into alveoli
-siderophage activity
-pneumosclerosis
23. What local processes does phlebothrombosis
lead to? (p=1)
-Local venous hyperemia and stasis
24. After rapid exhaustion of ascites fluid, pa-
tient loses his consciousness. Specify
mechanisms of the phenomenon. (p=2)
-Vocational/vacuum hyperemia of vessels of
the abdomen after rapid removal of pressure
from the abdominal cavity causes a sudden de-
crease in blood volume resulting in hypovo-
lemic shock.
25. Name basic ways of collateral blood flow
with hepatic cirrhosis. (p=3)
-portal-esophageal anastamoses
-portal-abdominal anastamoses
-portal-rectal anastamoses
26. Explain the hemopthoe of patient with lung
carcinoma. (p=2)
-Per diabroxin erosion of the capillaries by tu-
mor enzymes results in blood in the phlegm
27. The deceased is found to have chronic pas-
sive congestion of internal organs, edema,
dropsy of serous cavities. Name death cause.
(p=2)
-Cardiac insufficiency
-Decompensation of the heart
28. Specify and give Latin terms of hemorrhage
types when blood accumulates in the body
cavities. (p=6)
-Hemothorax (blood in the pleural cavity)
-Hemarthrosis (blood in the synovial cavity)
-Hemopericardium (blood in the pericardial
cavity)
-Hemoperitoneum (blood in the peritoneal cav-
ity)
29. What is hematoma? (p=2)
-Hematoma is a type of hemorrhage when the
blood is trapped within the tissue, forming a
cavity full of blood
30. Give name of frequent causes of the hemo-
pericardium. (p=2)
-acute hemorrhage in heart aneurysm
-infarction
31. What is plamorrhagia? (p=2)
-Saturation of vessel wall by plasma protein
32. What are clinical disorders when you diag-
nose hemorrhagic diatheses (syndrome)?
(p=2)
-Systemic hemorrhage
33. Give the Greek name for blood volume
losses. (p=1)
-Ischemia
34. Patient died of heart failure. During post-
mortem examination you see enlarged firm
spleen with smooth capsule, the cut surface
has a meaty appearance without a scrape,
dark cherry colour with cyanotic hue. Name
spleen changes of the patient. (p=2)
-Cyanotic induration of the spleen
35. During postmortem examination elastic, wet
plagues of blood with smooth surface are
found. They are extracted from vessels very
easily. What is their name? What are they
differentiated with? (p=2)
-They are postmortem blood clots
-Differentiated with thrombus
36. Patient with the phlebothrombosis of leg has
a long bed regime. He suddenly dies with
asphyxia and acute heart failure after he
gets up. Specify death cause. Give your rea-
soned arguments of acute clinic symptoms.
(p=3)
-Cause of death: massive pulmonary embolism
of trunkus pulmonalis and the main pulmonary
artery
-Acute heart failure due to pulmo-coronary
reflex with spasm of coronary artery
-Asphyxia due to pulmo-bronchial reflex due
to spasm of pulmonary artery and musculature
of the bronchial tree
37. Mitral valves are grown together with steno-
sis.. There are free spherical large thrombus
with smooth surface. Explain its formation.
(p=3)
-Part of the thrombus from the mitral valve
comes out to the left atrium, and is surrounded
by blood, making the surface smooth and
spherical
38. Name the microscopic particles (the compo-
sition) of the mixed thrombus.(p=4)
-platelets
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-fibrin
39. Specify types of embolism according to the
direction of embolus pathways. (p=3)
-direct
-indirect/retrograde
-Paradoxical
40. Identify of thrombi according to their com-
position. (p=4)
-white
-red
-mixed
-hyaline
41. What is retrograde embolism? (p=2)
-It is an embolism which moves in the opposite
direction of blood flow due to the influence of
gravity
42. Specify possible consequences of fatty em-
bolism. (p=3)
-respiratory insufficiency
-stroke
-resolution by macrophages
43. Give definition of embolism. (p=3)
-Circulation of foreign mass with blood or
lymph which may come to rest anywhere within
the cardiovascular and lymph system
44. What are mechanisms of the death with pul-
monary thromboembolism? (p=2)
-Pulmo-coronary reflex: causing spasm of
coronary artery and acute heart failure
-Pulmo-bronchial reflex: causing spasm of
pulmonary artery and musculature of the bron-
chial tree and respiratory insufficiency
45. Give terms of alterations within lumen of an
artery that progress in obturation thrombo-
sis within its organization. (p=4)
-organisation
-vasculization
-petrification
-canalization
-obliteration
46. In deceased patient with purulent wound of
thigh and regional thrombophlebitis, multi-
tudinous abscesses are found in internal or-
gan. What is the name of the process spread?
What are mechanisms in its basis? (p=2)
-Process: generalisation of septicopyemia
-Mechanism: metastasis of bacterial emboli
47. In what causes is exitus letalis possible in
the fatty embolism? (p=2)
-Obstruction of 66% of pulmonary capillaries
-Fatty emboli of vessels of vital organs (stroke)
48. Name causes of fatty embolism. (p=4)
-Trauma to subcutaneous fatty tissue
-Trauma to (fatty) bone marrow
-Faulty administration of oil-based injections
-amniotic fluid in newborns during pregnancy
49. What is metastasis? (p=2)
-Appearance of secondary purulent foci away
from the primary foci OR
-Spreading of pathological malignant tissue
50. What is the name of the thrombus to occlude
vessel lumen? (p=1)
-Occlusive thrombus
51. Name nucleus changes of necrosis. (p=3)
-Karyopyknosis
-Karyorrhexis
-Karyolysis
52. Name changes of the cytoplasm. (p=3)
-Plamorrhexis
-Plamsolysis
-Denaturation of protein
53. What is infarction? Name specific causes of
its on set. (p=5)
-Infarction is an area of ischemic necrosis of
tissue/organ due to obstruction of its arterial
supply
-Causes: Thrombosis, embolism, stenotic athe-
rosclerosis, prolonged spasm of artery
54. What is mutilation? (p=3)
-Mutilation is the spontaneous extraction of
necrotic part of an organ or tissue from its ne-
crotic site
55. The male of 78 year old, has the leg with
swell, edema, of black and green colours,
with stinking smell. Give the names of proc-
ess and its variety. Specify more frequent
disease (taking into account patient’s age)
and its complication leading the above men-
tioned changes. (p=4)
-Name of process: wet gangrenous necrosis
-Variety: dry and wet (wet is divided into bed-
sore and noma)
-Disease: stenotic atherosclerosis
-Complications: thrombosis, thromboembolism
56. What is gangrenous necrosis? (p=2)
-Necrosis of tissue which has connection with
external environment
57. During special operation in connection with
the infringement of herniated small intestine
loop, after cutting the gate, a surgeon can
see dark purple, acute edema of small intes-
tine loop. This loop needs cutting. Give proc-
ess name in the small intestine loop and ex-
plain necessity of the loop removal. (p=4)
-Name: Gangrenous necrosis of intestinal loop
-It must be removed because it may cause
death due to peritonitis and intoxication
58. Specify conditions that lead to hemorrhagic
infarction of the lung. Describe its typical
clinic symptoms. (p=4)
-Condition: obstruction of double blood supply
to the lung (bronchial and pulmonary artery)
-Clinical symptoms: Pain at the side of the tho-
rax, hemapthoe, asphyxia
59. Patient died. In postmortem examination
were found lumen of the left middle cerebral
artery closed with thrombus; temporal and
parietal lobes of the left hemisphere had
disturbance correlation of gray and white
substances : there was an extensive source
of gelatinous and friable gray tissue. Give
the name of this process. (p=2)
-White infarction of the brain
60. Name morphologic types of infarction. (p=3)
-White infarction
-Red infarction
-White infarction with red border
61. What is tissue detritus? (p=2)
-It is the product of dead cellular autolysis and
heterlysis
62. Specify types of wet gangrene. (p=2)
-Bedsore
-Noma
63. Name possible consequences of necrosis.
(p=6)
-Petrification
-Restitution
-Scar
-Cyst formation
-Myolysis
-Rupture
-Ossification
-Encapsulation
-Fistula formation
64. Present classification of necrosis according
to etiology. (p=5)
-Traumatic
-Toxic
-Allergic
-Trophoneurotic
-Ischemic
65. The deceased with heart failure has dark red
airless, triangular sites of the lung under the
pleura. The lumen of vessels is closed by
dark red, solid clots, not extracted at a short
distance from vessels. Give the name of
these changes and explain the cause of
blood disturbances in vessels of deceased.
(p=3)
-Name: Red infarction of the lung
-Cause: Increased pulmonary artery pressure
due to blockage of flow by thrombosis resulting
in vasospasm by neurogenic mechanism and
ischemia of downstream pulmonary paren-
chyma
66. Name clinical morphological forms of necro-
sis. (p=5)
-Infarction
-Gangrenous
-Coagulative
-Liquefactive
-Sequestra
67. The female, 69 year old, died of brain sof-
tening in the subcortical nuclei region. There
were big ulcer tissue disintegration of gray-
purple colour, on the skin of buttocks and
sacrum and with the bareness of the sacrum
bone with rotting smell. Give names of the
process, its types and explain its origin.
(p=4)
-Name: Wet gangrenous necrosis
-Type: bedsore
-Origin: Trophoneurotic necrosis of soft tissue
due to prolonged pressure of their body weight
68. Name possible causes of death of secondary
amyloidosis. (p=2)
-Uremia
-Cardiac arrythmias
69. Name parenchymal dysproteinoses. (p=5)
-Granular dystrophy
-hyaline droplets dystrophy
-vascular degeneration (hydrophic dystrophy)
-hyperkeratosis
70. What is the manifestation of neutral fat me-
tabolism disturbance? (p=3)
-Tiger heart
-Goose liver
-Fat dystrophy in kidney and skeletal muscle
71. Specify organs with very clear manifestation
of the granular dystrophy. (p=3)
-Heart, Kidney, Liver
72. What is fat infiltration? What are the mecha-
nisms? (p=4)
-Fat infiltration is the deposit of fat in the cyto-
plasm which is brought in by lymph and blood
-Mechanism: Insufficiency of enzymatic system
and fat metabolism
73. What is hyalinosis? (p=3)
-It is a stromal vascular dysproteinosis defined
by alteration in the extracellular space which
becomes homogenous, glassy, pink appearance
in the routine histologic section
74. What is fibrinoid swelling? (p=5)
-It is a stromal vascular dystrophy defined by
destruction of collagen fibers and basic sub-
stances with plasmorrhagia and formation of
protein and polysaccharide complexes on fibri-
noid substance
75. What is the cause of ‘tiger’ heart with fat
dystrophy? (p=3)
-Hypoxia, infectious diseases, toxin and star-
vation which cause abnormal accumulation of
TG within cardiomyocytes
-appearing as bands of yellow myocardium
76. Patient with bronchiectatic disease had renal
and extrarenal symptoms. Then the patient
died. In postmortem examination, enlarged
lard kidneys were observed. What was the
complication of the disease? What substance
was deposited in the kidney structures?
What structures of the kidney was the sub-
stance found in? (p=5)
-Disease: Amyloidosis of the kidney
-Complication: Amyloid nephrosis
-Substance deposited: Amyloid
-Found in: wall of vessels, glomeruli, mesangial
wall, basal membrane of ducts, stroma
77. Name dyes used for microscopic assessment
of amyloid. (p=3)
-Congo red
-Methylene violet
-Luminescence with Thioflavin
78. What is decomposition? Which is it the other
term for it? (p=3)
-Decomposition is disintegration of intracellu-
lar organelles, extracellular matrix and cell
membrane which leads to cell metabolism dis-
turbances
-Other term: Pharenosis
79. What lipids are revealed in liver with fatty
dystrophy? (p=3)
-Neutral fat
-Cholesterin
-Phospholipids
80. What is hydropic dystrophy? (p=4)
-It is a type of parenchymal dysproteinosis with
cellular swelling and appearance of clear vacu-
oles within the cytoplasm
-because the call is incapable of maintaining its
fluid-ionic balance
81. Specify diseases complicated by secondary
amyloidosis. (p=4)
-TB of lung and bones
-COPD
-pyogenic osteomyelitis
-tumors
-Rheumatic fever
-bronchiectasis
82. Name forms of obesity according to etiology
and pathogenetic factors. (p=3)
-Alimentary
-Cerebral
-Endocrine
83. What is amyloidosis? (p=4)
-It is a pathological process characterised by
stromal vascular dysproteinosis with an abnor-
mal protein deposition called amyloid
-Amyloid is a proteinaceous substance depos-
ited between cells of various tissues and organs
84. What is the mucoid swelling? (p=5)
-Mucoid swelling is a stromal dystroteinosis
with superficial disorganization of protein in
connective tissues with accumulation of basic
substance glycoaminoglycan and their redistri-
bution which cause the increasing of vessels
permeability
-characterised by metachromasia
85. Name basic causes of granular dystrophy
(p=3)
-Hemostasis and lymphostasis
-Infectious Disease (ID)
-Intoxication and accumulation of acidic prod-
ucts in cells
86. Name tissues and organs in which fibrinoid
swelling usually develops. (p=5)
-Skin
-Synovium
-Valves of the heart
-Myocardial stroma
-Vessel wall
87. What is fatty dystrophy? (p=2)
-It is a type of parenchymal lipidosis due to
disturbances of fat exchange
-resulting in accumulation of TG in parenchy-
mal cells and characterised by appearance of
lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm
88. Name processes with hyalinosis as conse-
quence. (p=3)
-Lipidosis
-Sclerosis with petrification
-Lysis by macrophages
89. What is fatty transformation? (p=3)
-It is the increase of fat formation from pro-
teins and carbohydrates
90. What structures of the myocard with fat ac-
cumulation in fatty dystrophy? (p=1)
-Cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes
91. Specify mesenchymal dystrophies according
to the type of metabolism disorders. (p=3)
-Dysproteinosis
-Lipidosis
-Abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism
92. Name localization sites of fatty deposits in
obesity. (p=5)
-Omentum
-Heart: stroma and epicardium
-Subcutaneous fatty tissue
-Pararenal fatty tissue
-Retroperitoneal fatty tissue
93. What is ‘Icing spleen’? (p=1)
-Hyalinosis of splenic capsule
94. Give definition of the concept of ‘lime me-
tastases’ and give explanation of their selec-
tive localisation (p=4)
-Definition: deposition of lime (calcium salt) in
tissue during hypercalcemia
-Selective localisation:They are deposited in
organs with alkaline properties (lung, mucous
membrane of the stomach, kidneys); and or-
gans which lack carbonic acid (myocardium,
wall of arteries)
95. What is ‘dystrophic lime’? What are tissue
changes observed? (p=3)
-Dystrophic lime is local deposition of calcium,
revealed in necrotic tissues or tissues in severe
dystrophy
96. Name most frequent localisation with de-
posits of calcium salts according to type of
‘lime metastases’. (p=3)
-Lung, kidneys, mucous membrane of stomach,
myocardium, wall of arteries
97. Present examples of dystrophic limestone
with necrosis and the inflammation (p=6)
-Focal caseous necrosis
-Focal chronic inflammation
-Gumma
-Infarct
-Dead parasites
-Lithopedion
98. In post mortem examination gray aspic clour
of spleen and liver is observed. What is the
colour explained? What is the disease sus-
pected? (p=3)
-The colour is due to accumulation of he-
momelanin pigments in reticuloendothelial
cells.
-Disease suspected: Malaria
99. The deceased is on the section table. He is
very exhausted male. He has hyperpigmen-
tation of skin and both adrenals are de-
stroyed by tubercular process. What is the
syndrome described above? (p=1)
-Addison syndrome
100.Specify disease and condition with typical
syndrome of mechanical jaundice. (p=4)
-Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas
-Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater
-Metastatic carcinoma of lymph nodes sur-
rounding the bile ducts
-Gallstone obstruction of the common hepatic
bile duct, common bile duct and choledochal
duct
101.The hemorrhage and forming cyst are found
in brain during the section. The cyst is filled
with yellow and brown substances. Name
pigments in source of hemorrhage and sub-
stantiate your arguments of the hemorrhage
duration. (p=4)
-Name of pigments: Hemosiderin and hemo-
toidin
-Duration: 7 days because the yellow colour
explains the presence of hemotoidin which is
disclosed after 7 days
102.What bile ducts embolism with calculous
cholecystitis lead to the progress of me-
chanical jaundice? (p=2)
-Common bile duct
-Common hepatic duct
103.What is jaundice? What type of the jaundice
are observed with cirrhosis of liver? (p=5)
-Jaundice is the yellow discolouration of skin,
sclera, mucous and serous membranes, and
parenchymal organs by both conjugated and
unconjugated bilirubin during hyperbilirubine-
mia
-Type of jaundice observed in cirrhosis of liver:
parenchymal and mechanical
104.Name characteristic properties of hemosid-
erin. (p=5)
-Brown colour
-Contains ferum
-Appears after 24-48 hours
-contains Hb-derived amorphous granules
-accumulates within cells, stroma, lymph ves-
sels and lymph nodes

105.What is leukoderma? (p=3)

-Leukoderma is local depigmentation of the
skin, progressing due to local inflammatory
process

106.Name calls producing melanin. (p=1)

-Melanocytes

107.Name jaundice types according to mecha-

nisms of progress. (p=3)
-Hemolytic jaundice
-Parenchymal jaundice
-Mechanical jaundice

108.What is the term for hereditary failure if

melanin production? (p=1)
-Albinism