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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
EPA Victoria
40 City Road, Southbank
Victoria 3006 Australia
December 2007
Publication 1191
ISBN 0 7306 7668 4
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
• The sale or commercial use of the stone (a) Class 1 indicators: common or widely distributed
or air pollutants which are established as
environmental indicators in the SEPP AAQ and
• Use in construction, building, road or may threaten the beneficial uses of both local
manufacturing works. and regional air environments;
Stone means sandstone, freestone, basalt, granite, (b) Class 2 indicators: hazardous substances that
limestone, quartz (other than quartz crystals), slate, may threaten the beneficial uses of the air
gravel, clay (other than fine clay, bentonite or kaolin), environment by virtue of their toxicity, bio-
peat, sand, earth or soil, or other similar materials. accumulation or odorous characteristics;
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
Large Mine or quarry Medium Mine or quarry Small Mine or quarry Mine or quarry with
greater than 500,000 between 150,000 between 50,000 yearly extraction
tonnes/yr extraction tonnes/yr and 500,000 tonnes/yr and 150,000 below 50,000
tonnes/yr extraction tonnes/yr extraction tonnes/yr
extraction
Notes: 1. Criteria apply where EPA or DPI determine that an assessment is required (refer to section 1.1) or when an Environment Effects Statement is
required.
2. A level 1 assessment is the most rigorous.
For the purposes of this PEM extraction means: Depending on the location of the mining or extractive
• for quarries the amount of soil and rock that is operations other substances may require assessment.
moved or extracted per year These include:
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
As many dusts from quarrying and mining can be operations on the site. The type of rock and soil also
expected to contain silica, the MEA provisions apply to needs to be considered. For Level 1 and 2 assessments
those activities that give rise to emissions of silica (eg mobile sources (such as trucks and graders) also need
crushing). Arsenic and it’s compounds are also listed to be included.
as class 3 indicators and this provides an additional For large area-based sources of emissions such as
justification for the application of MEA to dusts from mines and quarries the majority of emissions from the
mining operations in gold mining areas where natural site arise from many ground level sources such as
crustal arsenic levels are likely to be elevated. disturbance of soil due to earth moving equipment and
Naturally occurring asbestos has been identified in vehicle emissions. It is appropriate that the criteria
several areas in Victoria. If the proposed development used to assess the potential impacts from these
is in an area where asbestos deposits have been operations are directly related to the protection of the
identified and is likely to intercept such deposits, then health of the surrounding population and sensitive
an assessment of potential emissions of asbestos land uses.
arising from the mining or quarrying activities and the
potential off-site impact must be undertaken. 3.3 Assessment criteria
Emissions must be controlled by application of MEA.
The assessment criteria are used to evaluate the
Not all of these indicators will be relevant for each impact of any residual emissions remaining after
site. For example, arsenic is common in gold mining application of appropriate control practices, best
areas but is unlikely to be found at significant levels at practice or MEA, to ensure that emissions are
other locations. Cyanide is used in processes for the managed in such a way that the beneficial uses of the
extraction of gold and is likely to be specific to gold air environment (as specified in SEPP (AQM)) are
mining operations. PAHs arise from combustion protected.
sources including generators and vehicles on the site.
The assessment of emissions from area sources must
The identification of indicators that may be present at consider local air quality (ie., existing air quality) in the
individual sites needs to be undertaken in the early vicinity of the mining or extractives operations. The
stages of planning and prior to the air quality assessment criteria are used to assess the total
assessment being commenced to ensure that the concentration of background plus emissions arising
appropriate indicators are included in the assessment. from activities on the site. Emissions from the mine or
Advice from EPA should be obtained at this early quarry must be managed to ensure that the
stage. Schedule A of the SEPP (AQM) should be cumulative impacts of all sources (including the mine
consulted to identify potential substances that may or quarry) in the local area do not pose a risk to the
require assessment. If an assessment is not to be health and amenity of local residents and that the
undertaken for key indicators, such as respirable beneficial uses specified in the SEPP (AQM) are
crystalline silica, then supporting evidence needs to be protected.
provided to show why an assessment is not required.
Table 2 lists the assessment criteria applicable for the
Identification of all indicators of concern and mining and extractive industries. These have been
assessment of these indicators must be conducted. In developed based on the protection of human health
doing this assessment all sources need to be and for some indicators reflect the intervention levels
considered including emissions from haul roads, in the SEPP (AQM).
crushers, generators, processing operations (including
leaching), mining operations and any other plant
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
In areas where background concentrations of arsenic nearest sensitive location to the operation, no
are unknown, a risk assessment maybe undertaken to additional management practices can be practically
assess the potential impacts of the mining operation. applied and the predicted impact from the proposed
In these situations the risk arising from emissions from expansion or operation extends into urban areas or
the activities on the site must not exceed a lifetime townships. These situations are likely to be rare.
cancer risk of 1 in a million. In these situations assessment of the predicted
For indicators that do not have assessment criteria emissions on existing air quality within the urban area
listed in Table 2 but may be present at some sites, eg or township may be required. Advice should be sought
heavy metals, the proponent should contact EPA for from EPA on the need for such an assessment. If
advice on appropriate assessment criteria to be used. required, the assessment should be undertaken at
It is important that emissions from industries, locations where the general population of the town is
including mining and extractives, do not contribute to likely to be exposed (eg., town centre) rather than the
a deterioration of air quality in urban centres and nearest residence. Background (existing air quality)
regional towns and townships. Although the data must be included in the modelling. Where such an
assessment criteria have been established for mining assessment is required the air quality standards
and extractive industries there may be some situations contained in the Ambient Air Quality NEPM apply. For
where the assessment criteria cannot be met at the particles these standards are:
2 The assessment criteria for PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and CO are the intervention levels from the SEPP (AQM). The criteria for respirable crystalline silica and hydrogen cyanide
have been adopted from the California EPA Office for Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Reference Exposure Levels. The assessment criteria for arsenic and
asbestos have been derived using the Cancer Potency Factors from the California EPA Office for Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. The criteria for PAHs (as
BaP) has been adopted from the National Environment Protection (Air Toxics) Measure.
3 The term ‘radionuclide’ includes naturally occurring radioactive isotopes. ALARA is determined by the Department of Human Services, Public Health Branch under the
Radiation Act 2005 and Radiation Regulations 2007. Note that this Act applies where radioactive material (as defined in the Act) is possessed, transported, mined or
processed. Contact the Radiation Safety Section, Environmental Health Unit on 1300 767 469 for advice.
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
• A general discussion on the analysis of the account to ensure that developments planned closer
modelling results including the degree of to the sites than the current situation are considered
uncertainty in the results. in the assessment of potential impacts. The
Modelling is to be undertaken for a 12-month period assessment at the selected locations must be done
under the worst-case scenario. Worst-case conditions against the relevant assessment criteria listed in Table
are those for the periods when the maximum 2 of this PEM. Time-series plots showing the predicted
emissions are predicted to occur under normal concentrations for the pollutants being assessed for
operating conditions (for example when maximum each day of the year should be presented for the
earth moving activities are occurring or large areas of sensitive locations that are predicted to be worst
exposed land are expected on site) and/or where an affected.
expansion or development has maximum impact on The assessment at the sensitive locations must be
sensitive receptors. The modelling is required to be done against the relevant assessment criteria listed in
undertaken for a number of scenarios including, Table 2 of this PEM. If the assessment criteria are
• construction activities during the development exceeded then management practices on site should
of the site, and be reviewed to reduce emissions arising from the
operations.
• operational phases of the mine or quarry.
In conducting the modelling the emissions factors Level 1 assessments
from the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) Handbook The modelling for a Level 1 assessment requires 1 year
for Mining and Extractives should be used. Where a of daily predictions for PM10 and PM2.5 under worst-
proponent can show actual site-specific emission case scenarios. Time varying background files (24-
factors from trials/assessments then these factors hour averages) must be included for large operations
would be preferred over literature-based factors in these locations.
providing that EPA is satisfied that the methodology
used to determine the factors is sound. Advice should For crystalline silica, arsenic and other indicators that
be sought from EPA prior to conducting the modelling have long-term health effects annual average
if site-specific factors are to be used. For indicators concentrations must be modelled with annual average
not included in the NPI Handbook, the latest USEPA background data included in the model.
AP42 emission factors should be used. Other emission For Indicators such as NO2 and CO that have averaging
factors that may be considered to be more applicable times less than 24-hours, the 70th percentile of the 1-
for a specific site can be used with prior approval from hour average data is to be included. If background is
EPA. not included for these indicators then the justification
PM10 and PM2.5 must be modelled as though they of the reason why must be included in the assessment
behave as a gas. Deposition for these size fractions is report. For example, in a rural area with low traffic
not included in the modelling. For TSP or deposited volumes or other sources in the vicinity.
dust, dust deposition may be taken into account when
Level 2 assessments
deposition rates are known.
In conducting the modelling against the assessment As for Level 1 assessments, the modelling for a Level 2
criteria the impact of all sources of the indicator in the assessment requires 1 year of daily predictions for
area must be included, as the assessment criteria have PM10 and PM2.5 under worst-case scenarios.
been established to account for cumulative impact of Representative time varying background files (24-hour
all sources. averages) should be included for large operations in
these locations. This data may be obtained from EPA.
This requires the inclusion of background data (this is
discussed in more detail in the following sections). If If appropriate daily varying background data is not
the impacts of bushfires, prescribed burning or dust available, a screening assessment can be undertaken
storms are identified in background files they should using 70th percentile of the 12 months of background
not be excluded but clearly identified in the reporting data to determine the potential for the relevant
of the results of the modelling (eg shown in the time assessment criteria to be exceeded. If the results of
series plots separate to the contribution from the the assessment indicate that the assessment criteria
mining or extractive operations and the combined are exceeded contact EPA about the requirements for
emissions). further assessment or management options.
The results of the modelling must be reported for For crystalline silica, arsenic and other indicators that
sensitive locations including houses, schools, have long-term health effects annual average
kindergartens, recreation areas and sporting ovals. concentrations must be modelled where applicable
Any proposed developments, such as new housing with annual average background data included in the
developments, and identified future land uses model. Inclusion of background data for CO and NO2 is
(including zoning requirements) must be taken into not required.
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
If exceedances are predicted, risk management • collection of information on the local population
strategies need to be developed that identify options including identification of susceptible groups
that will reduce exposure of local communities to within the affected population (eg percentage
levels of indicators that may be of concern. These may of children with asthma or people aged over 65
include: years)
• identification of conditions (meteorological and • potential for exposure of the local population to
operational) that may give rise to elevated levels of the indicators (obtained from air
levels of pollutants (this information can be quality modelling)
obtained from either modelling or from • calculation of the risk posed by this exposure
experience with the operation of an existing
It is expected that a detailed quantitative health risk
site)
assessment will only be required in rare circumstances
• options for reducing levels of exposure need to and is likely to be required under limited
be identified. These may include for example circumstances by large sites close to residential areas.
movement of activities on the site under A quantitative risk assessment should only be
certain meteorological conditions, ceasing undertaken when all options for reducing emissions by
certain operations for limited periods of time if changes in site management practices have been
pollutant levels are reaching levels of concern, exhausted or are not economically viable. It should not
relocating residents for periods when the be the first option taken.
operations are expected to generate elevated
Contact EPA for further guidance on conducting risk
levels of pollutants etc.
assessments.
To monitor the effectiveness of these strategies, for
sites in large urban areas or close to residential areas
real-time monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 should be 4 OPERATIONAL CONTROL
undertaken at sensitive locations (such as residences) REQUIREMENTS
(Level 1 and 2 operations). This monitoring should be
linked to a reactive management strategy that would The responsibility lies with the generators of air
allow changes to the operations on the site to be made emissions to identify and undertake appropriate air
if particle concentrations are reaching levels over a emissions control and management initiatives and
short timeframe that may impact on the achievability demonstrate that the requirements for application of
of the 24-hour health based values. best practice and maximum extent achievable have
been met and the beneficial uses of the air
In situations where it has been identified that an
environment as specified in the SEPP (AQM) are
operation will generate emissions of heavy metals and
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
For Level 3 assessments no data is required on 6.3 Monitoring for reactive management
existing air quality prior to the assessment being purposes
undertaken.
To ensure that the emissions from the site do not
6.2 Monitoring conducted for approved adversely impact sensitive locations, monitoring must
developments be undertaken that allows for real-time reactive
management practices to be implemented. This type
As modelling can only provide general guidance about of monitoring should be implemented for
the potential impacts for large premises that require a developments that have required a Level 1 or Level 2
Level 1 assessment, monitoring should be conducted assessment. This monitoring would be incorporated as
so that an evaluation of the local air quality (including part of the site environmental management plan. The
the contribution from the mine or quarry site) against need for ongoing monitoring would be reviewed at the
the assessment criteria can be undertaken. This type end of each 12-month period and the site
of monitoring is conducted to confirm the modelling environmental management plan amended if required.
predictions and would only be conducted for a limited
This type of monitoring allows site managers to
period of time (eg., 12 – 24 months). The need for such
identify when a problem has arisen on the site that
monitoring to be ongoing would be reviewed by DPI in
may lead to an exceedance of the 24-hour air quality
consultation with EPA and taking into account the
criteria. It allows management practices on site to be
advice of the site Environment Review Committee (or
implemented to reduce the level of dust being
similar consultative body) after 12 months.
generated. This may involve increased use of water
This compliance monitoring requires the use of sprays, use of chemical suppressants, or under
monitoring equipment for PM2.5 and PM10 that complies unfavourable meteorological conditions the relocation
with the Australian Standards for monitoring these of active works away from sensitive locations or
particles. Monitoring should be conducted on a daily ceasing works for a few hours until more favourable
basis (24-hour periods) or in real-time. Some conditions are experienced. Hourly trigger levels will
gravimetric sampling should also be conducted to be provided by EPA that will allow site managers to
allow for analysis of the particles for components such identify when a problem may be arising on site.
as respirable crystalline silica and heavy metals. The
The type of equipment used for this monitoring is not
filters used for this purpose must be consistent with
the same as that used for compliance purposes. There
the analysis technique. Sampling for crystalline silica
is a range of equipment available that is portable and
and arsenic must be conducted for a period of up to 1
relatively inexpensive that would be suitable for this
week each month for an entire year to allow
type of monitoring. An indicative but not exhaustive
calculation of an annual average (total 12 samples per
list of the types of equipment available, indicative cost
year). The sampling duration will be dependent on the
and suppliers is available on EPA’s website and will be
levels of particles generated and the percentage of the
regularly updated. The availability of equipment and
indicator of concern within the PM10 or PM2.5 mass.
costs will change with time and suppliers should be
Advice should be sought from EPA on the required
contacted to identify the current range of equipment
sampling duration. Analysis must undertaken by
and costs.
laboratories NATA accredited for that analysis.
Contact EPA for advice on appropriate monitoring
For Level 2 operations, once operations have
equipment for this purpose and for the trigger levels
commenced 1-in-6 day sampling of PM10 should be
that could be used to identify when levels are reaching
undertaken for a limited period to confirm the results
levels that may require additional management
of the modelling. The period of time required should be
practices.
confirmed in consultation with EPA during the
development of the site environmental management
plan. The sampling should be undertaken at the time of 7 FURTHER ADVICE OF AIR QUALITY
year when the modelling predicts that the greatest
contribution from the mining or quarry operations is
ASSESSMENTS
likely to occur. Advice from EPA should be requested through the EPA
Sampling should be undertaken at sensitive locations Client Manager for the region. The EPA Client Manager
such as residences where the modelling has predicted will coordinate advice across EPA and will be the point
potentially high levels of particles and at least one site of contact throughout the assessment process.
should be chosen downwind of the site to reflect the
impact of the mining or quarry operations during the
most predominant wind directions.
For developments that require a Level 3 assessment
no compliance monitoring for PM10, PM2.5, respirable
crystalline silica or heavy metals is required.
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
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PROTOCOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: MINING AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
APPENDICES
• describe the environmental indicators to be
Appendix 1: Mining and Extractive Industry employed to measure and define the
Regulation environmental quality
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