Unit X – Nerve Tissue

Chapter 12

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Co 12
Fig. 12.1
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Central nervous Peripheral nervous

system (CNS) system (PNS)
Brain

Spinal
cord
Nerves

Ganglia
Fig. 12.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Spinal Sensory Motor

Brain
cord division division

Visceral Somatic Visceral Somatic

sensory sensory motor motor
division division division division

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
division division
Fig. 12.3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system

1 Sensory (afferent)
neurons conduct
signals from receptors
to the CNS.

2 Interneurons
3 Motor (efferent) are confined
neurons conduct to the CNS.
signals from the CNS
to effectors such as
muscles and glands.
Fig. 12.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Dendrites

Soma
Nucleus
Nucleolus
(b)

Trigger zone: Schwann cell

Axon hillock Axoplasm nucleus
Initial segment
Axolemma
Neurilemma

Axon collateral
Axon

(c) Myelin sheath

Direction of
signal transmission

Internodes

Node of Ranvier

Myelin sheath

Schwann cell Neurofibrils

(d) Axon

Chromatophilic
substance
Terminal
arborization

Axon terminals Axon

hillock
(e)
(a)

b: © Ed Reschke
Fig. 12.5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Dendrites

Axon

Multipolar neurons

Dendrites

Axon

Bipolar neurons

Dendrites

Axon

Unipolar neuron

Dendrites

Anaxonic neuron
Table 12.1
Fig. 12.6

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Capillary Neurons

Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte

Perivascular feet Myelinated axon

Ependymal cell Myelin (cut)

Cerebrospinal fluid
Microglia
Fig. 12.7
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Schwann cell

Axon
Basal lamina Endoneurium

Nucleus

(a)

Neurilemma Myelin sheath

Oligodendrocyte

Myelinated
axon

Schwann
cell cytoplasm
Myelin
Basal
lamina

Neurilemma

Nerve fiber
Unmyelinated
axon

(b) (c)
3 µm
c: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dr. Dennis Emery, Dept. of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University
Fig. 12.8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Unmyelinated
nerve fibers

Schwann cell

Basal lamina
Fig. 12.9
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Neuromuscular
junction
Endoneurium Myelin sheath

Muscle fiber
1 Normal nerve fiber

Local trauma

Macrophages Degenerating
terminal
2 Injured fiber

Degenerating
Schwann cells

Degenerating axon

3 Degeneration of severed fiber

Schwann cells
Growth processes

Regeneration
tube Atrophy of
4 Early regeneration muscle fibers

Retraction of
growth processes

Growth processes
5 Late regeneration

Regrowth of
6 Regenerated fiber muscle fibers
Fig. 12.11

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ECF

Na+ 145 mEq/L

K+ 4 mEq/L

K+
channel
Na+
channel
Na+ 12 mEq/L

K+ 150 mEq/L
Large anions
that cannot
escape cell
ICF
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 12.12
Dendrites Soma Trigger Axon
zone

Current

ECF

Ligand
Receptor

Plasma
membrane
of dendrite

Na+
ICF
Table 12.2
Fig. 12.13

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4
+35 +35

3 Spike
5

0
Depolarization Repolarization 0

Action
potential
mV

mV
Threshold
2
–55
Local
potential 1
7
Hyperpolarization
–70
6 Hyperpolarization
Resting membrane
potential –70

Time 0 10 20 30 40 50
ms
(a) (b)
Fig. 12.14
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K+
Na+

K+
channel

Na+
channel

35 35
0 0

mV
mV
1 Na+ and K+ channels closed 2 Na+ channels open, Na+
–70 enters cell, K+ channels –70
beginning to open
Resting membrane Depolarization begins
potential

35 35
0 0

mV
mV

3 Na+ channels closed, K+ 4 Na+ channels closed,

channels fully open, K+ –70 K+ channels closing –70
leaves cell
Depolarization ends, Repolarization complete
repolarization begins
Fig. 12.15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Absolute Relative
refractory refractory
period period
+35

0
mV

Threshold

–55
Resting membrane
potential
–70

Time
Fig. 12.16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrites
Cell body Axon

Signal

Action potential ++++–––+++++++++++

––––+++–––––––––––
in progress
Refractory
membrane
Excitable ––––+++–––––––––––
++++–––+++++++++++
membrane

+++++++++–––++++++
–––––––––+++––––––

–––––––––+++––––––
+++++++++–––++++++

+++++++++++++–––++
–––––––––––––+++––

–––––––––––––+++––
+++++++++++++–––++
Fig. 12.17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Na+ inflow at node Positive charge flows rapidly Depolarization of membrane

generates action potential. along axon and depolarizes at next node opens Na+ channels,
membrane; signal grows triggering new action potential.
(a)
weaker with distance.

+ + – – + + + + + + + +
– – + + – – – – – – – –
– – + + – – – – – – – –
+ + – – + + + + + + + +

+ + + + – – + + + + + +
– – – – + + – – – – – –
– – – – + + – – – – – –
+ + + + – – + + + + + +

Refractory Action potential Excitable

(b) membrane in progress membrane
Fig. 12.18

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Soma
Synapse
Axon

Presynaptic Direction of
Postsynaptic
neuron signal
neuron
transmission

(a)

Axodendritic synapse

Axosomatic
synapse

Axoaxonic synapse
(b)
Fig. 12.19

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Axon of
presynaptic
neuron

Axon
terminal

Soma of
postsynaptic
neuron

© Omikron/Science Source
Fig. 12.20
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Microtubules
of cytoskeleton

Axon of presynaptic neuron

Mitochondria

Axon terminal
Postsynaptic neuron

Synaptic vesicles
containing neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter
receptor
Postsynaptic neuron Neurotransmitter
release
Table 12.3
Fig. 12.21

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Acetylcholine Monoamines Neuropeptides

CH3 O Catecholamines Met Phe
Gly Gly
Met
H 3C –N+ –CH2 –CH2 – O – C –CH3 OH Tyr
Phe Gly Leu
Phe
CH3 HO CH –CH2 –NH–CH2 Enkephalin Glu
Glu Substance P
HO Epinephrine Pro
Arg Pro Lys
Amino acids OH
O HO CH –CH2 –NH2
C –CH2 –CH2 –CH2–NH2 HO Norepinephrine
HO Phe
GABA Asp Tyr Met Gly Trp Met Asp
O HO CH2 –CH2 –NH2 Thr Met Phe
C –CH2–NH2 Ser
HO HO Dopamine Gly SO4 Cholecystokinin
Glycine Glu Gly
O Tyr
O Lys
C – CH – CH2 – C HO CH2 –CH2 –NH2 ß-endorphin
HO OH
NH2 Ser
Aspartic acid N Serotonin
O O N Glu
C –CH – CH2 – CH2 –C CH2 –CH2 –NH2 Lys Asn Ala Tyr
HO OH N Histamine Thr IIe
NH2 IIe Lys
Glutamic acid Ala
Pro Asn Lys
Lys
Leu
Phe Gly
Val Leu
Thr Glu
Fig. 12.22

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Presynaptic neuron

3
Ca2+ Presynaptic
neuron
1
2

ACh
Na+ AChE Choline
6 8
ACh Acetate
– – – –
– + + + + +
4 + + + +
+ – – – –
K+
5 Postsynaptic
neuron
Fig. 12.23
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Presynaptic neuron

Postsynaptic neuron

Neurotransmitter
receptor
Norepinephrine
Adenylate cyclase
G protein
–
– –
+
+ +
1
2 Ligand-
3 5
gated
Na+
ATP channels
opened
cAMP
4 Postsynaptic
potential
Multiple
Enzyme activation possible
6 effects
7
Metabolic
Genetic transcription
changes

Enzyme synthesis
Fig. 12.24 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
0

–20

–40

mV
Threshold

–60 EPSP Resting membrane

potential
Repolarization
–80
Depolarization

(a) Stimulus Time

0

–20
mV

–40

Threshold

–60 Resting membrane

potential
IPSP

–80
Hyperpolarization

(b) Stimulus Time

Fig. 12.25
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3 Postsynaptic
neuron fires
2 EPSPs spread
from one synapse
to trigger zone
1 Intense stimulation
by one presynaptic
neuron

(a) Temporal summation

3 Postsynaptic
neuron fires
2 EPSPs spread from
several synapses
1 Simultaneous stimulation to trigger zone
by several presynaptic
neurons

(b) Spatial summation

Fig. 12.26 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

+40

+20

Action potential
mV

–20

–40 Threshold

–60 EPSPs

–80 Resting
Stimuli membrane
potential
Time
Fig. 12.27

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Signal in presynaptic neuron Signal in presynaptic neuron

Signal in facilitating neuron

No activity in facilitating
neuron

F F

No neurotransmitter
release here
Neurotransmitter
release
+
EPSP
Ca2+

Minimal activity in
presynaptic neuron S S
Enhanced neurotransmitter
release
No excitation of
postsynaptic neuron R
Excitation of postsynaptic
+ R
EPSP
neuron
(a) (b)
Fig. 12.28

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Signal in presynaptic neuron Signal in presynaptic neuron

Signal in inhibitory neuron

No activity in inhibitory
neuron

I I

No neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter -
release here Inhibition of presynaptic IPSP
Ca2+
neuron

S S
Neurotransmitter No neurotransmitter
release here
Excitation of postsynaptic
neuron
+ R No response in postsynaptic R
EPSP neuron

(a) (b)
Fig. 12.31
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Diverging Converging

Input Output

Output
Input

Reverberating Parallel after-discharge

Input Output
Input Output
Page 467 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Nerves to lymphatic organs influence the
Cutaneous nerves regulate development and activity of immune cells;
piloerection, sweating, emotional states influence susceptibility to
cutaneous vasoconstriction infection and other failures of immunity.
and vasodilation, and heat
loss through the body surface,
and provide for cutaneous
sensations such as touch,
itch, tickle, pressure,
heat, and cold. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The brainstem regulates the
SKELETAL SYSTEM rhythm of breathing, monitors
Nervous stimulation maintains blood pH and blood gases, and
the muscle tension that adjusts the respiratory rate and
stimulates bone growth and depth to control these within
remodeling; nerves in the normal ranges.
bones respond to strains
and fractures.
URINARY SYSTEM
Sympathetic nerves modify
the rate of urine production
MUSCULAR SYSTEM by the kidneys; nervous
Skeletal muscles cannot stimulation of urinary
contract without nervous sphincters aids in urine
stimulation; the nervous retention in the bladder,
system controls all body and nervous reflexes
movements and muscle tone. control its emptying.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The nervous system regulates
The hypothalamus controls appetite, feeding behavior,
the pituitary gland; the digestive secretion and
sympathetic nervous system motility, and defecation.
controls the adrenal medulla;
neuroendocrine cells are neurons
that secrete hormones such as
oxytocin; sensory and other
nervous input influences the
secretion of
numerous other hormones. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The nervous system regulates sex drive,
arousal, and orgasm; the brain regulates
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM the secretion of pituitary hormones that
The nervous system regulates control spermatogenesis in males and
the rate and force of the the ovarian cycle in females; the nervous
heartbeat, regulates blood system controls various aspects of
vessel diameters, monitors and pregnancy and childbirth; the brain
controls blood pressure and blood produces oxytocin, which is involved
gas concentrations, routes blood in labor contractions and lactation.
to organs where needed, and influences
blood clotting.

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