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Abstract
Linear regression analysis has been used to develop some information about dimensionless pressure P tD and its first
simple analytical expressions for the van Everdingen- derivative P~D as functions of dimensionless time t D.
Hurst aquifer influx influence functions. Regression Usually, the relationship between t D and P tD is available
results are presented for a variety of aquifer radius/reser- in the reservoir simulator in tabular form for the infinite-
voir radius ratios. The regression equations are designed acting constant terminal rate case only. The program
for use in reservoir engineering applications, especially determines PtD and P~D for a given tD by using a
reservoir simulation. numerical interpolation scheme. An alternative approach
that requires less computer work while providing
Introduction equivalent or greater accuracy than the table look-up
A reservoir-aquifer system can be modeled by using a method is presented here.
reservoir simulator in which small gridblocks define the
reservoir and increasingly larger gridblocks define the Description of Method
aquifer. This approach has the disadvantage of increased A linear regression analysis 3 has been used to develop
computer storage and computing time requirements analytical representations of the Carter-Tracy influence
because additional gridblocks are needed to model the functions. The regression equations, the regression coef-
aquifer. A widely used and more cost-effective means of ficients, correlation range limits, and measures of the
representing an aquifer is to compute aquifer influx with linear regression validity are presented in Table 1 for a
an analytical model. Among the more popular analytical number of commonly encountered r e/r w cases. Plots of
aquifer models in use today is the Carter-Tracy these expressions are shown in Figs. la and lb. Dif-
modification 1 of the van Everdingen-Hurst 2 unsteady- ferences between the van Everdingen-Hurst tabular values
state aquifer influx calculation. and the calculated values based on linear regression
, The Carter-Tracy aquifer influx rate calculation requires analysis are insignificant within the correlation range
TABLE 1-CARTER·TRACY INFLUENCE FUNCTION REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR THE CONSTANT TERMINAL RATE CASE
-NOTE: These symbols are defined in Ref. 3 as follows. The linear regreSSion objective function S is derived by
N
s. ~ (Y,-Y,)'.
i-1
where Y, is the van Everdingen-Hurst value of Pta. 'Yi is the regression equation value of P2'D' and N is the total nu~ber of van Everdingen-Hurst pairs of (P IO and tD)' A positive value of S near
zero indicates a good fit with S - 0 being a perfect fit. The "multiple correlation coefficient" R of Ref. 3 is defined by R = sum of squares using regresston equation values divided by sum of squares
using van Everdingen-Hurst values. or
N
~ (1',_1')'
i_1
R2 - - N - - - - - ' where Y is the average van Everdingen-Hurst value=.2.. ~
(N
Yi
)
•
N iz1
L; (y,_y)2
;_1
The range of R 2 is between 0 and' with R 2 = 1 being a perfect fit. The standard error of estimate is defined by .JS/(N - 2). where S is the objective function.
'Now with Marathon Oil Co. Copyright 1.985 Society of Petroleum Engineers
I
!
g
)
A
Dimensionless Time tD
Fig. 1-Aegression equation fit of the van Everdingen-Hurst influence functions. The smooth curve
is computed from the regression equation.
limits tabulated by van Everdingen and Hurst for all cases Nomenclature
except the infinite ratio case. P tD = dimensionless pressure
The average deviation of regression values from van P~D = derivative of PtD with respect to tD
Everdingen-Hurst tabular values for the infinite ratio case
is 1.5% (Table 1). Most of this error appears at early times
re = external aquifer radius, ft [m]
(0.01 < t D < O. 1) when aquifer influx is often small
rw = external reservoir radius, ft [m]
relative to influx for the total life of the reservoir. A cor- tD = dimensionless time
relation for the infinite ratio case with an average devia-
tion of 0.2 % and a standard error of the estimate of References
1.1 x 10 - 3 has been presented by Edwardson et al. 4 1. Carter, R.D. and Tracy, G.W.: "An Improved Method for
Their additional accuracy requires approximately twice Calculating Water Influx," J. Pet. Tech. (Dec. 1960) 58-60; Trans.,
the computational labor as the correlation presented in AIME,219.
2. van Everdingen, A.F. and Hurst, W.: "The Application of the
Table 1. They do not present correlations for other r efr w Laplace Transform to Row Problems in Reservoirs," Trans., AIME
values. 186 (1949) 305-24.
It is interesting to note that the form of the regression 3. Kuester, J.L. and Mize, J.H.: Optimization Techniques With For-
equation in Table 1 is the same for each r efr w case. This tran, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York City (1973) 205.
4. Edwardson, M.J. et al.: "Calculation of Formation Temperature
simplifies the coding needed to incorporate these expres- Disturbances Caused by Mud Circulation," J. Pet. Tech. (April
sions into a reservoir simulator such as that described in 1962) 416-26.
Ref. 5. Besides simplifying the programming effort, the 5. Fanchi, J.R., Harpole, K.J., and Bujnowski, S.W.: "BOAST: A
computer work is lessened because it is no longer Three Dimensional, Three-Phase Black Oil Applied Simulation
necessary to perform a table look-up. Furthermore, the Tool," Vols. I and II, U.S. DOE Report DOE/BC-lOO33-3,
Bartlesville Energy Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK (1982).
derivative P~D is obtained directly from differentiation of
the regression equation for P tD by t D. This avoids the SPEJ
necessity of performing a numerical differentiation and
Original manuscript (SPE 12565) received in the Society of Petroleum Engineers of·
ensures that a mathematically smooth function is always fice Sept. 15. 1983. Paper accepted for publication June 4.1984. Revised manuscript
used. received July 9. 1984.