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RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

Influence of a removable prosthesis on oral health-related


quality of life and mastication in elders with Parkinson disease
Giselle R. Ribeiro, DDS, MSc,a Camila H. Campos, DDS, MSc,b and
Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia, PhDc

Parkinson disease (PD) is the ABSTRACT


second most common neuro- Statement of problem. Parkinson disease (PD) symptoms, such as muscle rigidity, tremors in the
degenerative disease. With an lips and tongue, and involuntary mandibular movements, may cause oral health-related problems,
onset in the fifth or sixth mastication difficulties, and denture discomfort because of the difficulty in controlling a prosthesis
decade of life,1 it is estimated with the oral musculature.
to affect between 1% and 2% Purpose. The purpose of this observational clinical study was to evaluate the influence of oral
of individuals in this age rehabilitation with a removable prosthesis on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and
group.2 Motor symptoms such masticatory efficiency (ME) in elders with PD.
as tremor, rigidity, bradyki-
Material and methods. Thirty-four elders with PD (n=17, mean age 69.4 ±4.7 years) or without PD
nesia, and postural instability (n=17, mean age 70.7 ±4.7 years) were recruited. All participants first underwent OHRQoL and ME
are the cardinal signs of PD.2,3 evaluations. Two months after the insertion of new removable prostheses, the participants were
The course of the disease is reassessed. The OHRQoL was measured with the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49). ME was
chronic and progressive, and it evaluated by determining the percentage weight of the comminuted silicone-based artificial
may be complicated by a material that passed through a 2.8 mm sieve. For each group, data were compared between
range of motor and nonmotor baseline and after insertion of new removable prostheses by paired t test or Wilcoxon sign test/
signed-rank test. Group differences were assessed at each time point by t test (a=.05).
features such as depression,
anxiety, apathy, and cognitive Results. After the insertion of removable prostheses, elders with PD showed improved OHRQoL and
and sleep disturbances. Sen- ME. Controls also showed improvements on both measures after insertion of removable prostheses.
At baseline, elders with PD had lower OHRQoL and ME compared with the controls (P<.05). After
sory symptoms, fatigue, and
removable prosthesis insertion, the elders with PD continued to show lower ME values than the
pain, among other symp- controls, but their OHRQoL was similar.
toms,4 can increase disability5
and diminish the quality of Conclusions. Oral rehabilitation with new removable dental prostheses improved the OHRQoL
and ME in elders with and without PD, although ME did not reach control levels in elders with
life for these patients.2,6
PD. (J Prosthet Dent 2017;118:637-642)
Quality of life is subjective
but has been defined as “an individual’s perception of life outcomes in individuals with PD. The symptoms with
their position in life in the context of the culture and the greatest impact on quality of life include gait
value systems in which they live and in relation to their impairment and complications arising from medication
goals, expectations, standards and concerns.”7 According therapy.6
to a systematic review,6 depression, disease severity, and The subjective impact of oral health on quality of life,
disability are predictive of poor health-related quality of termed oral healtherelated quality of life (OHRQoL),

Supported by grant 48.090.3/2013-1 from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and by grant 2012/15223-2
from São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).
a
Predoctoral student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, São Paulo, Brazil.
b
Predoctoral student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, São Paulo, Brazil.
c
Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, São Paulo, Brazil.

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638 Volume 118 Issue 5

Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for PD and control participants


Clinical Implications Group Criteria
Inclusion criteria, PD group Age 60 or older
Although oral rehabilitation using dental implants Totally or partially edentulous
has been reported to improve oral health-related Using or not using unsatisfactory
quality of life (OHRQoL) in elders with Parkinson CD and/or RPD according to criteria
of Vigild8
disease (PD), inserting removable dental prostheses
Present PD diagnosed by
also improves their OHRQoL and mastication. These neuropsychiatrist with clinical
data have applications for public health policy diagnostic criteria1
because they suggest an economical treatment Receiving daily levodopa treatment
for PD
option for masticatory rehabilitation in elders Presence of other aging diseases
with PD. (such as, hypertension, diabetes)
acceptable if controlled by
medication
Inclusion criteria, control group Same as PD group, except for
concerns dental professionals because it plays an absence of PD
important role in clinical practice in terms of under- Exclusion criteria, PD and Presence of another
control groups neurodegenerative disorder
standing the needs of the patient,8 planning appropriate
Presence of secondary parkinsonism
care,9 and monitoring progress.10,11 Thus, subjective in- (drug induced)
struments12 have been developed to identify and eval- Presence of bruxism, symptoms of
uate how oral problems interfere with daily living.13 temporomandibular disorders,
and/or advanced periodontal disease
McGrath and Bedi14 reported that older people believed
PD, Parkinson disease; CD, complete denture; RPD, removable partial denture.
that their oral health status was important to their quality
of life in a variety of physical, social, and psychological
ways. In relation to the OHRQoL of elders with PD, studies did not rehabilitate elders with new prostheses.
studies15-17 have verified that they complain more about Thus, problems related to removable prosthesis use may
their oral health than controls, specifically because of influence masticatory function, nutritional intake, dietary
mastication difficulties and denture discomfort.15 In enjoyment, self-esteem, social interaction, and social
addition, patients with PD more often report oral health- acceptability19 and are likely to compound the existing
related problems,16 with the greatest emphasis on the difficulties that elders with PD have with eating and
physical disability and psychological discomfort measures swallowing.28
of the OHRQoL.17 However, the authors are unaware of Because tooth loss in elders can affect appearance,
studies assessing the impact of oral rehabilitation using phonetics, and masticatory function,29 oral rehabilitation
removable prostheses on the OHRQoL of elders with with removable dental prostheses may improve
PD. OHRQoL. The effects of rehabilitation could be even
General and prosthetic treatments are known to more pronounced in elders with PD. Thus, the purpose
improve OHRQoL.11,18 Packer et al19 reported that using of this study was to evaluate the influence of oral reha-
dental implants to stabilize an overdenture or to support bilitation with a removable prosthesis on OHRQoL and
a fixed prosthesis in those with PD improved some masticatory efficiency (ME) in elders with and without
quality of life domains, such as satisfaction with the PD. The hypothesis was that OHRQoL and ME in elders
prosthesis, eating, and oral well-being.19 However, a with PD would be affected by inserting new removable
significant number of patients with PD still require dental prostheses.
complete dentures (CDs)20 and/or removable partial
MATERIAL AND METHODS
dentures (RPDs)21 for esthetic, psychological, and
masticatory rehabilitation.22 The ethics committee of Piracicaba Dental School, Uni-
The success of masticatory rehabilitation with CDs in versity of Campinas, approved this study (protocol 097/
patients with PD largely depends on their ability to 2012). The study was also registered in the Brazilian
control the prosthesis with their oral musculature and on Registry of Clinical Trials database (study RBR-3czhsf),
the presence of an adequate quantity and quality of which is linked to the International Clinical Trials
saliva.19 For RPDs, the outcome depends on an accurate Registration Platform (ICTRP/World Health Organiza-
indication and design and on appropriate follow-up with tion). In this observational study, participation was
the patient.23 The overall success of prosthetic therapies voluntary, and participants provided written informed
can be evaluated by masticatory tests,24-27 and previous consent before enrollment. The study included a total of
surveys16 have reported decreased masticatory perfor- 34 elders who had already participated in a previous
mance in elders with PD who wear fixed or removable study30 and who were using or not using unsatisfactory
prostheses compared with controls. However, these CDs and/or RPDs according to the Vigild criteria.8 They

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November 2017 639

were recruited from elders who were members of the metallic molds, which were completely polymerized for
Brazilian Parkinson Association and elders who sought 16 hours at 65 C. Participants were instructed to masti-
prosthetic treatment at the dental clinic of Piracicaba cate a 3.7 g portion of Optocal in the habitual manner for
Dental School, University of Campinas. Inclusion and 40 strokes24 while a single calibrated operator (G.R.R.)
exclusion criteria are presented in Table 1. counted the cycles. The comminuted particles were
Sample size was estimated on the basis of a previous collected, dried at room temperature for 1 week, then
study,31 and 12 participants were required to detect dif- vibrated in a sieving machine (Bertel Indústria Metal-
ferences with a power b=.8 and a=.05. Considering a úrgica) through a stack of 10 sieves with variably sized
withdrawal rate of 25%, the final sample size was at least mesh (0.5 to 5.6 mm). Materials retained on sieves were
15 volunteers for each group. Because the group with PD weighed on a 0.001 g analytic balance (BEL Engineering),
was composed of elders with neurodegenerative disease, and ME was calculated as the percentage weight of the
more participants were included in view of possible comminuted material that passed through the 2.8 mm
additional withdrawals. Thus, the sample was composed sieve.24
of 17 volunteers per group. During the selection of vol- After baseline evaluations, all participants received
unteers, an endeavor was made to standardize the new CDs and/or RPDs from a single prosthodontist
sample by age, number of remaining teeth in partially (G.R.R.). The RPDs, including major connectors, rests,
dentate participants, and their prostheses characteris- and clasps designed to support the tissues and remaining
tics.30 The group with PD consisted of 17 participants teeth of each participant, were designed according to
(9 men and 8 women; mean age 69.4 ±4.7 years) with a individual anatomic characteristics. All frameworks were
PD diagnosis 6.8 ±3.8 years previously. The control group processed with Co-Cr cast metal (CoCr Alloy DeguDent;
consisted of 17 elders (10 men and 7 women; mean age Dentsply Sirona). Artificial teeth (Biotone; Dentsply
70.7 ±4.7 years). Sirona) were mounted on wax occlusion rims on the RPD
Participants first received general dental treatment frameworks. The prostheses were processed with heat-
according to their individual needs, including basic polymerized acrylic resin (VIPI Cril Plus; VIPI) accord-
periodontal therapy, endodontic treatment, and tooth ing to conventional techniques.20,21 All prostheses were
restoration procedures. Next, all participants underwent fabricated by 1 dental technician. Occlusal denture sup-
baseline assessment of OHRQoL and ME. The baseline port was established through the first molars by using a
assessment was done with the existing removable dental bilateral balanced occlusal scheme. All prostheses were
prosthesis in place or with no prosthesis, depending on adjusted according to individual needs. After 2 months,
whether or not the participant had the dental prosthesis the OHRQoL and ME were reevaluated.
at the baseline period. New CDs and/or RPDs were The data were evaluated by statistical software (SAS
inserted, and after a 2-month adaptation period, v9.3; SAS Institute) (a=.05). Shapiro-Wilk tests were
OHRQoL and ME were reassessed. Because motor used to assess normality. When normality assumptions
symptoms varied in elders with PD (“oneoff” phenom- were met, the values obtained before and after new
enon), participants were evaluated in the morning, 1 prosthesis insertion were compared for each group by
hour after ingestion of levodopa, which is considered to paired t tests. However, when normality assumptions
be a period of good motor function (“on” period).3 The were not met, the Wilcoxon sign tests or Wilcoxon
control group was also evaluated in the morning. signed-rank tests were applied. Comparisons between
The Portuguese version of the Oral Health Impact groups were carried out by t tests when normality as-
Profile (OHIP-49)13 questionnaire, translated and sumptions were met. When normality assumptions were
adapted from English,12 was used to assess OHRQoL. not met, the groups were compared with the Mann-
This questionnaire comprised 49 items across 7 domains: Whitney Wilcoxon tests. For nonparametric assumption
functional limitation; physical pain; psychological in nominal variables, chi-square tests were performed.
discomfort; physical disability; psychological disability;
social disability; and handicap. Participants were
RESULTS
instructed to rate the frequency of each OHIP-49 item on
a 5-point Likert-like scale (4=very often; 3=fairly often; Oral characteristics were normally distributed and
2=occasionally; 1=hardly ever; 0=never). An OHIP-49 showed that the groups were similar across the number
total score was calculated for each participant by sum- of remaining teeth, prostheses type, and prostheses age
ming the item scores. Higher total OHIP-49 scores (P>.05) (Table 2). Normality assumptions were also met
indicate more negative perceptions of the impact of oral for each group at baseline and after the insertion of the
conditions on well-being.12 removable prostheses for the domains of functional
ME was evaluated using Optocal artificial test mate- limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort,
rial.25 Optocal was prepared by mixing the components25 physical disability, and total OHIP-49. However, a
in a ceramic mortar, then creating cubes (5.6 mm3) in nonparametric distribution was observed for the

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640 Volume 118 Issue 5

Table 2. Oral characteristics of PD and control groups Table 3. Masticatory efficiency (%) and OHIP-49 domains obtained from
PD Control PD and control groups at baseline and after RPI (mean ±SD)
Characteristic Baseline After RPI Baseline After RPI PD Control
No. of teeth 10.0 ±5.2 9.6 ±5.0 8.2 ±4.1 8.2 ±4.1 Characteristic Baseline After RPI Baseline After RPI
Prostheses type Masticatory efficiency 7.0 ±9.8Aa 13.9 ±13.2Ba 13.0 ±11.3Ab 23.9 ±17.2Bb
CD in both jaws 5 (29.4) 6 (35.3) 8 (47.0) 9 (53.0) Functional limitation 23.0 ±9.4Aa 8.8 ±4.3Ba 12.8 ±6.6Ab 5.1 ±3.4Bb
Maxillary CD with 3 (17.6) 4 (23.5) 4 (23.5) 5 (29.4) Physical pain 14.2 ±8.6Aa 4.9 ±5.3Ba 10.5 ±7.1Aa 2.5 ±2.7Ba
mandibular RPD Psychological discomfort 11.3 ±8.7Aa 0.4 ±0.7Ba 6.5 ±6.5Aa 0.8 ±1.3Ba
RPD in both jaws 2 (11.8) 7 (41.2) 0 (0) 3 (17.6) Physical disability 18.2 ±1.3 Aa
3.6 ±4.2 Ba
5.4 ±4.9 Ab
1.9 ±2.3Ba
Only maxillary CD 2 (11.8) NA 2 (11.8) NA Psychological disability 4.4 ±5.8 Aa
0.5 ±1.2 Ba
2.6 ±3.9 Aa
0.1 ±0.4Bb
Only maxillary RPD 4 (23.5) NA 1 (5.9) NA Social disability 2.7 ±6.8 Aa
0.0 ±0.0 Aa
0.9 ±2.1 Aa
0.3 ±0.7Aa
Partially dentate 1 (5.9) NA 2 (11.8) NA Handicap 2.5 ±3.5Aa 0.0 ±0.0Ba 0.0 ±0.0Ab 0.0 ±0.0Aa
without RPD
Total OHIP-49 76.4 ±5.6Aa 18.2 ±13.3Ba 38.7 ±19.6Ab 10.7 ±8.2Ba
Prosthesis age (y)
Maxillary 9.4 ±10.3 NA 12.2 ±14.2 NA OHIP-49, Oral Health Impact Profile; PD, Parkinson disease; RPI, removable prosthesis
insertion. Different uppercase letters indicate differences between baseline and after RPI
Mandibular 7.9 ±6.5 NA 10.1 ±10.6 NA for each group (P<.05). Different lowercase letters indicate differences between PD and
control groups at each time point (P<.05).
PD, Parkinson disease; RPI, removable prosthesis insertion; CD, complete denture; RPD,
removable partial denture; NA, not applicable. Data presented as means ±SD or n (%).
Values for PD and Control not statistically different at baseline (P >.05).

with PD did not improve to control levels. The group


with PD and controls had similar numbers of remaining
psychological disability, social disability, and handicap teeth, prosthesis type, and prosthesis age. Thus, the
domains of OHIP-49 and for ME data in the PD and reduced masticatory capacity in the group with the dis-
control groups. After the insertion of removable pros- ease may be due to PD symptoms such as orofacial
theses, those with PD showed a 76.1% decrease in total manifestations, which may predominate over the pros-
OHIP-49 scores (P<.05) and a decrease in each of the theses type.
OHIP-49 domain scores, except for social disability After inserting removable prostheses in those with
(P>.05). The group with PD also showed increased ME PD, OHIP-49 total scores decreased 76.1% relative to
values (Table 3). The control group showed the same baseline and most domains showed decreases, suggest-
pattern: a decrease of 72.5% in total OHIP-49 ing a positive impact of those domains on OHRQoL.12
scores (P<.05) and its domain scores, except for social However, the social disability domain had no impact on
disability and handicap (P>.05) (Table 3), and improved OHRQoL in elders with PD. This result may have been
ME values. influenced by our PD sample, which was composed of
The Shapiro-Wilk tests between PD and control elders who had participated in social activities promoted
groups revealed normal distribution of all data before and by the Brazilian Parkinson Association. Thus, these elders
after new removable prosthesis insertion. At baseline, did not have social disabilities such as avoiding going out
group differences were apparent. Compared with con- or difficulty working together. A previous study19 also
trols, participants with PD had lower total OHIP-49 reported an improvement in OHRQoL in patients with
scores and lower domain scores for functional limita- PD after prosthetic rehabilitation compared with dental
tion, physical disability, and handicap (P<.05), revealing a implants. Specifically, improvements were observed in
negative impact of oral health on the quality of life for the domains of satisfaction with the prosthesis, eating,
elders with PD. Similarly, PD patients had lower ME and oral well-being.19
values than controls at baseline (Table 3). After the After insertion of the removable prostheses, ME
insertion of removable prostheses, elders with PD scored increased in the group with PD, indicated by an increase
lower on the functional limitation and psychological in the percentage weight of the comminuted material
disability domains of the OHIP-49 than controls. They that passed through the 2.8 mm sieve.24 Elderly people
also continued to have lower ME values (P<.05). How- have deficiencies in masticatory assessments because of
ever, PD and control participants showed no differences decreased muscle strength, motor skill, and other fac-
(P>.05) on the total OHIP-49 score, demonstrating a tors.18 Although motor symptoms may affect orofacial
positive impact of rehabilitation with removable pros- muscles in elders with PD, oral rehabilitation with new
theses on OHRQoL in both groups (Table 3). removable prostheses increased the total number of
occluding teeth,18 which may have significantly improved
masticatory function, reducing comminuted particle size.
DISCUSSION
Controls showed effects similar to participants
The present study confirmed the hypothesis, demon- with PD. After insertion of the removable prostheses,
strating that OHRQoL and ME were improved in both OHRQoL improved and OHIP-49 total scores and most
groups after oral rehabilitation. However, ME in elders domain scores decreased relative to baseline. However,

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY Ribeiro et al


November 2017 641

no effects were observed on the social disability or could be that motor impairments caused by PD influ-
handicap domains. These domains may not have affected enced the functional limitation domain because of the
OHRQoL because of a lack of impact on everyday social difficulty in adjusting to the new removable prostheses.
activities; oral health may not negatively affect well-being As a consequence, elders with PD may also have
in controls.12 It is possible that, although OHRQoL experienced greater psychological disability during the
improved after insertion of new removable prostheses, period of adaptation to the new removable prostheses.
control elders had positive perceptions of the impact of Difficulty in adjusting to new prostheses could also
oral conditions on their well-being both at baseline and explain the lower ME in participants with PD compared
after insertion of their removable prosthesis. with controls after insertion of the removable prosthesis.
Controls also showed an improvement in ME after In addition, the rigidity and bradykinesia of PD1 could
insertion of the removable prosthesis. This result sup- explain the impaired ME because increased muscle tone
ports previous studies that reported greater ME after and reduced tongue movement could make transport of
prosthetic rehabilitation in patients with complete and food from the incisor region to the molar region during
partial edentulism.26,27 Oral rehabilitation with new mastication difficult, leading to the loss of bolus forma-
removable prostheses increased the total number of tion3 during Optocal mastication.
teeth, occlusal contact area, and quantity of food particles The quality of the residual alveolar ridge was not
trapped between the teeth.26 As a consequence, reha- registered in the present study. Since the residual alve-
bilitation may have increased food comminution, olar ridge could influence masticatory capacity,26 this
explaining the improved ME in control participants after absent evaluation could be considered as a limitation of
insertion of the new prostheses. this study. In addition, the general dental treatment
At baseline, the group with PD had greater OHIP-49 could also have influenced the present OHRQoL results
scores than controls, revealing a more negative impact of because of its positive impact on oral perception for both
oral condition on OHRQoL, mainly in the domains of PD and control participants. This emphasizes the
functional limitation, physical disability, and handicap. importance of oral health care. In addition, prosthetic
Our results agree with previous studies15,16 that found rehabilitation generally improves the OHRQoL of pa-
negative impacts of oral conditions on OHRQoL in tients, regardless of the type of dental prosthesis.11
participants with PD. Since participants with PD and Studies using OHIP-49 to assess OHRQoL usually
controls had similar oral characteristics at baseline, these include a much larger sample size than the current study.
characteristics may not explain the negative impact of However, the current sample size was sufficient to show
oral condition on OHRQoL in the group with PD. One significant improvement in OHRQoL and ME in both the
explanation could be that PD may cause orofacial PD and control groups.
symptoms in such participants, which may cause diffi- This study was an attempt to investigate mastication
culties in mastication, eating, and pronunciation, thus and OHRQoL during the good motor function time of
reducing well-being. elders with PD and after the ingestion of levodopa
ME was also lower for elders with PD when compared medication. Thus, future studies comparing levodopa
with controls at baseline. This could be because the “on” and “off” periods would be relevant.
neuromuscular control of mastication plays an important
role in the comminution of food.18 As a consequence, CONCLUSIONS
mastication requires muscle activity to exert forces to cut
On the basis of the findings of this observational clinical
or grind the food,18 which may be reduced in the par-
study, the following conclusions were drawn:
ticipants with PD when compared with controls. Bakke
et al16 previously observed impaired masticatory perfor- 1. Oral rehabilitation with new removable dental
mance in patients with PD, but no difference in ME, prostheses improved OHRQoL and ME in elders
which they evaluated as the duration of masticating a with and without PD.
standardized apple slice.16 Because food characteristics 2. However, ME in elders with PD remained below
influence the number of mastication cycles needed to control levels.
prepare the food for swallowing,18 differences between
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