GRE Math

Arithmetic – 1

© EducationUSA Russia, Moscow, Graduate Students Support Group (GSSG), 2017.

Common Math terms – Numbers
integer целое число … -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
positive положительное ( > 0) 23, 528, 1000
negative отрицательное (< 0) -7, -999
even чётное -6, -292, -2, 0, 2, 4, 586
odd нечётное -41, -5, -1, 1, 3, 5, 625
prime простое 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, …
composite составное 4, 9, 282, 56

Some more types:

fraction дробь
decimal десятичная дробь
rational number рациональное число
irrational number иррациональное число
real number действительное (вещественное) число
Common math terms
set множество (совокупность объектов – например, чисел)
finite конечный (имеющий конечное число элементов)
infinite бесконечный (имеющий бесконечно много элементов)

Finite sets of numbers:

{-1, 3, 12, -456, 929, 1, 1, 8}
{0, 3.4, -5, 8, 99.9}
{-100}

Infinite sets of numbers:

{…-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …} – set of integers
{… -8, -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, …} – set of even integers
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7… } – set of positive integers
Common math terms
equality = равенство
inequality >, <, ≥, ≤ неравенство
greater than > больше
less than < меньше
greater than or equal to ≥ больше или равно
less than or equal to ≤ меньше или равно
Common math terms
to double ×2 удвоить
to triple ×3 утроить
to quadruple ×4 увеличить в 4 раза
to halve :2 уменьшить вдвое («уполовинить»)
twice a number ×2 число, взятое дважды
triple a number ×3 число, взятое трижды
n times a number ×n число, взятое n раз
x less than a number -x число, уменьшенное на x
x more than a number +x число, увеличенное на x

Five less than twice a number is ten more than the product of four and the number.
2 × number – 5 = 4 × number + 10
 Slide 6
Common math terms
how much more/greater is x than y?
на сколько x больше y?
how many more/greater is x than y?
how much less/fewer is x than y?
на сколько x меньше y?
how many less/fewer is x than y?
x is how many times as much as y?
how many times as much as y is x? во сколько раз x больше y?
how many times as much is x as y?
what is x less than y? какое число на x меньше, чем y?

a) How many less is 648 than 708?

b) How many more is 12 than 8?
c) How many times as much as 5 is 20?
d) What is 2 less than 6?
 Slide 7
Common math terms
to add складывать
to subtract вычитать
sum сумма
difference разница

a) 7 + 8 =
b) 78 – 87 =
c) 7 – (– 18) =
 Slide 8
Common math terms
to multiply умножать
to divide делить
product произведение
quotient частное

a) 7×8:2=
b) 7 × (8 : 2) =
c) 28 : 4 × 7 =
d) 28 : (4 × 7) =
e) 64 : 8 : 2 =
f) 64 : (8 : 2) =
g) 7:0
 Slide 9
Positive and negative numbers

a) 6×7= e) positive × positive = positive

b) (– 11) × (– 3) = f) negative × negative =
c) 64 × (– 2) = g) positive × negative =
d) (– 12) × 50 = h) negative × positive =
 Slide 10
Odd and even numbers

a) odd + odd = even i) odd × odd =

b) odd + even = j) odd × even =
c) even + odd = k) even × odd =
d) even + even = l) even × even =

e) odd – odd =
f) odd – even =
g) even – odd =
h) even – even =

Common math terms
exponent
power
base
to raise to power
3 to the fourth power
x to the y-th power
8 is a power of 2
8 is the third power of 2
exponent (power)
34 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81
base 4 times
Slide 11
степень, показатель степени
степень, показатель степени
основание степени
возводить в степень
3 в четвёртой степени
x в степени y
8 – одна из степеней числа 2
8 – третья степень числа 2
a) (– 5)3 = ? d) 12098456 = ?
b) 20 = ? e) (– 1) 2098456 = ?
c) 00 = ? f) (– 1) 10888993 = ?
g) 7-1 = ? h) 7-2 = ?
Common math terms
to square возвести в квадрат
x squared x в квадрате

1
(– 5)3 = (– 5) × (– 5) × (– 5) = – 125 7-1 =
7
x0 = 1 (for any x ≠ 0)
1 1
00 is undefined -2
7 = 
2 49
7
1n = 1 (for any n) 1
-n
x =
(– 1)n = 1 (for any even n) n
(for any x ≠ 0)
x
(– 1)n = – 1 (for any odd n)
 Slide 13
Exercises
a) 92 =
b) (– 9)2 =
c) – 92 =
d) 43 =
e) (– 4)3 =
f) – 43 =
g) (– 332)0 =
h) 6 squared =
i) (– 8) squared =
j) 2 to the fifth power =
Common math terms
digit цифра (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
two-digit number двузначное число (13, 42, 39, 56, 99)
three-digit number трёхзначное число (101, 234, 692)
n-digit number n-значное число
distinct различный
consecutive последовательный
average среднее арифметическое

2, -5 and 3 are distinct numbers

3, 3, and 3 are not distinct numbers n, n+1, n+2, n+3, …
2, 3, and 2 are not distinct numbers consecutive integers
2k, 2k + 2, 2k + 4, …
-6, -5, -4, -3 : four consecutive integers consecutive even integers
2, 4, 6 : three consecutive even integers 2k + 1, 2k + 3, 2k + 5, …
-5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7 : seven consecutive odd integers consecutive odd integers
Factors, divisors, multiples
divisible делящийся нацело (без остатка), кратный
12 is divisible by 6 12 делится на 6
multiple кратное
12 is a multiple of 6 12 – кратное 6 (12 кратно 6, 12 делится на 6)
factor множитель
divisor делитель

2 × 3 × 10 = 60, => 2, 3, 10 are factors of 60

(– 4) × (– 15) = 60, => – 4, – 15 are also factors of 60
60 is divisible by 2, 3, 10, – 4, – 15 => 2, 3, 10, – 4, – 15 are divisors of 60

All factors (divisors) of 60:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -10, -12, -15, -20, -30, -60

Multiples of 60: …, -120, -60, 0, 60, 120, 180, …

 Slide 16
Factors, divisors, multiples
1 is a factor / divisor of every integer (every integer is divisible by 1)
0 is a multiple of every integer (0 is divisible by every integer)

a) 1 is a multiple of what integers?

b) Name an integer that has 0 as its factor.

c) List all positive factors of 100.

d) List all factors of 25.
e) List all positive multiples of 25 that are less than 200.
Признаки делимости
Число делится на 3, если сумма его цифр делится на 3:
42912 4 + 2 + 9 + 1 + 2 = 18 делится на 3, => 42912 делится на 3
Число делится на 9, если сумма его цифр делится на 9:
42912 4 + 2 + 9 + 1 + 2 = 18 делится на 9, => 42912 делится на 9
Число делится на 10, если оно заканчивается на 0:
10, -30, 60, 100090
Число делится на 5, если оно заканчивается на 5 или на 0:
2345, 410, -34115
Число делится на 4, если две его последние цифры образуют число,
которое делится на 4:
234512 12 делится на 4, => 234512 делится на 4
Число делится на 8, если три его последние цифры образуют число,
которое делится на 8:
1040 040 = 40 делится на 8, => 1040 делится на 8
Factors, divisors, multiples
least common multiple наименьшее общее кратное
greatest common divisor / factor наибольший общий делитель
The least common multiple of two nonzero integers a and b is the least positive
integer that is a multiple of both a and b.
The least common multiple of 30 and 75?
Positive multiples of 30: 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300…
Positive multiples of 75: 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, …
Common positive multiples of 30 and 75: 150, 300, …
The least common multiple of 30 and 75 is 150.

The greatest common divisor of two nonzero integers a and b is the greatest
positive integer that is a divisor of both a and b .
The greatest common divisor of 30 and 75?
Positive divisors of 30: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30.
Positive divisors of 75: 1, 3, 5, 15, 25, 75.
The greatest common divisor of 30 and 75 is 15.
 Slide 19
Factors, divisors, multiples
a) Find the least common multiple of 4 and 6.

b) Find the greatest common divisor of 4 and 6.

c) Find the greatest common divisor of 9 and 16.
 Slide 20
Prime numbers
prime number простое число
composite number составное число

A prime number is an integer greater than 1 that has only two

positive divisors: 1 and itself.
An integer greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a
composite number.

a) Is 1 a prime number?
b) How many even prime numbers are there?
c) List all prime numbers less than 100.
 Slide 21
Prime numbers
prime factorization разложение на простые множители

Prime factorization:
12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3
14 = 2 × 7
800 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 25 × 52

What is the prime factorization of 585?