Wireless Communication

Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
EE 5141
Overview of Cellular 2G / 3G /4G / 5G
& Wireless Technologies
R. David Koilpillai
10 January 2017
Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 1

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
A look at the past …

EE5141 Lecture
Where it all began … Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Sir J. C. Bose
 IEEE Milestones in EE and Computing
 First millimeter-wave comm experiments

– 1895 witnessed by Lt Governor Sir William Mackenzie
– Public demonstration in Kolkata
 Two years before Marconi’s long-wave radio
– Demonstration in England 1897
– Wireless signaling experiment on Salisbury Plain
 Bose went to London - lecture tour in 1896
 Met Marconi in UK
– Wireless experiments for the British post office.
 Bose's remote wireless signaling has priority over Marconi

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
Cellular – A Technology for Everyone …

EE5141 Lecture
Key Dates in Cellular Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
1895 - J.C.Bose demostrates wireless operation @ 60 GHz
1902 - Transatlantic radio transmission by Marconi
1921 - Police dispatch radios in Detroit
1974 - FCC allocates 40 MHz spectrum for cellular
1978 - Adv. Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Trials (Bell Labs)
1981 - (1G) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450)
1991 - (2G) Introduction of GSM and DAMPS (IS-54)
1993 - IS-95 (cdma) Specification
2002-03 - (3G) Commercial deployment of WCDMA, cdma2000, EDGE
2007 - 3.5 G deployment and development of 4G
2011 - Introduction of 4G systems
Growth of subscribers
24M (’92), 88M (’95), 307M (’98), 1B (’02), 4B (09), 6B (11)
EE5141 Lecture
India Telecom Situation Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
 www.trai.gov.in
 Quarterly report of Performance Indicators

EE5141 Lecture
India Wireless Situation Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Cellular market growing steadily (TRAI)
 March 2014 – Crossed 930 M subscriptions
 May 2015 – Crossed 1 B subscriptions
 Broadband target
– Need sustained rate > 512 kbps per user
 97% of telephone subscribers using wireless
 > 92% of internet subscriptions are wireless
 Wireless will be the dominant access mode
 Market share of smart phones is increasing !!

EE5141 Lecture
Family of Wireless Networks IIT Madras
 Hierarchy of terrestrial networks

 India has all scenarios
 Leverage key factors
– Transmitted power
– Propagation effects
 Range of environments
– Dense urban
 Inter-BS distance < 500m
– Sparse rural
 Unlicensed devices
Ref: Cordeiro et al., “IEEE 802.22: The First Worldwide

Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radio,” IEEE, 2005

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
The amazing evolution of handsets –
A glimpse of evolution of Cellular !!

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
1964
Motorola H12-16 ‘Handie-Talkie’
1920
1982 Mobira Senator Martin Cooper, 1973 Motorola Dyna-TAC 1983

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
1987 - Mobira
Cityman
1988 - Ericsson
Hotline
1985 - Siemens Oxford C1

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
1989 - Motorola Micro tac
1992 Nokia 101

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
1996 - Motorola StarTAC
1998-2000

EE5141 Lecture
2002 – Blackberry 5810 Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
2004 – Motorola
Razor
Ericsson Family
2006 – 2007
Blackberry Pearl Apple iPhone
2012
iPhone 5

EE5141 Lecture
Cellular Evolution Timeline Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
1G (AMPS, NMT, TACS, …) 1981

 Analogue voice transmission
2G (GSM, IS-54, PDC, IS-95) 1991 - 95

 Digital cellular
 Digital voice, low-speed circuit data (9.6 Kbps), SMS
2.5G (GPRS, cdmaOne) 1999 - 00

 Introduction of packet data
 Improved voice, medium speed CS and PS data (~100 Kbps), enhanced SMS
3G (WCDMA, EDGE, cdma2000, …) 2002 - 03

 IMT-2000 requirements, Improved voice, high speed PS data (384Kbps - 2 Mbps)
 Improved spectral efficiency and capacity, Multimedia applications
3.5G (HSPA, 1xEV-DO, 1xEV-DV) 2003 - present

 High speed packet data (2-14 Mbps)
4G (LTE, IEEE 802.16m, …) 2011

EE5141 Lecture
Evolution to 4G & Beyond Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Rel. 7
Rel. 6
GSM Rel. 5
GPRS WCDMA (HSDPA) LTE-Adv
2008 LTE
2000 2003 Rel 8
1xEV-DV Super 3G
2012
cdmaOne cdma2000 5G
1xEV-DO
IEEE IEEE
802.16 d/e 802.16 m
4G - Focus on spectral efficiency, interference mitigation

EE5141 Lecture
Wireless Broadband Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
LTE Adv
802.16m
LTE
BT
ZigBee
Leading BWA Standards – 3GPP LTE / LTE-Adv, IEEE 802.16m

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
Digital Communications

EE5141 Lecture
Block Diagram of Transmitter IIT Madras
Info
Source
Source Channel
Encrypt Modulate Pulse shaping
Coding encode
Transmit
Compression Privacy Error protection Spectrum shaping
Information
Power Digital 
Transmit Upconversion
amplification Analog
Radiation Baseband  RF

EE5141 Lecture
Description of Blocks Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Compression
 Speech
– 8 Ksamples / sec
– 8 bits per sample  64 Kbits / sec
– GSM: 12 Kbps via speech compression (Voice Coder = Vocoder)
 Error Protection
– 1  111 and 0  000
– Received sequence: 101  1
011
010 001
 Modulation
– 8PSK 000
110
111 100
Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 101 20
EE5141 Lecture
Block Diagram of Receiver IIT Madras
Info
Sink
Source Channel
Decrypt Demodulate Rx filter
Decoding decode
Received
Output info Error protection
Information
Low noise Analog 

Filter Downconversion
amplification Digital
Receive Band RF  Baseband

EE5141 Lecture
Receiver Functions Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Synchronization
– Timing
 Frequency offset correction 011
010 001
 Channel estimation
110 000
 Equalization
111 100
 Channel decoding 101
 Applications
– MP3 player
– Camera
– …

EE5141 Lecture
Wireless Channel IIT Madras
Transmitter
Receiver
Wireless Channel

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
Wireless Channel

EE5141 Lecture
Multipath & Delay-spread Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Multipath  multiple copies of signal at receiver

 Fading  signal strength fluctuation
 Spatio-Temporal pattern (random)
 Receiver must adapt to signal fluctuations
 Loss of signal during deep fade
t1
t2
t3
 Delay-spread
 Paths arriving at different times
 Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
 Need advanced DSP algorithms to mitigate time-

varying ISI
– Equalizer, RAKE receiver
– Computationally intensive
– Equalizer complexity grows exponentially

EE5141 Lecture
Multipath and Doppler IIT Madras
Signal fluctuation in 20 msec

car moving @ 60 kmph
Depth of fade ~15-25 dB
 Fading  signal strength fluctuation

 Receiver must adapt to time variations
 Time-varying ISI
 Rate of change depends on Doppler
 Accurate channel estim. and tracking are
computationally intensive
EE5141 Lecture
Interference IIT Madras
Frequency Reuse in Cellular
A2 B2  GSM
C3 A3 B3
– 3/9 reuse with Freq Hopping
A1 B1 C1
B2 C2 A2 – frequency planning
A3 B3 C3 A3
C1 A1 B1
 cdma2000 and WCDMA
C2 A2 B2 C2 – 1:1 reuse
C3 A3 B3
A1 B1 C1 A1
– power planning
B2 C2 A2
 Spectral efficiency
B3 C3 A3 Carrier, f1 CCI Interferer,
f1
– Bits / sec / Hz / sq. Km
(Cochannel)
dB
 GSM: Two types of interference - CCI and ACI
– No intracell interference C
 cdma2000, WCDMA: Two types of interference
– Intracell and Intercell interference
 All cellular systems are interference limited I
 Interference mitigation is crucial

EE5141 Lecture
Distance
IIT Madras
Wireless Communications Link Budget

EE5141 Lecture
Link Budget IIT Madras
Link Margin = Transmit power - Rx Sensitivity - margins (primarily for fading)
Pt Transmit Power 30 + 15 = 45 dBm

(EIRP, incl Ant.Gain)
GSM Path Loss (Lp)

Example Designed Rx Level
Designed Rx Level
Log-Normal Shadowing Shadowing Margin (Ls)
~ 10 dB at least
Rayleigh/Ricean fading Fast Fading Margin (Lf)

Pmin Receiver Sensitivity -121.4 + 5 (NF) + 7 (Eb/No) = -109.4 dBm
Thermal Noise Floor -174 + 52.6 dBm = -121.4 dBm

(180 kHz)
Key challenge in cellular systems is to minimize the margins required

EE5141 Lecture
Link Adaptation: An example Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Mode 1
Speech Quality
Mode 2
Mode 3
3 codec rates
Channel quality (C/I, C/N)
 1 GSM voice channel  1 GSM timeslot

 1 GSM timeslot  22.8 Kbps payload
 Trade-off between speech quality and robustness
 Design for worst case scenarios (compromise on quality)

EE5141 Lecture
Adaptive Multirate Vocoder (AMR) IIT Madras
 AMR Codec is the “state of the art” speech coder

 Key features – speech quality, variable rates, robustness
 Contains a set of fixed rate speech codecs with error protection
Narrowband modes (Kbps): 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15. 4.75 Kbps
 AMR does link adaptation autonomously
 Uplink and downlink can use different modes
AMR Vocoder is key to capacity enhancement in GSM
AMR Link Adaptation AMR Performance
Speech codec
Speech Quality
mode changes Mode 1

Mode 2
Mode 3
3 codec modes
Channel quality (C/I, C/N)
EE5141 Lecture
Adaptive Modulation Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Ref: K. Kuchi (CEWiT) “Mobile WiMAX Tutorial
32
EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
Wireless Functionality in Cellphone

EE5141 Lecture
TI Single Chip GSM Radio … Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
FDMA ? TDMA ? CDMA ?

EE5141 Lecture
Multiple Access IIT Madras
Code
FDMA
Frequency
Time

EE5141 Lecture
Code Code
FDMA TDMA GSM,
EDGE
Frequency Frequency
Time Time

EE5141 Lecture
GSM Frame Format IIT Madras
TDMA Frame
 TDMA with 8 timeslots/frame

TS
1
TS
2
TS
8
 Burst format
– 3 tail bits on each end
– 8.25 guard bits
Burst (1 slot) GSM timeslot 156.25 bits – 26 bits in midamble
57 57
– 114 bits of payload
3 F 26 F 3 8.25
symbols symbols – 2 flag bits
payload midamble payload  Every 13th frame is SACCH/ control
576.92 m sec
 Gross data rate is 22.8
kbps/timeslot =
 114  1  12 
 6
  
 576.92  10  8  13 
 Modulation: GMSK with BT=0.3
GSM signaling – 270.833 kbps

EE5141 Lecture
Code Code
FDMA TDMA GSM,
EDGE
Frequency Frequency
Time Time
Code
WCDMA,
CDMA cdma2000
TD-SCDMA
802.11b
Frequency
Time
EE5141 Lecture
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum IIT Madras
 Message sequence is multiplied with a spreading code sequence

 If L chips multiply every bit, then the BW of the message seq. increases L
times
Tb … -1 1 -1 -1 ….
…1 -1 1...
Tc Despreading
spreading … 1 -1 1 1 …. SNR
 Large processing gain (spreading factor)  interference immunity

– Ratio of RF bandwidth (W) to information rate (R)
– Processing gain
 Each user → unique
– UMTS example: W = 3.84 Mcps, Speech data R=9.6 Kbps, spreading code
W   3.84 106 
G p  10 log   G p  10 log    26 dB
3   Multiple access via
10  R  10 
9.6 10 
code
EE5141 Lecture
 Hence CDMA
CDMA IIT Madras
 Walsh-Hadamard Codes
 Used as Spreading Codes in CDMA systems
 Cdma2000 uses length 64 spreading codes
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1

1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1
   
1 1  1  1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1     
1  1 1 1  1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1
   
1  1  1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1
EE5141 Lecture
CDMA Evolution IIT Madras
Code Code Orthogonality Code low data rate user
High data rate user
Frequency Frequency
Time Time
 Applicable to WCDMA and cdma2000

 Wide range of data rates (vary spreading factor and multicode)
– HSDPA, HSUPA
– 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV
– Loss of orthogonality caused by multipath
 A serious problem for high data rate systems
 Cannot simultaneously have high data rate and high SF
EE5141 Lecture
Code Code
FDMA TDMA GSM,
EDGE
Frequency Frequency
Time Time
Code Code 802.11 a/g

WCDMA,
CDMA cdma2000 OFDM 802.16, 20
LTE, UMB
TD-SCDMA
802.11b
Frequency Frequency
Time
Time
EE5141 Lecture
OFDM Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Effect of Multipath
– CDMA – loss of orthogonality
 More severe if spreading factor is low
– TDMA  need for complex equalization
 More severe for higher baud rates
– OFDM attractive for high speed data in multipath fading
 OFDM – Orthogonal Freq Division Multiplexing (Multicarrier)
– Narrow carriers  low baud rate  long symbol duration
– An attractive candidate for broadband wireless
– Efficient digital multicarrier implementation using DFT/IDFT
– Opportunity to do optimized coding and modulation in each carrier
 Maximize capacity utilization based on channel condition
 A active area of research
– Issues: High peak-to-average ratio, sensitivity to frequency & timing errors

 OFDM used for WLAN, WWAN, Digital Audio Broadcasting, 4G, …
 OFDM  Multi-carrier Modulation  Multi-tone Modulation
EE5141 Lecture
OFDM History Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
First Mobile MIMO-OFDMA

2005 IEEE Standard 802.16e
2001 OFDM for IEEE Standard 802.16

For Broadband Wireless
1999 802.11a & HiperLAN/2

OFDM Wireless LAN standards
1997 Digital Video Broadcast - Terrestrial
DVB-T standard
1995 First OFDM standard

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) ~ Europe
1987 OFDM used for Digital Broadcast
1971 FFT and guard intervals proposed FFT=Fast Fourier Transformation

to simplify OFDM implementation OFDM=Orthogonal frequency Division multiplexing
DSL modems – DSL/ADSL/VDSL MIMO= Multiple Input Multiple Output (Smart Multi-Antenna
1966
Chang published OFDM paper in Bell Labs Journal System)
Patent awarded
Ref: K. Kuchi (CEWiT) “Mobile WiMAX Tutorial, Aug 2010
45
EE5141 Lecture
Title IIT Madras
Ref: Dahlman, IEEE Comm Mag, Apr 2009
Ref: A. Mudumbe (Intel) – Mobile WiMAX Presentation
Key Aspects of 4G systems

 OFDMA
 TDD vs FDD
 Smart Antennas
EE5141 Lecture
A peek inside … Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras

EE5141 Lecture
Cellphone antennas Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras

EE5141 Lecture
Cellphone radiation Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

– Absorption of energy by body when exposed to radio RF electromagnetic field;
– Defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue - Units (W/kg)
– SAR is averaged over sample volume (typically 1 g or 10 g of tissue)
– Safe limit spec
 USA 1.6 W/Kg measured over 1g of tissue
 Europe 2.0 W/Kg measured over 10g of tissue
– Most cellphones are around 1 W/Kg
 Some tips to minimize exposure to radiation
1. Speak from a location where there is good signal
2. Keep calls short (original usage model: 100 milliErlang per user)
3. Use handsfree whenever possible
4. Speak from a location where there is good signal
– Signal quality is similar on uplink and downlink
– Avoid basements, elevator, …
EE5141 Lecture
Battery Technology IIT Madras
Nickel Cadmium Li-ion
Nickel Metal Hydride
Future …
Solar?
Fuel Cell?
Li-polymer ion
EE5141 Lecture
Cellphone batteries IIT Madras
 mAh – milli-ampere hour

 A unit for measuring electric power over time
 Total amount of energy a battery can store at one time.
 Higher mAh rating  the (fully-charged) battery can
– Power a device that consumes more power
– Power a device for a longer amount of time
 Example
– 1500 mAh can power a device drawing
– 100 milliamps for 15 hours
– 150 milliamps for 10 hours. 2700 mAh
 Battery Voltage ~3.7 V

EE5141 Lecture
iPhone4 IIT Madras
 Battery capacity = 1420 mAh

 Talktime
– GSM – 14 hours
– 3G – 8 hours
 GSM
 1420 
– Avg Power drawn    3.7 V  375 mW
 14 
 Video – 10 hours
 Audio – 40 hours
2700 mAh
 Standby time – 600 hours (=25 days)
– Avg power drawn  1420 
   3.7 V  8.75 mW
 600 
– Sleep mode – switch off all “non-essential” functions

EE5141 Lecture
GSM Network Elements IIT Madras
NSS
Switching System
PSTN AUC
EIR
PLMNs GMSC
HLR
MXE
PSPDN
GIWU MSC/VLR MSN
OSS
A
Auc - Authentication Centre
BSC Base Station Controller
Base Station System BSC BSS
BTS - Base Transceiver Station
AUC Authentication Center
MSC - Mobile
BSC Switching Centre
Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station Abis BSS - Base Station Subsystem
VLR - Visitor
EIRLocation
EquipmentRegister
Identity Register
HLR Home Location Register
NSS - Network & Switching
HLR - Home Location Register
MSC Mobile Services Switching Center
Subsystem
EIR - Equipment
MSN Identity
Mobile ServiceRegister
Note
MXE Message Center
MSN - Mobile
OSS Service Node
Operation & Support System
OSS - Operations & Support
VLR Visitor Location Register
MXE - Messaging Centre
Subsystem
Um

EE5141 Lecture
Mobile-terminated Call IIT Madras
Telephone 2 Gateway 6 Terminating 9

BSS
Network 10 MSC 10 MSC 10
1 10 3 5 7 8 TMSI+ 10 9 TMSI
MSISDN LAI
MSRN
5
HLR 4 VLR
IMSI
Home Locn Visitor Locn
Register Register
1 = Call made to mobile unit
2 = Telephone network recognizes number and gives to gateway MSC
IMSI – International Mob Subs ID
3 = MSC interrogates user’s HLR MSRN – MS Roaming Number
4 = HLR interrogates VLR currently serving user (roaming number request) TMSI – Temp Mob Subscriber ID
5 = Routing number returned to HLR and then to gateway MSC LAI – Location Area ID
6 = Call routed to terminating MSC
7 = MSC asks VLR to correlate call to the subscriber
8 = VLR complies
9 = Mobile unit is paged
10 = Mobile unit responds; call is set up
EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
4G Systems

EE5141 Lecture
CoMP and Relays IIT Madras
 CoMP - Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception
 CoMP
– Beneficial for cell-edge users
– Applicable also in uplink
Relays  Relays – a vital element in future networks
 Two types of relays being considered
– Provide coverage extension
– Provide capacity enhancement

EE5141 Lecture
Femtocells IIT Madras
 Femtocells are low-power wireless access points

– Operating in licensed spectrum
 Connect to a mobile operator’s network using
– Residential DSL or cable broadband connections
 More and more consumers want to use mobile phones at home
 Adequate mobile residential coverage significant challenge for operators
 Femtocells an attractive solution to this problem
 Indian market – “Wireless Femto” Scenario

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
Beyond 4G 
Energy Efficient Communications

(Green Communications)

EE5141 Lecture
Relays Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Cellular systems evolving to 4G and beyond

 LTE and LTE Advanced
 IMT Advanced = 4G
 100 Mbits/s with mobility Macro cells,
low density
 High data rates
 High data rates  Good signal quality required
 Smaller cells to increase capacity Micro cells,
high density
 More users on cell boundary
 Cellular  interference limited
 Hierarchical cells (Heterogeneous networks - Hetnets) Pico cells,
higher density
 macro, micro, pico and femto cells
 4G systems – focus
 Femto cells and Relays
EE5141 Lecture
Indoor Personal Relay (IPeR) IIT Madras
 Relay concept
 Relay as “Wireless Femto”
 Better signal quality via Relay
 Indoor Personal Relay
– Lower transmit power
 Relays & Femto cells

 Green Communications
 Minimize interference
 Cognitive techniques

EE5141 Lecture
India Market Summary Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Population ~1100 million
– 70% in villages, 600,000 villages
– 190 million households (urban + rural)
 Communications
– Lowest tariffs, fastest growth in the world
– Low ARPU market
– ~670M subscribers
 Factors
– Very high user densities in metros
– Very low user densities in rural
– Dense fibre optic grid
– Limited reach of wired network
– Demand for broadband is growing
– Wireless – an attractive option
 Indian market will place very stringent
requirements on BWA technology
EE5141 Lecture
Market Analysis IIT Madras
 Dense Urban (Case: Mumbai)

– 70% of 16M people
 In area of 600 sq Km
– ~3733 households per sq km

 Assuming 5 per household
– ~ 50% wireless internet subscribers

– ~ 1866 wireless internet/sq km
– cell radius = 0.75 km
– ~ 3300 subscribers/cell
– Assuming 5 competitive operators in each area =>
660 subscribers/operator/cell
 Typical scenarios evaluated by Indian operators

 Participating Operators
– Tata Teleservices, BSNL, Airtel, Reliance, Hutch, IDEA Cellular, Aircel, VSNL, MTNL

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
Why 5G …

EE5141 Lecture
In 60 Seconds … Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 A networked society
Digitally connected
 Energy
 Transportation
 Health
 …
 Diverse uses of internet
 New applications emerging
 Impacts all segments of society
 New generation of devices
 Wireless access
 Enabled by Cellular
 Exponential growth of data
 A justification for 5G !
Source QMEE
EE5141 Lecture
5G … Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 ITU-IMT view of future technology trends

 Enhance throughput, spectrum efficiency, latency
 User experience independent of user’s location (QoE)
 Scalability: support increasing number of mobile terminals
– Machine-to-Machine (M2M), Internet of Things (IoT)
 Energy efficiency
Source: Ericsson White Paper,”5G Radio Access”
 In-building coverage
 Cost efficiency: CAPEX and OPEX
 Multiple Radio Access Technologies
 New services
– M-commerce
– High definition (HD) mobile video
– Enhanced location based service (LBS)
– Cloud computing
– …

EE5141 Lecture
Perspectives on 5G Electrical Engineering
METIS IIT Madras
 Speed Source: Ericsson White Paper,”5G Radio Access”
 Traffic Capacity (Dense crowds of users)

 Number of devices (Ubiquitous connectivity)
 Spectrum (Flexibility)
 Network Scalability
 Low latency (Real-time and reliable connections)
 Mobility
 Sustainability
Many global initiatives like METIS

EE5141 Lecture Source: METIS Project
IIT Madras
Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity (2G) 
Everyone, Everywhere, Always Connected (5G)

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
5G  “Always Sufficient Rate”
“Give users perception of Infinite Capacity”

EE5141 Lecture
Projection of Data Growth … Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 1000x increase by 2020 compared to 2010 (bps / Hz / cell)
 7B Subscriptions in 2014
 Expected 9B in 2020
 Mobile data doubling every 1-2 years
 10 (more cells) x 10 (BW) x 10 (spectral efficiency) Source: Ericsson White Paper,”5G Radio Access”
 Advanced RAT
 WiFi‐off loading,
 New Frequency bands
 mmWave bands
 1000 MHz new spectrum

EE5141 Lecture
Aspects of 5G Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Higher data speeds than 4G
 LTE Advanced - 100 Mbits/s with mobility
 Use of millimeter wave frequencies
 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz …
 Availability of large bandwidth
 Massive MIMO techniques
 Higher order modulation (MQAM)
 MTC communications
 D2D communications
 Energy efficiency

EE5141 Lecture
BS Cooperation Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 All Basetstations connected
 By optical fibre
 Interference to MIMO
 Significant gains
Ref: R. Tafazzoli, U of Surrey, ETSI Future Mobile Summit 2013
 Especially for small cells
 Scenario with densification

 To be exploited in 5G !!

EE5141 Lecture
5G Waveforms … Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 FilterBank Multi Carrier (FBMC)
Ref: Boroujeny et al., IEEE Communications Mag, April 2008
 OFDM widely used in 4G

 Significant overlap between carriers  GFDM
 Requires CP  UFMC
 Sensitive to timing and frequency errors  FTN
 Need for guard bands 
 Alternatives to OFDM being studied 

Source:
 Xiaojie Wang et al.
EE5141 Lecture University of Stuttgart
LTE Release 12 and Beyond Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Source Dino Flore, Qualcomm
 Chairman of 3GPP RAN LTE World Summit 2014
Densification
 Higher Order Modulation (up to 256 QAM)
 Interference Management
 Radio-Interface based cell synchronizn
Dual Connectivity
 Separation of Control and Data Planes
Source: Dino Flore, “LTE World Summit 2014
3D Models
 Full-Dimension MIMO
 (Considering the vertical dimension)

EE5141 Lecture
LTE Release 12 and Beyond Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Source Dino Flore, Qualcomm
Carrier Aggregation
 Meet needs for increased spectrum
 Intra-band
 Inter-band (Non-Contiguous)
 Paired and Unpaired
 A key aspect of 5G
LTE/UMTS –WiFi Radio Interworking
 Steering of terminals
Source: Dino Flore, “LTE World Summit 2014
 Connected and idle modes
 Load balancing

EE5141 Lecture
An Ominous Perspective Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 IEEE Communications Society

 Nearly all active contributors to 5G R&D are Comsoc members
 Recent article (Parts I, II) – a cautionary note …..

EE5141 Lecture
Death of 5G ?? Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Part I
 Jeffrey Andres, U Texas, Austin
 Network Densification
 Fact 1: More infrastrucuture (BS)  More capacity
 Fact 2: Interference overload is a myth
 Interference will not swamp out the desired signal
 Densification  SIR saturates
Caveats
 Open access network – any BS accessible to any user
 Conventional exp: Path loss exponent increases with distance
 Interference signal attenuated more if exponent 
 Not true in “near field” region
 Densification  basestations to “near field” (10-30 m range) ??
 New pathloss models needed
 Optimum densification ??

EE5141 Lecture
Death of 5G ?? Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Part II
 Jin Liu and Hlaing Minn, U Texas, Dallas
 Analog aspects of Massive MIMO
 Fact 1: 5G will use mmWave band
 Fact 2: Propagation losses higher in mmWave bands
 Beamforming is essential
 Analog front-end is a challenge with large number of antennas
 Cellular beamforming – uses digital beamforming
  Each antenna needs ADC
 High speadd, high precision ADC  high power consumption
 State of the art ADC 5 Gsps @ 9-bits  500mW !!
 Option – Hybrid analog-digital Beamforming
 ADC with high SFDR is still a challenge
 Interleaved architectures uses to achieve high speed
 Need to address ADC and DAC requirements in 5G systems

EE5141 Lecture
A Holistic View of 5G … Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Increased capacity
 Densification
 User QoE
 mmWave
 Existing technologies
 New applications
 Low latency
 MTC and D2D

EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
Other Wireless Technologies …

EE5141 Lecture
Connectivity Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Smart Communities - Rapidly growing area → Impacting daily life

 Diverse applications
 Multiple competing technologies involved
– Cellular and Non-cellular
 Connected devices, real-time data  Internet of Things

 Communications Issues
– Connectivity, Reliability, Performance, Availability, Scalability
– Licensed versus unlicensed

Ref: Rohde & Schwartz Whitepaper “Emerging
EE5141 Lecture
Communication Technologies enabling IoT” (Sept 2016)
Technologies (Unlicensed band) Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 W

EE5141 Lecture
Smart Communities Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Smart city requirements – lower data rate, longer battery life, long range
 LoRa Alliance - open global standard for secure, carrier-grade IoT LPWA connectivity
 NB-IoT – Based on Cellular 4G (LTE)
 SIGFOX - low-energy objects - electricity meters, smartwatches, and washing machines
– Continuously on and emitting small amounts of data. "$1 per device per year”
– 100 bps rate using 100 Hz channel – high power efficiency
Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 82 Ref: Rohde & Schwartz Whitepaper
EE5141 Lecture “Emerging Communication Technologies
IIT Madras
 Weightless
Weightless-N Weightless-P Weightless-W
Directionality 1-way 2-way 2-way
Feature set Simple Full Extensive
Range 5km+ 2km+ 5km+
Battery life 10 years 3-8 years 3-5 years
Terminal cost Very low Low Low-medium
Network cost Very low Medium Medium
Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 83 Ref: Rohde & Schwartz Whitepaper “Emerging
EE5141 Lecture Communication Technologies enabling IoT” (Sept 2016)
 Thread (Networking Protocol) IIT Madras
– IPv6-based, closed-documentation, royalty-free networking protocol for IoT
– "smart" home automation
– Uses 6LoWPAN, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless protocol
 Z-Wave
– Smart Home – Lights, Locks, Thermostats, … saving energy, security
 WiSUN - for Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Home Energy Management,
 Smart Cities - street lighting, parking systems and traffic management
 IoT - agriculture, structural health monitoring and asset management.

EE5141 Lecture
Wireless LAN / PAN Electrical Engineering
 Bluetooth IIT Madras
– Classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Smart (Bluetooth Low Energy)
– Classic Bluetooth – up to 1 W
– Bluetooth Smart – 0.01 – 0.05 W (optimized for IoT devices)
 WiFi
– A family of standards - Leading technology for WLAN
– New modes to support IoT and M2M communications
– IEEE 802.11ah (HaLow)
 Uses sub-1 GHz license-exempt bands
 Extended range Wi-Fi networks (compared to 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz)
 Lower energy consumption → Large groups of nodes / sensors for IoT
 Competitive with Bluetooth with wider coverage range
– IEEE 802.11af
 White-Fi and Super Wi-Fi
 Operation in TV white space spectrum (Cognitive radio technology)
– IEEE 802.11ax (under development) – data rate several Gbps
EE5141 Lecture
Bluetooth Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) > 25000 members
 BR – Basic Data Rate, EDR – Enhanced Data Rate
 Ability for mesh networks and gateways to Internet (“Cloud”)
 Bluetooth Smart – 0.01 – 0.05 W – optimized for IoT

EE5141 Lecture
Bluetooth IIT Madras
 Piconets / scatternets – for adhoc connectivity

 Synchronous and Asynchronous connections
– Voice and real-time applications
– Packet-data applications
 Master unit and slave units
– Master controls all timing in piconet
 Supports authentication and encryption
Ref: J. Haartsen, Ericsson Review, 1998

EE5141 Lecture
802.11 family Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Most widely used LAN technology
 Many variants for specific requirements
– Frequency bands, multiple access, MIMIO, security, mesh, QoS …

EE5141 Lecture
LR WPAN Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 LR – Low Data Rate
 IEEE 802.15.4 – Physical Layer specification
 Higher Layer Protocols
– ZigBee, Thread, ISA1000, WirelessHART
 Optimised for low cost, low speed communications (Max. 250 kbps)
 Limited range (10-30m)
 Devices: Low complexity. Long battery life
 Based on Spread Spectrum technology

EE5141 Lecture
LP WAN Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 LP – Low Power
 LoRa – Long Range, SIGFOX, Weightless, Ingenu, …
 Unlicensed (ISM) band operation
 LoRa
– Long Range Capability
– Single gateway can cover entire city
– Proprietary spread spectrum modulation
– Three classes of operation – Class A, B, C
 SIGFOX
– 100 bps, 100 Hz channel

EE5141 Lecture
LoRa Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Long Range WAN technology
 Three Classes of devices
 Trade-off between Power Consumption and Latency


EE5141 Lecture
Complete Picture Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Multiple Technologies to meet requirements of multiple applications

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview Communication
92 Technologies enabling IoT” (Sept 2016)
EE5141 Lecture
Smart Grid Information Flows IIT Madras
 NIST Smart Grid Reference framework ver 1 (2010), ver 3 (2016)

 A few links have electrical and control information flow
 Most links are for control information flow
 Customer has 4 interfaces – Distribution +3 …
EE5141 Lecture
Smart Grid Information Flows Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Dynamic pricing
Distributed generation and microgrids
High use of variable renewables
Bidirectional
metering
Smart
Smart meters
appliances
and real time
usage data
(Ref: Dr. Prashant Pillai, Tutorial, ICPS 2016)
NIST model with SG components highlighted

EE5141 Lecture
Smart Grid Communications Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Bi-directional informational flow (along with electricity)
– Effective and controlled power generation and consumption
 Active participation of consumers

– Control and manage electricity usage
– Need near real-time information regarding consumption and cost
 Communication system is an overlay on the electrical network

 Communication network
– Timely and accurate delivery of information
– Enable continuous and reliable operation of power system
 Communications protocols – must incorporate specific needs of power systems

 Should enable the following
– Availability during power outage – Virtual Power Plant (VPP)
– Resistance to cyber attacks – Electric Vehicles (EVs)
– Accommodate all generation (including renewables) – Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA)
and storage options – Distribution grid management
– Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
– Demand Response (DR)
Koilpillai
– / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 95
EE5141 Lecture
SG Architecture Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Khan et al, “Cognitive Radio for Smart Grids: Survey of

 HAN – Home Area Network Architectures, Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms,
and Networking Protocols,” IEEE Comm Surveys & Tutorials, 2016
■ HAN Gateway
 NAN - Neighbourhood Area Network
■ NAN Gateway
 WAN – Wide Area Network
EE5141 Lecture
IIT Madras
Cognitive Radio 
A new Paradigm for White Spaces

EE5141 Lecture
CR & TV Bands Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 White spaces exist in TV bands
 Channels 14-69 in 470-806 MHz
– 6 MHz per channel (7 MHz or 8 MHz based on country)
 Excellent propagation characteristics in this frequency band
 Main functionality of Cognitive Radios
– Ability to reliably identify unused frequency bands
 Use of database information for spatio-temporal usage of TV channels
 IEEE 802.22 Sensing
– An air-interface (PHY & MAC) antenna
– Opportunistic secondary access to TV spectrum
– Safeguards to protect primary user GPS
 From secondary user interference antenna
– First commercial application of Cognitive Radio
– Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) TX/RX
 Focus on reliable and robust spectrum sensing WRAN
Antenna
@ -116 dBm

EE5141 Lecture
Cognitive Radio IIT Madras
SDR + Spectrum Agility

 Cognitive Radio
Cognitive Techniques =
Sense + Learn + Adapt + Use
EE5141 Lecture
OFDM Carriers in Available Spectrum IIT Madras
Spectral Adaptation Waveforms
T
I
M
E
Frequency
Ref: B. Fette, “SDR Technology Implementation for the Cognitive Radio,” General Dynamics
Use of Non-Contiguous OFDM

EE5141 Lecture
Summary Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Wireless Communications is an exciting field
 Universal mode of communications
 Impacts other fields
– Commerce, Health, Sensors, …
 Cellular is a driver for many other technologies

– Audio, video, signal processing, VLSI …
 Cellphone is a fascinating device (Design aspects) …
– Computational capability, applications …
 Curiosity is essential to being a good engineer

 Lifelong learning is an integral part of IITM training …
 EE5141 will provide an introduction !!

EE5141 Lecture
Network Information Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
 Android Market
 Network Info II (free app)
 130 kB,
https://market.android.com/details?id=aws.
apps.networkInfoIi&hl=en
 ASU or Active Set Update
 Integer value proportional to received signal strength (RSSI)
measured by the mobile phone.
 Related to the real signal strength measured in dBm
 different formulas for 2G and 3G networks.
 GSM
– dBm = 2*ASU - 113, ASU in the range of 0 …31 and 99
 3G: ASU related to the RSCP level

– Rreceived Signal Control Power (RSCP)
– dBm = ASU - 116, ASU in the range of -5 … 91

EE5141 Lecture
Network Information IIT Madras
 CID = Cell ID
 LAC = Location Area Code
– (Paging Area)
 ASU or Active Set Update

 MCC = Mobile Country Code
 MNC = Mobile Network Code
 RSSI = Received Signal Strength Indicator
 IMSI = International Mobile Subscriber Identity
 IMEI = International Mobile equipment Identity

EE5141 Lecture
Team Task IIT Madras
 Teams of 4 students
 @ hostel
– Measure on every floor
– Different points in hostel
– Guess direction of different basestations
 From Hostel to HSB
– Measure every 50 metres
– Note changes is signal strength
– Did serving basestation change
 Handoff
– Explain observations
 If operator has Basestation on-campus
– Identify its location
EE5141 Lecture

Wireless Communication

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Electrical Engineering

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 1

A look at the past …

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 2

 First millimeter-wave comm experiments

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 3

Cellular – A Technology for Everyone …

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 4

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 6

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 7

 Hierarchy of terrestrial networks

Ref: Cordeiro et al., “IEEE 802.22: The First Worldwide

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 8

The amazing evolution of handsets –

A glimpse of evolution of Cellular !!

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 9

1982 Mobira Senator Martin Cooper, 1973 Motorola Dyna-TAC 1983

1985 - Siemens Oxford C1

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 11

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 12

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 13

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 14

1G (AMPS, NMT, TACS, …) 1981

2G (GSM, IS-54, PDC, IS-95) 1991 - 95

2.5G (GPRS, cdmaOne) 1999 - 00

3G (WCDMA, EDGE, cdma2000, …) 2002 - 03

3.5G (HSPA, 1xEV-DO, 1xEV-DV) 2003 - present

4G (LTE, IEEE 802.16m, …) 2011

4G - Focus on spectral efficiency, interference mitigation

Leading BWA Standards – 3GPP LTE / LTE-Adv, IEEE 802.16m

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 18

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 19

Low noise Analog 

Receive Band RF  Baseband

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 21

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 22

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 23

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 24

 Multipath  multiple copies of signal at receiver

 Inter-symbol interference (ISI)

 Need advanced DSP algorithms to mitigate time-

– Equalizer complexity grows exponentially

Signal fluctuation in 20 msec

 Fading  signal strength fluctuation

 Interference mitigation is crucial

Wireless Communications Link Budget

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 28

Link Margin = Transmit power - Rx Sensitivity - margins (primarily for fading)

Pt Transmit Power 30 + 15 = 45 dBm

GSM Path Loss (Lp)

Rayleigh/Ricean fading Fast Fading Margin (Lf)

Thermal Noise Floor -174 + 52.6 dBm = -121.4 dBm

Key challenge in cellular systems is to minimize the margins required

Channel quality (C/I, C/N)

 1 GSM voice channel  1 GSM timeslot

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 30

 AMR Codec is the “state of the art” speech coder

mode changes Mode 1

Ref: K. Kuchi (CEWiT) “Mobile WiMAX Tutorial

Wireless Functionality in Cellphone

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 33

Koilpillai / Jan 2017 / Cellular Systems Overview 34

FDMA ? TDMA ? CDMA ?