Exhaust emissions and control Marine engine designers in recent years have had (0 adress the Clallenge of tightening controls on noxious exhat gas emissions imposed by regional, nana a international sao respond once or amonpene Plone niroyane Clypeay orton pede tel wae apese Wh weaker {tanllics of Carbon monoxide, oxides of sulphur and trogen, Pardaly reacted and niomcombsted hydrocarbons and parctate foaterial (Figures Stand 82) SRR AR Shown) . ERP wee Lou U i 3.2 Tals eins fo ek ed die Niuogen oxides (NOx)—generated thermally from nitrogen and ‘orygen at high combustion temperatures in the cinder’ are of| Special concern since they are believed to be carcinogenic and onubate t photochemical smog formation over ets and acid Fain (and hence excess aeification ofthe si) ternal combustion | ‘engines primarily generate nitrogen aside but Fe than 10 per cent « vo. |" be ‘3.2 Tel onption fe nes rc of «main et engine ‘rng ft iho mao por et sua uo Spo of i ton dn hi pa eng 3 fo ae ‘of tha oxidizes to nitrogen dionde the moment it escapes as exhaust Sulphur ove ($0x)—produced by oxidation of the sulphur in the fuelhave an unpleacint odour iste the mucus membrane and are a major source of acid rain (seacting with water to form Sulphurous atid). Acid deposition Is a wansboundary pollution problem! once emitted, SOx ean be cased ener funded of mies Inthe atmosphere before being deposited tn lakes and steams, feducng thet altaliny Sulphur deposition can also lead to ineeased sulphate levels in soil, fostering the formation of insoluble aluminium, phosphates Inhich can cause a phosphorous deficiency. Groundwater aiifcation thas been observed in many ares of Europe this can lead to corrosion ‘of drinking water supply systems an! health hazards de wo dissolved ‘tals in those ystems Forest wails can also become contaminated With higher than normal level f toxic metal and historic bulings and monuments damaged. Hydrocarbons (HIC)—created by the incomplete combustion of fc} and lube ol, and the evaporation of fuelhave an unpleasant ‘odour are partial careinogenie smog forming and iritate dhe metsmembrane (emisions, however, ae picaly low for modern diesel cogines) "Eon monoxide (CO)—resing from incomplete combustion ddvetwaloa shortage of arand the danctaion aaron dioxide ithnly toxic but ony in high concentrations. rates mater (PM) is compex miatre of organic and conga compounis resulting Bom incomplete combustion, party burned ube ol, ermal sping Of HC from the fel and lube isi the fel and fube ou sulphates and water. More dan halt in oe parte swoon carbonaceous partic), Thon vibe evidence ssinoke, Sor pares (unburned lem TEBGa) re ot themselves tn tty ea ease the bulap of Gneoun hydeocarvons and some of them are believed to be eainogens Pareles comstate 0 mote than around D08 per fen of he engine ext gc ‘Nonotscestons aout to 0350.4 per cent by volume ofthe cexhatt pos depending on te sont of api te fuel and is crea vals andthe engine ype pee and efieney. Some ‘idea of the actual Polleadt geared ‘is provided by MAN B&W Herel which ces an 18 VA4/00 media speed engine in NOw Uma fry ning a fal toon peal hey fel ol wih ereent spur conch ttl of approximately 460k of har ‘Epound ae emited per our onto ound 13 tonnes of exact ‘Saran per hour Of te 0.38 perce ofthe exkast gas formed potas NOx cones 017 per cen suiphur dioxide O15 te cent, hyrocarbns 0.02 per cet carbon monoxide 0.007 per en and sot/ach O08 per een arn danide: some\6 percent ofthe exhaust gas emisons from hs engine carbon donde. Akhough not el tx arbon {Gendde coneibutes to the greenbouseeflet (global warming) and {fence o changes in the Ean atmosphere: The gas isan inevitable froduct of combustion of al ful fuel, but emtsions from diese nginesthanke to ther thermal efficengy—are the toes of ll edt cages tower ue consumption ranmats wo tedced carbon did emiions since the amount prodved i ditely proportional {Othe volume of ful wsedy snd therefore to the engine or pant ‘incisny Ave rough uid, Bang one tonne of sel fe proces Sppronimatly thee tonnes of carbon diode. Brecon concem aver ine amenphe effect of carbon dixie har simulated measures and pans to catb the growth of soch ‘minaora andthe marie mndary amt be prepared for fare iGputaion, (A sch om other anyport modes, road at HR eNG'tipping mould nevertelem ie substantial overall reduction in eninioos ofthe greenhouse gat became of the higher eaiclanay| cof diesel engines.) e * : scope for nprovement by ring the aleady high fficien tee sf medern diel engines lined and oer oes have tbe pursued opesting the engines ata fucantngserdce pong wing Tari deel oll or gurl nea of Tow sulphur ln fc ol opting diec-cleciie propulsion (she engines can be Tun Continentals the highest ecleny)or explains dsl combined Cyr tncnporatingwotnm bine. The tated dsl engine Oo promaing Compared wi land based poe installations fl bared by mich of shipping han very hgh tip content (up 1048 por cent and tnore) and conte igaiiandy tothe oefall amount of aba ‘tip oxide emsion at ea and in por areas. Sie on spr Flan showed hat n 1900 SOx eons fom ship contited ‘Sound’ percent tothe total in Europe. In 2001 such emissions ‘presente around 12 percent ofthe total nd coud se 8 igh STI per cent by 2010 SOkemision in eel engin exhaust gwhich most comprise sulphur dionde with a small smoune of sulphur ioxde-—are 3 function of he amount of ulphar inthe fuel and ean be contri bythe combustion proce tthe ful contains 3 per ent supa, for example, the volume of SOx generated i around 64 hy per tonne of fuel burned i fe wth 1 percent slp content ted Sox emisionr ott toot 2 ig per tonne of ful bared ‘Chemieal and washing/scrbbing desuph ‘Spent dio appa nde a ae tou Te mos economical and simplest approach hus to ura tanker wih alow suipur content. a scletave cay eduction Pps invalid fo chics te ioyeat NO snow lvoe fiction blow—then low sulphur face ae dicated aay toad Premature fouling ofthe sytem’ cast package) fA gl ea cl ol pr content cap of kh per cont and a 1p percent fuel apr Hnitincesaindeigeued Sup Bicone Control Areas (SEChs) sch ath Bae Se, North Sea and Engh {Ghannet—is sought byte International Marne Orgnaton (IMO) to redace SOx polktion a sca and in pore The European Union Bategy for contoling ar pollaion cll for al ships EU por to burn fuel with a maximums sulphur contene of Oper cent which ould force unisel ships wo carey tow sulphur fel specially for ths purpone. (See ato the Puce tad Labes chapter)CONTROLLING NOx EMISSIONS “The global approach to NOx emission control was taken by the IMO shone Annex VI (Regulations for the Prevention of Air Politi, {fom ships) to Marpol 75/78 was adopted at diplomatic conference J tuy7Shipn burning marine disco and heavy fuel oll a chat tine were reportedly responsible for around 7 per cent of global ‘NOx emissions around 4 per eet of global sulphur dioxide emisions tnd percent of global carbon dioxide emissions. “hamex VI will enter into force 12 months after the date on which not les dan 13 sates, together consitaling not less than 90 pee Pehu of the grt tonnage ofthe world’s merchant fleet, have ratified {E'Ships comtructed alter 1 Janary 2000 (date of heel aying) were verte required to connply. The annex addresses engines with power outpet af more than 140 KW installed in new ships consiructed. ‘eBhthat date and engines in existing ships that undergo a major sneafieston. Engines have co fulfl he NOX emission mits wt by the IMO cutvel which i related to engine speed. To show compliance, an tigi han to be eerie according tothe NOx Technical Code and {icivered with an EIAPP (Engine International Air Pollution Prevention) letter of compliance, The certification proces includes Now measurement for the engine pe concerned, stamping of Compoments that alfect NOx formation and a Technical File that i Selivered with the engine. TMO' current masmun allowable NOx emission levels depend con the speed category of the engine and rage from 17 g/4Wh for gies of speed £130 sex/min to 9.84 g/KWh for engines of speed S000 rev/min (Figure 3.8), Much tougher curbs on NOx and other femisions are set by regional authorities such as California's Air ‘Resources Board aid Swesen has introduced a stem of dlleresiated port and fairway dues making ships with higher NOx emissions pay Figher fees than aiore envronmentfiiendly tonnage of sae ‘th stricter controls planed by dhe IMO, the reduction of NOx cembsions remains a priority for engine designers whose concer is fo secure environmental acceptability without compromising the {txpreaive gins in engine fuel economy and reliably achieved i trmtyeare (Ahanees in thera ficiency have ironically direct Conte toa rise in NOs emissions) Considerable progress has ‘Deen made ad i projected (Figure 3). Dominating inflycnees in the formation of NOx are temperature and unygen concentration: the higher the temperate and the highe VEE cle on Marna Die! Nox xm tet —> tram 120 2000 pm ——+ 0.84 gm i fit er “ete acne wth 10 878 Pa 4 Fg 33 Matnum love NOt eninions fr marie dd eg (M0)