Lecture 2 Soil Classification PDF

PBW N302
Credit Hours
CEM/WEE/STE
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Faculty of Engineering – Cairo University
FALL 2012
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

S il Cl ifi ti
Soil Classification
• Soil classification: is the arrangement of different soils with similar

properties
ti into
i t groups that
th t reflects
fl t soil’s
il’ physical
h i l and
d mechanical
h i l
properties.
• The ppurpose
p of soil classification is to p
provide the g
geotechnical engineer
g
with a way to predict the behavior of the soil for engineering projects.
• Soils are usually classified into various types such as:

Cohesion: cohesive soils (silt, clay)/non‐cohesive soils (sand, gravel).
Grain size: fine‐grained
g soils ((silt,, clay)/coarse‐grained
y)/ g soils
(sand, gravel).
C
Coarse‐grained soils
i d il
Angular Subangular Subrounded
Rounded Well rounded

Fi
Fine‐grained soils
i d il
Plate
Clay

G i Si A l i
Grain Size Analysis
• Laboratory testing:
o Sieve analysis tests: for coarse‐grained soil
o Hydrometer tests: for fine‐grained soil
• A ‘‘grain
g ain si
size
e dist
distribution
ibution cu
curve’’
ve iss obta
obtained
ed
from these tests

Si
Sieve Analysis Test
A l i T t
Sieve shaker Set of sieves
f i
Soil Sample
w
w1
w2 Sieve Analysis Test
w3
• The usual procedure is to use a system of
w4 sieves
i h i different
having diff t mesh
h sizes,
i stacked
t k d on
w5 top of each other, with the coarsest mesh on
Sieves
w7 top and the finest mesh at the bottom. After
w8 g the assemblyy of sieves,, byy hand or byy

shaking
a shaking machine, each sieve will contain
w9
th particles
the ti l larger
l th
than it mesh
its h size,
i and
d
w10
smaller than the mesh size of all the sieves
w10
above it.
w11
w12
w13 Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012
Pan
Si
Sieve Analysis Test
A l i T t
Sieve No. 3 in 1 ½ in ¾ in 3/8 in 4 10

Particle size 75 38 19 9.5 4.75 2
(mm)
Sieve No. 20 40 60 100 140 200 PAN

Particle size 0.855 0.425
4 5 0.255 0.155 0.106 0.075
75
(mm)

Soil Sample
Si
Sieve Analysis Test
A l i T t Soil Sample W1
Sievves
W1 + W2 W2
Weight of sample = W gm
W3 W3
Sieve No. 3 in 1 ½ in 140 200
Particle size (mm) 75 38 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 0.106 0.075
Weight Retained
w1 w2 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ w11 w12
on each sieve (gm)
Total weight w1 + ‐‐‐+ w1 + ‐‐‐+

w1 w1 + w2 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Retained (gm) w11 w12
% Retained { }x100/W { }x100/W ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ { }x100/W { }x100/W
%Passing 100 ‐ 100 ‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 100 ‐ 100 ‐

E
Example
l
Weight of sample = 250 gm sieves
Si
Sieve No.
N 3 in
i 4 10 20 6
60 100 200 P
Pan
Particle size
75 4.75 2.0 0.85 0.25 0.15 0.075 ‐‐
(mm)
Weight
Retained on
0.0 25 48 35 51 48 30 13
each sieve
h i
(gm)
Total weight
Retained 0.0 25 73 108 159 207 237 250
(gm)
% Retained 0.0 10.0 29.2 43.2 63.6 82.8 94.8
%Passing 100.0 90.0 70.8 56.8 36.4 17.2 5.2
Hydrometer test
H d
Hydrometer Test
t T t
Hydrometer
H d
Hydrometer Test
t T t
• Indirect method of measurement.

• Soilsample is mixed with water and additives in a
graduated cylinder
g y to form a soil suspension.
p
• Larger (heavier) particles settles faster than smaller

(lighter) particles.
• The density of the suspension is measured with a

hydrometer at determined time intervals.
• Computations are based on Stokes‘ formula.

G i Si Di t ib ti C
Grain Size Distribution Curve
sieves hydrometer
Sieve No. 3 in 4 10 20 60 100 200

Particle size
75 4.75 2.0 0.85 0.25 0.15 0.075 0.04 0.02 .01
(mm)
%Passing
g 100.0 90.0
9 770.8 556.8 336.4
4 17.2
7 5.2
5 33.0 1.8 0.55
100
90
9
80
70
% Passsing
60
50
40
330
20
Arithmetic 10
scale 0
80 60 40 20 0
Particle size (mm)
G i Si Di t ib ti C
sieves hydrometer
Sieve No. 3 in 4 10 20 60 100 200

Particle size
75 4.75 2.0 0.85 0.25 0.15 0.075 0.04 0.02 .01
(mm)
%Passing
g 100.0 90.0
9 770.8 556.8 336.4
4 17.2
7 5.2
5 33.0 1.8 0.55
100 75; 100
90
9 4.75; 90
80
70 2; 70.8
% Passsing
60 0 85; 56 8
0.85; 56.8
50
40 0.25; 36.4
330
Semi‐log 20 0.15; 17.2
scale 10 0.075; 5.2
0.04; 3 0.02; 1.8
0 0.01; 0.5
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

Particle size (mm)
S il
Semi‐log scale paper
l
100
90
8
80
70
60
% Paassing
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size (mm)
G i Si Di t ib ti
Grain Size Distribution
100
90
80
70
%Passing = 60
%Passing 60
60
Passing
50
% P
40
%Passing = 30
30
20
%Passing = 10
10
0
100 10 1 D30 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size (mm) D60 D10
G i Si Di t ib ti
• D60 is the diameter of the particle at 60% passing on the grain size distribution
curve.
curve
• D30 is
i the
th diameter
di t off the
th particle
ti l att 30%
% passing
i on the
th grain
i size
i distribution
di t ib ti
curve.
• D10 is the diameter of the particle at 10% passing on the grain size distribution
curve. “effective grain size”
• Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) = D60/D10
• Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) = (D30)2/(D60D10) = 1 ‐ 3

G i Si Di t ib ti
• Well
W ll graded d Î cu > 6.0,
d d sand 6 cc = 1‐3
• Well graded gravel Î cu > 4.0, cc = 1‐3

Poorly graded
oo y g aded
W ll d d
Well graded
Uniformly
100
graded
90
9
80
70 Gap graded
60
% Passing
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size
(mm) Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012
G i Si Di t ib ti
D60 = 1.0 mm, D30 = 0.2 mm, D10 = 0.095 mm
Cu = 1.0/0.095 = 10.5, Cc = (0.2)2/(1.0 x 0.095) = 0.42
100
90
80
70
%Passing = 60
60
% Passiing
50
40
%Passing 30
%Passing = 30
30
20
%Passing 10
%Passing = 10
10
0
100 10 1 D30 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size (mm) D60 D10 Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012
C it
Consistency of Cohesive Soils
f C h i S il
• For fine‐grained soils (silt, clay), the consistency is an

important property.
• It determines whether the soil can easily be handled,
handled by
soil moving equipment, or by hand.
• The consistency is often very much dependent on the
amount off water in
i the
h soil.
il This
Thi is
i expressed
d by
b the
h water
content w.

C it
Consistency of Cohesive Soils
f C h i S il
• When the water content is very low (as in a very dry clay) the soil can be
very stiff,
tiff almost
l t like
lik a stone.
t It is
i then
th said
id to
t be
b in
i the
th solid
lid state.
t t
• Adding water, for instance if the clay is flooded by rain, may make the
clayy p
plastic,, and for higher
g water contents the clayy mayy even become
almost liquid.
• In order to distinguish between these states (solid, plastic and liquid)

three standard tests have been agreed upon, that indicate the
consistencyy limits. Theyy are denoted as “the Atterberg
g limits”.

Att b
Atterberg (C i t
(Consistency) Limits
) Li it
Volume Adding water
Liquid
limit
Plastic
limit
Shrinkage
g
limit W
Dry soil
W
A
A W
W
S S S S S
Water content
Solid state Semi‐solid state Plastic state Liquid state

Att b
Atterberg (C i t
(Consistency) Limits
) Li it
• Liquid
Li id limit
li it (L.L.,
(L L wL):
) is
i the
th transition
t iti from
f the
th liquid
li id state
t t
to the p
plastic state. It represents
p the lowest water content at
which the soil behavior is still mainly liquid.
• Plastic limit (P.L., wP): is the transition from the plastic state
to the semi
semi‐solid
solid state.
state
• Shrinkage limit (Sh.L., wSh): is the transition from the semi‐
solid state to the solid state.
• Plasticity
Pl i i index
i d (PI,
(PI Ip) = wL‐ wP
• These limits are obtained usingg laboratoryy tests.
Li id Li it T t
Liquid Limit Test
Liquid limit device
Grooving tool
Li id Li it T t
Liquid Limit Test

Li id Li it T t
Liquid Limit Test
• The liquid limit is the value of the water content for which a standard
V h
V‐shaped
d groove cutt in
i the
th soil,
il will
ill just
j t close
l (
(0.5 i h) after
inch) ft 25 drops.
d
Water Water
content content
wL wL
25 25
No. of blows Log No. of blows
g

Pl ti Li it T t
Plastic Limit Test
• Plastic limit is defined as the water content at which the clay can just be
rolled
ll d to
t threads
th d off 3 mm diameter.
di t
• Very wet clay can be rolled into very thin threads.
• Dry clay will break when rolling thick threads.

Sh i k
Shrinkage Limit Test
Li it T t
• Put soil sample in oven until it is completely dry, and get its
weight (w
( s).
)
• Shrinkage limit is the water content of this sample if it is

saturated
d with
h water at the
h same volume.
l
• Measure the total volume of the oven‐dried sample (vT):

o Submerging
S b i the
h sample
l in
i water after
f i
insulating
l i i with
it i h paraffin
ffi
wax.
o Submerging the sample in mercury. (Gs,mercury = 13.6)
Sh i k
Shrinkage Limit Test
Li it T t
vs = ws/(Gsγw)
Shrinkage
Dry soil limit
v v = vT – vs
vv A vw W ww
w w = v v γw vT vT
vs ws vs ws
Sh.L. = ww/ws S S

C it
Consistency Index of Cohesive Soils
I d f C h i S il
wL − w
CI =
wL − wP
CI Type of Soil
0 – 0.5
0 05 Very soft
0.5 – 0.625 Soft
0.625 – 0.75
0.625 Medium stiff
0.75 – 1.00 Stiff
1.00 <
.00 Very stiff
(w > wSh)
1.00 < Hard
( Sh)
(w < w
E
Example
l
• The following table shows the parameters determined for different

cohesive soil samples,
samples for these soils determine Find the consistency
index and comment on its indication.
Soil w (%) wL (%) wP (%) wSh (%) CI indication
A 46 60 40 10 0.70 M. stiff
B 12 45 15 9 1.10 V. stiff
C 9 10 5 2 0.20 V. soft
CI Type of Soil
0 – 0.5 Very soft
0.5 –
0.625
6 S f
Soft
0.625 – 0.75 Medium stiff
0.75 –
5 1.00 Stiff
1.00 < – (w > wSh) Very stiff
1.00 < ‐ (w < wSh) Hard Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012
R l ti D it f C
Relative Density of Coarse‐Grained Soil
G i d S il
Loose Dense
emax emin
• emax is the maximum possible void ratio Î loosest packing

A hi d by
Achieved b carefully
f ll pouring
i th soil
the il into
i t a container,
t i or by
b letting
l tti th
the
material subside under water, avoiding all disturbance.
• emin is the minimum possible void ratio Î densest packing

Obtained by strong vibration of a sample.
R l ti D it f C
Relative Density of Coarse Grained Soil
G i d S il
• emax is the maximum possible void ratio.
• The loosest packing can be achieved by carefully pouring the soil into a
container, or by letting the material subside under water, avoiding all
disturbance.
• emin i the
is th minimum
i i possible
ibl void
id ratio.
ti
• The densest packing of the soil can be obtained by strong vibration of a

p
sample.

R l ti D it f C
Relative Density of Coarse Grained Soil
G i d S il
emax − eact
Dr ((%)) = x100
emax − emin
Dr (%) Type of Soil
0 – 15 Very loose
15 – 35 Loose
35 ‐ 65 Medium dense
65 – 85 Dense
85 ‐ 100 Very dense

S il Cl ifi ti
Soil Classification
• There are many different soil classification systems in

use:
o MIT classification system.
system
o Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).

MIT Cl ifi ti S t
MIT Classification System
• Soil is classified based on grain size.

• The
Th grain i size
i isi determined
d t i d by
b performing
f i a grain
i size
i analysis.
l i
Sieve analysis Hydrometer test
y
Boulders Gravel Sand Silt Clayy
C M F C M F C M F
20 6 0.6 0.2 0 02
0.02 0.006
6
60 mm 2 mm 0.06 mm 0.002 mm
C: Coarse
M: Medium
F: Fine
G i Si Di t ib ti C
60 mm 2 mm 0.06 mm 0.002 mm
Gravel
G l Sand
S d Silt Clay
Cl
100
90
80
70
60
% Passiing
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size (mm) Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012
G i Si Di t ib ti C
% Boulder
B ld = 100 ‐ % Passing
P i 60mm6 = 100 – 97 = 3%
%
% Gravel = % Passing 60mm ‐ % Passing 2mm = 97 – 70.8 = 26.2 %
% Sand = % Passing 2mm ‐ % Passing 0.06mm = 70.8 – 6.0 = 64.8 %
% Silt = % Passing 0.06 mm ‐ % Passing 0.002 mm = 6.0 – 0.0 = 6.0 %
% Clay = % Passing 0.002mm = 0.0 %
60 mm 2 mm 0.06 mm 0.002 mm
G
Gravel
l S d
Sand Sil
Silt Cl
Clay
100
90
80
70
60
% PPassing
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012
Particle size (mm)
MIT Cl ifi ti S t
MIT Classification System
• Soil Group Name:

o 50 – 35 % : and
o 35 – 15 % : adjective
o 15 – 5 % : some
o<5% : trace of
% Boulder = 3.0%
% Gravel = 27.2%
% Sand = 65.8%
% Silt = 5.0%
% Clayy = 0.0%

Unified Soil Classification System
ifi d il l ifi i (USCS)
• Soil is classified based on:

o Grain size
o Gradation
o Soil Plasticity
• Information needed:
o Grain
G i size
i distribution
di ib i curve:
cu, cc
% Passing sieve No. 4 (4.75 mm)
% Passing sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm)
o Atterberg limits:
L.L.
P.L.
P.I.
• Soil is identified by a Group Symbol

o Grain size:
Gravel Î G
Sand ÎS
Silt ÎM
Clay
Cl ÎC
o Gradation:
Well graded ÎW
Poorly graded ÎP
o Plasticity
L.L. < 50% (low plasticity) Î L
L.L. > 50% (high plasticity) Î H
• % Fine‐grained soil = % Passing sieve No. 200
Gravel
Coarse‐graiined soil
• % Coarse‐grained
C i d soil
il = 100 ‐ % Passing
P i sieve
i N 200
No.
or = % Retained on sieve No. 200 Sieve No. 4
nd
San
• % Gravel = 100 ‐ % Passing sieve No. 4
Sieve No. 200
Finee‐grained soil
Silt & Clay
• % Sand
S d = % Passing
P i sieve
i N 4 ‐ % Passing
No. P i sieve
i N 200
No.
S
USCS S
USCS Summary Table
T bl
Use plasticity chart to determine M or C
Use plasticity chart to determine M or C
Use Plasticity Chart oo
oo
bbbbbbbbbbbbb

% Passing sieve No. 200
< 50% > 50%
5
Coarse‐grained soil Fine‐grained soil
Use Plasticity
Chart (A‐line)
LL & PI
CH, CL
ML MH
ML, MH

Pl ti it Ch t (A Li )
Plasticity Chart (A‐Line)
60
50
CH
Plasticitty Index (%)
40
CL Ip = 0.73(w L-20)
30
20
MH
10
CL-ML ML
ML
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid Limit ((%))

< 50% > 50%
5
S d
Sand G
Gravel
l
%Sand > % Gravel %Gravel > % Sand
< 5% 5% ‐ 12% > 12%

Care for gradation Dual symbol Care for fines
SW‐SC
Inspect cu, cc Inspect L.L., P.I., A‐line
SP‐SM
SW SP
SW, SP SC SM
SC, SM
GW‐GM
GW, GP GC, GM
GP‐GC Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012
< 50% > 50%
5
Use Plasticity Chart
S d
Sand G
Gravel
l
(A‐line)
LL & PI
< 5% 5% ‐ 12% > 12%

Care for gradation Dual symbol Care for fines
SW‐SC
SW, SP SC, SM CH, CL
SP‐SM
GW GP
GW, GP GC GM
GC, GM ML MH
ML, MH
GW‐GM
GP‐GC Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Lecture 2 Soil Classification PDF

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PBW N302

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

• Soil classification: is the arrangement of different soils with similar

• Soils are usually classified into various types such as:

Angular Subangular Subrounded

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

w8 g the assemblyy of sieves,, byy hand or byy

Sieve No. 3 in 1 ½ in ¾ in 3/8 in 4 10

Sieve No. 20 40 60 100 140 200 PAN

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Sieve No. 3 in 1 ½ in 140 200

Particle size (mm) 75 38 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 0.106 0.075

Total weight w1 + ‐‐‐+ w1 + ‐‐‐+

% Retained { }x100/W { }x100/W ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ { }x100/W { }x100/W

%Passing 100 ‐ 100 ‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 100 ‐ 100 ‐

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

• Indirect method of measurement.

• Larger (heavier) particles settles faster than smaller

• The density of the suspension is measured with a

• Computations are based on Stokes‘ formula.

Sieve No. 3 in 4 10 20 60 100 200

Sieve No. 3 in 4 10 20 60 100 200

100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

• Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) = D60/D10

• Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) = (D30)2/(D60D10) = 1 ‐ 3

• Well graded gravel Î cu > 4.0, cc = 1‐3

• For fine‐grained soils (silt, clay), the consistency is an

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

• In order to distinguish between these states (solid, plastic and liquid)

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Solid state Semi‐solid state Plastic state Liquid state

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

• Shrinkage limit is the water content of this sample if it is

• Measure the total volume of the oven‐dried sample (vT):

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

• The following table shows the parameters determined for different

• emax is the maximum possible void ratio Î loosest packing

• emin is the minimum possible void ratio Î densest packing

• emax is the maximum possible void ratio.

• The densest packing of the soil can be obtained by strong vibration of a

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

• There are many different soil classification systems in

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

• Soil is classified based on grain size.

Boulders Gravel Sand Silt Clayy

• Soil Group Name:

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

• Soil is classified based on:

• Soil is identified by a Group Symbol

• % Fine‐grained soil = % Passing sieve No. 200

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather – PBW N302 – Fall 2012

< 5% 5% ‐ 12% > 12%

< 5% 5% ‐ 12% > 12%

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