12

1
 Earlier Lecture
• We studied the effect of the heat exchanger
effectiveness ε on the performance of a Linde –
Hampson system.

Qact
• Mathematically, ε =
Qmax

• In a Linde – Hampson cycle, the heat exchanger

effectiveness ε is h1' − hg or h3' − h2
ε = ε =
h1 − hg h3 − h2

2
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Earlier Lecture
• The liquid yield y for a Linde – Hampson system
is given by

( h1 − h2 ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
y=
( h1 − h f ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
• The effectiveness should be more than 85% in
order to have a liquid yield in the Linde –
Hampson cycle.

3
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Outline of the Lecture
Topic : Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration
Systems (contd)

• Precooled Linde – Hampson system

• Liquid yield
• Work requirement
• Maximum liquid yield

• Comparison between the Simple and Precooled

Linde – Hampson systems

4
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Introduction
• We have seen earlier that, as the compression
temperature decreases, the yield y increases for
a Linde – Hampson system.

• The method of cooling the gas after the

compression or before the entrance to the heat
exchanger is called as precooling.

5
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Introduction
• The Linde – Hampson cycle with a precooling
arrangement is called as Precooled Linde –
Hampson cycle.

• Here after, we refer these two cycles as Simple

Linde – Hampson system and Precooled Linde –
Hampson system respectively.

6
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The Simple Linde – Hampson
r
m system is as shown in the
figure.
Wc 2

f
• A 3 fluid heat exchanger is
m QR
m used to thermally couple the
precooling and the Linde –
Wc1 Hampson systems.

( m − m ) f • Hence, the temperature is

lowered after compression or
before the entry to the heat
g
f
f
m exchanger.
7
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The features of the
r
m precooling system are as
follows.
Wc 2

• It is a closed cycle
refrigerator with the cold
heat exchanger thermally
LHS coupled to the simple Linde –
Hampson system.

• In other words, the cooling

object for this refrigerator is
the Linde – Hampson cycle.
8
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The heat exchanger of
r
m precooling system is cooled
by water and J – T device is
Wc 2 used to attain lower
temperature.

• The process of compression

LHS is assumed to be adiabatic.
Hence, QR = 0.

• R134a, NH3, CO2 are the

common refrigerants in the
precooling systems.
9
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The salient features of a
r
m Precooled Linde – Hampson
system are as follows.
Wc 2

f
• The system consists of a
m QR
m compressor, heat exchangers
(2 and 3 – fluid) and a J – T
Wc1 expansion device.

( m − m ) f • Compression process is
isothermal (adiabatic in
precooling system) while the J
g
f
f
m – T expansion is isenthalpic.
10
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• All the processes are assumed
r
m to be ideal in nature and there
are no pressure drops in the
Wc 2 system.

f
m QR
m • The heat exchangers are
assumed to be 100% effective
Wc1 and the processes are isobaric
in nature.
( m − m ) f

g
f
f
m
11
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The gas to be liquefied by
r
m the liquefaction system is
called as Primary Fluid.
Wc 2

f
• Whereas, the refrigerant in
m QR
m the precooling system is
called as Secondary Fluid.
Wc1

( m − m ) f

g
f
f
m
12
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
a b 2 1
r
m c
3 Precooling 6
Wc 2 Temp.
f
m QR d
m 2 3
1
Wc1
6
h=const
( m − m )
f 4 4

g 5 f g
f 5
f
m s
13
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The precooling limit of
2 1
the precooling cycle is
3 Ref. BP 6 governed by the boiling
Td
point of refrigerant at its
suction pressure.

• Boiling point of the

common refrigerants at
1 bar are
h=const
4 Fluid Boiling Pt.
CO2 216.6 K
g
f
5 NH3 240 K
R134a 247 K
s
14
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• Consider a control volume
a b
r
m for this system as shown in
c
the figure.
Wc 2

f
• It encloses the 3 fluid heat
m QR
m 2
d
3
exchanger, J – T device and
1 the liquid container.
Wc1
6
• The 1st Law is applied to
( m − m )
f 4 analyse the system. The
changes in the velocities
and datum levels are
g 5
f
f
m assumed to be negligible.
15
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The quantities entering and
a b
r
m leaving the control volume
c
are as follows.
Wc 2
IN OUT
mr @ d mr @ a
f
m QR
m 2
d
3
m@2 m – mf @ 1
1 mf @ f
Wc1
6 • Applying the 1st law, we
have
( m − m )
f 4
m r hd ,r + mh
 2
= m r ha ,r + ( m − m f ) h1 + m f h f
g 5
f
f
m
16
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
a b m r hd ,r + mh
 2
r
= m r ha ,r + ( m − m f ) h1 + m f h f
m c

Wc 2
• Rearranging the terms, we
f
m QR have
d
m 2 3
1 m f  h1 − h2  m r  ha ,r − hd ,r 
= +
Wc1
m  h − h  m  h − h 
6  1 f   1 f 
( m − m )
f 4 m r
• Denoting the ratio =r
g 5 m
f
f
m
17
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• We have,
a b
r
m c m f h1 − h2  ha ,r − hd ,r 
=
y = +r
m h1 − h f  
 h1 − h f
Wc 2

f
m QR d • The first term in the above
m 2 3 expression is the yield for a
1
simple Linde – Hampson
Wc1
6
system.

( m − m )
f 4
• The second term is the
g 5 additional yield occurring
f due to the precooling of
f
m
the Simple system.
18
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
a b m f h1 − h2  ha ,r − hd ,r 
r =
y = +r 
m
m h1 − h f 
 h1 − h f
c

Wc 2
• This increment in the yield
f
m QR is dependent on the
d
m 2 3
1
• The change in enthalpy
Wc1
6 values from (hd  ha)
of the refrigerant.
( m − m )
f 4

g 5 • Refrigerant flow rate

(mr).
f
f
m
19
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• Since, the 3 – fluid heat
a b
r
m exchanger is assumed to
c
be 100% effective, the
Wc 2 following conditions hold
true.
f d
m

QR
• The minimum value of T3
m 2 3
1 would be equal to Td, which
Wc1 is the boiling point of the
6 refrigerant.
( m − m ) • The maximum value of T6
4
would be equal to Td, which
f

g 5 is the boiling point of the

refrigerant.
f
f
m
20
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• At this condition, the
a b
r
m system produces the
c
maximum yield for a given
Wc 2 refrigerant.

f
m QR
m 2
d
3
• Mathematically,
1 • y = ymax for T=
3 T=
6 Td
Wc1
6
• Consider a control volume
( m − m )
f 4 enclosing the heat
g
exchanger, J – T device
5
f and the liquid container as
f
m shown in the figure.
21
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The quantities entering and
a b
r
m leaving the control volume
c
are as follows.
Wc 2
IN OUT
m@3 mf @ f
f
m QR
m 2
d
3
m – mf @ 6
1
Wc1
6 • Applying the 1st law, we
have
( m − m )
f 4

g 5  3= m f h f + ( m − m f ) h6
mh
f
f
m
22
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• Rearranging the terms, we
a b
r
m have
c

Wc 2 m f ( h6 − h f )= m ( h6 − h3 )

f
m QR
m
d m f h6 − h3
2 3
= =
ymax
1 m h6 − h f
Wc1
6 • The quantities h3 and h6 are
evaluated at the boiling
( m − m )
f 4
point of the refrigerant (Td).
g 5
f
f
m
23
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• Consider a control volume
a b
r
m for the compressor in the
c
liquefaction cycle as shown
Wc 2 in the figure.

f
m QR
m 2
d
3
• The quantities entering and
1 leaving this control volume
Wc1 are as given below.
6
IN OUT
( m − m )
f 4 m@1 m@2
-Wc1 -QR
g 5
f
f
m
24
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• Using 1st Law for the
a b
r
m following table, we get
c
IN OUT
Wc 2
m@1 m@2
-Wc1 -QR
f
m QR d

m 2 3 Ein = Eout
1
Wc1
6  1 − Wc1 = mh
mh  2 − QR

( m − m ) • Rearranging the terms, we

4
have
f

f
g 5 QR − Wc1 = m ( h2 − h1 )
f
m
25
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
a b QR − Wc1 = m ( h2 − h1 )
r
m c • The heat of compression QR
can be obtained by using 2nd
Wc 2
Law for an isothermal
f
m QR
compression. It is given by,
d

m
1
2 3
=  1 ( s2 − s1 )
QR mT
Wc1
6 • Combining the above
equations, we have
( m − m )
f 4

g
−W=
c1
 1 ( s1 − s2 ) − m ( h1 − h2 )
mT
5
f
f
m
26
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• Similarly, a control volume
a b
r
m is taken enclosing the
c
refrigerating compressor.
Wc 2

f
• The quantities entering and
m QR
m 2
d
3
leaving this control volume
1 are as given below.
Wc1
6 IN OUT
mr @ a mr @ b
( m − m )
f 4 -Wc2 0
g 5 • The heat of compression is
f zero because the process is
f
m
adiabatic.
27
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• Using 1st Law for the
a b
r
m following table, we get
c
IN OUT
Wc 2
mr @ a mr @ b
-Wc2 0
f
m QR d

m 2 3 Ein = Eout
1
Wc1
6 m r ha ,r − Wc 2 =
m r hb ,r

( m − m ) • Rearranging the terms, we

4
have
f

f
g 5 −W=
c2 m r ( hb ,r − ha ,r )
f
m
28
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
• The total work requirement
a b
r
m for this system is
c
=
Wc Wc1 + Wc 2
Wc 2

f
m QR • Substituting the following
d
m 2 3 values, we have
1
Wc1
−W=
c1
 1 ( s1 − s2 ) − m ( h1 − h2 )
mT
6
−W= m r ( hb ,r − ha ,r )
( m − m )
f 4
c2

−W
=c
 1 ( s1 − s2 ) − m ( h1 − h2 )
mT
g 5
f
+ m r ( hb ,r − ha ,r )
f
m
29
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
a b −W
=c
 1 ( s1 − s2 ) − m ( h1 − h2 )
mT
r
+ m r ( hb ,r − ha ,r )
m c

Wc 2
• The work required for a unit
mass of primary gas
f
m QR
m 2
d
3
compressed is given as
1
Wc
Wc1 − = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
6 m
m r
( m − m )
f 4
+
m
( hb ,r − ha ,r )

g 5
f
f
m
30
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
m r
a b • Denoting the ratio =r
r
m c m
Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
Wc 2
m
f
m m r
( hb ,r − ha ,r )
QR d
m 2 3 +
1 m
Wc1
6 Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
( m − m ) 4
m
+ r ( hb ,r − ha ,r )
f

g 5
f
f
m
31
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Precooled L – H Cycle
a b Wc
r
m − = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
c
m
Wc 2 + r ( hb ,r − ha ,r )

f
m QR d
• The first and second terms
m 2 3 are the work requirement in
1
a Simple Linde – Hampson
Wc1
6
system.

( m − m )
f 4
• The third term is the
g 5 additional work required to
f precool the system.
f
m
32
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
• Determine the y, ymax, the work/unit mass
compressed, work/unit mass liquefied and FOM
for the Simple and Precooled Linde – Hampson
systems with Nitrogen as working fluid. The
R134A is the refrigerant for the precooling
system with ratio r as 0.08. The liquefaction
system is operated between 1.013 bar (1 atm)
and 101.3 bar (100 atm) at 300 K. The following
is the data for R134a. Comment on the results.
a b c
p (bar) 1.013 10.13 10.13
T (K) 300 373 300
h (J/g) 390 482 260
33
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
Given
Cycle : Simple and Precooled L – H System
Working Fluid : Nitrogen
Pressure : 1 atm  100 atm
Temperature : 300 K
Refrigerant : R134a, 1 atm  10 atm
Mass ratio(r) : 0.08
For above cycles, Calculate and comment
1 Liquid Yield y, ymax
2 Work/unit mass of gas compressed
3 Work/unit mass of gas liquefied
4 FOM

34
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
a b
1 2 f
r
m c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77
Wc 2 h (J/g) 462 445 29
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42
f
m QR d
m 2 3 a b c
1 p (bar) 1.013 10.13 10.13
Wc1 T (K) 300 373 300
6
h (J/g) 390 482 260
( m − m )
f 4 s (J/gK) R134a
g
• hd = hc, since the
5
f expansion is isenthalpic.
f
m
35
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
• Ideal Work Requirement
1
Wi
− = T1 ( s1 − s f ) − ( h1 − h f )
m
T
1 2 f
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 f g
h (J/g) 462 445 29 s
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42
Wc
−= 300 ( 4.42 − 0.42 ) − ( 462 − 29 ) = 767 J / g
m
36
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
100 1
• Liquid yield T=const
2 1
300
 h1 − h2 
y= 
h −h
 1 f 
1 2 f 3 h=const
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 f g
4
h (J/g) 462 445 29 s
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42
 h1 − h2   462 − 445   17 
y=
h −h  =   =  433  = 0.04
 1 f   462 − 29   
37
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
100 1
• Work/unit mass of gas T=const
2
compressed 300 1

Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
m
1 2 f 3 h=const
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 f g
4
h (J/g) 462 445 29 s
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42
Wc
−= 300 ( 4.42 − 3.1) − ( 462 − 445 ) = 379 J / g
m

38
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
100 1
• Work/unit mass of gas T=const
2
liquefied 300 1

Wc y = 0.04
− =
379
m 3 h=const

f g
4
s
Wc Wc 379
− =
− = = 9475 J / g
m f ym 0.04

39
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
100 1
• Figure of Merit (FOM) T=const
2 1
300

Wc Wi
− =
9475 − =
767
m f m f
3 h=const

f g
4
s
Wi
m f =
767
FOM = = 0.081
Wc 9475
m f
40
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
• The T – s diagram for a 100
2 1 1
Precooled Linde – 3
Prec. 6
Hampson system is as Temp
shown.

• The state properties are

h=const
as tabulated below. 4
f g
1 2 f 5

p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 s

T (K) 300 300 77
h (J/g) 462 445 29
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42

41
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
• Liquid yield

m f h1 − h2  ha ,r − hd ,r 
=
y = +r  r = 0.08
m h1 − h f 
 h1 − h f 
1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 10.13 10.13
T (K) 300 300 77 300 373 300
h (J/g) 462 445 29 390 482 260
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a
( 462 − 445) + 0.08 ( 390 −=260 ) (17 ) (130 )
y + 0.08 = 0.063
( 462 − 29 ) ( 462 − 29 ) ( 433) ( 433)
42
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
• Work/unit mass of N2
compressed
Wc r = 0.08
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
m
+ r ( hb ,r − ha ,r )
1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 10.13 10.13
T (K) 300 300 77 300 373 300
h (J/g) 462 445 29 390 482 260
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a
Wc
−= 300 ( 4.42 − 3.1) − ( 462 − 445 ) + 0.08 ( 482 − 390 ) = 386.3 J / g
m
43
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
• Work/unit mass of N2 100
2 1 1
liquefied 3
Prec. 6
Temp

Wc y = 0.063
− =
386.3
m
4 h=const
f g
5

Wc Wc s
− =
− 386.3
= = 6131.7 J / g
m f ym 0.063

44
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
• Figure of Merit (FOM) 100
2 1 1
3
Prec. 6
Temp

Wc Wi
− =
6131.7 − =
767
m f m f
4 h=const
f g
5
s
Wi
m f =
767
FOM = = 0.1251
Wc 6131.7
m f
45
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
• Maximum Liquid yield 100
2 1 1
y = ymax T= T= T= 247 K 247 3 Ref BP 6
3 6 d

h6 − h3
ymax = r = 0.08
h6 − h f
3 6 f 4 h=const
p (bar) 101.3 1.013 1.013 f g
T (K) 247 247 77 5

h (J/g) 380 408 29 s

( 408 − 380 )
=
( 28 )
= 0.074
ymax =
( 408 − 29 ) ( 379 )
46
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Tutorial – 1
Simple Precooled Max.
y 0.04 0.063 0.074

Wc 379 386.3 386.3

−
m
W
− c 9475 6131.7 5220.2
m f
0.081 0.1251 0.147
FOM

• Tabulating the results, we have the above

comparison for Simple and Precooled Linde –
Hampson System.

47
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Assignment
1. Compare and comment on the following for both
Simple and Precooled Linde – Hampson systems
with Air as working fluid when the system is
operated between 1.013 bar (1 atm) and 202.6
bar (200 atm) at 300 K. The effectiveness of HX
is 100% and r=0.1.

• Ideal Work requirement

• Liquid yield
• Work/unit mass compressed
• Work/unit mass liquefied
• FOM
48
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Summary
• The method of cooling the gas after the
compression or before the entrance to the heat
exchanger is called as precooling.

• The Linde – Hampson cycle with a precooling

arrangement is called as Precooled Linde –
Hampson cycle.

• In a Precooled Linde – Hampson system, a closed

cycle refrigerator is thermally coupled to a simple
Linde – Hampson system through a 3 – fluid heat
exchanger.

49
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Summary
• Compression process is isothermal in Liquefaction
cycle but it is adiabatic in precooling system of a
Precooled Linde – Hampson system.

• The precooling limit of the precooling cycle is

governed by the boiling point of refrigerant at its
suction pressure.

• The yield for a Precooled Linde – Hampson

system is
m f h1 − h2  ha ,r − hd ,r  m r
=y = +r  =r
m h1 − h f  
 h1 − h f  m
50
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Summary
m f h6 − h3
= =
ymax
m h6 − h f
• The maximum liquid yield is given by the above
expression. The enthalpy values are evaluated at
the boiling point of the refrigerant.

• The work requirement for the unit mass of

primary fluid compressed is
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 ) + r ( hb ,r − ha ,r )
Wc
m
• From the tutorial, the yield of the precooled
system is more than that of a simple system.
51
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Thank You!

52
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay