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NEED:
TO TRANSMIT POWER FROM GENERATING END TO LOAD CENTRE

THEORY:
BARE CONDUCTORS ARE SUPPORTED ON CERAMIC INSULATORS MOUNTED ON
CONCRETE / METALLIC POLES OR ON LATTICE TYPE TRANSMISSION TOWERS.
THE SUPPORTS HAVE TO BE DESIGNED FOR THE WIND FORCE PREVAILING IN THE
REGION AND ALSO THE STRINGING TENSION WITH DUE FACTOR OF SAFETY ON THE
ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF THE SUPPORT
PHASE TO PHASE AND PHASE TO EARTH CLEARANCES SHALL BE MET UNDER THE
WORST OPERATING CONDITIONS
THE STRINGING TENSION SHALL BE SUCH THAT THE CONDUCTOR STRESS SHALL NOT
BE EXCEEDED WITH DUE FACTOR OF SAFETY.

LINE TYPES:
1. POLE LINES
2. TOWER LINES
3. COMBINATION LINES

POLE LINES:
GENERALLY USED FOR VOLTAGES OF 415V, 11KV, 22 KV AND 33 KV IN INDIA (HOWEVER
POLE LINES OF UP TO 110 KV ARE ALSO AVAILABLE IN ADVANCED COUNTRIES WITH
FIBRE GLASS INSULATED CROSS ARMS

TOWER LINES:
GENERALLY USED FOR VOLTAGES OF 66KV, 110KV, 220KV AND 400KV.

COMBINATION LINES:
WHEN POLE LINES ARE USED, TOWERS ARE INTRODUCED WHEN LONGER SPANS HAVE
TO BE ADOPTED FOR ROAD CROSSING, RAIL CROSSINGS OR RIVER CROSSINGS EVEN
THOUGH THE VOLTAGE MAY BE LOWER FOR USE OF TOWERS.

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COMPONENTS OF POLE LINES:
SUPPORTS MADE UP OF
• PRE STRESSED CONCRETE POLES (PCC)
• REINFORCED CONCRETE POLES (RCC)
• ISMB
• ROLLED STEEL JOIST (RAILS)

CROSS ARM TO SUPPORT THE INSULATORS

• HORIZONTAL CROSS ARM
• V- CROSS ARM
• CHANNEL OR ANGLE SECTION

INSULATORS
• PIN INSULATORS
• STRAIN INSULATORS

INSULATOR HARDWARE
• THIS IS MADE OF LM6 ALUMINIUM ALLOY AND IS USED FOR TENSIONING THE
CONDUCTOR AT THE ANGLE POINTS
• SNAIL CLAMP: SINGLE BOLT TYPE GENERALLY USED FOR LOW VOLTAGE UP TO
12 MM DIA CONDUCTOR SIZE
• STRAIN CLAMP: TWO BOLT TYPE GENERALLY USED UP TO 33 KV FOR
CONDUCTOR SIZE UP TO 21 MM
• STRAIN CLAMP: FOUR BOLT TYPE GENERALLY USED FOR EHV LINES FOR
CONDUCTOR SIZES LARGER THAN 21 MM.

CONDUCTORS
• ACSR (AL. CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED)
• AAC (ALL ALUMINIUM)
• BRITISH STANDARD SIZES ARE KNOWN BY ANIMAL NAMES STARTING FROM
MOLE (0.1 SQ.IN CU EQ.) TO MOOSE (0.5 SQ.IN CU EQ)
• AMERICAN STANDARD SIZES ARE KNOWN BY BIRD NAMES STARTING FROM
WHEN (0.015 SQ.IN CU EQ.) TO CONDOR (0.7 SQ. IN CU EQ.)

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SUPPORT POINTS
• TANGENT POINTS (WHERE THE LINE IS SUPPORTED IN A STRAIGHT ALIGNMENT);
ANGLE OF DEVIATION 0 TO 2 DEG
• ANGLE POINTS (WHERE THE LINE DEVIATES RIGHT OR LEFT IN DIRECTION) THESE
ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO B/C/D TYPE OF SUPPORTS
§ B TYPE WHERE THE ANGLE IS BETWEEN 2 TO 30 DEG
§ C TYPE WHERE THE ANGLE IS BETWEEN 30 TO 60 DEG
§ D TYPE WHERE THE ANGLE IS BETWEEN 60 TO 90 DEG AND DEAD
ENDTHE ABOVE CLASSIFICATION IS NOT RIGID AND CAN BE DEFINED
DIFFERENTLY FOR EACH PROJECT

ANGLE SUPPORT STRUCTURES-

• B TYPE: TWO POLE
• C TYPE: THREE POLE
• D TYPE: FOUR POLE
CROSS BRACINGS ARE PROVIDED BETWEEN THE POLES ON ALL THE SIDES

GUY SETS
• THESE ARE PROVIDED TO TAKE THE BENDING MOMENTS IF THE POLE IS NOT
DESIGNED AS A STAND-ALONE STRUCTURE.
• ADEQUATE NUMBER OF GUYS AS PER THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN CALCULATIONS
SHALL BE PROVIDED.
• GENERALLY THIS IS STRANDED STEEL CONDUCTOR OF 60 OR 90 TONS PER SQ. IN.
TENSILE STRENGTH.
• A CERAMIC INSULATOR IS PROVIDED IN THE MIDDLE FOR PERSONNEL SAFETY.

ANTI-CLIMBING DEVICES
• GENERALLY FENCING MATERIAL OR RINGS WITH SHARP SPIKES ARE WRAPPED
AROUND THE POLE TO PREVENT UNAUTHORISED PERSONS FROM CLIMBING UP A
POLE HAVING A CHARGED LINE
• THIS IS PROVIDED ON ALL THE POLES INCLUDING 1/2/3/4 POLE STRUCTURES

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DANGER BOARDS:
EACH POLE SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH A DANGER BOARD IN RED INDICATING A SCULL
AND VOLTAGE OF THE LINE

EARTHING:
EACH POLE SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH A COIL EARTH
WHERE GUARDS ARE PROVIDED ROD EARTH SHALL BE PROVIDED

GUARDS:
THESE ARE PROVIDED AT ROAD CROSSINGS, TELEPHONE LINE CROSSINGS, CROSSING
OF OTHER VOLTAGE LINES OF THE UTILITY
THIS IS MADE UP OF 8 SWG STEEL WIRE IN THE SHAPE OF A CRADLE SO THAT A
SNAPPED POWER WIRE WILL FALL INTO IT AND PREVENT IT FROM TOUCHING THE
PROTECTED LINE
THE GUARD IS EARTHED AT BOTH ENDS WITH ROD ELECTRODES

DESIGN OF POLES:
THE POLES ARE DEFINED BY THE CANTILEVER LOAD THAT CAN BE TAKEN BY THEM 600
MM FROM ONE END, AS 150KG, 300KG ETC AS PER INDIAN STD FOR POLES
• INPUTS: SPAN / POLE HEIGHT / PHASE TO PHASE CLEARANCE / TOTAL LENGTH OF
POLE / DEPTH OF BURIAL / CONDUCTOR DIA / CONDUCTOR WEIGHT PER METER /
CONDUCTOR ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH / POLE WIDTH AND DEPTH /
CONDUCTOR TENSION AT 32 DEG CELSIUS / INSULATOR WEIGHT, DIA AND
HEIGHT
• WORK OUT THE LOADING DIAGRAM GIVING THE HORIZONTAL / VERTICAL AND
LONGITUDINAL FORCES AT EACH CONDUCTOR SUPPORT POINT.
• CALCULATE THE BENDING MOMENT AT GROUND LEVEL DUE TO FORCE AT EACH
SUPPORT POINT
• CALCULATE THE EQUIVALENT FORCE ON THE POLE 600MM FROM THE TOP
• THIS IS THE WORKING LOAD. THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH SHALL BE 2.5 TIMES THE
WORKING LOAD
• THE LONGITUDINAL BENDING MOMENT IS ZERO UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS.
HOWEVER THERE WILL BE A BENDING MOMENT UNDER BROKEN WIRE
CONDITION WHICH THE POLE HAS TO WITHSTAND. THE POLE STRENGTH IN THE
LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION SHALL BE ESTIMATED.

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• FOR A GIVEN POLE STRENGTH AND CONDUCTOR TENSION AT 32 DEG CEL THE
PERMISSIBLE SPAN IS DETERMINED.
• THE SELECTED CONDUCTOR TENSION AT 32 DEG CEL SHALL BE SUCH THAT THE
FACTOR OF SAFETY ON CONDUCTOR AT LOWEST TEMP (4 DEG CEL) SHALL NOT
BE LESS THAN 2.5.

DESIGN SPAN LENGTHS

IN TRANSMISSION LINE CALCULATIONS, THE FOLLOWING TERMS ARE COMMONLY
USED.
1. BASIC OR NORMAL SPAN
2. RULING OR EQUIVALENT SPAN
3. AVERAFGE SPAN
4. WIND SPAN
5. WEIGHT SPAN

BASIC OR NORMAL SPAN

THE NORMAL SPAN IS THE MOST ECONOMIC SPAN FOR WHICH THE LINE IS DESIGNED
OVER LEVEL GROUND, SO THAT THE REQUISITE GROUND CLEARANCE IS OBTAINED AT
THE MAXIMUM SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE.

RULING SPAN
THE RULING SPAN IS THE ASSUMED DESIGN SPAN THAT WILL PRODUCE, BETWEEN
DEAD ENDS, THE BEST AVERAGE TENSION THROUGHOUT A LINE OF VARYING SPAN
LENGTHS WITH CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND LOADING. IT IS THE WEIGHTED
AVERAGE OF THE VARYING SPAN LENGTHS, CALCULATED BY THE FORMULA

RULING SPAN= (sqrt) [(L1^3+L2^3+……LN^3) / (L1+L2+………….LN)]

WHERE L1, L2,..LN ARE THE FIRST, SECOND AND LAST SPAN LENGTHS IN THE
SECTION.THE ERECTION TENSION FOR ANY LINE SECTION IS CALCULATED FOR THIS
HYPOTHETICALSPAN.
TOWER SPOTTING ON THE PROFILE IS DONE BY MEANS OF A SAG TEMPLATE, WHICH
IS BASED ON THE RULING SPAN.THEREFORE, THIS SPAN MUST BE DETERMINED
BEFORE THE TEMPLATE CAN BE MADE.
THE RULING SPAN IS THEN USED TO CALCULATE THE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT
OF TENSION, WHICH IS TO BE APPLIED TO ALL THE SPANS BETWEEN THE ANCHOR
POINTS.

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AVERAGE SPAN
THE AVERAGE SPAN IS THE MEAN SPAN LENGTH BETWEEN DEAD ENDS. IT IS ASSUMED
THAT THE CONDUCTOR IS FREELY SUSPENDED SUCH THAT EACH INDIVIDUAL SPAN
REACTS TO CHANGES IN TENSION AS SINGLE AVERAGE SPAN.ALL SAG CALCULATIONS
ARE CARRIED OUT FOR THE AVERAGE SPAN, ONTHIS ASSUMPTION.

WINDSPAN
THE WIND SPAN IS THAT ON WHICH THE WIND IS ASSUMED TO ACT TRANSVERSELY ON
THE CONDUCTORS AND IS TAKEN HALF THE SUM OF THE TWO SPANS, ADJACENT TO
THE SUPPORT. IN ORDER TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF TOWERS LOCATED ON
ELEVATED GROUND, IT IS USUAL TO ALLOW A WIND SPAN OF 10 TO 15 PERCENT IN
EXCESS OF THE NORMAL SPAN. THIS ADDITIONAL STRENGTH CAN BE USED IN TAKING
A SMALL ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON AN INTERMEDIATE TOWER, WHERE THE ACTUAL
WIND SPAN IS LESS THAN THE DESIGN WIND SPAN. THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION TO BE
TAKEN INSUCH CASES IS APPROXIMATELY GIVEN BY:
?= ? L\p T x 180
WHERE ? = TOTAL WIND LOAD PER UNIT RUN OF SPAN LENGTH OF ALL CONDUCTORS
CARRIED BY THE TOWER.
L= DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WIND SPAN USED FOR DESIGN AND THE
ACTUAL WINDSPAN.AND
T= THE TOTAL MAXIMUM WORKINGTENSION OF ALL CONDUCTORS CARRIED
BY THE TOWER

WEIGHT SPAN
THE WEIGHT SPAN IS THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE LOWEST POINT OF
THE CONDUCTORS, ON THE TWO SPANS ADJACENT TO THE TOWER. THE LOWEST POINT
AT WHICH THE TANGENT TO THE SAG CURVE, OR TO THE SAG CURVE PRODUCED, IS
HORIZONTAL. THE WEIGHT SPAN IS USED IN THE DESIGN OF CROSS-ARMS.
TYPICAL SPANS AND CONDUCTORS:

VOLTAGE SPAN SC SPAN DC CONDUCTOR

11 KV 80m 50m 0.02 to 0.06 sq in cu equivalent
standard
Upto 0.125 sq.in. custom built
22 KV 80m 50m -do-
33 KV 80m -

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GROUND CLEARANCE
UPTO 66KV – 5.49m
132KV – 6.10m
220KV – 7.01m
400KV – 8.84m
THE ABOVE CLEARANCES ARE APPLICABLE TO TRANSMISSION LINES RUNNING IN OPEN
COUNTRY.

POWER LINE CROSSINGS

IN CROSSINGS OVER RIVERS, TELECOMMUNICATION LINES RAILWAY TRACKS, ETC.,
THE FOLLOWING CLEARANCES ARE MAINTAINED:
1. CROSSINGS OVER RIVERS
a. OVER RIVERS WHICH ARE NOT NAVIGABLE THE MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF
CONDUCTORS IS SPECIFIED AS 3.05m OVER MAXIMUM FLOOD LEVEL.
b. OVER NAVIGABLE RIVERS
CLEARANCES ARE FIXED IN RELATION TO THE TALLEST MAST, IN CONSULTATION
WITH THE CONCERNED NAVIGATION AUTHORITIES.

2. CROSSINGS OVER TELECOMMUNICATION LINES

THE MINMUM CLEARANCES BETWEEN THE CONDUCTORS OF A POWER LINE AND
TELECOMMUNICATION WIRES ARE:
66KV – 2,440mm
132KV – 2,740mm
220KV – 3,050mm
400KV – 4,880mm

3. CROSSINGS OVER RAILWAY TRACKS

THE MINIMUM HEIGHT ABOVE RAIL LEVEL, OF THE LOWEST PORTION OF ANY
CONDUCTOR UNDER CONDITIONS OF MAXIMUM SAG, AS STIPULATED IN THE
REGULATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL CROSSINGS OF RAILWAY TRACKS, 1963, IS GIVEN IN
THE TABLES BELOW.

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FOR UNELECTRIFIED TRACKS OR TRACKS ELECTRIFIED ON 1,500 VOLTS D.C
SYSTEM
BROAD GAUGE (mts) METRE AND NARROW GAUGE (mts)
INSIDE STATION OUTSIDE INSIDE STATION OUTSIDE STATION
LIMITS STATION LIMITS LIMITS LIMITS
66KV 10.3 7.9 9.1 6.7
132KV 10.9 8.5 9.8 7.3
220KV 11.2 8.8 10.0 7.6
400KV 13.6 11.2 12.4 10.0

TRACKS ELECTRIFIED ON 25KV A.C SYSTEM

BROAD, METRE AND NARROW GAUGE (mts)

INSIDE STATION LIMITS OUTSIDE STATION LIMITS

66KV 10.3 7.9

132KV 10.9 8.5

220KV 11.2 8.8

400KV 13.6 11.2

4. BETWEEN POWER LINES

a. BETWEEN POWER LINES L.T. UP TO 66KV } AND 66KV LINE – 2.4m
b. BETWEEN POWER LINES L.T. UP TO 132KV } AND 132KV LINE – 2.75m
c. BETWEEN POWER LINES L.T. UP TO 220KV } AND 220KV LINE – 4.55m
d. BETWEEN POWER LINES L.T. UP TO 400KV } AND 400KV LINE – 6.0m
(TENTATIVE)

SPACING OF CONDUCTORS
CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES ARE FOUND IN THE CONDUCTOR SPACINGS ADOPTED IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND ON DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN THE SAME
COUNTRY.

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TOWER LINES:
DESIGN:
• LOADING DIAGRAM IS GENERATED GIVING HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND
LONGITUDINAL FORCES ON EACH CONDUCTOR SUPPORT POINT INCLUDING THE
GROUND WIRES
• CROSS ARM SPACING IS DECIDED BASED ON CLEARANCE DIAGRAM
CONSIDERING CONDUCTOR SWING DUE TO WIND.
• A STRUCTURAL DESIGNER DESIGNS THE TOWER WITH THIS INPUT.
• IN SLOPY AREAS THE UPLIFT HAS TO BE CALCULATED AND THE TOWER
FOUNDATION SHALL BE DESIGNED TO TAKE CARE OF THE SAME

INSULATION LEVEL FOR EHV LINES

NOMINAL PHASE TO EMPLOYED TOTAL

SYSTEM NEUTRAL AT PRESENT VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE KV VOLTAGE
(N) (N x 11)
66 38 5 55
132 76 9 99
220 127 13 / 14 143 /154
400 231 23 253

AIR CLEARANCES UNDER DIFFERENT SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS

SL NO SYSTEM CONDITION MINIMUM AIR CLEARANCE IN CM AT DIFFERENT VOLTAGES
66KV 132KV 220KV 400KV
1 UNDER POWER FREQUENCY OVERVOLTAGES 38 70 114 228
2 UNDER SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGES 33 76 133 188
3 UNDER LIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGES 90 15 210 290

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MINIMUM NOMINAL SPECIFIC CREEPAGE DISTANCE CORRESPONDING TO EACH
POLLUTION LEVEL
MINIMUM NOMINAL SPECIFIC
POLUTION LEVEL
CREEPAGE DISTANCE (mm/KV)

I LIGHT 16

II MEDIUM 20

III HEAVY 25

IV VERY HEAVY 31

VARIOUS LOAD COMBINATIONS UNDER THE NORMAL AND BROKEN-WIRE

CONDITIONS FOR A TYPICAL 400KV LINE
LONGITUDINAL LOADS TRANSVERSE LOADS
NORMAL BROKEN-WIRE BROKEN-WIRE
TOWER TYPE NORMAL CONDITION
CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION
A 0.0 0.5xTxCOSØ/2 WC+WL+D 0.6WC+WL+0.5DA
B 0.0 1.0xMTxCOS Ø/2 WC+WL+D 0.6WC+WL+0.5D
B SECTION
0.0 1.0XMT WC+WL+0.0 0.6WC+WL+0.0
TOWER
C 0.0 1.0xMTxCOS Ø/2 WC+WL+D 0.6WC+WL+0.5D
C SECTION
0.0 1.0XMT WC+WL+0.0 0.6WC+WL+0.0
TOWER
D 60º 0.0 1.0xMTxCOS Ø/2 WC+WL+D 0.6WC+WL+0.5D
DEADEND WITH
SLACK SPAN
0.7MT 1.0XMT 0.65WC+WL 0.6WC+WL
(SLACK SPAN
SIDE BROKEN)
DEADEND WITH
SLACK SPAN 0.25WC+WL+0.3
0.7MT 0.3xMTxCOS15º 0.65WC+WL+00.3MTxSIN15º
(SLACK LINE MTxSIN15º
SIDE BROKEN)
DEAD-END MT NIL 0.5WCxWL+0.0 0.1WC+WL+0.0

WHERE:
T - TENSION AT 32ºC WITHOUT WIND MT – MAXIMUM TENSION
WC – WIND ON CONDUCTOR WI – WIND ON INSULATOR
Ø – ANGLE OF DEVIATION

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INSULATOR
SUSPENSION INSULATORS WITH CLAMPS ARE USED IN TOWERS AS AGAINST PIN
INSULATORS USED IN POLE LINES

CORONA RINGS:
THESE ARE PROVIDED FOR 220 kV AND ABOVE VOLTAGES AT THE END OF THE
INSULATORS

CONDUCTOR
• FOR EHV LINE THE CONDUCTOR SIZE IS BASED ON VOLTAGE GRADIENT
CONSIDERATIONS IN ADDITION TO CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY.
• DOUBLE AND QUADRUPLE CONDUCTORS ARE USED WITH SPACERS FOR 220 kV
AND 400 kV LINES

SHIELD WIRE
• A SHIELD WIRE IS RUN ALL ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE LINE TO PROTECT THE
LINE AGAINST LIGHTNING STRIKES. STANDARD SIZE USED IS 7 STRANDS OF 3 MM
STEEL WIRES

COUNTERPOISE:
• THE SOIL RESISTANCE SHALL BE MEASURED AT EACH TOWER. THE EARTH
RESISTANCE SHALL BE LESS THAN ONE OHM. IF HIGH SOIL RESISTIVITY IS
ENCOUNTERED, COUNTERPOISES ARE USED TO REDUCE THE EARTH RESISTANCE.
THESE ARE 12 DIA GI RODS CONNECTED TO EACH TOWER LEG AND RADIALLY
FOR A DISTANCE OF 10 TO 50M TO OBTAIN THE REQUIRED ONE OHM EARTH
RESISTANCE. IN ADDITION, DRIVEN EARTH RODS ARE ALSO USED AT THE END OF
THE COUNTERPOISE.

VIBRATION DAMPERS:
• THESE ARE PROVIDED AT BOTH ENDS OF A SPAN TO DAMPEN AELEON
VIBRATIONS. IT CONSISTS OF A WEIGHT MOUNTED AT THE END OF A SPRING.

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TYPICAL SPANS AND CONDUCTORS:
VOLTAGE SPAN SC SPAN DC CONDUCTOR
33 kV 300m 350m 0.125 to 0.20 sq in cu
equivalent standard

66 kV 300m 350m -do-

110 kV 350m 350m -do-
220 kV 350m 350m DOUBLE MOOSE
(0.5 sq.in cu eq)
400 kV 350m 350m QUADRAPLE MOOSE (0.5
sq.in cu eq.)

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TYPICAL POLE DESIGN

Tangent pole A-NORMAL A-Broken Wire

Deviation Angle Deg 2.00 2.00
Normal Span meter 55.00 55.00
Pole height above ground meter 7.70 7.70
Conductor dia mm 15.89 15.89
Conductor weight kg per m kg per m 0.52 0.52
Ultimate tensile strength UT kg 4645.00 4645.00
Pole area Ap sqm 0.77 0.77
Conductor area Ac sqm 0.59 0.59
Insulator area Ai sqm 0.02 0.02
Wind pressure kg/sqm 75.00 75.00
Wind pressure on conductor WC kg 43.92 43.92
Wind pressure on pole WP kg 57.75 57.75
Wind pressure on insulator WI 1.17 1.17
Maximum Tension MT kg 2322.50 2322.50
Tension @32 deg T kg 150.00 150.00
Weight of conductor kg 42.98 42.98
Weight of insulator kg 10.00 10.00
Weight of lineman and tools kg 150.00 150.00
Deviation load-Transverse DT kg 5.23 2.62
Deviation load-Longitudinal DL kg 0.00 149.98
Transverse load kg 50.32 28.83
Vertical load kg 101.49 101.49
Longitudinal load kg 0.00 74.99

Longitudinal Bending moment at base kgm 532.42

Specified working load kg 300.00

Bending Moment due to transverse load of

kgm 1962.52 1124.36
wind on conductors of two circuits

Bending moment on pole kgm 148.23 148.23

Total bending moment kgm 2110.74 1272.58
Working load at 7.1 m kg 297.29
Permissible working load in transverse
kg 300.00
direction
Factor of safety 2.50

Ultimate strength of pole required kg 750.00

Longitudinal force due to one broken wire kg 74.99

Working load at 7.1 m kg 74.99

Permissible working load in longitudinal
kg 75.00
direction
For one power
wire broken out
of six

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RCC pole capacity calculations:

Vertical load P kg 101.49

Pole width B mm 170
Pole depth D mm 290
Area of concrete sqmm 49300
Area of steel As sqmm 1212
% of steel p 2.46
Concrete strength fck N/sqmm 20.00
p/fck 0.12
steel strength Fy N/sqmm 415.00
Puz N 820935.00
P/Puz 0.000123629
alpha (SP 16-BIS) @ 1

Vertical Load/fckBD(without factor of safety) Pu/fckBD 0.001

Moment due to wind Mwy Nmm 12484055.36

Addl. transverse moment due to slenderness May Nmm P*ly/2000(Ly/D)^2 275470.30

Addl. longitudinal moment due to slenderness Mslx Nmm P*lx/2000(Lx/B)^2 801628.11

Total longitudinal moment with factor of

Max Nmm =0.133*Mslx 1066165.39
safety=1.33
Total transverse moment with factor of
My Nmm =Mwy+May 16970169.14
safety=1.33

Coeff. For Max. uniaxial moment capacity (SP 16) 0.156

Max. uniaxial cap.in x-dir. Mux1 Nmm 26148720.000

Max. uniaxial cap.in y-dir. Muy1 Nmm 44606640.000

check for (Mx/Mux1)^@ +(My/Muy1)^@=1 0.411

HENCE SAFE

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Formulae and Methods used in calculations

[Note: The variables used in calculations and their notations are listed in the Annexure]

1. Calculation of Tension at maximum temperature and still wind

We have,

f1 = Max. Working Tension

C/s Area of conductor

Using the value of f1, we first calculate f2 for minimum ambient temperature (of 4ºc ) by solving the
cubic equation

f22{f2 - [f1-A-B]}=C
where,
A = Q12*Delta2*l2*E (2*l2)
24*f12 (2*l2+h2)
B = ∝*t*E

C =Q22+Delta2*l2*E (2*l2+h2)
24*(2*l2)

Using this value of f2, the Factor of safety is checked using

F.S. = Ultimate Tensile Strength

f2 * Area of the cross section of the conductor

The factor of safety shall be no more than 2.5.

Calculation procedure
Min temp (4ºc) → M ax Tension → Min sag → Max sag → Max conductor stress

Max temp (60ºc) → M in Tension → Max sag → Max sag → Min conductor stress

• Choose tension at 32ºc; start with first span

• Calculate tension at minimum temperature of 4ºc (f2)
• Check that conductor stress (f1) does not exceed the UTS divided by 2.5
• Calculate tension at maximum temperature of 60ºc (f1)
• Calculate sag corresponding to 60ºc
• Calculate the ground clearance and interference clearance.
• Repeat the calculations for each span
• I f the ground clearances are not met, increase the tower height

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• If interferences clearances are not met increase the tower height or reduce the span or shift the
tower close to the interference.

2. Calculation of distance and depth of sag

Distance of sag point from the first pole,

a = (l/2) - ((T2*h) / (Q1*Wtofc*l))

Depth of sag w.r.t first pole,

d = A + B – (h/2)
where,
A = (Q*Wtofc*l2) / (8*T2)

B = (T2*h2) / (2*Q1*Wtofc*l2)

4. Clearance Check

Having got the depth of sag at a point, clearance obtained at the point can be calculated taking into
account the ground elevations at the first pole and at the point, and the height of the conductor support on
the first pole.

Clearance = Height of Pole – (Depth of Burial – Height of Foundation)

– Distance of Bottom support from top of pole – sag depth
– (elevation at the point – elevation at the first pole)

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Annexure

Variables and their notations used in the formulae

Variable Symbol Units

Stringing tension at ambient temp. St
Area Of Cross Section acs Cm2
0
Maximum Temperature maxtemp C
0
Minimum Temperature mintemp C
0
Ambient Temperature amptemp C
Weight of conductor Wtofc Kg/m
Diameter of conductor diameter Mm
Modulus of Elasticity E Kg/Cm2
Wind Force wn Kg/m
Ultimate Tensile Strength UlTenSt Kg
0
Coefficient of Linear Expansion CoeofLE C
Max. Working Tensile Stress at 32o C f1 Kg/m
Span width l Mts.
Diff. in heights of two supports h Mts.
Dist. between conductor and the c Mts.
ground
Stress in still air and at max. temp. f2 Kg/m
Loading factor Q1
Loading factor in still air & at max. Q2
temp.
Wind Load w1 Kg/m
Tension at max. temp. T2
Length of conductor for a span Cl Mts.
Pole Height Plht Mts.
Burial Depth Bd Mts.
Height of Foundation HtFn Mts.
Distance of Bottom Support Dbs Mts.
Distance of sag from the pole a Mts.
Depth of sag d Mts.

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POLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS WITHOUT SAFETY FACTOR IN BROKEN WIRE CONDITION
TANGENT POLE - RCC 9.5 M -FORCES ON THE POLE
Tangent pole A-NORMAL FORMULA A-Broken Wire FORMULA
Deviation Angle Deg F2 2.00 J2 2.00
Normal Span meter F3 55.00 J3 55.00
Pole height above ground meter F4 7.70 J4 7.70
Conductor dia mm F5 15.89 J5 15.89
Conductor weight kg per m kg per m F6 0.52 J6 0.52
Ultimate tensile strength UT kg F7 4,645.00 J7 4,645.00
Pole area Ap sqm F8 0.77 =F4*0.1 J8 0.77 =F4*0.1
Conductor area Ac sqm F9 0.59 =(0.67)*F3*F5/1000 J9 0.59 =(0.67)*J3*J5/1000
Insulator area Ai sqm F10 0.20 =0.125*0.125 J10 0.02 =0.125*0.125
Wind pressure kg/sqm F11 75.00 J11 75.00
Wind pressure on conductor WC kg F12 43.92 =F11*F9 J12 43.92 =J11*J9
Wind pressure on pole WP kg F13 57.75 =F11*F8 J13 57.75 =J11*J8
Wind pressure on insulator WI F14 1.17 =F11*F10 J14 1.17 =J11*J10
Maximum Tension MT kg F15 2,322.50 =F7/2 J15 2,322.50 =J7/2
Tension @32 deg T kg F16 150.00 J16 150.00
Weight of conductor kg F17 42.98 ''=1.5*F3*F6 J17 42.98 =1.5*J3*J6
Weight of insulator kg F18 10.00 J18 10.00
Weight of lineman and tools kg F19 150.00 J19 150.00
Deviation load-Transverse DT kg F20 5.23 '=2*F16*SIN(3.14/180) J20 2.62 =J16*SIN(3.14/180)
Deviation load-Longitudinal DL kg F21 - J21 149.98 '=J16*COS(3.14/180)
Transverse load kg F22 50.32 =F12+F14+F20 J22 28.83 '=0.6*J12+J14+(0.5)*J20
Vertical load kg F23 101.49 =(F17+F18+F19)/2 J23 101.49 =(J17+J18+J19)/2
Longitudinal load kg F24 - J24 74.99 =0.5*J21
Longitudimal Bending moment at base kgm F25 J25 532.42 =J24*(J4-0.6)

Specified working load kg F26 300.00 J26

Bending Moment due to transverse load kgm F27 1,962.52 =F22*(7.1+6.5+5.9)*2 J27 1,124.36 =J22*(7.1+6.5+5.9)*2
of wind on conductors of two circuits

Bending moment on pole kgm F28 148.23 =F13*(7.7/3) J28 148.23 =F28
Total bending moment kgm F29 2,110.74 =F27+F28 J29 1,272.58 =J27+J28
Working load at 7.1 m kg F30 297.29 =F29/7.1 J30
Permissible working load in transverse kg F31 300.00 J31
direction
Factor of safety F32 2.50 J32
Ultimate strength of pole required kg F33 750.00 =F31*F32 J33

OVERHEAD LINES PAGE 1 OF 2

 OVERHEAD LINES
POLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS WITHOUT SAFETY FACTOR IN BROKEN WIRE CONDITION
TANGENT POLE - RCC 9.5 M -FORCES ON THE POLE
Longitudinal force due to one broken wire kg F34 J34 74.99 =J24

Working load at 7.1 m kg F35 J35 74.99 =J34

Permissible working load in longitudinal kg F36 J36 75.00 =F26/4
direction
F37 J37 For one power wire
broken out of six
F38 J38
RCC pole capacity calculations: F39 J39
Vertical load P kg F40 J40 101.49 =J23
Pole width B mm F41 170.00 J41
Pole depth D mm F42 290.00 J42
Area of concrete sqmm F43 49,300.00 =F41*F42 J43
Area of steel As sqmm F44 1,212.00 =6*202 J44
% of steel p F45 2.46 =F44/F41/F42*100 J45
Concrete strength fck N/sqmm F46 20.00 J46
p/fck F47 0.12 =F45/F46 J47
steel strength Fy N/sqmm F48 415.00 J48
Puz N F49 J49 820,935.00 =0.45*F46*F43+0.75*F48*F44
P/Puz F50 J50 0.00 =J40/J49
alpha (SP 16-BIS) @ F51 J51 1.00 1.00
Vertical Load/fckBD(without factor of Pu/fckBD F52 J52 0.00 =J40*9.81/F46/F41/F42
safety)
Moment due to wind Mwy Nmm F53 J53 12,484,055.36 =J29*9810
Addl. transverse moment due to May Nmm F54 P*ly/2000(Ly/D)^2 J54 275,470.30 =J40*J4*1000/2000*((J4*1000/F42)^2)
slenderness
Addl. longitudinal moment due to Mslx Nmm F55 P*lx/2000(Lx/B)^2 J55 801,628.11 =J40*J4*1000/2000*((J4*1000/F41)^2)
slenderness
Total longitudinal moment with factor of Max Nmm F56 '=0.133*Mslx J56 1,066,165.39 =J55*1.33
safety'=1.33
Total transverse moment with factor of My Nmm F57 '=Mwy+May J57 16,970,169.14 =(J53+J54)*1.33
safety'=1.33
Coeff. For Max. uniaxial moment capacity F58 J58 0.16
(SP 16)
Max. uniaxial cap.in x-dir. Mux1 Nmm F59 J59 26,148,720.00 =J58*F41^2*F42*F46
Max. uniaxial cap.in y-dir. Muy1 Nmm F60 J60 44,606,640.00 =J58*F42^2*F41*F46
check for (Mx/Mux1)^@ F61 J61 0.41 =(J57/J60)^J51+(J55/J59)^J51 (
+(My/Muy1)^@'=1 WHICH IS LESS THAN 1)
HENCE SAFE

OVERHEAD LINES PAGE 2 OF 2