Wireless Sensor Based Energy Conservation via Bluetooth

Siddhartha Jaitly (Student Member IEEE) E.E.C.E Department, I.T.M University Gurgaon, India
Sheila Mahapatra
Prof. A.N Jha (Student Member IEEE)
(Senior Member IEEE) E.E.C.E Department,
E.E.C.E Department, I.T.M University
I.T.M University Gurgaon, India
Gurgaon, India
Abstract2 Wireless sensor based control has drawn attention of many industries because of the reduced cost, easy
mobility, easy maintenance, power management etc. Wireless Sensor based systems have been deployed in industries,
army and in household for various applications such as monitoring, maintenance, security etc. In this paper we discuss
the use of wireless sensor technology (Bluetooth) for energy conservation, in which the sensor are deployed to sense and
monitor the environmental conditions and take decisions based on the inputs from the various sensors.
Keywords2 Passive Infrared (PIR), Field of View (FoV), Hour (hr), Feet (ft), MicroAmpere (μA), Watt (W), Radio
Frequency (RF), Milliampere (mA), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor based energy conservation through Bluetooth is a microcontrollerYbased application that can
control various devices at a place using Bluetooth Wireless Technology. Bluetooth technology has become
increasingly integrated into devices like cell phones, laptop computers and tablets, and its quick acceptance has led
many to explore the possibility of various other applications that can be controlled through BluetoothYenabled
devices. The proposed Wireless Sensor Platform is an attempt to develop an energy conservation device which can
be used at multiple areas such as homes, schools and public utilities to reduce the wastage of energy. A Bluetooth
link facilitates point to point topology. The system is composed of two main unitsY the sensing unit and the load
unit, both interacting via Bluetooth technology. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we
introduce towards the major components of the system. Section III illustrates the power consumption for the
developed system. The results for the net power saving for various load are listed in Section IV. The scope for the
future work is added in Section V. Finally, we conclude the paper stating references and applications of the work
done.
II. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A. Sensing Unit The sensing unit comprises of a microYcontroller, PIR sensor, ambient light sensor, load on
duration controller and the Bluetooth transmitter module. The microYcontroller is required to process the sensor
signals, monitor the sensor inputs against the preYdefined algorithm and generate the desired output. Since the
energy conservation important aspect, the system is developed in such a way that minimum energy is consumed
while the system is inactive.
978-1-4799-2572-8/14/$31.00 cс2014 IEEE
182 Fig. 1. Overview of the Sensing Unit The sensing unit is low power device and hence DC power is used to
power the system, which enables the sensing unit to have easy mobility, easy maintenance and long battery life.
1) PIR Sensor
The PIR Sensor is used to detect the presence of human and sense motion. PIR sensors are excellent devices for
WSN, being lowYcost, lowYpower, and having a small size. Since the PIR sensor is lowYcost and lowYpower
device it perfectly matches to the system requirement. Hence, it is well suited for implementation on such WSN
systems. Pyro electricity is referred as the electrical response of a polar, dielectric material to a change in its
temperature. A pyro electric element converts incident IR flux into an electrical output signal through two steps: the
absorbing layer transforms the radiation flux change into a change in temperature and the pyro electric element
performs a thermal to electrical conversion, ,acting as a transducer. The PIR sensors include two sensitive elements
placed in series with opposite polarization (refer Fig. 2). The PIR sensors are used with Fresnel lenses to enlarge and
shape their FoV. The idea of dividing the PIR sensor FOV into several, optically separated cones is that the PIR
elements detect only changes to incident IR radiation. If a single lens is used, as a body moves through the FoV of
the PIR only, negligible changes in input IR radiation will be sensed. Whereas, when using multiple lenses, the body
moves between different cones of view and is sensed for the whole traversal. In such a configuration, the PIR
measurements is cancelled by each other so that the average temperature of the FoV is removed from the electrical
signal; an increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is selfYcancelling and will not trigger the device.
Fig. 2: Schematic of COTS PIR
This allows the device to resist false triggers of change in the event of being exposed to flashes of light field. An example of PIR
response to a moving body is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. PIR Response to Moving Body
1) Photo Transistor
Photo Transistor is a semiconductor device that is highly sensitive to light. Simple transistors exhibit the photosensitive effects if
they are exposed to light, the structure of the phototransistor is specifically optimized for photo applications. The photo transistor
have much larger base and collector areas than compared to a normal transistor. HeteroYstructures that use different materials on
either side of the pYn junction are more popular because they provide a high conversion efficiency. Photo transistors are operated
in their active regime, although the base connection is left open circuit or disconnected because it is not required. The base of the
photo transistor would only be used to bias the transistor so that additional collector current would flow and this would mask any
current flowing as a result of the photoYaction. The light enters the base region of the phototransistor where it causes hole
electron pairs to be generated in the reverse biased basedYcollector junction. The holeYelectron pairs move under the influence
of the electric field and provide the base current, causing electrons to be injected into the emitter.
2) Microcontroller
A 16 bit low power microcontroller is used to generate the algorithm for the system, to interface the sensors and the Bluetooth
module. The microYcontroller Power specification overview, as low as 0.1 μA RAM retention, 0.7 μA realYtime clock mode,
200 μA / MIPS active and features fast wakeYup from standby mode in less than 6 μs.
Fig. 4. The Load Unit
1) Relay Driver
It is a monolithic, high voltage and high current Darlington transistor array. The microcontroller drives the relays through the
relay driver as per the algorithm. The rest of the components in the load unit acts similar to the ones in the sensing unit.
III. P
OWER
C
ONSUMPTION
The system has been designed and programmed inYorder to reduce the energy consumption in the ideal/standby mode. The total
energy consumption for the sensing system in working condition is approximately 1.90 W/hr which reduces to 0.24W/hr in
ideal/standby mode. The net decrease in the power consumption is 87% of the working condition power consumption. The total
energy consumption for the load system in working condition is 11.00 W/hr. Thereby the net power consumption is always less
than 13.00 W/hr.
2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC) 183
3) Ambient Light Threshold Controller
The ALTC is an analogous potentiometer used to set the maximum threshold value for the present ambient light condition. The
potentiometer acts as a regulator to select a specific percentage of light below which the system triggers.
4) Bluetooth Transmitter Module
The Bluetooth transmitter module is used to transmit the data wirelessly. The Bluetooth features provides a secure channel for
data transmission and also allows system to be compatible with the laptop and mobile phones. The Bluetooth module is
connected serially to the microcontroller. A switch is provided in the sensing unit to make the system dependent or independent
of the ambient light sensor, making it completely dependent/independent on the human motion. It is very important to note that
the system has been so developed that the Bluetooth module only transmits data on any change in the system input, hence the
Bluetooth module remains inYactive for rest of the period and hence consumes minimum energy. The Bluetooth transmitter
module is only active at the time of data transmission.
B. The Load Unit
The sensing unit comprises of a Bluetooth receiver module, microcontroller, peripheral driver and relay driver. The load unit is
embedded in the normal switch boards and hence minimum level of maintenance is required for the system.
Fig. 7. the Star topology
7. the Global Master can be controlled via the WLAN while the communication between the Global and Local
Master can be on zigYbee protocol. this will allow more efficient use of system. this will also allow the Global
Master to be controller wirelessly.
184 2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC)
In the present system, 8 load channels can be controlled and for every addition of 8 more load channels only
0.00036W/hr is increased in the load unit. this makes the system to be highly efficient and economical.
IV. RESULt
the table 1 shows the test result for the system for a load of 1 KW and 2 KW for 8 channel load. the Itime" reflects
the time during which the system was actively saving energy.
table 1: the test results for the load of 1 KW and 2 KW for 8 channel S.No Saving for Load of
1KW in Watt
Saving for Load of 2KW in Watt
time (Min) 1. 82.415 165.76 5 2. 164.83 331.53 10 3. 247.24 497.30 15 4. 329.66 663.06 20 5.
412.08 828.83 25 6. 494.49 994.60 30 7. 659.32 1325.12 40 8. 824.15 1657.65 50 9. 989.00
1989.00 60
Fig. 5. Plot between time (min) and Power Saved (Watt) for 8 channel
With increase in load, the amount of power saving increases as shown in Fig. 5. Since the power of the system
remains same for different loads, the power saving is directly proportional to the time for which the system is active.
table 2: the test results for the load of 1 KW and 2 KW for 16 channel S.No Saving for Load of
1KW in Watt
Saving for Load of 2KW in Watt
time (Min) 1. 82.415 165.76 5 2. 164.83 331.53 10 3. 247.24 497.30 15 4. 329.66 663.06 20 5.
412.08 828.83 25 6. 494.49 994.60 30 7. 659.32 1325.12 40 8. 824.15 1657.65 50 9. 989.00
1989.00 60
the table 2 shows the test result for the system for a load of 1 KW and 2 KW for 16 channel load. the Itime" reflects
the
time during which the system was actively saving energy. the table 1 and table 2 reflects the fact that the system is
highly energy efficient. the energy increase in the system is minimal and henceforth the energy conservation is
maximum.
Fig. 6. Plot between time (min) and Power Saved (Watt) for 16 channel
For the same load if the number of channel is doubled, the amount of power saving remains the same as for 8
channel as shown in Fig. 6.
V. FUtURE WORK
1. Application for windows, android and ios platform can be design enabling the control of the load unit via laptop
computers, tablets and mobile phones. 2. Voltage/current regulation can be implemented in order to vary the
intensity/speed of different loads, thereby making the system more energy efficient. 3. Implementation of the star
topology (refer Fig. 7) will allow access of the system over the internet but at the same time keeping the energy
conservation technique in mind. 4. Interfacing Real time Chip (RtC) will allow the system to work independently
and control the loads depending on the current system time. 5. Single Channel control in the load unit can be
implemented. 6. the system can be modified for security purposes using other sensors such as IR sensors,
Proximity Sensors, RIFID tags etc.
VI. CONCLUsION
the system has been designed over the Bluetooth platform in order to keep the power consumption low and provides
easy access with available technology in the market. since the system is developed to be installed in vicinity hence
use of WLAN is an expensive and high energy consumption option whereas the zigYbee protocol restricts the
system up gradation and easy interface with the available technology (like mobile phones, laptops etc) is possible.
the disadvantage of using a RF (Radio Frequency) channel was the problem of interference which reduced the
possibility of system expansion. the developed system follows a pushYfit protocol i.e the load unit doesnГt hamper
the normal operating conditions of switch boards even in the absence of sensing unit. the current system is designed
for 8 channels and itГs flexible to variation in load as more channel can easily be incorporated in the same system.
the energy consumption with additional 8 channels increases only by 0.00036 W/hr at the load side, which shows
the high efficiency and easy expandability of the system.
R
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Industrial Monitoring and Control using a smart sensor platform" [3] CheeYYee Chong, srikanta p. Kumar, Isensor Networks:
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and Challenges" [4] tamer Nadeem and Ashok Agrawala, Iperformance of IEEE 802.11 based [5] Wireless Emin Birey
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2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC) 185