Correct Matches: CHAPTER 5

➜ The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or

adaptive behaviors.
behavior modification

➜ School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of

observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning.
behaviorism

➜ In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form

associations between certain stimuli and responses.
biological preparedness

➜ The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus
with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same
classical conditioning response.

➜ Tolman’s term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar

environment.
cognitive map

➜ A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated

with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer.
conditioned reinforcer

➜ The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus.

conditioned response
(CR)

➜ A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive

response.
conditioned stimulus (CS)

➜ The process of learning associations between environmental events and

behavioral responses.
conditioning

➜ A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular

response is followed by a reinforcer.
continuous
reinforcement

➜ A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely

to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not likely
discriminative stimulus to be reinforced.
➜ The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior.
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is
extinction (in classical repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
conditioning)

➜ The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. In operant

conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer
extinction (in operant followed by a reinforcer.
conditioning)

➜ A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first

response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed.
fixed-interval (FI)
schedule

➜ A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed

number of responses has occurred.
fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

➜ A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions

as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second
higher order conditioning conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it
(also called second-order has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
conditioning)

➜ The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere

with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.
instinctive drift

➜ Tolman’s term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is
not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available.
latent learning

➜ Learning principle, proposed by Thorndike, in which responses followed by a

satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a
law of effect particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are
weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation.

➜ A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive

events produces passive behavior.
learned helplessness

➜ A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge

as a result of past experience.
learning

➜ Neurons that activate both when an action is performed and when the same
action is perceived.
mirror neurons

➜ A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a

reinforcing stimulus; also called punishment by removal.
negative punishment
➜ A situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or
escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response
negative reinforcement will be repeated in similar situations.

➜ Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.

observational learning

➜ The experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the relationship

between environmental events and active behaviors.
operant chamber or
Skinner box

➜ The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a
response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.
operant conditioning

➜ Skinner’s term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on
the environment to produce consequences.
operant

➜ The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial

reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are
partial reinforcement conditioned using continuous reinforcement.
effect

➜ A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes

followed by a reinforcer.
partial reinforcement

➜ An individual’s psychological and physiological response to what is actually a

fake treatment or drug; also called placebo effect.
placebo response

➜ A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of

an aversive stimulus; also called punishment by application.
positive punishment

➜ A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing

stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar
positive reinforcement situations.

➜ A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given

species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.
primary reinforcer

➜ The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to

decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
punishment

➜ The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the

likelihood of that response being repeated.
reinforcement
➜ The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number
of responses or the time interval between responses.
schedule of
reinforcement

➜ The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively

closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.
shaping

➜ The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a

period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
spontaneous recovery

➜ The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other,

similar stimuli.
stimulus discrimination

➜ The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to
other, similar stimuli as well.
stimulus generalization

➜ A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that

develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food.
taste aversion

➜ The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned

stimulus.
unconditioned response
(UCR)

➜ The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for
prior learning.
unconditioned stimulus
(UCS)

➜ A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first

response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies
variable-interval (VI) unpredictably from trial to trial.
schedule

➜ A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average

number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial
variable-ratio (VR)
schedule