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SOLVENTS
Ceniza E. A.*, Colonia J. L.*, Galarpe C.*, Rivas N. M.*, Sunga J. L.*
I. INTRODUCTION
If a solute is introduced into any two phase system which may be gas/solid, gas/liquid,
liquid/liquid or liquid/solid, it will become distributed between the two phases.
(1) aaqaorg=K
Equation 1 is a mathematical statement of the Nernst Distribution Law, which states that
a substance will distribute itself between two solvents until at equilibrium. The ratio of
the activities of the substance in the two layers is constant at any given temperature.
When the solutions are dilute, or when the solute behaves ideally, the activity is
essentially equal to concentration C. [1]
The ratio of the concentration, of the substance A in the organic phase, CA, org, and aqueous
phase, CA, aq, at equilibrium gives the distribution coefficient K.
(3) xn = xoKVKV+vn
Here K=C1C2, when K is known equation 3 may be used to estimate the number of
extraction necessary to reduce x to some given value xn. Another important assumption
that can be made from equation 3 is that if a given volume V of a solvent is available for
extraction, greater extracting efficiency can be obtained if this volume is utilized in a
number of separate extractions that if it were all used once. Hence, it is better to extract
with small volumes of solvent several times than once with a large volume.
II. PROCEDURE
RESULTS
Table 1
Solution Volume of Sample Volume of NaOH Concentration Distribution
(ml) used of HAc Coefficient
(ml)
(ml)
UPPER LOWER UPPER LOWER UPPER LOWER K
0.5N HAc 10 10 0.2 6.4 0.01 0.32 32.00
+ benzene
1N HAc + 10 10 0.4 13 0.02 0.65 32.5
benzene
Table 1.1 shows the concentration of acetic acid in the upper and lower layers after
titrating with 0.5N NaOH. The Distribution coefficient K at different concentration of
acetic acid mixed with benzene is almost the same.
III. ANALYSIS
From table 1.1 and Fig.1 it is shown that the values of the distribution constants
are near each other or almost the same. This can be justified by the Nernst distribution
law which states that a substance will distribute itself between two solvents until at
equilibrium and the ratio of the activities of the substance in two layers is constant at any
given temperature.[1]. Since the solutions are dilute the activities of the substance in the
two layers are essentially equal to their concentrations.[1] Thus equation 2 was used to
get the distribution coefficient. Since the distribution constant is a ratio it justifies that it
is almost the same in the three solutions regardless of their concentration or normality. It
could also be seen in table 1.1 that the concentration of the acetic acid is greater in the
lower layer which is water than in the upper layer which is benzene. Since acetic acid and
water are both polar and like dissolves like, it is justifiable that acetic acid naturally
dissolves more in the water layer.
IV. CONCLUSION
From the data collected it is safe to say that the acetic acid was distributed into the
two layers, water which the lower layer and benzene which is the upper layer, until at
equilibrium the ratio of the concentration of the acetic acid in the two layers is constant.
It is also safe to say that the equilibrium constant will not vary no matter the
concentration or normality of a substance.
V. REFERENCES
[1.] Maron, Samuel and Lando, Jerome. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry. New York,
USA: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1951