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PERSUASIVE SPEECH

A persuasive speech uses logical reasoning to prove that one argument is more legitimate
than the other. Through this, points are emphasized and elaborated for readers to
understand the arguments presented. This may be used to sell a product or convince readers
to accept a particular idea.

EXAMPLE:
INFORMATIVE SPEECH

An informative speech is one that one that intends to educate the audience on a particular
topic.
An informative speech is one that intends to educate the audience on a particular topic.
There are many different types of informative speeches, including speeches that describe the
conditions of a subject and speeches that instruct the audience on how to perform an action.
The main goal of an informative speech is to provide enlightenment regarding a specific
topic the audience knows nothing about. It may demonstrate how to use a new type of
software, explain a new concept in the field of science, describe an expedition an
archaeologist took, or provide details about a person of interest that the audience wants to
learn more about.

EXAMPLE:

Ever See A Liger?

An episode of the edgy, humorous, and often line-crossing show South Park had the four
young main animated characters singing the song "Pig and elephant DNA just won't splice"
after a visit to the South Park Genetic Engineering Ranch. Unfortunately, this is how much
of the country thinks about hybrid animals.
When most people hear the term "hybrid animal," they often think of odd, mutant creatures
- hippopotamuses mixed with lions, dogs mixed with cats, or squirrels mixed with
porcupines. Indeed, the word hybrid invokes the imagination and encourages one to
entertain these improbable combinations as miracles of science.

However, the phrase "hybrid animal" merely means a crossbreeding of two animals - a
process which has occurred for centuries, both artificially and naturally.

A few examples of naturally occurring hybrid animals include the white tail/mule deer,
some Galapagos Finches, and the European Red Deer and Chinese Sika Deer. Noted
evolutionary expert Charles Darwin even commented on animal hybridization. "Many
species have bred in various menageries . . . Strange as the fact may appear, many animals .
. . unite with distinct species and produce hybrids quite as freely as, or even more freely
than, with their own species."

However, science has created some of its OWN hybrids for various purposes. Take, for
instance, the mule - a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, which has existed
since ancient Roman times. For centuries, mules have been used as a means of
transportation and labor. Even today, their sure-footedness makes them one of the best
animals to have in rough terrain or narrow passages. In countries such as Chile and China,
mules are valued for their navigability. In fact, mules are still used to tour the Grand
Canyon's steep and narrow trails!

Hybrid animals are closer to home than even the mule, though. Common pets like cats and
dogs are often hybrid animals, having been crossbred with another breed. Thoroughbred
cats and dogs are valued for the purity of their blood, but because of the cost involved with
thoroughbreds, most people find themselves with crossbred dogs or cats for pets.
Crossbreeding is a process that has occurred for centuries. There are many hybrid animals in
the world, whether produced artificially, by scientists or naturally in a common habitat or
because of familiar characteristics.

Though many believe the unlikeliest hybrid animals, such as the liger, can occur only in a
laboratory, the hybrid polar/grizzly bear found in the wild repudiates this belief. In this
way, hybrid animals provide us with fascinating questions on fertility as well as the limits,
or rather non-limits, of nature, while challenging our imaginations - and our animated
television shows like South Park - to envision the possibilities.
ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH

An argumentative speech is a persuasive speech in which the speaker attempts to persuade


his audience to alter their viewpoints on a controversial issue. Argumentative speech aims to
radically change the opinions already held by the audience. This type of speech is extremely
challenging; therefore, the speaker should be careful to choose a topic which he feels
prepared to reinforce with a strong argument.
Argumentative speeches generally concern topics which are currently being debated by
society, current controversial issues. These topics are often derived from political debates
and issues which are commonly seen in the media. The chosen topic may be political,
religious, social, or ethical in nature. The audience should be challenged to re- examine their
long-held values, and will be asked to alter deeply held convictions based on new evidence
or viewpoints on the issue.

EXAMLPE:

The Value of Critical Thinking

In education and in the work force, more and more emphasis is being placed on developing
critical thinking skills. In her article, "Teaching Skills or Teaching Thinking,” Patricia R.
Palmerton states, “The national call is for students to improve their critical thinking.” If you
know how to think, judge, and reason clearly and critically, you will be a better student,
worker, and problem solver.

We need to encourage each other to stop being negative and hostile and to get into the
mode of being intelligent and objective. Critical thinking is being judgmental, but it involves
forming and defending judgment. It is so important that we are well-informed and that we
state how we received our information. I think we have all heard the statement, “Don’t
confuse me with the facts, I’m perfectly content with the way I think.” Bertrand Russell
said, “Most people would rather die than think; indeed, most of them do.” It is our
responsibility as human beings to evaluate the facts fairly, weigh the information fairly, and
then take the initiative to perform a logical analysis.

Think about the following list of characteristics of critical thinkers from V. R. Ruggiero’s
Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking.

How many of these qualities do you already possess? How can you develop these traits
more fully?
Characteristics of Critical Thinkers
 Critical thinkers regard problems and controversial issues as exciting challenges.
 Critical thinkers strive for understanding, remain patient with complexity, and are
ready to invest time to overcome confusion.
 Critical thinkers base their judgments on evidence rather than personal preferences.
They defer judgment when evidence is insufficient and revise judgments when new
evidence reveals error.
 Critical thinkers are interested in other people’s ideas and are willing to read and
listen attentively, even when they tend to disagree with the position or person.
 Critical thinkers recognize that extreme views, whether conservative or liberal, are
seldom correct. They practice fair-mindedness and seek a balanced view.
 Critical thinkers are honest with themselves and acknowledge what they know and
don’t know. They recognize their limitations and are watchful of their own errors.

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