Table 1: Tie Bar Deflection of 0.

035 m readings
Load (N) Tie Bar Deflection of 0.035m

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average reading

(m) (m) (m) (m)
5 0.00015 0.00016 0.00018 0.00016
10 0.00044 0.00047 0.00048 0.00044
15 0.00071 0.00076 0.00075 0.00074
20 0.00096 0.00103 0.00103 0.001
25 0.00124 0.00125 0.00128 0.00125
30 0.00153 0.00149 0.0015 0.00151
35 0.00174 0.00171 0.00172 0.00172
40 0.00201 0.00195 0.00203 0.002
45 0.00224 0.00226 0.00225 0.00225
50 0.0025 0.00249 0.0025 0.0025

Table 2: Tie Bar Deflection of 0.055 m readings

Load (N) Tie Bar Deflection of 0.055m

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average reading

(m) (m) (m) (m)
5 0.00038 0.00039 0.00036 0.00029
10 0.00068 0.0007 0.00069 0.00069
15 0.00102 0.00112 0.00113 0.00109
20 0.00154 0.00151 0.00151 0.00152
25 0.00195 0.00196 0.00197 0.00196
30 0.00215 0.00216 0.00215 0.00215
35 0.00263 0.00255 0.00263 0.0026
40 0.00313 0.00298 0.00293 0.00301
45 0.00359 0.00346 0.00346 0.0035
50 0.00389 0.00385 0.00388 0.00388
 Table 3: Tie Bar Deflection of 0.075 m readings
Load (N) Tie Bar Deflection of 0.075m

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average reading

(m) (m) (m) (m)
5 0.00033 0.00033 0.00034 0.00033
10 0.000945 0.00093 0.000938 0.00094
15 0.00152 0.00153 0.00157 0.00153
20 0.00201 0.00209 0.00204 0.00205
25 0.00257 0.00261 0.00256 0.00258
30 0.00321 0.00319 0.00318 0.00319
35 0.00377 0.00367 0.00371 0.00372
40 0.00423 0.0042 0.00422 0.00422
45 0.00475 0.00474 0.00476 0.00475
50 0.00534 0.00526 0.00535 0.00532

Table 4: Theoretical Tie Bar Deflection of 0.035 m, 0.055m and 0.075m readings

Theoretical Tie Bar Deflection

Load
(N)
0.035 (m) 0.055 (m) 0.075 (m)

5 0.000298927 0.000469743 0.000640559

10 0.000597855 0.000939486 0.001281118
15 0.000896782 0.001409229 0.001921676
20 0.00119571 0.001878972 0.002562235
25 0.001494637 0.002348716 0.003202794
30 0.001793565 0.002818459 0.003843353
35 0.002092492 0.003288202 0.004483911
40 0.002391419 0.003757945 0.00512447
45 0.002690347 0.004227688 0.005765029
50 0.002989274 0.004697431 0.006405588
 Graph 1: Tie Bar deflection of 0.035m, 0.055 and 0.075m graph

Graph 2: Comparison of theoretical and experimental Tie Bar deflection of 0.035m

graph
Graph 3: Comparison of theoretical and experimental Tie Bar deflection of 0.055m
graph

Graph 4: Comparison of theoretical and experimental Tie Bar deflection of 0.075m

graph
Sample of Calculation:

𝑏𝑑 3
𝐼=
12
…………………………………..(1)
Where,
I = Moment of Inertia (m4)
b = breath of tie bar (m)
d = height of tie bar (m)

𝑏𝑑 3
𝐼=
12

(0.0095𝑚)(0.0095𝑚)3
𝐼=
12

𝐼 = 6.78755 x 10−10 𝑚4

I – 6.78755 x 10-10 m4

𝑀 = 𝐹. 𝑑
..…………………………………(2)

Where,
M = Moment of Inertia (m4)
F = Force (N)
d = Height of eccentric loading (m)

Given:
b/d – 0.0095 m
M = (5N).(0.035m)
= 0.175 N.m
Given:

E- 69Gpa
L – 0.8 m

𝑀𝐿2
∆=
8𝐸𝐼
…………………………………..(3)

∆ - Theoretical tie bar deflection/Bending stress (m)

M – Moment (N.m)
L – Length (m)
E – Modulus of Elasticity (Pa)
𝑏𝑑3
I – Moment of Inertia 12

(0.175𝑁. 𝑚)(0.8𝑚)2
∆=
8(69𝐺𝑝𝑎)(6.78755 𝑥 10−10 𝑚4 )

∆= 0.00029892 𝑚
Discussion

This experiment was conducted using a tie deflection lab apparatus. The eccentric tie
load was set at an interval of 0.035m, 0.055m and 0.075m where loads of
5,10,20,25,30,35,40,45 and 50 N were used and the results of the deflection of the tie
bar was recorded. The theoretical deflection was calculated using formula (3) and the
results were plotted above. From Graph 1 it can be seen that the more the load is
increased the larger the deflection to the tie bar with the highest being the 50N for all
0.035m, 0.055m and 0.075m. The eccentric height for the load also plays a big part in
this experiment. From Graph 1 it can be observed that the more the height of the
eccentric loading the larger the tie bar deflects. The highest deflection is caused by
both of these hypothesis where the eccentric loading was at 0.075m and the load was
50N which resulted in an average deflection of 0.00532m. As for the comparison
between the theoretical and experimental reading the differences can be seen in Graph
2, Graph 3 and Graph 4. The difference for all three is the same where the theoretical
results are more than the experimental results. The difference is not significantly
different apart from Graph 3 where there is a large difference between the readings.
There are many reasons why there is a deviation between the experimental results and
the theoretical results. One of the possible reasons for the difference between the
experimental and the theoretical readings is due the loss of force or dispersion of the
load force onto other mechanical parts. A major part that could have contributed to
this difference is the Load hanger.

Eccentricity of a tie bar is the stiffness of the material due to the load applied to the tie
bar material [1]. If the modulus of elasticity is given and the force or the loading on
the bar is known the eccentricity of the tie bar material can be calculated. The use of
the calculations for an eccentrically tie bar is so that engineers can know the amount
of force it would take for any material to deflect a certain amount[2]. These
experiments can help an engineer to determine how much loading a bridge can take
and the amount of deflection that it has. This deflection amount is important; as the
engineer can then know how much compensation a bridge needs in order to keep it
from bending too much.
References:

[1]E. Hearn, The mechanics of elastic and plastic deformation of solids and structural
materials. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

[2] J. Case, L. Chilver, and C.T.F. Ross, Strength of Materials: with an introduction to
finite element
method, 3rd ed., London: Arnold, 1993, pp 242-246. Contin