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Ha Thi Nguyen, Guangya Yang, and Arne Hejde Nielsen Peter Højgaard Jensen
Department of Electrical Engineering Energy Automation
Technical University of Denmark Siemens A/S
Kgs. Lyngby, 2800 Denmark 2750 Ballerup, 2800 Denmark
Email: (thangu, gyy, ahn)@elektro.dtu.dk Email: peter_hoejgaard.jensen@siemens.com
Abstract—In order to meet the energy demand and at the energy consumption to be supplied from renewable energy by
same time to achieve sustainable development objectives on a 2020 and 2050, respectively [3].
global scale, the Danish government has set a long-term strategy
of fossil fuel free country by the year 2050. However, the decline The rapid and large-scale development of wind farm (WF)
of conventional power generation units and a rising amount of and photovoltaic (PV) sources have led to significant
converter interfaced components (wind turbine, HVDC, and generation parts of variable renewable-energy sources in power
Photovoltaic) may have negative effects on the stability of the systems worldwide. This is not only raising opportunities,
power system. These components do not have enough inertia expanding into newer markets with better resources for the
response to control frequency excursion, so the power grid can most dynamic technologies but also increasing challenges
depend on few synchronous machines for frequency regulation regarding their integration into energy supply systems.
and reduce the system inertia. Consequently, the frequency
stability of the system will be easily jeopardized. To address these Most of renewable energy generators are interfaced to the
issues, the paper studies frequency characteristics of future grid through converters and other power electronic devices that
Western Danish renewable-based system that uses a majority of as such do not provide rotational inertia as alternators. Thus,
wind turbine generators. Different scenarios of wind turbine the presence of a large-scale wind and solar generation and
penetration, governor responsibility of synchronous generators, consequently few conventional generators can drastically
and disturbance are simulated to examine the impact of high- increase the risk of concerning frequency response in the
level renewable energy integration on the system frequency power systems after a major disturbance. Rate of change of
characteristics. The effect of synchronous condensers for the frequency (ROCOF) is higher in power systems with lower
frequency stability enhancement is investigated. It can be system inertia, making frequency control and power system
concluded from the comparative simulation results that operation more challenging. As a result, it is likely that
synchronous condenser demonstrates a satisfactory performance uncertainty will exist over the inertial response capability of the
for improving the system frequency stability. system at high renewable energy penetration levels.
Keywords— Renewable energy system; synchronous condenser; A number of studies about frequency characteristics in
low inertia system; frequency control; frequency stability. power systems with high renewable energy penetration have
been reported in the literature [4]-[5]. The influence of
I. INTRODUCTION different wind turbine technologies on frequency stability is
evaluated in [4]. The role and value of frequency response
Renewable energy sources have achieved strong popularity support from wind generators with a novel stochastic
over the past decade, generating 22% of the total global energy scheduling formulation is assessed in [5].
consumption by 2013 and becoming much more prominent in
the total world's energy supply. By 2020, the amount of global To improve the frequency control for a system with high
electricity generation coming from renewable energy will be level renewable energy penetration, several control methods
over 26% higher than today's combined electricity demand of have been studied as follows. In [6]-[7], an energy storage
China, India, and Brazil. Deployment continues to shift toward system (ESS) like batteries or capacitors is added together with
energy-hungry emerging markets and some countries such as a PV unit or wind farm. A coordinated control is implemented
China and India [1]. between the ESS and the wind farm or PV generation to
optimize the power output by renewable energies and the
Europe is the global leader and the front runner in frequency support. Another possibility is curtailing the PV or
renewable-energy technologies. In the European Union, wind turbine units. This means the units operate at a reduced
renewable energy has already reached a significant share of the power level that can be used for frequency control [8]. The
total energy produced. The European Wind Energy Association main benefit of this method is that frequency control can be
has set a target to achieve 25% of EU electricity from wind delivered for a long period to participate in primary and
energy by 2030 [2]. Denmark, one of top ten countries in using secondary control as traditional power plants. However,
renewable energy, has the target of 30% and 100% of gross
IMPROVEMENT Erot ¦ S H
i i
(1)
i 1
The frequency of a power grid is one of the most important
references that indicate the system's stability, security, and where S i is the rated MVA of the i-th synchronous generator;
quality. The frequency of a system depends on active power
balance, meaning that the total generation power has to equal to H i is the inertia constant of the i-th synchronous generator
the total load consumption (including system losses) [16]. (second); and n is the total number of committed synchronous
When the balance between of generation and demand is not generators.
2016 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm): Control and Operation for Smart
Grids, Microgrids and Distributed Resources
Sweden
VSC-HVDC Link
VSC-HVDC Link
Norway
Rectifier
A
Inverter
B NJVB3 ~
VdcB
~ 22/0.69 kV
VW
NVV
VHA SC
AHA
FER
~
MKS SSVB3,4
Load 1
0.69/22 kV
~
TJE
VW
TRI
LAG FGD FVO
HR 1, 2 ~
FYVB7
Load 3 SVS
EDR
REV
VKE
KAS
~
~ ESVB3
SKVB3
SHE
Germany
Load 2
~ ENVB3
The equivalent system inertia constant of the network is disconnected from the system, or an area of the system that
determined as follows: operates under large import or export conditions is suddenly
n disconnected and goes into islanding operation.
Erot ¦S H i i
(2) Droop constant (R) determines the power versus the
H sys i 1
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Varme/Vindforsk/reports/reports-VFIII
This work is supported by Synchronous Condenser [19] Energinet.dk, “Electricity interconnections,” Feb. 2014. [online].
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