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College of Science
University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Metro-Manila
The course aims to develop the students’ physical intuition and ability to systematically solve a wide variety of
Course Goal
problems on the fundamentals of thermodynamics, relativity, quantum physics.
COURSE COVERAGE
Lecture Objectives
hour no. After the discussion and lined up activities, you should be able to: Topics
Read: Syllabus, and Young and Freedman, 13th ed. pp. vii- viii
THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 17: TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
▪ Describe how temperature is measured.
Zeroth Law of
▪ Explain the meaning of thermal equilibrium and what thermometers really measure. Thermodynamics
1 ▪ Illustrate how the zeroth law is used to define temperature and design temperature scales.
Temperature
▪ Mathematically and physically describe the relationship of various scales. Measurement
▪ Explain the physics behind the absolute temperature scale.
Read: Sec. 17.1, 17.2, 17.3 Exercises 17.1 17.7, 17.13, 17.15
▪ Describe how the dimensions of an object change as a result of a temperature change.
2 ▪ Calculate for the expansion of solids due to changes in temperature. Thermal Expansion
▪ Calculate for the thermal stress experienced by solids due to changes in temperature.
Read: Sec 17.4: Exercises 17.17, 17.22, 17.25, 17.31
▪ Physically describe what heat is.
Heat
▪ Differentiate heat from temperature.
▪ Mathematically and physically describe specific heat and molar heat capacity. Specific Heat and Heat
3
Capacity
▪ Perform calorimetric calculations that involve heat flow in an isolated system with no
change of phase. Calorimetry
▪ Perform calorimetric calculations that involve heat flow and changes of phase.
Read: 17.5, 17.6 Exercises: 17.38, 17.42, 17.45, 17.63
▪ Enumerate and differentiate the three ways thermal energy may be transferred.
Mechanisms of Heat
4 ▪ Describe emissivity and blackbodies.
Transfer
▪ Solve for heat current in conduction and radiation.
Read Section 17.7 Exercises 17.65, 17.70, 17.75, 17.77
▪ Identify the system-environment interactions from the boundary. Work Done During
8
▪ Interpret pV diagrams of a thermodynamic process. Volume Changes
▪ Compute the work done using pV diagrams. Paths Between
▪ Compute the work done for different thermodynamic paths. Thermodynamic States
Read Sec 19.1, 19.2, 19.3 Exercises 19.1, 19.3, 19.6, 19.41
First Law of
▪ Explain mathematical and physical significance of internal energy as a state function. Thermodynamics
▪ Solve for thermodynamic quantities using the conservation of energy.
Internal Energy as State
9 ▪ Differentiate the following basic thermodynamic processes: isochoric, isobaric, Function
isothermal, adiabatic and a cyclic process.
▪ Write down the first law equations for the said processes. Thermodynamic
Processes
Read Sec 19.4, 19.5 Exercises 19.9, 19.12, 19.18, 19.19
▪ Differentiate heat capacities of an ideal gas for various processes. Internal Energy of an
▪ Solve for the change in internal energy, work and heat transferred for the said processes. Ideal Gas
10
▪ Solve for the thermodynamic/ state variables of one state given the thermodynamic Adiabatic Processes
variables of another state.
Read Sec 19.6, 19.7, 19.8 Exercises 19.23, 19.29, 19.35, 19.38, 19.61
RELATIVITY
Note: the text to be used here is Spacetime Physics, Taylor and Wheeler, 1st ed.
Newtonian Relativity
▪ Define an inertial reference frame.
▪ State the Principle of Relativity.
16 Einstein’s Postulates
▪ Explain the implications of Einstein’s Postulates.
▪ Convert from conventional to natural units c = 1 and vice versa.
Natural Units
Read Sections 1, 2 and 3 of Spacetime Physics
Do Exercises in the handout
Events and
Measurements
▪ Define an event and describe how measurements are taken in an inertial frame.
17 ▪ Define the interval and differentiate it from the Euclidean notion of distance. Invariance of the
▪ Calculate the proper time of the straight line connecting two events Interval
Proper Time
Read Sections 4 to 5 of Spacetime Physics
Exercises from Spacetime Physics: 1, 2, 3
▪ Draw the space-time axis of a given inertial frame and the world lines of all events World Lines
relative to this inertial frame.
▪ Interpret physical meaning of space-time diagrams. Spacetime Diagrams
18 ▪ Relate geometric measurements with relativistic concepts.
▪ Use light cones to determine causal relations between events. Light Cones
▪ Describe the character of a spacetime interval between two events.
▪ Calculate the proper time along the world line of a particle. Proper Time
Read Sections 6 and 7 of Spacetime Physics
Young and Freedman Exercise 37.2, 37.5, 37.7
▪ Relate measurements of an event in one inertial frame with another inertial frame.
▪ Relate Galilean and Lorentz transformations with the Einstein’s Postulates. Lorentz Transformation
19
▪ Differentiate between quantities that are the same in all reference frames (invariants) from
quantities that depend on the reference frame (covariants).
Read Section 8 of Spacetime Physics
Do Exercise 9, 10, and 11 of Spacetime Physics
Relativity of
▪ Describe synchronization of two clocks relative to inertial observers. Simultaneity
20 ▪ Given a physical situation involving relativistic motion, apply definitions of proper time
and proper length to draw qualitative and quantitative conclusions regarding the length, Length Contraction
time interval.
Time Dilation
Read Section 8 of Spacetime Physics, Exercise 23 (same content as Young and Freedman Sec
37.2)
from Young and Freedman: Ex 37.1
▪ Construct two-observer spacetime diagrams.
▪ Use two-observer spacetime diagrams to identify simultaneous events according to the lab
Two-Observer
21 frame, and the rocket frame.
Spacetime Diagrams
▪ Use two-observer spacetime diagrams to identify events occurring at the same place
according to the lab frame, and the rocket frame.
Do Exercise (from Spacetime Physics) 48
▪ Given two inertial frames in relative motion, relate the measured velocities in one inertial Velocity
frame to the measured velocities in the other inertial frame. Transformation
▪ Introduce the rapidity.
22
▪ Given a physical situation involving relativistic motion, apply relativistic Doppler effect Relativistic Doppler
to draw qualitative and quantitative conclusions regarding frequency and velocity. Effect
Spacetime Physics Section 9, Exercise 6, Exercise 80, 83
Young and Freedman Ex 37.15, 37.17, 37.23, 37.25
Relativistic Energy-
▪ Calculate the relativistic energy and momentum of a particle given its rest mass and Momentum
velocity.
23
▪ Calculate the relativistic energy and momentum of a photon given its velocity, frequency Planck hypothesis
and Planck’s constant. (reading assignment, Ex
72 Spacetime Physics)
Read Spacetime Physics Sec 10, 11, and 12 pp 101-113, Exercises from Spacetime Physics: 66,
72
Young and Freedman Ex 37.29, 37.30, 37.37, 38.1
▪ Calculate the relativistic energy and momentum of a particle in one reference frame given
Lorentz Transformation
24 its measured values in another inertial frame.
of Energy-Momentum
▪ Derive the Doppler Shift formulae.
Read Spacetime Physics Sec 12. pp 113-121, pp 134-138
Spacetime Physics Exercise 62, 66, 75
▪ Use invariance of mass to relate the energy and momentum of a particle to its rest mass.
▪ Use invariance of mass to relate energy and momentum of a photon.
25 Invariance of Mass
▪ Relate invariance of mass to invariance of interval.
▪ Calculate the total mass of the system.
Read Spacetime Physics Sec 13. pp 134-138
▪ Use conservation of energy-momentum and invariance of mass to calculate different
26 quantities involving collisions between particles (i.e., the threshold kinetic energies for a Conservation Laws
given reaction).
Read Young and Freedman Sec. 44.1 to 44.3
Young and Freedman Ex. 44.1, 44.4, 44.16, 44.21, 44.23
Read: 39.5
▪ State the uncertainty principle and be able to estimate uncertainties in experiments.
▪ Use the energy-time uncertainty principle to estimate lifetimes and masses.
33 Uncertainty Principle
▪ Use the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to estimate uncertainties in position and
momentum.
Read: 39.3
Ex: 39.19, 39.21 ,39.23, 39.26, Q39.8
▪ Explain what a wave function is and illustrate its significance in determining all
physically measurable quantities in a quantum system.
▪ Introduce the Schrödinger Equation and illustrate its significance in describing quantized Wave Functions and the
34
systems. Schrödinger Equation
▪ Recognize the wave function of a free-particle with definite momentum and kinetic
energy.
Read: Young and Freedman 39.5, Moore Q7
Superposition of
quantum states
▪ State the superposition principle and relate it to the uncertainty principle in quantum
mechanics.
35
▪ Given a superposition of normalized eigenfunctions of a quantum mechanical observable, Eigenfunctions
calculate the probability that a measurement of the observable yields a specific value.
Eigenvalues
Read: 39.5
Ex: 39.37
▪ Determine how the spin of an electron orbiting the hydrogen nucleus can combine with its
orbital angular momentum.
Read: 41.2 and 41.3
Ex: 41.14, 41.15, 41.17, 41.19, 41.23
▪ Determine how one can describe many-electron atoms using the Schrödinger equation.
▪ Determine how one can simplify the description of many- electron atoms via the
Schrödinger equation. Many-Electron Atoms
43 ▪ State the Pauli exclusion principle, and how it is crucial to describing many-electron and the Exclusion
atoms. Principle