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CEE 320
Anne Goodchild
Introduction
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_JF_x
PhpKA
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Outline
1. Concepts
1
2. Vertical Alignment
a. Fundamentals
b. Crest Vertical Curves
c. Sag Vertical Curves
d
d. E
Examples
l
3. Horizontal Alignment
a. Fundamentals
a
b. Superelevation
4. Other Stuff
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Draw a roadway
• Street view
• Arial view
• Side view
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Identify a point on that roadway
• Alignment is a 3D problem
broken down into two 2D
problems
– Horizontal Alignment
(arial or plan view)
– Vertical Alignment
(side or profile view)
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Vertical Alignment
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Stationing – Linear Reference System
Horizontal Alignment
g
100 ffeett
>100 ffeett
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Questions
• Why stationing?
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Kawazu Nanadaru Loop Bridge
Kawazu-Nanadaru
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Alignment
G1 G2
G1 G2
y = ax + bx + c
2
PVI
G1 δ
PVC G2
PVT
L/2
y = ax + bx + c
2
Ch
Choose Either:
Eith
• G1, G2 in decimal form, L in feet
Fall 2008
CEE 320
PVI
G1 δ
PVC G2
PVT
L/2
At the PVC : x = 0
Fall 2008
CEE 320
y = ax 2 + bx
b +c
dY
=
dx
At the PVC : x = 0
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Choose Either:
• G1, G2 in decimal form, L in feet
Relationships • G1, G2 in p
percent,, L in stations
d 2Y G2 − G1 G2 − G1
Anywhere : 2
= 2a = ⇒a=
dx L 2L
PVI
G1 δ
PVC G2
PVT
L/2
L
x
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Example
A 400 ft. equal tangent crest vertical curve has a PVC station of
100+00 at 59 ft. elevation. The initial grade is 2.0 percent and the final
grade is -4.5 percent. Determine the elevation and stationing of PVT,
and the high point of the curve.
PVI
PVT
PVT
PVT
PVT
G1
PVT
PVC
G2
PVI
A = G1 − G2
G1 x
PVT
PVC
Y
Ym G2
PVI Yf
A = G1 − G2
A 2 AL AL
Y= x Ym = Yf =
200 L 800 200
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Go back to the parabola
y = ax + bx + c
2
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Other Properties
L
K=
A
• G is in decimal, x is in stations
CEE 320
Fall 2008
Vertical Curve Fundamentals
• Parabolic function
– Constant rate of change of slope
– Implies equal curve tangents
y = ax + bx
2
b +c
PVI
G1 δ
PVC G2
PVT
L/2
PVC
PVI
PVT
Vertical Curve Fundamentals
PVI
G1 δ
PVC G2
PVT
L/2
y = ax + bx + c
2
Ch
Choose Either:
Eith
• G1, G2 in decimal form, L in feet
Fall 2008
CEE 320
G1 x
PVT
PVC
Y
Ym G2
PVI Yf
A = G1 − G2
A 2 AL AL
Y= x Ym = Yf =
200 L 800 200
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Other Properties
V12
SSD = + V1 ×t r
⎛a ⎞
2 g ⎜⎜ ± G ⎟⎟
⎝g ⎠
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Sight Distance (S)
L=
A(S )
2
L = 2(S ) −
(
200 H1 + H 2 )
2
(
200 H1 + H 2 )
2
Fall 2008
A
CEE 320
Crest Vertical Curves
• Simplified Equations
For S < L For S > L
A(S )
2
L = 2(S ) −
2158
L=
2158 A
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Crest Vertical Curves
• Assume L > S and check
– Generally true
– Always safer
2
S
K=
2158
G1
headlight
g beam ((diverging
g g from LOS by
y β degrees)
g ) G2
PVC PVT
h1 PVI
h2=0
L
• Sight distance limited by headlights at
night
g t
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Sag Vertical Curves
Light Beam Distance (S)
G1
headlight
g beam ((diverging
g g from LOS by
y β degrees)
g ) G2
PVC PVT
h1=H PVI
h2=0
L
For S < L For S > L
• Simplified Equations
For S < L For S > L
• Assuming L > S…
2
S
K=
400 + 3.5S
• Again,
Again set SSD=S
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves
Fall 2008
CEE 320
1 Assume S<L
1.
A(S )
2
L=
400 + 3.5(S )
• Required SSD
V12
SSD = + V1t r
⎛a ⎞
2 g ⎜⎜ ± G ⎟⎟
⎝g ⎠
• 196.53 ft
• assumes 0 grade
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Sag Vertical Curves
Light Beam Distance (S)
G1
diverging from horizontal plane of vehicle by β degrees G2
PVC PVT
h1 PVI
h2=0
1. Assume S<L
A(S )
2
2. A=6.4 L=
2158
3. S=+/- 224.9 ft. But our curve only 150 ft. So assumption wrong.
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Crest Vertical Curve
L = 2(S ) −
2158
A
V12
SSD = + V1t r
⎛a ⎞
2 g ⎜⎜ ± G ⎟⎟
• S = 243 ft ⎝g ⎠
• SSD = 196.53 ft
L=
A(S )
2
L = 2(S ) −
(
200 H1 + H 2 )
2
(
200 H1 + H 2 )2
A
– H1=H2=3.5
=3 5 ft
ft, let S=PSD
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Underpass Sight Distance
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Underpass Sight Distance
S L
S<L S L
S>L
A(S ) H1 + H 2 ⎞
2
⎛
Lm = 800⎜ H c − ⎟
⎛ H1 + H 2 ⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠
800⎜ H c − ⎟ Lm = 2 S −
⎝ 2 ⎠ A
Fall 2008
CEE 320