He issued an official nobility of slaves known as
THE DELHI SULTANATE
Slave dynasty (1206-1290)
This dynasty is also called IIbari dynasty because
it was founded by Iibari turks and also called
Mumlak dynasty
It is called so because most of the sultans were
slaves e.g. Qutbuddin Aibak was slave of
Mohammad Ghori, Iltumish was a slave of
Qutbuddin Aibak and Balban was a slave of
Iltumish.
Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210)
First Turkish kingdom was founded by
Qutbuddin Aibak in northern part of india. He
has his capital in Lahore.
He was also known as lakh bakhsh because he
was a great donator.
Two mosques were built by him known as
Quwwat-ul-Islam and Adhai Din Ka Jhopra
(Ajmer).
Construction of Qutub Minar was started by
him. He named Qutub Minar after a Sufi saint
Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
He was died while playing Chaugan (polo) after
falling from his horse.
Aram Shah (1210-1211)
Aram shah succeeded his father Qutbuddin
Aibak but killed by Iltumish.
Iltumish (1211-1236)
Iltumish married to the daughter of Qutbuddin
Aibak and subsequently Qutbuddin Aibak
appointed him Governor of Badaun.
He is known as the real founder of Delhi
Sultanate because be ruled from Delhi in place
of Lahore.
Some part of Qutub Minar was completed
during his time.
He issued coins as Tanka (Silver) and Jital
(Copper).
He introduced Iqtadari system. Head of Iqta was
a Muqti.
Chahalgani (group of forty).
He patronized Minhaj-us-siraj, the author of
Tabaqat-i-Nasiri.
He was died due to illness in 1236.
Raziya (1236-1240)
Iltumish nominated Raziya against the will of
Chahalgani as his successor.
She appointed Jalaluddin Yakut an Abyssinian
(Euthiopian) as her officer which offended the
nobles and theologians.
Most of the governors revolted against her after
his accession of throne, such as Multan,
Badaun, Hasi and Lahore.
In Bhatinda there was a serious revolt against
Raziya by Altunia . He refused to accept
suzerainty of Raziya.
Raziya marched against Altunia with the help of
Yakut. Raziya was imprisoned and yakut was
killed by Altunia.
After some time Raziya married to Altunia and
marched towards Delhi to capture it by force.
They were defeated by Bahram Shah’s Army.
Then they were returned to Bhatinda
(Tabarhinda).
They were deserted by their troops and close to
Kaithal ( Haryana), they were killed by some
robbers in 1240.
Minhaj-us-Siraj said “She had all the capabilities
,her only fault was her being a woman”.
Ghiyasuddin Balban (1265-1287)
He was one of the member of Chahalgani.
Power of Chahalgain was broken by him and he
restored the prestige of the Crown.
He started the spy system and created a strong
army to deal with internal disturbance.
He was the person who claims his genealogy as
descent from mythical Turkish hero, Afrasiyab.
He assumed the title of Zill-i-IIahi (shadow of
god) and Niyabat-i-Khudai (god’s vice regent of
earth).
Sijda (prostration before the monarch) and
paibos (Kissing the feet of monarch) as the
 noble forms of salutation was stated by him. Alauddin khalji (1296-1316)
These are Persian etiquettes.
He also established diwan-i-arz (military Original name of Alauddin Khalji was Ali
department) and also started Nauroj (Persian Gurshap.
He ascended the throne in 1296 after
New Year).
He died in 1287 nominated Kai Khusrau, son of murdering his uncle Jalaluddin Khalji.
the deceased prince Muhammad as his Religion and politics separated first time by him
successor. But nobles set aside Kai Khusrau and and he proclaimed “Kingship knows no kinship”.
placed another grandson of Balban, Kaiqubad Deccan region was held by his slave Malik Kafur
on the throne. who defeated Yadavas of Devagiri, Kakatiyas of
Last ruler of slave dynasty is Kayumers and was Warangal, Hoyasalas of Dwarasamudra and
killed by Jalaluddin Khalji in 1290. Pandyas of Madurai between (1308-1311).
Balban showed special attention to poet Amir Alauddin khalji also demolished Somnath
Temple which was rebuilt in 12th century.
Khusrau.
In his time there was some causes of rebellion.
Slave Sultans (1206-1290) Some are mentioned below.
 Inefficiency of spy system.
Qutbuddin Aibak 1206-1210  General use of liquor.
Aram Shah 1210-1211  Matrimonial alliances as well as Social
intercourse among the nobles.
Shamsuddin Iltutmish 1211-1236
 Excess wealth held by notable people.
Ruknuddin Firuz 1236 To curb such type of causes he issued some
ordinances as mentioned below.
Raziya 1236-1240
 Confiscation of the religious
Bahram shah 1240-1242 endowments and free grants of lands.
 Reorganization of spy system.
Alauddin Masud 1242-1246
 Prohibition of the use of wine.
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1246-1265  Nobles should not have social gathering
Ghiyasuddin Balban 1265-1287 and they shall not inter marry without
Alauddin’s permission.
Kaiqubad 1287-1290 Foundation of permanent standing army was
Shamsuddin Kayumars 1290 done by him.
He started descriptive roll of individual soldiers
as (Huliya or Chehra) and branding of horses
KHALJI DYNASTY (1290-1320) (Dagh).
He established a system as market control
system known as diwan-i-riyasat. He fixed
prices of food grains, cloth and other
Jalaluddin Khalji (1290-1296) commodities far below the usual market rates.
The market individually looked after by
He was on the throne at the age of seventy in
Shahana-i-Mandi.
1290.
Hindus were required to pay a separate tax
He served Balban for many years as an iqtadar
known as jizya and fixed state share at 50% of
of and iqta.
the gross produce of the land .
He wants to be a pious Muslim with the desire
Measurement of land was introduced by him to
to be recognized as the Mujahid-fi-Sabillah
ascertaining the amount of land in the
(fighter in the path of god).
 possession of every cultivator and actual Miftahul Futuh The military campaigns of
produce thereof. Jalaluddin khalji
He declared himself as Sikandar-i-Sani.the Ashiqa & Khizar khan Love story of Deval Rani
second Alexander.
Amir Khusrau and Amir Hasan resided in his Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji (1316-1320)
court and he was a great patron of learning fine
Arts. Literacy lights from them. Shihabuddin Umar, the Grandson of Alauddin
The perfect specimen of Turkish architecture khalji was nominated as the successor and was
was Alai Darwaza and also built fort of Siri and placed on the throne by Malik Kafur.
the Palace of Thousand Pillars called Hazar Malik Kafur was murdered by Mubarak khan
Situn. son of Alauddin Khalji and raised himself on the
 The Alai Darwaza is the main gateway throne with the title of Qutbuddin Mubarak
from southern side of the Quwwat-ul- Shah.
Islam Mosque. All the ordinances of Alauddin khalji was
 Siri fort was built to defend the city repealed by him.
from onslaught Mongols. During his time Khusrau was appointed as malik
 Hazar Situn also known as the palace of naib (prime minister).
thousand pillars. He was killed in 1320 by Khusrau.
Khusrau was killed by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
Alauddin’s Expeditions
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
Expedition Year
Gujarat 1299 Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325)
Ranthambhor 1300-1301
Warangal 1303 and 1308 During Alauddin’s reign he seved as muqti of
Chittor 1303 Dipalpur (Punjab) for many years.
Malwa 1305 He has alien relations with Sheikh Nijamuddin
Jalor 1311 Auliya.
Amir Khusrau Under the command of his son he sent two
expeditions against the Kakatiya rulers of
He was a versatile person as a soldier, a
Warangal in (1321) and was defeated in his first
composer of poetry in Arabic, Persian, Urdu,
expeditions but in second expedition (1323) he
and a diplomat, shrewd in court matters.
managed to secure to surrender of the
He was a prolific writer which was associated
kingdom.
with more than seven rulers in Delhi sultanate
He directed towards Bengal in 1324 which was
during 1253-1325.
an independent principality since the death of
He assisted Alauddin khalji on his Chittor
Balban so annexed eastern and southern
expedition and talked about performing of
Bengal.
Jauhar by Rajput women there.
The credit of improving the system of
He was also known as Tuti-i-Hind or parrot of
communication, particularly perfecting the
India. He was a good musician.
postal system goes to him.
Amir khusrau’s literary work He laid the foundation of a bid fort called
Tughlaqabad.
Khazain-ul-Fatah Expeditions of Alauddin He was died in 1326 when a pavilion which was
(Tarikh-i-Alai) khalji erected by jauna khan for his reception fell
Tughlaqnama History of Ghiyasuddin upon him.
Tughlaq
Khamsah A collection of his five works Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351)
 Muhammad bin Tughlaq is also known as Jauna
Khan.
He is known as most learned Delhi sultanate
among all Delhi sultanate but he lacked
practical judgment.
During his reign he started Diwan-i-Kohi
(department of agriculture).
Some example of impractical judgments are:
 He tranfered his capital from Delhi to
Devagiri (1326-1327) which was renamed as
Daulatabad.
 He introduced token currency in 1329-1330.
 Increase of land revenue in Doab region up
to 50% of produce.
 Qurachil (Kangra, HP) expedition in 1337-38
He is also known as “prince of moneyers”
because he issued maximum number of coins
among all Delhi sultanates.
There are two important expedition took place
during his reign these are important because
this lead to formation of two independent
kingdom Vijaynagar Kingdom (1336) and
Bahmani Kingdom (1349).
Among all delhi sultanate he faced maximum
number of rebellion.
He completed the construction of Tughlaqabad
fort and was named as Jahanpanah by him.
He died in 1351 due to illness.
Moroccan traveler Ibn Batuta visited delhi
during his reign in 1333.
Abdul Qadir Badauni said “The Sultan was freed
from his people and the people from the
sultan”.
Later Tughlaqs (1388-1414)
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)
He was cousin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
During his reign he faced problem of imminent
breakup of Delhi sultanate. Then, he declared
his state as a Sunni Islamic state under the
influence of clergy.
He declared that whenever a noble dies, his son
should be allowed to succeed to his position
including his Iqta and if he had no son, then his
son-in-law and in his absence his slave.
He imposed separate tax known as jizya on
Brahmans. He is the first Delhi sultanate to do
so.
He introduced a series of canals for irrigation
which is the most important contribution done
by him during his reign.
Some town Firozabad, Fatehahad, Hissar Firoza,
Jaunpur and Ferozpur were founded by him.
He is the first to establish employment bureau
and placed an officer in charge of it.
He established Dur-ul-Shifa (Charitable Hospital)
and Diwani-i-Khairat (Chariy Bureau).
For the first time he separated department of
slaves which was called as Diwan-i-Bandagan.
He patronized Ziauddin Barani and Shams-i-Siraj
Afif.Two important works of history, namely
fatwah-i-Jahandari and Tarikh-i-Firozshahi by
Barani were written during his reign.
He wrote his autobiography as Futuhat-i-
Firozshahi. He also started to translate Sanskrit
work in Persian.
He is known for his effort to decode the script
of Ashokan pillars.
Longest expedition was Thatta (sindh) and
Gujarat during which he shows sadness for the
sufferings of his soldiers and pledged never to
go for a war again and Thatta expedition was
described as most mismanaged expedition
among Delhi sultanate.
Expedition of Nagarkot was the most successful
during his reign.
He died in 1388.