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STATS CHEAT SHEET

Eeeeeep! How do I decide which test to use?!

What type of data do I have?

Continuous Data Only Nominal (Frequency) Data Categorical/Nominal data and Continuous data

Do I know the population  and ? Run a Chi Square Do I have Independent Samples/Conditions?

Yes No Yes No

Run a Z - Test Run a Paired Samples

T-Test
Do I know the population ? Do I have 2 conditions - aka Matched, Dependent,
or More conditions? Test-Retest

Yes No
2 Conditons 3 or more Conditions
Run a Single
Sample T-test Run an Independent Samples T-Test Run an ANOVA
Run Correlation
- Use Sample and/or Regression - Look for experimental groups - Look for experimental groups
St. Dev. to predict  analysis - Clues: Unequal N’s or Random - Clues: Unequal N’s or Random
Assignment to one or other group Assignment to one or other group
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Z-TESTS

In order to run a Z-Test you must be provided with

- Population 
- Population 

Equation:
Z  X 
/ N

Critical Z-Test values:

1-Tailed 2-Tailed
α = .05 1.64 1.96/-1.96
α = .01 2.33 2.58/-2.58

EXAMPLE:
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SINGLE SAMPLE T-TEST

In order to run a Single Sample T-test you must:

- Be provided with Population 
- Use the sample Standard Deviation to predict Population 

Equations:
t  X 
df = N – 1
SX / N

EXAMPLE:
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PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST

Paired Samples T-Tests:

- Are also known as Dependent or Matched T-Tests
- Do not utilize population parameters, rather are a comparison of scores from a single
sample measured across time
- Look for key words such as “Test-retest”; “Pre-Post”; “Same individuals tested”
- =0

Equations:
t  D
SD 
2

 D    D / N
2
 df = N - 1
SD / N
N 1

 
Confidence Intervals: D  t crit  S D / N 
EXAMPLE:
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INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST

(N’s Equal)

Independent Samples T-Tests:

- Are used to compare 2 Independent groups
- Have experimental groups / conditions
- May have unequal N’s
- Look for key words such as “Experiment”; “Conditions”; “Random Assignment to
one condition or another”

Equations:
t  (X1  X 2 )

 S 12 S 22 

S 2   x2    x / N
2
 N = n 1 + n2 df = N - 2
 
n n  N 1
 1 2 

  S 2 S 2 
 
Confidence Intervals: X 1  X 2  t crit  
1
 2 
 n1 n 2 
  

EXAMPLE:
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INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST

(N’s Unequal)

Equations:
t  (X1  X 2 ) 2

1 1 
S P
 (n1  1) S 12  (n 2  1) S 22
df = N – 2
S P2    n1  n 2  2
 n1 n 2 

 1 
 
Confidence Intervals: X 1  X 2  t crit  S P    
2 1
  n1 n 2  
 

EXAMPLE:
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ANOVA

ANalysis Of VArience:
- Are virtually the same thing as an Independent T-Test except that there are more than
2 conditions
- Accounts for possible inflation of the  level by dividing the  level between all
possible comparisons (i.e. 3 conditions = /3 .:  of 0.017 per comparison)

Equations:
Sums of Squares Mean Square Error
Source df F
(SS) (MS)

k    X i  2     X tot  2  SS Btwn
=
Between =   k-1 = MS Btwn
i 1  n1   N  df Btwn
   MSWithin

SSWithin
= OR
dfWithin
Within SSTot - SSBtwn N-k
 n i  S i2 
 N 
 

 
  X tot 2     X tot  2 
 
Total = N-1
   N 

Estimating the Magnitude of Experimental Effect:

SS TOT  SS WITHIN SS BTWN    k  1  MS WITHIN 
(eta) =   (omega) =  
2 2

SS TOT SS TOT  MS WITHIN

EXAMPLE:
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CHI SQUARE

Chi Square:

 Is used when you have ordinal data

 You are using the obtained data to make a prediction about what the relationship
would have been if there were no difference between the groups

Equations:
(O  E ) 2 Ri C j
2   Eij  df  ( R  1)(C  1)
E N
 Oij 
Likelihood Ratio:  (2R 1)( C 1)  2 Oij ln 
E 
 ij 

Measures of Association:
 Used to test the strength of the relationship
2
Phi: (2 by 2) 
N
2
Cramér’s Phi: (X by X) C 
N ( k  1)
Ri
Odd’s Ratio: (2 by 2) P 
Cj

EXAMPLE:
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CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

Correlation:
- Does not imply causation
- Determine if two sets of continuous data co vary / can one predict the other?
Regression:
- Is a way of predicting the score of the dependent (criterion) variable based on the level of the
independent (predictor) variable

Correlation Equation:
 X Y
 XY  N
r
( X ) 2
( Y ) 2
 (X 2
)
N
  (Y 2
)
N

Regression Equations:

b
 N ( XY )  ( X   Y )
Y’= bX + a
 N ( X )   ( X )
2 2 a  Y bX

Standard Error of the Estimate:

SY’ 2 = Sy2(1-r2)  est  S Y'  S Y  X  S Y (1  r 2 )

Confidence Limits on Y:

CI (Y )  Y ' (t / 2 )( s 'Y  X ) s 'Y  X  sY  X 1 


1  Xi  X  2


N  ( N  1) s X2 
 

Note: for (t/2), if your  = 0.05, you would use the critical t value for  = 0.025.

Hypothesis Testing:

Testing r Testing b Testing Independent b’s

r ( N  2) (b)  ( s x )  ( N  1) b1  b2
t t t
(1  r 2 ) sY  X sb21  sb22

df = N - 2 df = N - 2 df = N - 4

sY  X
sb 
sX  N 1
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EXAMPLE:
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POWER

Power Calculations:
 What is the probability of correctly rejecting a false H0?
 Power is a function of:
o  level
o H1
o Sample size
o Test statistic used
 Where n is unknown, used the power table to estimate  on a given  level.

Power for 1 sample

Effect Size Noncentrality parameter Estimating Required Sample Size

  0  
2

d 1  d n n 
 d 

Power for 2 samples (N’s Equal)

Effect Size Noncentrality parameter Estimating Required Sample Size

  0 n  
2

d 1  d n  2 
 2 d 

Power for 2 samples (N’s Unequal)

Effect Size
Harmonic N Noncentrality parameter Estimating Required Sample Size
*Where  is pooled
1   0
d nh 
2n1 n 2 nh  
2

 n1  n2
 d n  2 
2 d 

Power when  is known

Effect Size Noncentrality parameter Estimating Required Sample Size

2
 
d  1   1  N  1 n     1
 1 

EXAMPLE: