1.

Simple Sentences

A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a
completed thought.

Examples of simple sentences include the following:

1. Joe waited for the train.

"Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb

2. The train was late.

"The train" = subject, "was" = verb

3. Mary and Samantha took the bus.

"Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "took" = verb

4. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.

"I" = subject, "looked" = verb

5. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station early but waited until noon for the bus.
"Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "arrived" and "waited" = compound verb

The use of compound subjects, compound verbs, prepositional phrases (such as "at the bus
station"), and other elements help lengthen simple sentences, but simple sentences often are
short. The use of too many simple sentences can make writing "choppy" and can prevent the
writing from flowing smoothly.

A simple sentence can also be referred to as an independent clause. It is referred to as

"independent" because, while it might be part of a compound or complex sentence, it can also
stand by itself as a complete sentence.

2. Compound Sentences

A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete
sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating
conjunctions are easy to remember if you think of the words "FAN BOYS":

 For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 So
Examples of compound sentences include the following:

1. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.

2. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station, but they arrived at the station before
noon and left on the bus before I arrived.

3. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus
before I arrived.

4. Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus
station.

Coordinating conjunctions are useful for connecting sentences, but compound sentences often
are overused. While coordinating conjunctions can indicate some type of relationship between
the two independent clauses in the sentence, they sometimes do not indicate much of a
relationship. The word "and," for example, only adds one independent clause to another, without
indicating how the two parts of a sentence are logically related. Too many compound sentences
that use "and" can weaken writing.

Clearer and more specific relationships can be established through the use of complex sentences.

3. Complex Sentences

A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence, but
it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence.

Examples of dependent clauses include the following:

 because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon
 while he waited at the train station
 after they left on the bus

Dependent clauses such as those above cannot stand alone as a sentence, but they can be added
to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.

Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Below are some of the most
common subordinating conjunctions:

 after
 although
 as
 because
  before
 even though
 if
 since
 though
 unless
 until
 when
 whenever
 whereas
 wherever
 while

A complex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses.

The dependent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause, as in the
following:

1. Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see them at
the station.
2. While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late.
3. After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train
station.

Conversely, the independent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the dependent
clause, as in the following:

1. I did not see them at the station because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station
before noon.
2. Joe realized that the train was late while he waited at the train station.
3. Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station after they left on the
bus.

Complex sentences are often more effective than compound sentences because a complex
sentence indicates clearer and more specific relationships between the main parts of the sentence.
The word "before," for instance, tells readers that one thing occurs before another. A word such
as "although" conveys a more complex relationship than a word such as "and" conveys.