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Italy
• Set national targets and policy goals for higher education and
agree the size and shape;
• Ensure equal access to higher education for rich and poor, both
genders, and all races;
• Maintain and improve quality;
• Keep the cost of higher education within reasonable limits
(possibly, sharing the cost with parents, students or industry);
• Use funding methods that promote policy goals and provide
incentives;
• Develop the national research capacity.
• A national strategy for Higher Education that sets objectives and goals
(possibly up to 10 years);
• Universities prepare their own strategic plans for their own goals but
within the national framework;
• Performance measures (KPIs) used at both levels;
• University plans can be creative and develop their own distinctive
strategies.
• Freedom to decide:
• One’s own organization and governance model;
• How to spend within a block grant;
• On disposal of assets;
• On the appointment and pay of academic staff
• On the promotion of staff;
• What academic programs to offer;
• Admissions criteria for students
Control Autonomy
• Detailed budgets agreed by MoE; • Block grants agreed;
• ‘line item’ control over budget; • No detailed controls over expenditure
• Surrender of any under-spendings; subheadings;
• Surrender of any income generated; • Earnings can be retained;
• Inability to manage assets or to • Under-spending retained;
borrow money externally • Freedom to switch or sell assets and
borrow funds;
• Accountability for overall budget and
performance
Competitive
advantage
Nation’s
competitiveness
Comparative
advantage
12%
25%
Commitment and hard work
20%
Honesty
Reliability and punctuality