1.

ARTICLE
COMPUTER

A computer is a machine (mostly electronic) that is able to take information (input), and
process it to make new information (output).
Calculating machines are old in the history of technology. Early examples are
the astrolabe and the abacus. Today a computer is a programmable machine. The two
principal characteristics of a computer are: It responds to a specific instruction set in a well-
defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). There are
four main processing steps in a computer: inputting, storage, outputting and processing.
Modern computers are very different from early computers. They can do billions of
calculations per second. Most people have used a personal computer in their home or at work.
Computers do many different jobs where automation is useful. Some examples are
controlling traffic lights, vehicle computers, security systems, washing machines and digital
televisions.
A computer user can control it by a user interface. Input devices include keyboard, mouse,
buttons, and touch screens. Some very sophisticated computers can also be controlled with
voice commands or hand gestures or even brain signals through electrodes implanted in the
brain or along nerves.
Computers can be designed to do almost anything with information. Computers are used to
control large and small machines which in the past were controlled by humans. They are also
in homes, where they are used for things such as listening to music, reading the news and
writing.
Modern computers are electronic computer hardware. They do mathematical arithmetic very
quickly but computers do not really "think". They only follow the instructions in their
software programs. The software uses the hardware when the user gives it instructions, and
gives useful output.
Computer programs are designed or written by computer programmers. A few programmers
write programs in the computer's own language called machine code. Most programs are
written using a programming language like C++, Java, and Fortran. These programming
languages are more like the language with which one talks and writes every day.
The compiler translates the user's instructions into binary code (machine code) that the
computer will understand and do what is needed.
Definition
A computer is a programmable electronic device designed to accept data, perform prescribed
mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these operations,
all under the control of software. Mainframes, desktop and laptop computers, tablets and
smartphones are some of the different types of computers. An electronic machine which helps
in solving problems quickly and easily. It solves problems according to instructions given to
it by the computer user called programs or software. It is a digital machine(that uses binary
digits) used in all fields.
Automation
Most humans have a problem with math. To show this, try doing 584 × 3,220 in your head. It
is hard to remember all the steps! People made tools to help them remember where they were
in a maths problem. The other problem people have is that they have to do the same problem
over and over and over again. A cashier had to make change every day in her head or with a
piece of paper. That took a lot of time and made mistakes. So, people made calculators that
did those same things over and over. This part of computer history is called the "history of
automated calculation," which is a fancy phrase for "the history of machines that make it easy
for me to do this same maths problem over and over without making mistakes."
The abacus, the slide rule, the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from
about 150-100 BC) are examples of automated calculation machines.
Programming[

People did not want a machine that would do the same thing over and over again. For
example, a music box is a machine that plays the same music over and over again. Some
people wanted to be able to tell their machine to do different things. For example, they
wanted to tell the music box to play different music every time. They wanted to be able to
program the music box- to order the music box to play different music. This part of computer
history is called the "history of programmable machines" which is a fancy phrase for "The
history of machines that I can order to do different things if I know how to speak their
language."
One of the first examples of this was built by Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD). He built a
mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a
complex system of ropes and drums. These ropes and drums were the language of the
machine- they told what the machine did and when. Some people argue that this is the first
programmable machine.[1]
Historians disagree on which early machines are "computers". Many say the "castle clock",
an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is the first known programmableanalog
computer.[2][3] The length of day and night could be adjusted every day in order to account for
the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.[4] Some count this daily
adjustment as computer programming.

The Computing Era

At the end of the Middle Ages, people in Europe thought math and engineering were more
important. In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard made a mechanical calculator. Other Europeans made
more calculators after him. They were not modern computers because they could only add,
subtract, and multiply- you could not change what they did to make them do something like
play Tetris. Because of this, we say they were not programmable. Now engineers use
computers to design and plan.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard used punched paper cards to tell his textile loom what kind
of pattern to weave. He could use punch cards to tell the loom what to do, and he could
change the punch cards, which means he could program the loom to weave the pattern he
wanted. This means the loom was programmable.
Charles Babbage wanted to make a similar machine that could calculate. He called it "The
Analytical Engine".[8] Because Babbage did not have enough money and always changed his
design when he had a better idea, he never built his Analytical Engine.
As time went on, computers were used more. People get bored easily doing the same thing
over and over. Imagine spending your life writing things down on index cards, storing them,
and then having to go find them again. The U.S. Census Bureau in 1890 had hundreds of
people doing just that. It was expensive, and reports took a long time. Then an engineer
worked out how to make machines do a lot of the work. Herman Hollerith invented a
tabulating machine that would automatically add up information that the Census bureau
collected. The Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (which later became IBM)
made his machines. They leased the machines instead of selling them. Makers of machines
had long helped their users understand and repair them, and CTR's tech support was
especially good.
Because of machines like this, new ways of talking to these machines were invented, and new
types of machines were invented, and eventually the computer as we know it was born.
Analog and Digital Computers
In the first half of the 20th century, scientists started using computers, mostly because
scientists had a lot of math to figure out and wanted to spend more of their time thinking
about science questions instead of spending hours adding numbers together. For example, if
they had to launch a rocket ship, they needed to do a lot of math to make sure the rocket
worked right. So they put together computers. These analog computers used analog circuits,
which made them very hard to program. In the 1930s, they invented digital computers, and
soon made them easier to program.

Source: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

2. VOCABULARY

1. Astrolabe
Arti :
Kalimat :Early examples are the astrolabe and the abacus
2. Manner
Arti:
 Kalimat: It responds to a specific instruction set in a well-defined manner and
it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions
3. interface ,
Arti: antarmuka pengguna
kalimat: the computer have graphical user interface
4. Sophisticated,
Arti: canggih
Kalimat: Some very sophisticated computers can also be controlled
5. Programmable, arti: dapat diprogram
Kalimat: google website is a programmable web that use many programming
language

6. Question
1. What is the meaning of the computer in general ?
Answer: A computer is a machine (mostly electronic) that is able to take
information (input), and process it to make new information (output).
2. Mention two main characteristic of a computer ?
Answer : The two principal characteristics of a computer are: It responds to a
specific instruction set in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded
list of instructions (a program).
3. What is four main processing steps in a computer ?
Answer: There are four main processing steps in a
computer: inputting, storage, outputting and processing
4. Mention examples of the use of modern computer ?

Answer: Some examples are controlling traffic lights, vehicle computers, security
systems, washing machines and digital televisions.
5. Mention examples of input device ?
Answer: Input devices include keyboard, mouse, buttons, and touch screens.

6. Can the computer “think” for itself ?

Answer: computers do not really "think". They only follow the instructions in
their software programs. The software uses the hardware when the user gives it
instructions, and gives useful output.

7. Who made computer program ?

Answer: Computer programs are designed or written by computer programmers
8.