NOMBRE: Luna Aguilar Franz Kevin

Código: 9112368 lp
Materia: ingles técnico

B.O.P.
It is a routine job that saves us a lot of agony and expenses. But are we as aware of
how we treat our blowout preventers?
For anyone wondering, the BOP (blowout preventer) is a giant piece of equipment
that sits on top of the wellhead. It weighs several hundred tons and has one main
mission: to close the well in case of an emergency.
Inside this machinery are hidden several annular preventers and rams stacked one
on top of the other. When closed, they seal the space inside the BOP in order to
isolate the well below the pressure in the marine elevator and to contain the pressure
inside the well.
A dirty BOP can cause these valves to work badly, in the worst case it causes a
deadly burst. Therefore, you should make sure that it is cleaned and tested regularly,
as long as the BOP is in use
How does a BOP get dirty?
Drilling through rock formations is a disordered operation that produces many
cuttings. However, rock debris is not the only type of cut: simply turning the drilling
string will produce fine metal debris, not to mention all the ferrous cuttings left in the
ring after milling or cutting the casing.
On its exit from the well and back to the surface (transported by the drilling mud),
waste rock and metal waste must pass through the BOP. Part of it remains there,
hiding in the cavities of rams and annular preventers.
Why is a dirty BOP dangerous?
In particular, metal debris can be harmful to the BOP annular warps and rams, since
part of this equipment is made of rubber seals. When metal chips accumulate around
the rubber, it will eventually be subject to abrasion. An annular or ram leak preventer
is equal to a defective BOP. They will not be able to withstand the enormous
pressure that an explosion can create, and they will not be able to stop the sudden
surge of hydrocarbons that are trying to make their way to the surface.
Take good care of your BOP
A healthy BOP should be cleaned of waste from the well and trash from time to time,
especially in these scenarios:
1. After milling and cutting the housing
2. Before executing the completion string (before production)
3. As part of a connection and abandonment operation

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NOMBRE: Luna Aguilar Franz Kevin
Código: 9112368 lp
Materia: ingles técnico

4. Before testing the BOP

Sometimes, the BOP is manually pulled and cleaned, but it can also be cleaned
while sitting at the head of the well. To properly clean the BOP when it is connected
to the wellhead, you will need an appropriate vertical BOP cleaning kit. The important
thing is that it manages to clear the cavities of sand, garbage and debris that tend to
hide there, but without forcing it further into the operation of the BOP.
In this process a wide range of well cleaning tools is used. A popular choice is a
magnetized jet tool that injects the BOP cavities, dislodging and capturing traces of
ferrous metals. This tool is often run in tandem with a garbage collection tool that
collects waste that has been thrown from the BOP and the wellhead - dedicated
magnets are often used in combination with these tools.
A clean BOP is a secure BOP. It must be tested and cleaned routinely with an
efficient equipment that ensures reduced operating costs and a high quality cleaning
operation.
A blowout preventer (BOP) is a large specialized valve or similar mechanical device,
used to seal, control and monitor oil and gas wells to prevent blowouts, the
uncontrolled release of crude oil and / or natural gas from a water well. Usually, they
are installed in stacks of other valves.
Antipollution devices were developed to cope with extreme erratic pressures and
uncontrolled flow (formation kick) emanating from a well during drilling. Reversals
can lead to a potentially catastrophic event known as a blowout. In addition to
controlling downhole pressure and oil and gas flow, blowout preventers are designed
to prevent pipes (eg drill pipe and well casing), tools and drilling fluid from flowing
out of the well ( also known as drilling hole, the hole leading to the tank) when an
explosion threatens. Explosion preventers are critical to the safety of the crew and
platform (the system of equipment used to drill a well) and the environment, and to
monitor and maintain well integrity; therefore, blowout prevention devices are
intended to provide security against failures to the systems that include them.
The term BOP (pronounced BOP, not "bop") is used in the oil field to refer to blowout
preventers. The abbreviated term "preventer", usually preceded by a type (for
example, ram preventer), is used to refer to a single blowout prevention unit. A
blowout preventer can also be referred simply by its type (for example, ram).
The terms "blowout preventer", "blowout prevention stack" and "blowout blowout
system" are commonly used interchangeably and generally to describe a set of
various stacked blowout preventers of varying type and function, as well as auxiliary
components. A typical underwater deepwater blowout prevention system includes
components such as power and hydraulic lines, control modules, hydraulic

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NOMBRE: Luna Aguilar Franz Kevin
Código: 9112368 lp
Materia: ingles técnico

accumulators, test valves, throttling and throttling lines and valves, lifting joints,
hydraulic connectors and a support frame.
Two categories of blowout prevention are the most frequent: ram and annular. BOP
stacks often use both types, usually with at least one annular BOP stacked on
several ram BOPs.
(A related valve, called an internal burst prevention, internal explosion prevention,
or IBOP, is placed within, and restricts the flow up, the drill pipe.) This article does
not address the interior use of fire prevention. explosions.)
Explosion prevention devices are used in terrestrial wells, offshore platforms and
subsea wells. Terrestrial and submarine BOPs are insured at the top of the well,
known as a well. BOPs on offshore platforms are mounted below the drilling platform.
Submarine BOPs are connected to the offshore platform by a drill lift that provides a
continuous path for the drill string and fluids emanating from the well. In effect, an
elevator extends the well to the platform. Unfortunately, blowout prevention devices
do not always work correctly. An example of this is the Deepwater Horizon explosion,
where the pipe through the BOP was slightly bent and the BOP did not cut the
pipeline
Oil World
Principles of well control and BOP
The control of the well includes the handling of the dangerous effects of high
pressures, unexpected, in the surface equipment of drilling rigs that work in search
of oil or gas. Failure to manage and control these effects of pressure can cause
serious equipment damage, injury and death. Improperly handled well control
situations result in a blowout, that is, uncontrolled and explosive expulsion of the well
fluids, which usually results in a fire.

Well control involves monitoring the symptoms of impending pressure imbalance

situations and procedures for operating equipment at the well site, understanding
the situation and taking corrective action.

Many systems participate in the control of the well, but the main one and the symbol
of this activity is the well-known 'Blowout Preventer' (BOP), so the rest of this article
is limited to describing the components and operation of this important equipment.

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NOMBRE: Luna Aguilar Franz Kevin
Código: 9112368 lp
Materia: ingles técnico

'Preventor' of blowouts

The BOP is a specialized, large valve used to seal, control and monitor oil and gas
wells. BOPs were developed to face extreme erratic pressures and uncontrolled flow
(formation bursting) arising from the deposit during drilling. The feints or attacks of
the formation lead to a potentially catastrophic event known as a blowout. In addition
to controlling downhole pressure and oil and gas flow, blowout preventers prevent
drilling and coating piping, tools and drilling fluids from being expelled from the well
enclosure when there is a blowout hazard. BOPs are critical for the safety of the
crew, equipment and the environment, and for the monitoring and maintenance of
well integrity; for this reason, BOPs must be fail-safe devices.

The terms 'blowout preventer', set of blowout 'preventers' and blowout 'preventer'
system are commonly and interchangeably used to describe, in general, several
stacked 'preventers' of various types and functions, as well as their auxiliary
components. An underwater blowout preventer typically includes components such
as hydraulic and electrical lines, control modules, hydraulic accumulators, test
valves, kill and throttle lines and valves, riser gasket, hydraulic connectors and
support frame.

Two categories of BOP are the prevalent ones: battering and annular. BOP sets
generally use the two types, with at least one annular BOP stacked on several ram
BOPs.

The 'preventores' of blowout are used on land, on marine platforms and on the
seabed. BOPs on land and submarines are secured at the top of the well, known as
the wellhead. BOPs on offshore platforms are mounted below the deck. Submarine
BOPs are connected to the offshore platform through the drill pipe, which provides
a continuous path for the drill string and fluids emanating from the well enclosure.
Actually, the lifting tube extends the well enclosure to the platform.
Uses and operation

BOPs come in a variety of styles, sizes and pressure ratings. Several individual units
that serve various functions combine to compose a set of blowout 'preventers'. Often
multiple burst preventers of the same type are used to achieve redundancy, a very
important factor in the effectiveness of fail-safe devices.

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NOMBRE: Luna Aguilar Franz Kevin
Código: 9112368 lp
Materia: ingles técnico

The main functions of a blowout 'preventer' system are:

1. Confine the well fluids to the well enclosure.
2. Provide the means to incorporate fluids into the well.
3. Allow to withdraw controlled volumes of fluids from the well enclosure.
4. In addition to performing those primary functions, BOP systems are used to:
5. Regulate and monitor the pressure in the well enclosure.
6. Center and hang the drill string in the well.
7. Close the well, that is, seal the annular space between the drilling and coating
pipes.
8. "Kill" the well or prevent the flow of fluids from the formation to the well enclosure.
9. Seal the wellhead (close the enclosure).
10. Trim the casing or drill pipe in case of emergency.

When drilling a high-pressure well, the drill string passes through the BOP assembly
to the reservoir. As it is drilled, mud or drilling fluid is injected through the string to
the auger. The mud returns through the annular space between the casing and
drilling pipes. The column of the drilling mud exerts downward a hydrostatic pressure
that counteracts the opposite pressure of the formation and allows drilling to
continue.

When a blowout occurs, the equipment operators or automatic systems close the
BOP units, sealing the annular space to stop the flow of fluids from the well
enclosure. Then mud of higher density is circulated through the drill string, in the well
enclosure and up through the annular space and the choke line at the base of the
BOP assembly and through the throttles until the downhole pressure is exceeded.
Once the "kill weight" extends from the bottom to the top of the well, the well has
been "killed". If the integrity of the well is maintained, the drilling can be restarted.
Alternatively, if circulation is not feasible, the well can be killed "by force", that is, by
forcing heavier mud from the top through the connection of the kill line at the base
of the set of BOP This
it is the least desirable because greater surface pressures are necessary and
because much of the mud that is originally in the annular space will be forced into

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NOMBRE: Luna Aguilar Franz Kevin
Código: 9112368 lp
Materia: ingles técnico

the receptive formation in the untubed well section, below the bottom shoe of the
Coater

If the blowout 'preventers' and the mud column do not restrict the upward pressure
of an onslaught from the well, the result will be a blowout that can potentially eject
violently through the well, pipe, oil and gas enclosure, damaging the equipment.
drilling and leaving in doubt the integrity of the well.

The increasingly rare and remote commercial oil and gas fields have led exploration
and production of wells to offshore areas in deep waters, which require BOPs to
remain submerged in extreme conditions for a long time. As a result, BOPs have
become larger and heavier (a single-ram BOP unit can weigh more than 30,000
pounds), while the space allocated to BOPs on offshore platforms has not increased
proportionally. Therefore, a key point in the technological development of
'preventores' of blowout in the last two decades has been to limit its footprint and
weight, but increase its safety and operational capacity.

Types of BOP

BOPs come in two basic types: rams and rings. They are often used together in
drilling rigs, typically at least one annular BOP crowning a set of rams 'preventers'.

A ram BOP works similar to a gate valve, but uses a pair of opposing ram pistons.
The rams extend to the center of the well enclosure to restrict flow, or retract to allow
it. The upper and lower faces of the rams are provided with seals (elastomer seals)
that are compressed against each other, against the wall of the well and around the
pipe that crosses the well enclosure. Outputs on the sides of the BOP body are used
for connections of the throttling and killing lines or valves.

An annular type 'preventor' can be closed around the drill string, liner or a non-
cylindrical object, such as the Kelly joint. The drill pipe, including larger diameter
joints or threaded connectors, can be moved vertically through an annular 'preventer'
in time to hold the pressure from below by applying careful control of the hydraulic
closing pressure. Annular preventers are also effective for sealing around the drill
pipe, even while rotating during drilling.

[Escriba aquí]
NOMBRE: Luna Aguilar Franz Kevin
Código: 9112368 lp
Materia: ingles técnico

Regulations require that an annular 'preventer' can completely close a well

enclosure, but they are generally not as effective as water preventers in maintaining
the seal in an open or untubed well. Typically, the annular 'preventors' are located in
the upper part of the BOP assembly, with one or two annular BOPs on top of a series
of several water preventers.

An annular 'preventor' uses the wedge principle to seal the well enclosure. It has a
donut rubber seal, known as an elastomer sealing unit, reinforced with steel ribs.
The sealing unit is located in the BOP compartment between the head and the
hydraulic piston. When the piston is activated, its upward thrust forces the closure of
the sealing unit, like a sphincter, sealing the annular space or the open well. The
annular 'preventors' have only two moving parts, piston and sealing unit, which make
them simpler to maintain than the 'preventers' of the ram.
Control methods

When drills drill on land or in very shallow water where the wellhead is above the
water level, the BOPs are activated by hydraulic pressure from a remote
accumulator. Several control stations are mounted in the drill. They also close and
open manually by turning large handlebars that look like steering wheels.

In offshore operations, with the well head just above the mud line on the seabed,
there are four main ways to control a BOP:

1. Electric control signal, sent from the surface through a control cable.
2. Control acoustic signal, sent from the surface based on a modulated / encoded
sound pulse, transmitted by an underwater transducer.
3. Remote control vehicle (ROV) intervention, mechanical control valves and
hydraulic pressure to the BOP assembly.
4. Continuous / self-cutting contact switch, fail-safe activation of BOP selected during
an emergency, and if the control, power and hydraulic lines have been cut off.
5. Two control modules are supplied in the BOP for redundancy. The electrical signal
control of the modules is primary. The acoustic controls, by ROV intervention and
continuous contact switch, are secondary.

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NOMBRE: Luna Aguilar Franz Kevin
Código: 9112368 lp
Materia: ingles técnico

An emergency disconnection system (EDS) disconnects the borehole from the well
in case of emergency. The EDS also automatically triggers the continuous contact
switch, which closes the BOP and the kill and throttle valves. The EDS can be a
subsystem of the control module of the BOP set or it can be separated.

Pumps in the drilling rig normally deliver pressure to the BOP assembly through
hydraulic lines. The hydraulic accumulators in the BOP set allow to close the blowout
'preventers', even if they are disconnected from the drill.

It is also possible to start closing the BOPs automatically based on too high pressure
or excessive flow

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