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Volume 1
Protection
Fundamentals
2005 Protection Seminar
Contents
• Fault Fundamentals
• Generator Protection Detailed Calculations and Settings
• Transformer Protection Detailed Calculations and Settings
Version: 9-20-05
Fault Calculations
Fault Calculations
A review of:
Fault Types
Symmetrical Components
Calculation Examples
Fault Calculations
di
Vm [ sin(ωt + α ) ] = L + Ri
dt
α - θ = 9 0 º th e fa u lt o c c u r s a t V o lta g e z e ro :
[ s in (ω t + α – θ ) – s in (α - θ )]= s in ( ω t + 9 0 º ) – s in (9 0 º ) = c o s ( ω t) -1
e(t)
Time
α
e(t)
i(t)
Time
Time of fault
occurance L is constant an R = 0
Fault Calculations
i i(t)= transient
e(t) current
i(s)= steady
state current
Time
α - θ = 90º
jXd"
jXd'
jXd R
i(t) Fault
Vmax [sin(ωt + α )]
Fault Calculations
imax
Time
X
ZΦ
AΦ
a
G
X
CΦ BΦ
ZΦ
ZΦ
Fault Calculations
AΦ ZΦ
G
CΦ BΦ
ZΦ X
a
X
ZΦ
Fault Calculations
X
AΦ ZΦ
a
G
CΦ BΦ
X
ZΦ
a
X
ZΦ
Fault Calculations
Transformer
Fault Calculations
115kV + +
Z1 V1 V2 Z2
√3
V1 2 V2 2
V1 A1 = V 2A2 V1 A1 = V2 A2 =
Z1 Z2
V1 2
Z1 = Z 2 x
V2 2
Fault Calculations
Z25 = Z115 x
[] 25/√3
115/√3
2
115 kV 25kV
System — 11.2 0.53
25kV 25kV
IF = = √3 x 4.89Ω = 2952A
√3 x Σ Z
Fault Calculations
MVAbase x1000
I base = √3 x kV L-L·base
kV2L-L·base
Z base = MVA
base
Fault Calculations
100 x 103
Ibase = = 2309A
√3 x 25
1.0 1.0
IF = = 0.78 = 1.28 · pu · amperes
ΣZ
I25kV = 1.28pu x 2309A = 2960A
Fault Calculations
Protective Relaying
Principles and Applications
J. Lewis Blackburn
Fault Calculations
lc1
lb2 la2 la0
lb0
la1 lc0
lb1 lc2
a2=1∠ 240°
Fault Calculations
I a = I1 +I 2+I 0 [
I 1 = 1 Ia+aI b+a 2 Ic ]
3
I b = a 2 I 1 +aI 2 +I 0 I2 = 1 [Ia+a 2Ib+aIc]
3
I c = aI 1 +a 2I 2+I 0 I0 = 1 [Ia+Ib+Ic]
3
Fault Calculations
[
I 1 = 1/3 Ia+aI b +a 2I c ]
aI b = 1 ∠ 120 ° x 1 ∠ 240 ° = 1 ∠ 360 °
I 1=1/3 I a
a 2 I c= 1 ∠ 240° x 1 ∠ 120° = 1 ∠ 360 °
Symmetrical Components
Network Equations
I a = I1 +I 2+I 0
In three phase systems, the
neutral current is equal to
I b = a 2 I 1 +aI 2 +I 0
In = (Ia + Ib + Ic) and,
therefore, In = 3Io.
I c = aI 1 +a 2I 2+I 0
Fault Calculations
Symmetrical Components
Network Equations
1 pu I1
Positive
Sequence Z2
I2
Negative
Sequence Z0
I0
Zero Sequence
Fault Calculations
Z1
X
1 pu I1
Positive Sequence
Fault Calculations
Positive Sequence
Z2
X
I2
Negative Sequence
Fault Calculations
Positive Sequence
Z2
X
I2
Negative Sequence
Z0
X
I0
Zero Sequence
Fault Calculations
Positive Sequence
Z2
X
I2
Negative Sequence
Z0
X
I0
Zero Sequence
Fault Calculations
H L
Z 1 or Z2
N1 or N2
N0
Fault Calculations
H L
Z 1 or Z2
N1 or
N2
Delta - Grounded Wye
H L
Z0
N0
Fault Calculations
H L
Z 1 or Z 2
R
N 1 or N2
Delta-Grounded Wye H L
with Grounding Resistor Z0
In = (Ia + Ib + Ic) N0
3R
In = 3I0 G
Fault Calculations
1 pu
0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu I1
I 2 = I0 = 0
I a = I1 + I2 + I0 = I1 = 1.28 pu A
Ib = a2 I1 I c = a I1
I 25kV = 1.28 pu x 2309 A = 2960 A
Fault Calculations
1 pu
Positive Sequence
I1 = I 2 = I 0
I1 = 1.0 = 1pu = 0.35puA 0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu
ΣZ 2.86 pu
X
Ia = I 1 + I 2 + I 0 = 1.05puA
Negative Sequence
I25k V = 1.05 x 2309 = 2424 A
Zero Sequence
Fault Calculations
0.27 pu 0.45 pu
I0
Zero Sequence
Fault Calculations
References
Blackburn, J. I., Protective Relaying Principles and Applications, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., copyright 1987
ABB Power T&D Co., Protective Relaying Theory and Application, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., copyright 1994
Version: 08-07-05
Setting Calculations
Generator Protection
Sample Relay Setting Calculations
XT = 10%
Setting Calculations
TIME CONSTANTS
RESISTANCES
Voltage Inputs
Open Delta-Open Delta VT, secondary wired L-L
13.8kVLL VT Ratio = 14,440 / 120 = 120
A B C
VT Type: Line-to-Line
VNOM = 115 V
Setting Calculations
13,800V
= 120
13,800/120 = 115
M-3425A
VT Type: Line-to-Line
VNOM = 115 V
Setting Calculations
Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G
Example:
Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V VT Type: Line-to-Ground
VT Ratio = 14,400/120V = 120 VNOM = 115/√3 = 66.4 V
A
13,800 V
B
C 14,440
VT Ratio = 14,410
120V
120
13,800
√3
a
b V = 115
c NOMINAL √3 =66.5 Line-to-Ground
Setting Calculations
Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G (L-G to L-L selection)
Use of L-L Quantities for Phase Voltage-based elements
a
SLG Fault
Van=Vag
n=g ground a
vag=0
Van= -Vng
c b
Vbn=Vbg Vbn=Vbg Vcg Vbg
n
High
Impedance c b
Ground
Vcn Vbn
Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G
Use of L-L Quantities for Phase Voltage-based elements
Example:
Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V
VT Ratio = 14,400/120V A
13,800 V
B
C 14,440
VT Ratio = 14,410
120
120V
13,800
√3
a
b V = 115
c NOMINAL √3 =66.5 Line-to-Ground
Software converts
VT Type: LG to LL (66.4V) voltages to
LG (66.5V)
VNOM = 115 V LL (115V) quantities
Setting Calculations
Current Inputs
INOM = 3.27A
Setting Calculations
IS
PRIS
59N Setpoint #2 = 35 V,
5 sec. (300 cycles)
Note: Setpoints should be
coordinated with low
voltage secondary VT
fuses
0.25
Set power and other supervisions Desired Minimum Setting
59N is connected to a
broken-delta VT input
on the line side of the
14,400 generator breaker for
120 V VT ungrounded system
bus protection
The system is
ungrounded when
backfed from the GSU
and the generator
disconnect switch is
open
3EO = 3 x 66.5 = 200 V
Setting Calculations
46 – Negative Sequence
Nameplate
10% continuous capability of stator rating (125 MVA),
the same as that stipulated in ANSI/IEEE C37.102.
The K factor is 30.
Set Inverse Time Element for Trip
Pick-up for tripping the unit (Inverse Time) = 9%
K=29
Definite Maximum time = 65,500 cycles.
Set Definite Time Element for Alarm
Pickup =5%
Time delay = 30 sec (1800 cycles). Note that 30 sec
should be longer than a 69 KV system fault clearing
time.
Setting Calculations
46 – Negative Sequence
Check the response of the 46 function for high-side (69 kV)
phase-to-phase faults.
Pickup 5%
46DT Alarm
Time Delay = 30 s
46IT, K=29
Setting Calculations
46 – Negative Sequence
29
Setting Calculations
Check for the maximum three-phase fault on the terminals of the generator to
determine the secondary current for the worst-case external fault.
Short Circuit Calculation: 125 MVA base
Setting Summary
Pick-up = 0.3 A (480 A primary sensitivity)
Slope = 10%
45°
Time Delay = 1 cycle VS
(if ct saturation is possible time delay should be VK
increased to 5 cycles)
CT Requirement Check
Rctr RW RR
VS IS
Rctr = CT Resistance
Rw = Wiring Resistance VK > VS
RR = Relay Burden = 0.5 VA @ 5A
= 0.02Ω
Setting Calculations
24 – Volts/Hertz (Overfluxing)
1.40
p.u.
•
1.35
•
1.30
1.25
1.20 •
1.15
•
1.10
•
1.05
1.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
time
24 – Volts/Hertz (Overfluxing)
10000
Inverse Time Element Generator V/Hz Capability
Pickup = 110%
V/Hz Protection Curve (Inverse)
Curve #2
V/Hz Protection Curve (Definite time)
1000
K= 4.9
100
Alarm Settings:
Definite Element #2
Pickup = 106%
Definite time element #1
Time Delay = 3 sec Pickup = 135%
10 Time Delay = 4 sec
0.1
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
24 – Volts/Hertz (Overfluxing)
Setting Calculations
X1SYS = 6.25%
X2
All reactances on generator base (125 MVA)
27
Setting Calculations
Typical Settings:
Voltage Control (VC): set 51V pickup at a percent of full load (40-50%)
Voltage Restraint (VR): set 51V pickup at about 150% of full load
Setting Calculations
% Pickup
X”d XT .
Setting Summary
Pickup = 4.9A
Definite Time Curve
Time Dial = 4.2 to get 1.0 sec clearing time for 69KV
fault.
Vdrop = 10 x 100% = 39% drop
15.6 + 10
Assumptions:
I = E /(Xd + XT)
I = 100/((206.8+10) = 0.46 pu
= 0.46 x 3.27 = 1.5 A (relay).
Setting Calculations
21 Phase Distance
The 21 function should be set to provide system backup protection.
To 5559 line 96
line 86 To PP4
3976 3975
line 87
To sub 47
125 MVA base 3977 3974
10%
line 97 To sub PP4
GEN
69 KV
4,000 foot cable 3978 3973
3972
21
line 94
To line 83 To PP4
All breakers have breaker failure protection. All lines out of the substation
have high-speed pilot wire protection. The 4,000 foot cable of 69 KV is
protected by a HC8-1 pilot wire scheme. We need to provide backup if this
high-speed scheme fails. Set 21-2 unit to look into the substation.
Typical 69 KV cable impedance: (0.2 + j0.37)% per mile
= (0.2 + j0.37) x 4000 = (0.152 + j0.28)% @100 MVA
5280
Change base to:
= (0.152 + j0.28)x (125/100) = (0.19 + j0.35)%
Setting Calculations
Zone-1 Settings:
125 MVA base
10% or 0.10 p.u.
Zone-1 will be set to look into the low side
of the step-up transformer, but not into the
(0.19 + j0.35)%
69kV system. GEN
The transformer impedance is 0.1 pu on 21 69 KV
generator base: 4,000 foot cable
The secondary (relay) impedance = 0.1 x
20.3 = 2.03 Ω.
Set zone 21-1 into generator step-up transformer but short of 69 kV bus.
A margin of .8 is used to compensate for LTC.
(0.1 for margin, and 0.1 for the LTC variation)
2.03 x .8 = 1.60Ω
Setting Summary for 21-1
Diameter =1.6 Ω
Time delay = 0.5 sec. (30 cycles)
Angle of maximum torque: 85°
60FL supervised
Setting Calculations
Zone-2 Settings:
Z2
2.7 Ω Z1
1.6 Ω 85o
Z2 reach at
RPFA 1.62 (31.8o)
0 R
RPFA: Rated Power Factor Angle
Generator loadability considerations:
Z2 at RPFA should not exceed 150 to 200 % of generator rating
In our example Zone-2 reach at RPFA should not exceed
50% to 66.66% of 1.0 pu impedance (200% to 150% load).
50% impedance = 10.15 Ohms at 0.85 pf (31.8o)
With Zone-2 set at 2.7 Ohms and MTA of 85o the reach at RPFA of
31.8o = 2.73 x (Cos (MTA-RPFA) = 1.64 Ohms.
Normal load will not encroach into the Zone-2 characteristic.
Setting Calculations
Based on our earlier calculations the steady state bolted fault current for
a 3-phase fault at the transformer terminals is 1.5 A (relay secondary).
Set the 50BF phase function below 1 A which is below the fault current.
Set the breaker failure time longer than the maximum clearing time of the
breaker and margin.
Initiate it with all relays that can trip the generator breaker. Set the 50BF
Timer: 4(margin) + 1(accuracy) + 5(breaker time) = 10 cycles.
Use the programmable inputs to initiate breaker failure for all relays that
trip the generator breaker.
Setting Summary
50BF = 1 A
Timer = 10 cycles
Initiate breaker failure with programmable inputs from external trip
commands. Initiate breaker failure with the outputs (from internal
trip commands) connected to trip.
Setting Calculations
1.00
Field Insulation
Real-Time Monitoring
Setting Calculations
Real-Time Measurement
Brush Voltage
Setting Calculations
300
600
0.5
Setting Calculations
40 – Loss of Field
Generator Ratings (Primary):
40 – Loss of Field
X’d/2
Zone 1
Zone 2
Setting Calculations
Xd = 2.068 pu
X' = 0.245 pu
d
Zone-1 Settings
Diameter: 1.0 pu = 1.0 x 20.3 = 20.3 ohms
Zone-2 Settings
Diameter: X = 2.068 x 20.3 = 42.0 ohms
d
40 – Loss of Field
0 R
X’d = 2.5 Ω
2
Zone 1
1.0 p.u. = 20.3 Ω
Xd = 42.0 Ω
Zone 2
-X
Setting Calculations
Generator Characteristics
20
Overexcited
Real Power into the System
R e a ctiv e P o w e r in to th e G e n e ra to r
P (MW)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Underexcited
-20
MEL GCC
-40
SSSL
MEL
GCC
-60
Q (M v a r)_ )
SSSL
-80
(Scheme – 1) jX MEL
GCC
SSSL
R
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
-10
Zone 2 Zone 1
-20
-30
-40
-50
Setting Calculations
20
Overexcited
Real Power into the System P (MW)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-20 Underexcited
GCC
MEL
Reactive Power into the Generator
SSSL
-40
MEL
GCC
-60 SSSL
Zone 2
-80
-100
Q (Mvar)_
-120 Zone 1
-140
Setting Calculations
Zone-2 Settings
Diameter = 1.1 Xd + XT + Xsys
= 1.1 x 42+2.03+1.27 = 49.5 Ohms
Off-set = XT+Xsys = 2.03 + 1.27 = 3.3 ohms
Angle of Directional Element: -13o
Undervoltage Supervision:
Undervoltage Pickup = 80% of nominal voltage
= 0.8 x 115 = 92 V
Time Delay with undervoltage = 60 cycles.
Setting Calculations
R
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Zone 2
Zone 1
MEL -10
GCC
SSSL
-20
Dir Element
X -30
0 10
-10
-40
-50
Setting Calculations
Overexcited
Reactive Power into the Generator
Underexcited
-20
MEL GCC
Zone 2
-40
SSSL
MEL
GCC
-60
Q(Mvar)_)
SSSL
Zone1
-80
Setting Calculations
78 – Out-of-Step
78 – Out-of-Step
Out-of-Step (78)
jX
XSYS
1.5 XT = 3 ohms
XT 1.5 XT
0 R
T N S
GEN 120o swing locus
(Xd' )
'
2 Xd = 10 ohms
d
2.4 ohms
Setting Calculations
Circle diameter:
= (2 X’d+ 1.5 XT)
= 10 Ω + 3 = 13 Ω
Offset = -2 X’d = -10 Ω
Impedance angle = 90°
Blinder distance (d):
= ((X’d+ XT+XSYS)/2) tan (90-(120/2))
d = 2.4 Ω
Time delay = 2 to 6 cycles (3 cycles)
Trip on mho exit = Enable
Pole slip counter = 1.0
Pole slip reset = 120 cycles
Setting Calculations
78 – Out-of-Step
Protection
Fundamentals
Transformer Protection Detailed
Calculations and Settings
Differential
Protection
Transformer
Setting
Calculations
Transformer Setting Calculations
Objectives
Examine CT performance
CT Performance
10%
1%
0.1%
1 pu 10 pu
CT Performance
CT Secondary, IS CT Primary, IP
0 t
ID = IP - IS
CT Performance Calculation
Use with Class “C” CTs
Determine maximum primary phase and ground
fault current
Burden Calculation
Determine CT impedance
VS
Burden Calculation
Example
Relay = 0.5VA @ 5 A
RR = VA/A2 , RR = 0.5/25 = 0.02 Ω
RW = 2 Ω (round trip)
RCT = 0.20 Ω
Total = 2.22 Ω
Transformer Setting Calculations
Vs * 2 = 199.8 * 2 = 399.6 V
- The 2X factor accounts for full DC offset
Power-Current Conversion
This accommodates:
- Transformer winding ratios
- CT ratios
Transformer Setting Calculations
Calculating “Tap”
Wye
Calculating “Tap”
This nominalizes the current flow with respect to transformation ratios and
CT ratios
Rated power passing through any winding would yield these currents to the
protection system
Transformer Setting Calculations
Example
1.5 TRIP
87T Pick Up
with 5th Harmonic Restraint Slope 2
1.0
87T Pick Up
RESTRAIN
0.5 Slope 2
Breakpoint
Slope 1
87T Pickup
- Set above the magnetizing current and other CT inaccuracies
- .3 to .4 p.u. (typical setting)
Slope 1
- Set to accommodate +/- 10% CT inaccuracies
- LTC adds another +/- 10%
- Used for currents < 2X nominal
- Typically set for 30 to 40% (can be set lower for non LTC
transformers)
Slope 2 “breakpoint”
- Typically set at 2X rated current
- This setting assumes that any current over 2X rated is a fault
condition and is used to desensitize the element against
unfaithful replication of currents due to CT saturation
Transformer Setting Calculations
Slope 2
- Typically set at 60 to 100%
- Prevents relay misoperation for though faults with CT
saturation.
Inrush Restraint (2nd and 4th harmonic)
- Typically set from 10-15%
- Employ cross phase averaging blocking for security
Overexcitation Restraint (5th harmonic)
- Typically set at 30%
- Raise 87T pickup to 0.60 pu during overexcitation
- No cross phase averaging needed, as overexcitation is
symmetric on the phases
Transformer Setting Calculations
87H Pickup
- Typically set at 10 pu rated current
- This value should be set to above the maximum
possible inrush current.
- C37.91, section 5.2.3, states 10 p.u. is an acceptable
value
- Can use data captured from energizations to fine tune
the setting
Transformer Setting Calculations
87GD Pickup
- Element normally uses directional comparison between phase
residual current (3I0) and measured ground current (IG). The
element becomes non-directional when the 3I0 current is less
than 140 ma.
- Pickup of 0.2 to 0.5 A can be applied when using same ratio CTs
on both phase and ground circuits.
- When CT correction factor higher than 1.0 is applied, the pickup
needs to be increased to account for noise amplification due to
high CT ratio correction.
- Use 6 cycle time delay to provide security against misoperations
during external phase-to-phase to ground faults with CT
saturation.
Protection
Fundamentals
Transformer Protection Detailed
Calculations and Settings
Transformer
Overcurrent
Protection
Calculations &
Settings
Transformer Calculations
87T
transformer primary 51G
transformer primary
side devices or by
secondary side relays F3 X
F4: Fault cleared by feeder
protection relays F4 X
Transformer Calculations
X F1
Current Function 87T 87H
50 51
F3 X
F4 X
Transformer Calculations
Coordination
Time Interval
R2
R1
CURRENT
Transformer Calculations
t = α
+ L k = Time dial, or time multiplier
setting
IEC SI
IEEE MI
IEEE VI
IEC VI
US C02
IEC EI
US C08
IEEE EI
Current (Multiples of Is)
1.0 1.0
X
I F = VLG = I
0.58 1.0
X
1.0 1.0
N2 I
X
I delta = I =
0.58 1.0 N1 3
I primary = 3 Idelta = I
1.0 1.0
X
0.58 1.0
0.5 0.87
X
VLL 3 VLG 3 I
0.5 0.87
IF = = =
2X 2x 2
1.0 0.87
X
= 3 × × N2 = I
I delta I
0.5 0.87
2 N1 2
Iprimary= 2 I delta= I
0.5 0
0 0
Phase-to-Phase Fault
Transformer Calculations
0.58 1.0
X IF = V LG =
I
0.58 1.0
X
N2 I
I delta = I =
0.58 0
0 0 N1 3
I
I primary =
0 0
0 0
3
X
Phase-to-Ground Fault
Transformer Calculations
0.4 Sec
If A
3 I
f
2
Transformer Calculations
Transformer Categories
I 5-500 15-500
II 501-1667 501-5000
III 1668-10,000 5001-30,000
IV above 10,000 above 30,000
F1 X
Infrequent Fault
Incident Zone
F2 X
Mechanical Damage:
Number Faults in Lifetime
F3 X
Category 2 > 10
Category 3 > 5 Frequent Fault
Incident Zone
F4 X
Transformer Calculations
Category II Transformers
Category II:
0.70x(1/ZT)
Transformer Calculations
2
Thermal Limit: I t = 1250
Transformer Calculations
60 s 4.75 x
300 s 3.0 x
1800 s 2.0 x
Transformer Calculations
2 2
Mechanical Limit: K = I t = (1/ZT) t
defined at t = 2 seconds.
for ZT = 6%
I TN = 1/.06 =16.67 p.u.
2
K = I TN = (16.67) x 2 = 556
Wye-Wye or
Delta-Delta
I TN = 11.67 p.u. Times Normal Base Current
I TN = 16.67 p.u.
Transformer Calculations
0.50x1/(ZT + ZS)
Transformer Calculations
2
Thermal Limit: I t = 1250
Mechanical Limit
K = I t = [1/ (ZS + ZT)] 2
defined at t = 2 seconds.
for ZT = 6% & ZS = 1%
I TN = (1/.07) = 14.3 p.u.
2
K = (I TN) x t = (14.3) 2x 2 = 409
Mechanical to Thermal
occurs at 50% of I TN:
0.50 x 1/(ZT+ ZS) = 7.15 p.u.
Wye-Wye or
Delta-Delta
I TN = 7.15 p.u.
I TN = 14.3 p.u.
Transformer Calculations
2
Thermal Limit: I t = 1250
Mechanical Limit
2 2
K = I t = [1/ (ZS + ZT)]
defined at t = 2 seconds.
for ZT = 6% & ZS = 1%
I TN = 1/.07 =14.3 p.u.
Delta-wye:
14.3p.u. x 0.58 = 8.3 p.u.
2 2
K = I TN x t = (8.3) x 2 = 138
Mechanical to Thermal
occurs at 50% of I TN:
0.50 x 1/(ZT+ ZS) = 7.14 p.u.
Delta-wye:
7.14 p.u. x 0.58 = 4.14 p.u.
2
t = 138 / (4.14) = 8.0
Delta-Wye
I TN = 4.1 p.u.
I TN = 8.3 p.u.
Transformer Calculations
230kV / 34.5 kV
OFAF (OA/FA/FOA)
30/40/50 MVA
Z= 7%
230kV Zs
X X
F1 F2
X X
F3 F4
Transformer Calculations
30MVA 30MVA
IBase at 230kV = = 75.3 A IBase at 34.5kV = = 502 A
3 x 230kV 3 x 34.5kV
1.00
IF1 = = 100.0 p.u. IF1 = 100.0 x 75.3A = 7530A
0.01
1.00
IF2/F3 = = 12.5 p.u. IF2/F3 = 12.5 x 75.3A = 941A
(0.01 + 0.07) 12.5 x 502 = 6275A at 34.5kV
1.00
IF4 = = 0.205 p.u. IF4 = 0.205 x 75.3A = 15.4A
(0.01 + 0.07 + 4.80)
0.205 x 502A =103A at 34.5kV
Transformer Calculations
CT Criteria
Compatible with transformer overload capacity ≈ 200% of self-
cooled rating for wye CT’s and 350% (√3 x 200%) for Delta-
connected CT’s.
Transformer: ZT < 6%
30MVA
IFL = = 75.3 A IF2/F3 = 954A
3x 230kV
IFL ASYM
I TN = Times Normal Current
IFL SYM
2.5xIFL
4.0xIFL
2
Thermal Limit: I t = 1250 IFL
10000
Mechanical Limit
2 2
K = I t = [1/ (ZS + ZT)] x t
defined at t = 2 seconds.
for ZT = 7% & ZS = 1.0%
1000 50/51
TIME (SECONDS)
Mechanical to Thermal 51
10
50% of I TN = 0.50 x 1/(ZT+ ZS)
50% of I TN = 0.50 x 12.5 = 6.25 p.u.
Delta-wye: 51
58% x 6.25 p.u. = 3.625 p.u.
2 1
t = 105.1 / (3.625) = 8.0 Coordination
Interval
IOC set at 12.6A pickup
1.6 x IFL/CTR = 1.6 x 941/120 = 12.6A I inrush
00.1
1.6 x IFL =1.6 x 12.5p.u. = 20.0 ITN
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