Fire Ese Diesel

Edition 11/2012
ESE Diesel
AVL FIRE®
VERSION 2013
© AVL List Gmbh 2009. All right reserved

ESE Diesel FIRE v2013
AVL LIST GmbH

Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020 Graz, Austria
http://www.avl.com
AST Local Support Contact: http://www.avl.com/ast-worldwide
Revision Date Description Document No.

A 30-Jun-2008 FIRE v2008 – CFD Tools Users Guide 08.0304.0860
B 21-Aug-2008 FIRE v2008 – CFD Tools Users Guide 08.0304.0861
C 15-Apr-2009 FIRE v2009 – CFD Tools Users Guide 08.0304.2009
D 30-Nov-2010 FIRE v2010 – CFD Tools Users Guide 08.0304.2010
E 14-Oct-2011 FIRE v2011 – CFD Tools Users Guide 08.0304.2011
F 23-Jan-2012 FIRE v2011 – CFD Tools Users Guide 08.0304.2011
G 30-Apr-2012 FIRE v2011.1 – CFD Tools Users Guide 08.0304.2011.1
H 28-Feb-2013 FIRE v2013 – ESE Diesel 08.0304.2013
Copyright © 2013, AVL
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored
in a retrieval system or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise, without prior
written consent of AVL.
This document describes how to run the FIRE software. It does not attempt to discuss all the
concepts of computational fluid dynamics required to obtain successful solutions. It is the user’s
responsibility to determine if he/she has sufficient knowledge and understanding of fluid dynamics
to apply this software appropriately.
This software and document are distributed solely on an "as is" basis. The entire risk as to their
quality and performance is with the user. Should either the software or this document prove
defective, the user assumes the entire cost of all necessary servicing, repair, or correction. AVL and
its distributors will not be liable for direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages resulting
from any defect in the software or this document, even if they have been advised of the possibility
of such damage.
FIRE® is a registered trademark of AVL LIST. FIRE® will be referred as FIRE in this manual.
All mentioned trademarks and registered trademarks are owned by the corresponding owners.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction _____________________________________________________1-1
1.1. Symbols _____________________________________________________________________ 1-1
1.2. Configurations _______________________________________________________________ 1-1
2. ESE Diesel _______________________________________________________2-1

2.1. General Description __________________________________________________________ 2-1
2.1.1. Workflow Area ___________________________________________________________ 2-2
2.1.2. Input Area _______________________________________________________________ 2-2
2.1.3. Drawing Area ____________________________________________________________ 2-3
2.1.4. Information Area _________________________________________________________ 2-3
2.1.5. Command Buttons ________________________________________________________ 2-3
2.1.6. Navigator Buttons ________________________________________________________ 2-3
2.2. Project Settings ______________________________________________________________ 2-3
2.3. Configuration ________________________________________________________________ 2-4
2.4. Engine Segment Simulation ___________________________________________________ 2-6
2.4.1. General Engine Data ______________________________________________________ 2-6
2.4.1.1. General Engine Parameters ____________________________________________ 2-7
2.4.1.2. Piston Movement Specification _________________________________________ 2-8
2.4.2. Sketcher ________________________________________________________________ 2-10
2.4.2.1. Piston ______________________________________________________________ 2-10
2.4.2.2. Injector _____________________________________________________________ 2-12
2.4.2.3. Block Structure ______________________________________________________ 2-14
2.4.2.4. Constant Compression Ratio __________________________________________ 2-17
2.4.2.5. Selections ___________________________________________________________ 2-19
2.4.3. Mesher _________________________________________________________________ 2-20
2.4.3.1. Mesh Quality Check __________________________________________________ 2-29
2.4.4. Simulation Parameters ___________________________________________________ 2-33
2.4.5. Simulation ______________________________________________________________ 2-34
2.4.6. Coupled ESE Diesel / BOOST Simulation ___________________________________ 2-36
2.4.7. Analyser ________________________________________________________________ 2-37
2.4.7.1. Quantity Graph ______________________________________________________ 2-38
2.4.7.2. Engine Specific Output Graphs ________________________________________ 2-43
2.4.7.3. Engine Specific Output _______________________________________________ 2-43
2.4.7.4. Quality Plot _________________________________________________________ 2-44
2.4.8. Report Generator ________________________________________________________ 2-45
2.4.8.1. General _____________________________________________________________ 2-46
2.4.8.2. Data Steps __________________________________________________________ 2-46
2.4.8.3. Cuts ________________________________________________________________ 2-47
2.4.8.4. Image Properties _____________________________________________________ 2-48
2.5. Spray Adjustment ___________________________________________________________ 2-49
AST.08.0304.2013 – 28-Feb-2013 i
FIRE v2013 ESE Diesel
2.5.1. General Engine Data _____________________________________________________ 2-49

2.5.2. Sketcher ________________________________________________________________ 2-49
2.5.2.1. Spray Box ___________________________________________________________ 2-50
2.5.2.2. Injector _____________________________________________________________ 2-51
2.5.3. Mesher _________________________________________________________________ 2-51
2.5.4. Simulation Parameters ___________________________________________________ 2-54
2.5.5. Analyser ________________________________________________________________ 2-55
2.5.5.1. Quantity Plot ________________________________________________________ 2-55
2.6. Template Generator _________________________________________________________ 2-56
2.6.1. Elements _______________________________________________________________ 2-56
2.6.2. Functions _______________________________________________________________ 2-58
2.6.2.1. Python String _______________________________________________________ 2-58
2.6.2.2. Point Functions ______________________________________________________ 2-59
2.6.3. Directions_______________________________________________________________ 2-66
2.6.4. Lines ___________________________________________________________________ 2-67
2.6.5. Arcs ____________________________________________________________________ 2-67
2.6.6. Alias ___________________________________________________________________ 2-68
2.6.7. String Functions (not in use) ______________________________________________ 2-68
2.6.8. Sets ____________________________________________________________________ 2-68
2.6.9. Blocks __________________________________________________________________ 2-69
2.6.10. Selections ______________________________________________________________ 2-70
2.6.11. Compensation Volume __________________________________________________ 2-70
2.6.12. Boundary Layers _______________________________________________________ 2-70
2.6.13. Move Points From Rotation Axis _________________________________________ 2-71
2.6.14. Miscellaneous __________________________________________________________ 2-71
2.6.15. Stretching Factors ______________________________________________________ 2-72
2.6.16. Rezone Second Mesh Testing _____________________________________________ 2-73
2.6.17. Print __________________________________________________________________ 2-73
2.7. Analyser Algorithms _________________________________________________________ 2-74
2.7.1. Combustion Noise Calculation ____________________________________________ 2-74
2.7.1.1. Interpolation ________________________________________________________ 2-74
2.7.1.2. FFT ________________________________________________________________ 2-74
2.7.1.3. The Algorithm _______________________________________________________ 2-75
2.7.1.4. Amplitudes, phases and frequencies ____________________________________ 2-77
2.7.1.5. Frequency Bands _____________________________________________________ 2-77
2.7.1.6. Noise Weighting _____________________________________________________ 2-79
2.7.2. Definition of Global Engine Data (BOOST Globals) __________________________ 2-81
2.7.2.1. Cylinder Data ________________________________________________________ 2-81
2.7.2.2. Gas Exchange Related Data ___________________________________________ 2-84
2.7.2.3. Abbreviations ________________________________________________________ 2-90
2.7.3. Engine Friction __________________________________________________________ 2-90
2.7.3.1. PNH Model __________________________________________________________ 2-90
2.7.3.2. SLM Model __________________________________________________________ 2-92
ii AST. 08.0304.2013 – 28-Feb-2013

List of Figures
Figure 2-1: Project Settings Window....................................................................................................................... 2-3
Figure 2-2: General Engine Data Windows ............................................................................................................ 2-6
Figure 2-3: Sketcher - Piston Window .................................................................................................................. 2-10
Figure 2-4: Recessed Injector ................................................................................................................................. 2-14
Figure 2-5: Constant Compression Ratio .............................................................................................................. 2-17
Figure 2-6: Fields in Piston tab .............................................................................................................................. 2-18
Figure 2-7: 2D Parameters for Mesher ................................................................................................................. 2-20
Figure 2-8: Diesel Bowl with Compensation Volume - Type ‘Valve recess’ ...................................................... 2-22
Figure 2-9: Cell Size Specification Window - default ............................................................................................ 2-24
Figure 2-10: Cell Size Specification Window – cell size defined .......................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-11: Mesh Created with Cell Size 0.001 for 0 to 28.7 degCA (left: mesh at 18.8 degCA; right: mesh
at 28.7 degCA) .................................................................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-12: Mesh Created with Cell Size 0.005 for Crank Angles > 28.7 degCA (left: mesh at 28.7 degCA;
right: mesh at 54.0 degCA)................................................................................................................ 2-25
Figure 2-13: 3D Parameters for Mesher ............................................................................................................... 2-26
Figure 2-14: Refined Spray Line Volume.............................................................................................................. 2-27
Figure 2-15: Mesh Quality Check Window ........................................................................................................... 2-29
Figure 2-16: Simulation Parameters Window ...................................................................................................... 2-33
Figure 2-17: Simulation Window ........................................................................................................................... 2-34
Figure 2-18: Simulation Window for ESE Diesel / BOOST Coupling ................................................................. 2-36
Figure 2-19: Analyser Window............................................................................................................................... 2-37
Figure 2-20: Engine Data Window ........................................................................................................................ 2-38
Figure 2-21: Analyser – Quantity Graph Comparison with Foreign Data......................................................... 2-42
Figure 2-22: Friction Model Window .................................................................................................................... 2-43
Figure 2-23: Quality Plot – Engine Segment Simulation .................................................................................... 2-44
Figure 2-24: Report Generator Window................................................................................................................ 2-45
Figure 2-25: Spray Adjustment – General Engine Data Window ....................................................................... 2-49
Figure 2-26: Spray Adjustment – Sketcher – Spray Box Window ...................................................................... 2-50
Figure 2-27: Spray Adjustment – Sketcher – Injector Window .......................................................................... 2-51
Figure 2-28: Spray Adjustment – Mesher – 2D Parameters Window................................................................. 2-52
Figure 2-29: Spray Adjustment – Mesher – 3D Parameters Window................................................................. 2-52
Figure 2-30: Simulation Parameters Window ...................................................................................................... 2-55
Figure 2-31: Spray Adjustment – Quantity Plot .................................................................................................. 2-56
Figure 2-32: Relation of Gas Exchange Data........................................................................................................ 2-89
AST.08.0304.2013 – 28-Feb-2013 iii

1. INTRODUCTION
This manual describes the usage of the 2D Sketcher. The 2D sketcher allows the interactive
generation of sketches consisting of points, lines, arcs and the definition of constraints and
dimensions. Sketches can be exported as in the standardized dxf- and in our native s2d-
format. The main application of the sketcher for 8.5 is providing geometrical descriptions
for ESE Diesel. ESE Diesel supports the import of both, the dxf- as well as the s2d- files.
The advantage of the s2d-files is that all information contained in the file is parameterized.
Therefore all dimensions of sketches that are imported into ESE Diesel can be still
modified. This is of particular advantage when the user intends to perform parameter
studies or optimization tasks including geometrical parameter variations.
1.1. Symbols
The following symbols are used throughout this manual. Safety warnings must be strictly
observed during operation and service of the system or its components.
Caution: Cautions describe conditions, practices or procedures which

could result in damage to, or destruction of data if not strictly observed or
remedied.
 Note: Notes provide important supplementary information.
Convention Meaning
Italics For emphasis, to introduce a new term or for manual

titles.
monospace To indicate a command, a program or a file name,

messages, input / output on a screen, file contents or
object names.
MenuOpt A MenuOpt font is used for the names of menu options,

submenus and screen buttons.
1.2. Configurations
Software configurations described in this manual were in effect on the publication date.
It is the user’s responsibility to verify the configuration of the equipment before applying
procedures.
28-Feb-2013 1-1
2. ESE DIESEL
ESE Diesel is the first CFD simulation tool, which allows beginners, intermediate users
and experts to set up, perform and analyze the injection and combustion process in diesel
engines reliably and accurately with minimum effort.
Although extremely simple to handle, online help is offered to assist the users of our
software in any situation, giving general information about the product and explaining
details useful to know for making use of all the capabilities of the tool.
2.1. General Description

The user interface of the Engine Simulation Environment Diesel (ESE Diesel) is explained
below and its structure is explained in the following:
The menu bar contains the File and the Help pull-down menus.
File
New or Ctrl N Opens a new ESE Diesel project by opening the Project Settings
window and creating the new ESE Diesel project.
Project settings – define type of project to be used in ESE Diesel.
If Spray adjustment is selected then a new GUI appears in ESE

Diesel.
If Engine segment simulation is selected then one of the following
options must be selected:
Standard engine segment simulation is the project setting that
was used in former versions.
Simulation based on project data sheet is future project setting
(in present version is disabled).
Simulation based on BOOST data and BOOST coupled
simulation are project settings used for importing data from
BOOST. The BOOST file (*.bwf) and appropriate case must be
selected.
Open or Ctrl O Loads an existing ESE Diesel project.
Save or Ctrl S Saves the input specified during the present ESE Diesel session.
When saving the input for the first time, the user is requested to
specify a file name. The default file name is <EngineName.ese>
and the default location is the projects-directory in the ESE Diesel
installation directory.
Default directory for saving and loading ESE Diesel projects can be
changed in configuration window (section 2.3).
Save as Saves the input specified during the present ESE Diesel session in
any location on network mounted hard disks using an arbitrary file
name. The default file name is <EngineName.ese> and the
default location is the projects-directory in the ESE Diesel.
installation directory.
28-Feb-2013 2-1
A *.ese file enables the user to resume an ESE Diesel session.
The default directory for saving the *.ese file is the projects-
directory in the ESE Diesel installation directory. The default name
of the *.ese file is <EngineName.ese>.
Given <Filename.ese> file name, ESE Diesel will create

following files and following directory structure
FileName.ese
FileName.fpr
<Meshes>
FileName.flm
FileName.fmo
<Calculation>
<FileName>
FileName.dat
FileName.ssf
FileName.ese - contains information about all user inputs, piston
contour, topology information, etc.
FileName.fpr – FIRE Workflow Manager project file (if the user
wants to load a project in FIRE Workflow Manager)
FileName.flm - mesh collection
FileName.fmo - mesh movement information
FileName.ssf - solver steering file
FileName.dat - contains connectivity information between solver

steering file and meshes.
Configuration Opens the configuration window which is used for setting different
working parameters.
Exit or Alt F4 Closes the present ESE Diesel session.
Help
User manuals Opens the Users Guide.
About Displays information about the ESE Diesel version.
2.1.1. Workflow Area

The complete linear workflow for creating a computational mesh, setting up the simulation,
analyzing the simulation result and creating a report is shown in the workflow area only if
the stand-alone-version of ESE Diesel is used.
2.1.2. Input Area
2-2 28-Feb-2013
In the input area the user is prompted to specify all input to describe the geometry to be
investigated, meshing parameters, initial and boundary conditions.
2.1.3. Drawing Area

In the drawing area sketches of the parameterized curves of piston bowl and injector are
shown. In the Analyzer the drawing area is used to display the two-dimensional results. In
the Report generator, settings specifying the analysis report are defined in this area.
Geometries displayed in the drawing area can be zoomed using the middle mouse button
and moved using the right mouse button.
2.1.4. Information Area

In the information area important information is given.
2.1.5. Command Buttons

Command buttons are usually arranged in the left corner below the input area. Command
buttons allow opening the template selection box, loading fl2-files, printing graphs, etc.
2.1.6. Navigator Buttons

Navigator buttons are arranged in the right corner below the drawing area. Navigator
buttons allow switching one page forward or backward in the ESE Diesel workflow.
2.2. Project Settings
Figure 2-1: Project Settings Window
Spray adjustment Refer to chapter 2.5 for details.
Engine segment Refer to chapter 2.4 for details.

simulation
Standard engine segment simulation
The project setting that was used in former versions.
28-Feb-2013 2-3
Simulation based on project data sheet

Currently not supported.
Simulation based on BOOST data

Project settings used for importing data from BOOST. The
BOOST file (*.bwf) and appropriate case must be selected.
BOOST coupled simulation

Project settings used for coupled ESE Diesel – BOOST simulation
(High Pressure Cycle (HPC), Multiple High Pressure Cycle
(MHPC) coupling types). The BOOST file (*.bwf) and appropriate
case must be selected.
2.3. Configuration
The user can change some running parameters for ESE Diesel in the configuration window.
Select File | Configuration to access the following parameters:
Directories
CFD-WM project This directory contains CFD-WM project templates (currently

templates only DieselBowl) used for the new CFD-WM projects. By
specifying a different project template directory, the user can
specify different DieselBowl project (SSF file) for new projects.
ESE-D projects This projects directory is a default location for loading/saving .ese
projects.
Engine database This is the default directory for calculation results. It is used to
store .fl2 files that contain 1D calculation results together with
their .ese files. Saving results in engine database directory has
advantages over saving in some other directory, i.e. when user
selects Load from database option in Analyser, a list of all
simulation results in engine database directory is given. This list
can be further filtered by specifying different filter criteria like
engine name, bore, stroke, engine speed, friction power and lower
calorific value.
Injector templates Directory in which ESE Diesel looks for injector templates.
Piston templates Directory in which ESE Diesel looks for piston templates.
External Applications
AWS installation Directory in which AVL Workspace applications are installed, e.g.
directory BOOST. It has to be setup correctly in order to enable ESE
Diesel / BOOST coupled simulations.
Calculation wizard Calculation wizard is an external application used to setting

different calculation options and starting the calculation (solver).
HTML browser HTML browser (Mozilla, Firefox, Internet Explorer) is an

application used in ESE Diesel to display online help and
generated reports. The full path to your preferred HTML
browser can be specified.
2-4 28-Feb-2013
Impress offline Impress offline (ImpressAK) is an AVL standalone command line

application used in report generation process to generate cut
pictures.
Pdf browser The Pdf browser used to view the manual is specified here.
28-Feb-2013 2-5
2.4. Engine Segment Simulation
2.4.1. General Engine Data
Figure 2-2: General Engine Data Windows
2-6 28-Feb-2013
General engine data allows the user to specify general parameters of the engine simulated
in the present project, i.e., data which is characteristic for this engine and therefore helps
to identify it among a number of previously performed or ongoing investigations.
Parameters are separated into two tabs:
• General engine parameters contains input fields for engine name, number of
cylinders, bore, and compression ratio.
• Piston movement specification contains input fields for crank radius, connecting
rod length, piston pin offset, etc.
2.4.1.1. General Engine Parameters

Engine name The engine name can be specified as a set of alpha-numeric
characters.
Engine layout Select Inline or V-type from the pull-down menu (information
only).
Number of Specifies the number of cylinders for the simulated engine.

cylinders [-] For Simulation based on BOOST data and BOOST coupled
simulation project settings this parameter is disabled because it
is imported from the BOOST file.
Bore [m] The bore of the engine has to be specified in [m]. The value is
required to complete the description of the parameterized engine
geometry in the Sketcher, when using Create piston from
Template. For Simulation based on BOOST data and BOOST
coupled simulation project settings this parameter is disabled
because it is imported from the BOOST file.
Care has to be taken about the fact that the parameter Bore is
not taken into account when using Sketcher - Import piston. In
that case any value entered in this field is overwritten with the
actual dimension of the imported curve.
Stroke [m] The stroke of the engine has to be specified in [m]. Together with
the Connecting rod length the value is required to calculate the
piston position depending on the actual crank angle when
running the simulation. For Simulation based on BOOST data
and BOOST coupled simulation project settings this parameter
is disabled because it is imported from the BOOST file.
Connecting rod The connecting rod length of the engine has to be specified in
length [m] [m]. Together with the Stroke the value is required to calculate
the piston position depending on the actual crank angle when
running the simulation. For Simulation based on BOOST data
and BOOST coupled simulation project settings this parameter
is disabled because it is imported from the BOOST file.
28-Feb-2013 2-7
Compression ratio The geometrical compression ratio ε of the engine has to be

[-] specified. It is the quotient of the in-cylinder volume at bottom
dead center (VBDC) and the in-cylinder volume at top dead center
VTDC
ε = VBDC / VTDC.
The geometrical compression ratio is dimensionless.
Note that the value entered for the Compression ratio does not
effect the generation of the computational model unless the
meshing parameter Compensation volume at is set to either
Head or Piston in the Mesher.
2.4.1.2. Piston Movement Specification

Piston movement can be set with two different methods:
by specifying the parameters of piston displacement function

or
by loading the precalculated piston movement curve from a file.
To specify parameters for internal piston movement calculation, select Piston

displacement function. The following parameters are available:
Crank radius [m] Crank radius has to be specified in [m].
Connecting rod The connecting rod length of the engine has to be specified in [m].
length [m] Together with the Crank radius the value is required to calculate
the piston position depending on the actual crank angle when
running the simulation.
Piston pin offset Piston pin offset is a distance in [m] from crankshaft rotation
[m] center and piston movement axis. If this offset is 0, Crank radius
will be equal to 2*Stroke and piston movement will be pure sinus
function.
For Simulation based on BOOST data and BOOST coupled

simulation project settings this parameter is disabled because it is
imported from the BOOST file.
Stroke deflection If the engine has a very high cylinder pressure which influences
[m/Pa] piston movement, this curve can be loaded to adjust calculated
piston movement curve.
To set stroke deflection, select Stroke deflection, load pressure

curve by pressing Load p-curve link and specify Deflection value
in appropriate input field.
P-curve must be loaded from a text file which has two columns
separated with tab or space character. First column specifies crank
angle in degrees and second column specifies pressure in Pascal.
However, if user has pressure curve in non-SI unit, this unit can
be specified in the first line of the file and can be "MPa" (Mega
2-8 28-Feb-2013
Pascal), "kPa" (kilo Pascal) or "bar" (bar).
This is a fragment of such a file:

1. bar
0 0
1 0.00947905
2 0.0379116
3 0.0852841
4 0.151573
5 0.236748
6 0.340766
7 0.463579
8 0.605126
9 0.76534
10 0.944143
...
Stroke deflection factor controls influence of the pressure to the

piston movement. Resulting piston movement curve is calculated
as a difference between piston movement curve without stroke
deflection and pressure curve multiplied with Stroke deflection
factor.
If a piston movement curve has already been calculated in another application, this curve
can be loaded in ESE Diesel by selecting Curve and clicking on Load curve.
The curve must be loaded from the plain text file that contains two columns separated with
tab or space character. The first column specifies crank angle in degrees and the second
column specifies piston position in meters (for that crank angle).
A different length unit than SI unit can also be specified in the first line of the file. Allowed
units are "km" (kilometer), "dm" (decimeter), "cm" (centimeter) and "mm" (millimeter).
28-Feb-2013 2-9
2.4.2. Sketcher
Figure 2-3: Sketcher - Piston Window
The Sketcher enables the user to perform four tasks:
1. Define the piston bowl shape (Piston)
2. Define the injector shape (Injector)
3. Adjust the block-structure of a template (Block structure)
4. Define the selections to create in the meshes (Selections)
2.4.2.1. Piston
The piston bowl shape can be defined by
using a template
or
using a curve
A template is a parameterized model consisting of a curve describing the shape of a piston

and the respective structure of a computational mesh.
2-10 28-Feb-2013
Create piston from Allows choosing a piston geometry among available templates.
template Select Create piston from template to list all available piston
bowl templates with sketches.
After selecting a template the parameterized curve describing the
piston bowl shape is shown in the drawing area. In the input area
all parameters belonging to the selected template (white input
fields) and additional measures (gray fields) are listed. In the
lower part of the input area a sketch of the template containing
all parameter names (black font) and measures (green font) is
shown.
The names of the parameters as well as their number depend on
the template.
Each template consists of a number of circles and lines. The
parameters, which define a template, can be modified by
changing the respective values in the Input area. The piston
curve on the right hand side changes according to the users input
when pressing the ENTER key.
A curve is a model consisting of lines and points describing the shape of a piston.
Import piston Imports a curve from a file in DXF or AVL S2D or AVL flm
format.
Select Import piston to list all available files in DXF-format
(actually all files with the extension .DXF). flm-format files can
be viewed by selecting a different file filter. The same holds for
.S2D files.
The imported curve is parameterized during importing. The
curve describing the piston bowl shape is shown in the drawing
area. In the input area all parameters belonging to the selected
template (white input fields) are listed.
The parameter list of imported files starts with the inner bowl
radius Ri followed by numbered points. For each point the x and
the z component is listed. Modifying these parameters is only
recommended for models imported from S2D files.
The number of the parameters depends on the curve.
A sketch is not available for imported files.
Export piston A piston shape displayed in the Sketcher can be exported in

DXF-format or as template.
Note: DXF-specific: To use the import filter, the curve describing the
geometry which should be modeled, should be on a separate layer. This layer

must not contain any other objects.
S2D-specific: To modify a parameter of a 2D sketch it is necessary that the
respective parameter is correctly dimensioned in AVL’s Sketcher2D.
flm-specific: The flm contour has to be in the x-y plane, otherwise the import
process is not possible.
28-Feb-2013 2-11
2.4.2.2. Injector
The shape of an injector and recessed injector can be included into the description of the
engine shape. Injector models are available as template only. Each injector template is a
parameterized model consisting of a curve describing the shape of the injector.
Create injector from Select Create injector from template to list all available injector
template templates with sketches.
After selecting a template the parameterized curve describing the
injector shape is shown in the Drawing area. In the Input area all
parameters belonging to the selected template (white input fields)
and additional measures (gray fields) are listed. In the lower part
of the Input area a sketch of the template containing all
parameter names (black font) and measures (green font) is
shown.
The names of the parameters and their number depend on the
template.
Each template consists of a number of circles and lines. The
parameters, which define a template, can be modified by
changing the respective values in the Input area. The injector
curve on the right hand side changes according to the users input
when pressing the ENTER key.
Number of injection Specifies the number of injection holes of the nozzle applied to
holes [m] the engine presently modeled.
This parameter is always shown in the parameter list in the
input area and needs to be specified independent of whether or
not the injector geometry should be included in the description of
the engine. The default value of the Number of injection holes is
4.
Based on that parameter the circumferential dimension of the
engine segment to be created is decided. A value of 4 corresponds
o
to an engine segment of 90 , or one quarter of a full model.
o
Entering a number of 3 creates an engine segment model of 120 ,
or one third of a full model.
In general the number entered here should correspond to the
number of holes of the injector belonging to the engine to be
investigated. If the user only wants to simulate aerodynamics, it
is allowed and sometimes useful to specify a Number of injection
holes different from the given facts. In that case it is
recommended to specify a larger number, such as 36, keeping the
size of the model to be created as small as possible and thus
reducing the required simulation time effectively.
2-12 28-Feb-2013
Inj. Nozzle position Specifies the Z-coordinate of the nozzle hole position. It is
Z-coordinate [m] identical to the Nozzle position/Z-coordinate under Simulation
parameters/Spray/Particle Introduction
methods/Nozzles/Nozzle/Geometry Data/Nozzle position Z-
coordinate [m]. The change of this parameter will automatically
update the value in Solver GUI and also the value under
Sketcher/Block structure/Nozzle position Z-coordinate [m]. The
value of this parameter graphically represents in case there is no
injector contour defined the intersection of the red spray
direction line with the contour center axis (x=0). In case injector
contour (template) has been defined, this value is graphically an
intersection between red spray direction line and injector
contour.
Inj. Spray angle Specifies the half injection angle measured from contour center
delta 1 [deg] axis (x=0). Also this value will update the Solver GUI value for
spray (Simulation parameters/Spray/Particle Introduction
methods/Nozzles/Nozzle/Geometry Data/Spray angle delta 1
[deg]) as well as the value under Sketcher/Block structure/Spray
angle delta 1[deg].
If the injector contour is defined a set of additional parameters have to be defined (depends
from the type of injector template). For all injector templates a parameter of Nozzle point
X coord [m] is shown as information. It represents the horizontal distance of nozzle hole of
the segment center axis. This value is automatically transferred to the Spray solver GUI.
The recessed injector can be added or removed from the geometry and also the properties
can be changed. Select the check box to activate the fields for geometry manipulation.
Width Specifies half of the recessed injector radius measured from the
contour center axis (x=0).
Height Specifies the height of the recessed injector.
Angle of line to If the standard injector is added then it is possible to make a line
standard injector that connects the standard injector top point to the top of the
recessed injector on a user defined angle.
28-Feb-2013 2-13
Figure 2-4: Recessed Injector
The topology for models with a recessed injector are changed, 2 new block are added in the
recessed part and blocks that lie under the recessed part are split.
2.4.2.3. Block Structure

Any mesh created using the ESE Diesel environment consists of a number of blocks. The
main structure of the blocks can be displayed in the drawing area when opening Block
structure. The parameters describing the injector block and the spray block can be
modified. The parameters (in number and names) are identical for all piston templates
offered by AVL at this time.
The displayed parameters are identical, disregarding whether a template (see figure below)
or a DXF-file is used.
2-14 28-Feb-2013
If DXF/FLM/S2D-files are used to describe the engine geometry, the block structure
contains only the injector block and the spray block. There are additional lines displayed,
but not taken into account for meshing.
The block structure should always be checked before starting the meshing process and care
should be taken especially about the block boundaries of the injector block and the spray
block. These boundaries must not intersect with other block boundaries (green lines in
above figure) or the geometrical description of the piston and the injector (blue lines in
above figure).
Topology Piston movement is covered with 2 sets of blocks (topologies).

First set of blocks is used in first part of movement, when there
is not much space, and second set in second part where there is
enough space for simpler model.
This list box specifies which set of blocks is displayed.
Topology type For each topology there are few block structures to cover that
part of movement.
For Topology 0 there are 3 block structures:
1. Buffer layer - block structure has spray blocks, line of

blocks under spray part that compensate movement and
bowl blocks.
2. Without buffer layer - block structure has spray blocks

and bowl blocks. There is no buffer layer to compensate
movement. Movement is compensating with lower part of
bowl.
3. Paving - there is only one paving block for whole bowl.
For Topology 1 there is 1 block structure, spray blocks,

horizontal buffer layer and bowl.
Blocks Lists of blocks for which type of meshing can be specified. Blocks
to display depend on the specified topology type. If the
interpolation check box is set, then the block will be interpolated,
if it is unchecked the block will be paved. Changing the check box
is displayed in the model sketch with change of green lines.
Blocks for which meshing can be changed are mostly injector and
spray blocks, and blocks under injector and spray.
Piston The Piston position specifies the position (crank angle) for
displacement [m] which the mesh block structure should be displayed.
Spray block: This value defines the spray block’s end corner position on the
cylinder top.
Top length B1 [m]
Spray block: This value defines the spray block’s end corner position in the
Bottom length B2 bowl volume.
[m]
Injector block: The Injector block height is the distance between point A and
Height A1 [m] the firedeck of the engine.
28-Feb-2013 2-15
Injector block: The Injector block width is the distance between point B and the
Width A2 [m] cylinder axis of the engine.
Nozzle position Z- This value describes the nozzle orifice Z-position, as it is defined
coordinate C [m] in the SSF file.
Injector block: Horizontal distance between points A and C.

Bottom length A3
[m]
Axis crown This value defines the distance between piston crown and bottom
distance D [m] corner of buffer block below the injector (in Z axis). For very flat
piston bowls (for example piston template 1) this value has to be
increased in order to ensure enough space for paving meshing
underneath the buffer layer and spray block.
Spray angle delta 1 This value is the spray injection angle. Graphically it is
[deg] represented by its half value in the viewer. Modifying this value
changes the opening angle of the spray block and the inclination
of the red spray direction line. This value is only for mesh
generation purposes and will not be transferred to the
Sketcher/Injector/Inj. Spray angle delta 1 [deg]. Alternatively the
change of the Sketcher/Injector/Inj. Spray angle delta 1 [deg]
value will modify also this value. With that an option for
independent mesh topology and Spray GUI parameters is also
possible. By major cases all these values will be the same.
Injector block: Ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. It defines the vertical position of point C.
Bottom factor [m] It is the ratio of the Z-coordinate of C over the Z-coordinate of A.
Thus, a factor equal to 1.0 means that C is at the same vertical
position as A, whereas a factor of 0.0 would shift point A to a
position at Z = 0. It is recommended, that this value is <1 for
contour without injector and >1 for contour with injectors.
2-16 28-Feb-2013
2.4.2.4. Constant Compression Ratio

ESE Diesel offers possibility to keep the desired compression ratio while changing the
model parameters. It is done in the Const CR tab.
Figure 2-5: Constant Compression Ratio
The desired compression ratio, parameters and strategy are defined with:
Lock/Unlock This button locks or unlocks desired compression ratio value.

Locked value is displayed under the button and under Actual
compression ratio value in sketcher part.
Parameters To manage desired compression ratio value, ESE Diesel needs

parameters which can automatically modify. To specify
parameter, choose it from list of parameters and select Add.
To remove parameter, select Remove in the parameter list.

To remove all parameters select Remove all.
Range Each parameter has a range of values in which ESE Diesel is

trying to find a solution for locked compression ratio. These
values are defined in range fields for each parameter. These
values are range lower and upper bound. Default values for range
bounds are -10%, +10% of parameter current value.
28-Feb-2013 2-17
Weight ESE Diesel will try to find a value of parameters in the given
range to satisfy the compression ratio condition. It will change
values with a rate that is proportional to a given weight, i.e. for
larger weights, the value will reach the boundary range faster
and for smaller weights it will reach the boundary slower.
If weights are equal, then values will reach boundaries

simultaneously.
Match When compression ratio is locked and some locked parameters

are defined, the Match button is displayed.
It is located near value of locked compression ratio in sketcher

part. Selecting this button, ESE Diesel will change values of
specified parameters to achieve defined compression ratio.
When compression ratio is locked and some parameters are defined, it is not possible to
change the locked parameters in the Piston tab. These fields are disabled as schown in the
following figure:
Figure 2-6: Fields in Piston tab
After changing the values of other parameters in the Piston tab, the actual compression
ratio is changed. Now it is possible to manage the locked compression ratio with the Match
button.
2-18 28-Feb-2013
2.4.2.5. Selections
Meshes created using the ESE Diesel environment can have different types of selections.
The creation of these selections is specified in Selections folder and creation of a selection
(or set of selections) can be switched on or off. By saving the ESE project these selections
will be transferred to cell selections by rotation.
Selections that can be defined and additional parameters
Standard selections Consists of 4 selections:
Injector block - area of injector block
Spray block - area of spray block
Bowl - bowl part of the model
Cylinder - cylinder part of the model
Bowl and cylinder selections split model in 2 disjoint parts.
Radial selections Splits model into radial parts. The number of parts can be
specified by Number of selections or radial Length of each part.
Selections are named R_nnn, where nnn is number of kind 001,
002,
Circumferential Splits model into circumferential parts. The number of parts can
selections be specified by Number of selections, or circumferential Angle
of each part. Selections are named C_nnn, where nnn is number
of kind 001, 002, ...
Piston Rim Defines a circular selection in the piston rim area. The user can
selection specify Blow factor of circle to make it a desirable size.
If activated, then piston rim circle is displayed in the Drawing
area.
Oil wetted liner Defines the region on the cylinder liner where oil in the soot
selection module will be active. This module can be switched on under
Simulation parameters (for selection oilsoot_domain only). The
default value proposed in the input field corresponds normally to
the distance from the piston top to the first compression ring
(depending from the clearance gap and bore diameter). In this
region no oil is assumed to be present, thus no soot in oil
treatment is necessary there.
In all folders of the Sketcher the following options are available:
Bowl volume [m3] The box behind this entry shows the volume of the piston bowl in
o
[m3]. The value refers to the volume of a full model (360 ).
Actual compr. ratio The box behind this entry shows the compression ratio calculated
[-] from the current bowl shape.
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Display This toggle switch activates or deactivates the display of

characteristic characteristic points of the engine and injector contours.
points Typical characteristic points are centers of radii, start and end
points of lines and arcs.
Displaying the characteristic points should be activated while
generating and testing new piston or injector templates.
2.4.3. Mesher
The Mesher allows the user to define all meshing parameters which describe the entire
computational grid to be created for the engine geometry defined in the Sketcher.
The meshing process is performed in two steps:
1. 2D meshing
2. 3D meshing
1. 2D parameters
Figure 2-7: 2D Parameters for Mesher
A two-dimensional set of computational meshes is created based on the following parameter

input:
Number of Specifies the desired number of boundary layers. The default

boundary layers [-] value is 2. If “0” is specified, a boundary layer will not be created.
2-20 28-Feb-2013
Thickness of Specifies the total (or combined) thickness of the boundary

boundary layers [m] layers. The default value is 0.002 m.
If “2” is the Number of boundary layers, each boundary layer
will be half as thick as the value specified for the Thickness of
boundary layers.
Compensation Specifies if the computational model to be created should contain

volume at a compensation volume.
The compensation volume compensates for parts such as
protruded or recessed intake and exhaust valves, glow plug,
possibly the injector and other geometrical details, which are not
considered in the description of the engine made in the Sketcher.
Due to the simplified geometrical representation of the engine in
the sketcher, it is likely that the model to be created does not
have the same compression ratio as defined in the General
engine data as Compression ratio ε of the real engine.
When using a computational model with an incorrect
Compression ratio it is impossible to obtain simulation results
reflecting the conditions in the real engine.
Blow by Specifies if the computational model to be created should contain

a blow by. Blow by is added at piston part touching liner. It is
defined with width and height length values.
It is not possible to set both Blow by and Piston compensation
volume.
The following options are available from the pull-down menu:
No compensation This is the default. If selected, the Compression ratio of the

volume model to be created may be different from the value specified in
the General engine data. If selected, the input field for
Compensation volume width is inactive.
Head Select to add a cylindrical volume in the region of the outer

periphery of the cylinder head area to each mesh of the set to be
created. The height is calculated according to the input of the
Compression ratio in the General engine data and the input
made for Compensation volume width.
Piston Select to add a cylindrical volume in the area of the outer piston
top land to each mesh of the set to be created. The height is
calculated according to the input of the Compression ratio in the
General engine data and the input made for Compensation
volume width.
It is not possible to set both Blow by and Piston compensation
volume.
Head Center Select to add a conical volume in the center of the cylinder head
area. The height is calculated according to the input of the
Compression ratio in the General engine data and the input
made for Compensation volume width.
Valve recess A compensation volume consisting of two trapezoids (in the 3D
28-Feb-2013 2-21
mesh: two trapezoidal rings) is generated. The height of the

trapezoids is determined automatically in order to adjust the
volume correctly. All other parameters can be specified by the
user to obtain a certain valve seat geometry. For a description of
the parameters see Figure 2-8.
Enter values for:
Distance cylinder axis to valve axis [m]
Valve head radius [m]
Frustum outer basis [m]
Frustum inner basis [m]
Compensation Specifies the width of the compensation volume. Typical values

volume width [m] for the width are 0.001 ... 0.003 m, depending on the bore. The
smaller values refer to High Speed Diesel Engines with a bore of
about 0.08 m, the larger to Truck Engines with a bore of about
0.2 m.
Figure 2-8: Diesel Bowl with Compensation Volume - Type ‘Valve recess’
Refine spray block Specifies if the spray block will be refined in the computational
model. To activate this, the user has to switch on the creation of
Standard selections in the Sketcher window, Selections folder.
The user can specify for which crank angles to make the
refinement. Default values are from 0 deg - 40 deg (that includes
also 320 deg - 360 deg).
2-22 28-Feb-2013
Refine Piston Rim Specifies if the piston rim area will be refined in the
selection computational model. To activate, the user has to switch on the
creation of Piston Rim selection in the Sketcher window,
Selections folder.
Average cell size Enter the size in [m], which the computational elements should
[m] have in average. The Average cell size is the sole influence
factor for the number of elements in each of the two-dimensional
meshes.
Comparing the specified Average cell size with the actual value
during a background simulation of the piston movement, all
rezone events are defined by the software. A rezone occurs when
the size of particularly checked elements increases to 1.4 times,
or decreases to 0.7 times the specified value.
Dependent cell size Select the toggle switch and click on with the left mouse
[m] button to open a window which contains two (grayed out) entries
by default (see Figure 2-9). These entries correspond to 0 degCA
and the CA where a block topology change is scheduled. These
entries cannot be removed or altered.
To insert or delete a new row in the table, activate the respective

check boxes and click on Insert or Remove (lower left corner of
the frame) – see Figure 2-10.
Once a row is inserted, enter a CA value and a cell size.

Note, that the table obeys a ‘From CA’ logic. Additionally, it is
possible to specify the number of rezones used in that CA
interval. The default value is ‘-1’, i.e. the number of rezones is
determined by the standard cell deformation criterion usually
used in ESE Diesel.
If the number of rezones for the CA range is not specified then it

is possible to specify the aspect ratio for that CA range.
For each range it is possible to specify the aspect ratio for that
CA range.
For each range it is possible to set the compressed distribution on

sides that are in moving direction. An example of meshes with
different cell sizes is shown in Figure 2-11 and Figure 2-12.
28-Feb-2013 2-23
Figure 2-9: Cell Size Specification Window - default
Checkbox for Row Insertion Active Row Inserted

Figure 2-10: Cell Size Specification Window – cell size defined
Figure 2-11: Mesh Created with Cell Size 0.001 for 0 to 28.7 degCA (left: mesh at 18.8
degCA; right: mesh at 28.7 degCA)
2-24 28-Feb-2013
Figure 2-12: Mesh Created with Cell Size 0.005 for Crank Angles > 28.7 degCA (left:
mesh at 28.7 degCA; right: mesh at 54.0 degCA)
After defining all meshing parameters, a set of two-dimensional meshes is created by

Generate 2D meshes. Meshes marked with an asterisk contain triangular patches. This
can be a hint that a smaller cell size should be chosen.
If the compensation volume is specified, then the meshing process can inform about
parameter values non-consistency.
If the given compression ratio from General data is larger than the actual compression
ratio then adding compensation volume cannot resolve it. There are 2 possibilities:
1. If the given compression ratio is slightly larger than the actual, then it is possible
to handle it with squish volume. In this case the following message is displayed:
2. If the given compression ratio is much larger than the actual, so that squish
volume cannot handle the difference, then the following message is displayed:
28-Feb-2013 2-25
2. 3D parameters
Figure 2-13: 3D Parameters for Mesher
A three-dimensional set of computational meshes is created based on the two-dimensional

grids, the input made for Number of injection holes (see section 2.4.2.2 Injector in
Sketcher) and the specification of:
Number of Specifies the number of computational cells in circumferential

subdivisions in (angular) direction. It is recommended to always enter an odd
angular direction number.
Distribution factor Specifies the compression factor for compressed distributions.

in angular direction Compression is made in angular direction.
Angle of cyclic If selected, then the first and last layer in the angular direction
boundary layers are set to defined angle.
[deg]
Bowl center offset For asymmetric bowls the X and Y offset relative to the cylinder
axis has to be specified.
Recessed injector For asymmetric recessed injectors the X and Y offset relative to
offset the bowl center has to be specified.
Injector offset For asymmetric injectors the X and Y offset relative to the bowl
center has to be specified.
2-26 28-Feb-2013
Refine spray line The volume around the spray line can be refined (red line). Spray
line properties are defined in the Injector tab of Sketcher frame.
Spray line is defined with the Nozzle point and spray angle.
Refinement is defined in 3D meshing parameters in the Mesher
frame. Volume to refine is cylinder with user defined diameter of
base around nozzle point and length in spray line direction.
Cylinder diameter Cylinder diameter is set in Sketcher frame with Injector

parameter 'Nozzle diameter at hole center position'.
Cylinder length Depth of refinement is set in Local grid refinement dialog with
parameter Constant refinement depth.
Number of This is the minimal number of cells in each direction on the

subdivisions on cylinder base around the nozzle point.
cylinder base
The following figure is an example of refined cells in spray line part. The displayed
selections are mostly refined cells.
Figure 2-14: Refined Spray Line Volume
It is important to take a care about refinement parameters, since it is quite easy to get
meshes with a large number of cells. In the above example the spray line selection has
around 60% of all cells in the mesh. The example is done with parameters in Figure 2-13:
- cylinder radius 0.1mm
- cylinder length 1cm
- number of subdivisions on base is 10.
28-Feb-2013 2-27
With these parameters it is easy to calculate that each spray line volume has to have more
than 15000 small cells. Since there are layers of cells that compensate for the shrinking of
the cell size, theoverhead of one spray line is around 20000 cells in this example. That is
usually around or more than the number of cells in the initial 3D mesh. With a smaller
cylinder diameter or a larger number of subdivision, it is easy to get meshes with more
cells.
Export 2D meshes Select to export the complete set of two-dimensional meshes.
Export 3D meshes Select to create all sets of the three-dimensional engine segment
model based on the two-dimensional meshes displayed in the 2D
Mesh view. Afterwards the meshes will be exported to a user-
specified location.
Select Export 3D meshes and specify the mesh file name

<MeshFilename> and the location to which the meshes should
be exported. Click OK to create and save the following files to
disk:
MeshFileName.flm
MeshFileName.fmo
Note: Instead of selecting Export 3D meshes it is recommended to use:

 File | Save.
The three-dimensional mesh can only be viewed in the FIRE Workflow
Manager.
In the drawing area of the Mesher the following options are available:
Set Each pair of two-dimensional meshes belonging to the complete

set of computational meshes can be selected and displayed.
Each pair is characterized by its topology {1, 2} and the crank
angle range it covers during the simulation.
By default both meshes belonging to the selected pair are
displayed in the drawing area.
Display start mesh Activate to display the first mesh of the selected pair in the
drawing area.
Display end mesh Activate to display the second mesh of the selected pair in the
drawing area.
Freeze zoom After zooming the required area of the mesh, activate this toggle
switch to keep the zoom fixed when another mesh is selected.
2-28 28-Feb-2013
Mesh statistics The mesh statistics consists of the following output values:
Number of faces
Displays the number of faces of the two-dimensional mesh shown
above the output.
Number of triangular faces

Displays the number of triangular faces of the two dimensional
mesh. The existence of triangular faces indicates that the chosen
average cell size might be slightly too coarse.
Number of boundary faces

Displays the number of boundary cell faces of the two-
dimensional mesh shown above the output.
For both meshes of each pair of the set, the Number of faces and
the Number of boundary faces must be identical.
The Number of faces multiplied with the Number of

subdivisions in angular direction is the number of elements of
the respective three-dimensional mesh.
Check meshes Select to open mesh quality check window.
2.4.3.1. Mesh Quality Check

This tool checks the quality of the mesh sets. Select Check meshes to open the following
window:
Figure 2-15: Mesh Quality Check Window
28-Feb-2013 2-29
The following options are available:
Criteria The name of the criterion which a cell has to fulfill. Turn on the
relevant toggle switch on the left to include it in the quality
check. The following types are available:
• Negative area
• Partially negative area
• Partially negative area (alternative)
• Aspect ratio
• Cell / cell / face angle
• Cell / cell non-orthogonality
• Cell / face angle
• Skewness
Number The number of cells which fulfill the criterion.
Percent The percentage of the cells compared to the total number of cells,
which fulfill the criterion.
Lower limit If a criterion has bounds, then this is the lower bound for the
criterion.
Upper limit If a criterion has bounds, then this is the upper bound for the
criterion.
Save defaults The criteria and limits are stored in the configuration file. If they
are contained in the configuration file they will be used as default
whenever the ‘Mesh quality’ window is opened.
Restore defaults The default values stored in the configuration file are restored.
Defaults from The user-defined defaults are replaced by those of the standard
installation installation.
Summary This section gives the user an overview of the result of the
performed checks.
Total number of cells is the total number of the cells the mesh
contains.
Sum of failed cells is the sum of all the Number values listed in
the criteria section.
Sum of failed cells of selected checks is the intersected value of

the selected criteria.
Create Selection A cell selection is created that includes cells which failed the
marked quality checks.
Check After the desired criteria is selected and bounds are defined, the
check is performed by clicking Check.
2-30 28-Feb-2013
Marks used to describe cell:
C ... cell center, vi ... i-th vertex, ei ... i-th edge; where i = 1,2,3,4.
Types of the mesh quality checks.
1. Negative area
A negative area occurs when the cell area is smaller than the given upper limit.
2. Partially negative area
If any triangle ΔviCvi+1 has a negative area then the cell containing it has a partially
negative area.
3. Partially negative area (alternative)
If any triangle Δvivi+1vi+2 has negative area then the cell containing it has a partially
negative area (alternative).
4. Aspect ratio
Aspect ratio is defined as a = emax / emin, where emax (emin) is maximum (minimum)
edge length.
5. Cell / cell / face angle

Look at two adjacent cells, with cell centers C1 and C2. If n is normal unit vector on
the edge between these cells and n12 normal unit vector from C1 in direction to C2,
than cell/cell/face angle is the angle between n and n12.
28-Feb-2013 2-31
6. Cell / cell non-orthogonality

Same as in the case before, there are two adjacent cells. M is midpoint on edge
between them, and e is its length. d is distance between M and line that connects
cell centers. Cell / cell non-orthogonality occurs when the ratio 2*d/e is bigger than
given lower limit.
7. Cell / face angle

Cell/face angle is an angle between the line that connects the cell center with the
edge midpoint and the normal vector on that edge. If a cell has at least one cell/face
angle in the given limit then the cell satisfies this criteria.
8. Skewness
Skewness is defined as s = (dmax-dmin) / dmax, where dmax (dmin) is maximum

(minimum) distance between cell center and vertex.
2-32 28-Feb-2013
2.4.4. Simulation Parameters

This is used for setting various simulation parameters. This window is the same as in the
FIRE Workflow Manager so please refer to the FIRE Workflow Manager Users Guide for
information regarding simulation parameters.
ESE Diesel uses default Case.ssf file for all new projects. The file can be found in
[ESE_INSTALLATION_DIR]/files/ESE/project_templates/DieselBowl/Calcula
tion/Case directory. To use different default Case.ssf file for a calculation, use the
following procedure:
• create project_templates directory in his home directory

• copy DieselBowl directory from ESE installation directory to project_templates
directory in his home directory
• edit copy of the Case.ssf file
• in the Configuration window (File | Configuration), change CFDWM project
templates directory to point to $HOME/project_templates
From that point on, new projects will be created by using the user's Case.ssf as default.
In the case of Simulation based on BOOST data and BOOST coupled simulation project
settings in Initial conditions part for Phase_1, the parameters ‘Pressure’, ‘Temperature’,
‘Turb. kin. energy’ and ‘EGR mass fraction’ are disabled because they are imported from
the BOOST file.
Figure 2-16: Simulation Parameters Window
28-Feb-2013 2-33
2.4.5. Simulation
Figure 2-17: Simulation Window
The Simulation allows the user to start the CFD simulation of the bowl aerodynamics, the
injection and the combustion process.
Note: The Simulation page is available only in the stand-alone-version

 of ESE Diesel. If ESE Diesel is started from the FIRE Workflow Manager,
the simulation can be started from the Solver pull-down menu.
Start calculation Starts calculation wizard which is used for setting calculation
wizard parameters and starting the calculation.
The following workflow shows options on running the

simulation. The Shared Memory Processing (SMP) and Message
Passing Interface (MPI) must be supported by the operating
system otherwise they are not available.
If remote is chosen, enter the Hostname of the remote machine.
The Username is required for access to that CPU. Select Next to
continue.
2-34 28-Feb-2013
Start Calculation Workflow
Prepare calculation does all necessary steps used to create a runable case and creates a
script called run_calculation.csh (located in the case directory) containing the correct
command to start the calculation out of the shell.
If Restart option is available but not required, select Next and proceed with User-
functions.
If Restart is required, activate the Start mode toggle switch and select the desired restart
or backup file from the pull-down menu of available files. Select Next to continue.
If User-functions are not required, select Calculate to start the simulation.
If User-functions are required, select Add File to open the File Manager window. Check if
the file filter is set to FORTRAN file (*.f). Select the appropriate files from the location
and select OK. If two or more .f-files are required, select them by pressing Ctrl and then
OK. The selected files are displayed in a list with the full path. Select Calculate to start the
simulation with user-functions.
28-Feb-2013 2-35
2.4.6. Coupled ESE Diesel / BOOST Simulation
Figure 2-18: Simulation Window for ESE Diesel / BOOST Coupling
Simulation allows the user to start the BOOST-coupled CFD simulation of the high
pressure cycle.
When BOOST coupled simulation is used, the following options are available:
• HPC and MHPC coupling.
For both options the user must define three parameters:
• Number of BOOST only cycles (pre);
• Number of coupled cycles (between ESE Diesel and BOOST);
• Number of BOOST only cycles (post).
These values will be written in the BOOST dat file which will be used by BOOST solver.
Start calculation Starts calculation wizard which is used for setting calculation
wizard parameters and starting the calculation.
The following workflow shows options on running the

simulation. The Shared Memory Processing (SMP) and Message
Passing Interface (MPI) must be supported by the operating
system otherwise they are not available.
If remote is chosen, enter the Hostname of the remote machine.
The Username is required for access to that CPU. Select Next to
continue.
2-36 28-Feb-2013
2.4.7. Analyser
Figure 2-19: Analyser Window
The Analyser is used for result evaluation based on average two-dimensional data
calculated during the simulation of the aerodynamics, the injection and the combustion in
the diesel engine segment model.
The Analyser enables the user to perform two tasks:
1. To visualize two dimensional graphs for FL2 and FL3 results
2. To display a summary of engine specific output in graphs and table (only for
diesel engine segment model)
Quantity graphs To visualize the FL2 results as two-dimensional graphs.
Engine specific To display the engine specific output as graphs (only for diesel
output graphs engine segment model).
Engine specific To display a summary of the engine specific output graphs (only
output for diesel engine segment model).
Quantity plots To map the FL3 results temperature and equivalence ratio as
two-dimensional graphs.
Performing either task is based on evaluating the average two-dimensional data stored in
the file FileName.fl2, usually Case.fl2. If there is available appropriate
FileName.fl3 file in the same folder, its content will be loaded for Quality plot data.
28-Feb-2013 2-37
To load an fl2 file two options are available:
Load results Loads fl2 files via file selection box.

Load results from Loads fl2 and fl3 files stored in the database (DB) location.
DB Select to display the main engine parameters stored in the *.ese
files in the database location.
2.4.7.1. Quantity Graph

Quantity Graph allows displaying two-dimensional graphs.
After loading results (fl2 files) to the Analyser, the loaded data is included in the File list in
the lower part of the input area.
File list The File list consists of the following columns:

All loaded files are numbered. The file number is displayed in the
first column.
File name Contains the name of the loaded fl2 file.

Min Displays the global minimum of the selected quantity.
Max Displays the global maximum of the selected quantity.
Avg Displays the average value of the selected quantity.
The width of each of the five columns of the File list can be changed using the left mouse
button, after moving the pointer above any vertical gridline of the table. If the total width
of the five columns exceeds the width of the input area, a scroll bar appears below the input
area.
The following options are available by pressing the right mouse button, after moving the
pointer above any entry in the File list:
Edit engine data Select to display the following window:
Figure 2-20: Engine Data Window
Note: If the simulation was set up using ESE Diesel, only Friction power
 should be modified using this option. Modifying the Friction power causes
quantities like BSFC, FMEP, BMEP and Mechanical efficiency to be re-
calculated. Click Compute to calculate friction power parameter (see
Friction power window below).
2-38 28-Feb-2013
Graph properties Select to define the following:
Line color
Line width
Line style
Symbol type
Offset (on graph’s X-axis)
for
Main curve (Quantity)

Average curve (average of selected Quantity)
ESO point (Engine specific output).
If Same color for all curves is activated, the same color is

applied to all three curves. Otherwise it is possible to assign a
different color to each type of curve.
Save to database Results loaded to the Analyzer can be saved to the database. A
file selection box opens and a filename can be specified. Together
with the fl2 and fl3 file, the ese file is copied to the database
location.
It is recommended that the filename contains the Engine name

and the Case name.
The default directory of the database location is the

engine_database-directory in the ESE Diesel installation
directory.
The default directory can be modified by editing the file *.config

in the ESE Diesel installation directory. The following entry

must be changed to
<add key="application.engineDatabaseDirectory"
value="NewDefaultPath" />
The default directory can be modified by editing Engine

database in the Configuration window.
Remove file Deletes any entry from the File list.
Load results Loads an .fl2 file.
Load results from Loads fl2 and fl3 files stored in the database (DB) location.
DB
28-Feb-2013 2-39
Import foreign data Imports external data sets for temperature (1dT format),
pressure (1dp format) (e.g. BOOST data or measurement data)
in the following format:
#Supported headers Pa, bar, Mpa possible (for 1dp)
#Supported headers K, deg Celsius, F possible (for 1dT)
Pa
#Crank Angle [deg CA] Pressure
151300
151305
....
The number of blanks in between columns is not important.
#.......comment line
User must use the quantity notation of the two comment lines.
Additional supported format is direct BOOST result format (gid

format). By loading BOOST results data automatically cylinder
pressure, temperature and Rate of heat release (ROHR) will be
loaded. User has to select tCY1____1.gid file from the BOOST
result file list.
Use this option to extend the engine specific output for full cycle
values of IMEP and BMEP.
Region Select the cell selection for which the analysis should be
performed. At present only “wholeModel” is available. In case of
loading foreign data an additional selection Verification will
appear and automatically (Figure 2-21)
2-40 28-Feb-2013
Quantity group Select the group which contains the quantity to be displayed.
Comb contains all quantities related to the simulation of the

combustion process, such as heat release, fuel mass fraction,
equivalence ratio, etc.
Flow contains all quantities related to the simulation of the fluid

flow process, such as pressure, temperature, turbulence, swirl,
etc.
Species contains all quantities related to the simulation of the

species transport, such as Diesel, H2, H2O, N2, O2, CO, CO2 mass
fractions.
Spray contains all quantities related to the simulation of the

injection process, such as injected mass, evaporated mass,
penetration length, Sauter mean diameter, etc.
Coupling Data appears in case BOOST results are imported

under option Import foreign data.
Note: The swirl is calculated using a formula, which needs to be

embedded in the solver steering file used for the ESE Diesel simulation.
The formula is available via:
Write 2D result file >>
 New quantity by formula >>

Formula_x >>
Import Example >>
Engine_segment_swirl.h
When using the default solver steering file of ESE Diesel, the formula is
already included.
Quantity Displays one quantity from the list of quantities offered in each
Quantity group.
All output related to the Comb, Flow, Species and Spray

Quantity groups, is displayed in the upper diagram of the
drawing area. In case of importing BOOST results (Import
foreign data) additional quantities Pressure, Temperature and
Rate of Heat Release with an index BOOST/3D appear.
The additional options are available:
Draw average curve Activate to display the average value of the quantity displayed in
the upper diagram in the drawing area as a horizontal line.
Show legend Activate to display a legend in the lower right corner of the
drawing area.
28-Feb-2013 2-41
Show whole curve Activate to allow the simple graph scaling manipulation. Using
left and right mouse allows interactive scaling manipulation in
the graph.
Figure 2-21: Analyser – Quantity Graph Comparison with Foreign Data
2.4.7.1.1. Friction Model
Select Compute in the Engine data window (Figure 2-20) to open the following window
which is used to calculate friction power. Change the parameters and then click Friction
power [W] to refresh friction power value in the friction power window. Select OK to copy
the calculated friction power value into engine data parameters.
The underlying physical friction power models are described in detail in section 2.7.3
2-42 28-Feb-2013
Figure 2-22: Friction Model Window
2.4.7.2. Engine Specific Output Graphs

Engine specific Displays the typical output to evaluate internal combustion
output engines. It is displayed in the lower diagram of the drawing area.
Note: Engine specific output is not stored in the fl2 file. It is calculated
 via formulae based on data contained in the fl2 file and the Friction
power [W]. The default value of the Friction power is 1000 W.
2.4.7.3. Engine Specific Output

Engine specific output allows a summary of engine specific result data to be displayed.
After results have been loaded (see Load results and Load results from DB), a table with
two columns is displayed in this folder. If more than one result file (fl2 file) has been
loaded, the number of columns increases accordingly.
The width of each of the columns of the table can be changed using the left mouse button,
after moving the pointer above any vertical gridline of the table. If the total width of the
columns exceeds the width of the page, a scroll bar appears at the bottom of the page.
The table of engine specific result data can be saved by Export table which exports the
contents of the table in xml or txt format
28-Feb-2013 2-43
2.4.7.4. Quality Plot

Quality Plot allows two-dimensional graphs of the FL3 data to be displayed.
Temperature and equivalence ratio for every cell at crank angle with maximal heat release
rate (which is read from fl2 file) and -10, -20, -30, +10, +20, +30 (or closest) degrees from
that crank angle are imported.
Two plots are supported --- the Temperature/Equivalence Ratio plot and the
Temperature/Lambda plot (note: Lambda = 1/Equivalence Ratio). The user can select in
between these two plots. Refer to Figure 2-23.
Figure 2-23: Quality Plot – Engine Segment Simulation
Reference:
Akihama, Y. Takatori, K. Inagaki, S. Sasaki, A.M. Dean

Mechanism of the Smokeless Rich Diesel Combustion by Reducing Temperature
SAE 2001-01-0655
2-44 28-Feb-2013
2.4.8. Report Generator
Figure 2-24: Report Generator Window
The Report generator enables the user to create a standardized analysis report. Settings
have to be defined in the following tabs:
General Enables the user to select the chapters which should be included
in the report. Available chapters are listed below.
Data steps Enables the user to select the data steps for which colored plots
should be created.
Cuts Enables the user to select the cuts for which colored plots should
be created.
Image properties Enables the user to define the properties of the colored plots,
which should be created.
Create report Allows creating a report containing the selected features. The
format of the report is xml.
It is available in each folder of the Report generator.
28-Feb-2013 2-45
2.4.8.1. General
General allows the contents of the report to be defined. Up to four chapters can be included
in the document.
In order to create a report the following requirements have to be fulfilled:
• A project including Meshes directory, Calculation and Case directory must exist.
• Mesh data must be located in the Meshes-directory.
• The *.ese file, the *.fl2 file and the *.fl3 file of the simulation case for which
the report should be created, must be located in the Case-directory.
• The fl2 file of this simulation case must be loaded.
A correct set-up of the project directory is ensured by using File | Export | CFDWM project
from the Windows menu bar after creating two-dimensional computational meshes.
The fl2 file can be loaded using Select fl2-file.
The contents of the report can be defined by selecting the following chapters:
Engine data / Writes the data listed on the right hand side of the sheet into the
Injector data report (Engine segment simulation / Spray adjustment).
Mesh statistics Writes the mesh statistics of each mesh set to into the report.
Engine specific Writes all engine specific output data into the report (Engine
output segment simulation only).
Impress offline Inserts two-dimensional colored plots of selected quantities into

the report.
Note: If any switch is disabled, the data required could not be found.
 If a *.ese file or a *.fl2 file is missing, report generation is not possible.
If a *.fl3 file is missing, Impress offline cannot be included in the report.
If a *.flm file is missing, mesh statistics cannot be included in the report.
2.4.8.2. Data Steps

Data steps allows the data steps to be defined and the data to be included in the Impress
offline result analysis.
Data step list This displays all data sets available in the fl3 file of the actually
analyzed simulation.
Select the data steps for which two-dimensional plots should be
created.
Select all Enables the user to activate all data steps shown in the list.
Deselect all Enables the user to deactivate all data steps shown in the list.
Result data list This displays all quantities available in the fl3 file of the actually
analyzed simulation.
Select the quantities for which two-dimensional plots should be
created.
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Select all Enables the user to activate all quantities shown in the list.
Deselect all Enables the user to deactivate all quantities shown in the list.
2.4.8.3. Cuts
Cuts enables the cross-sections to be defined for which two-dimensional plots can be
created. By default two Predefined cuts are defined.
Formula (half This definition creates a horizontal cut (z is constant) at half the
stroke) distance between firedeck and actual piston position.
According to the definition of the cut, the cut is “moving” during

the simulation period.
y constant This definition creates a vertical cut through the center of the
segment model.
According to the definition of the cut, it’s position is constant.
The user can create additional cuts. The following types can be added:
• x constant / y constant / z constant cuts
• surface cuts
• phi cut - phi is an angle, describing how many degrees the cutting plane is rotated
around the z axis. phi=0 is identical to y constant = 0.
• nozzle phi cut
• nozzle orifice cut
Add cut Defines additional cuts. Specify the cut type - surface or x / y / z
or phi constant in the pop-up window.
If x / y / z or phi constant is selected, define the position of the

cut in [m].
If nozzle phi cut is selected, a phi cut for each nozzle with values
from the corresponding ssf file will be generated (Modules / Spray
/ Particle introduction methods / Nozzles / Nozzle[n] / Geometry
Data / Circumferential hole distribution).
If nozzle orifice cut is selected, a cut along the spray line (spray
line data from ese file) will be generated.
User defined cuts are listed in the table for Additional cuts.
Edit cut Edits the specification of user defined cuts.
This option cannot be applied to Predefined cuts.
Remove cut Removes a cut from the table of the Additional cuts.
This option cannot be applied to Predefined cuts.
Rotated copies This option generates 'copies' of cuts to simulate a full model.
28-Feb-2013 2-47
2.4.8.4. Image Properties

Image properties enables the definition of the basic settings of the two-dimensional plots
to be created. The following image settings can be defined:
Image size Enter the size of the image in [pixel] in x and y direction. The
[pixel x pixel] default value of the image size is 400 x 400 pixel.
Image background Enables the background color of the image to be selected. Double
[-] click on the icon to change the background color of the images.
Vector scaling Defines a scaling factor for velocity vectors. The unit of the
[m/(m/s)] scaling factor is [m / (m/s)].
A scaling factor of 1 results in displaying a local velocity of 1m/s

as a line of 1m length.
Velocity line width Defines the width of the lines representing velocity vectors in
[pixel] [pixel].
Vector point size Defines the point thickness representing the start positions of
[pixel] the velocity vectors in [pixel].
Spray droplet Defines the droplet size in [m/m].

scaling [m/m]
Currently spray droplets can be displayed only as a function of
the droplet size. A scaling factor of 1 causes a droplet of 1m in
diameter to be displayed as a circle of 1m in diameter.
Show color bar Enables the color bar to be included in the image.
All images of the report are stored in *PNG format in the newly created directory
report_images.
2-48 28-Feb-2013
2.5. Spray Adjustment
2.5.1. General Engine Data
Figure 2-25: Spray Adjustment – General Engine Data Window
General engine data allows the user to specify general parameters for the spray model
simulated in the present project, i.e. data which is characteristic for this injector and
therefore helps to identify it among a number of previously performed or ongoing
investigations.
The general parameters are:
Injector The injector name can be specified as a set of alpha-numeric

characters.
Injector type The injector type is VCO or SAC (information only).
2.5.2. Sketcher
The Sketcher allows the user to define spray adjustment model geometry. Spray
adjustment models are simple pyramid/cylinder geometries that have the same topology on
both bases. Each model has parameters for specifying bases geometry and model height.
28-Feb-2013 2-49
2.5.2.1. Spray Box

The Spray Box enables the user to choose between two spray adjustment topologies:
Truncated cone Base parameters are the length of the core and core-arc distance.
with hexahedral
core
Truncated pyramid Base parameter is length of the base.
Figure 2-26: Spray Adjustment – Sketcher – Spray Box Window
The Sketcher enables the user to define spray box model geometric properties:
Width Specifies the width of the spray box model. Values are defined in
meters.
Height Specifies the height of the spray box model. Values are defined in
meters.
Box volume [m3] The box behind this entry shows the volume of spray box in [m3].
The value refers to the volume of a full model (360 deg).
After changing the input parameters the spray box shape is redrawn and the Box volume
value will be recalculated.
2-50 28-Feb-2013
2.5.2.2. Injector
The Injector enables the user to specify injector and spray cone parameters. Spray cone is
displayed with a gray area in a model.
Figure 2-27: Spray Adjustment – Sketcher – Injector Window
2.5.3. Mesher
The Mesher allows the user to define meshing parameters, create a 2D mesh and export a
3D mesh. In the 2D parameters tab it is possible to specify meshing parameters:
- number of cells per model characteristic edges
- compression distribution on edges
28-Feb-2013 2-51
Figure 2-28: Spray Adjustment – Mesher – 2D Parameters Window
In the 3D parameters tab the user can set the spray line refinement and set which
segments of the 3D model to export in the mesh file.
Figure 2-29: Spray Adjustment – Mesher – 3D Parameters Window
The Mesher allows the user to define all meshing parameters. These parameters describe
the entire computation grid to be created for the spray box geometry defined in the
Sketcher.
The meshing process is performed in two steps:
1. 2D meshing
2. 3D meshing
1. 2D parameters
A two-dimensional set of computational meshes is created based on the following parameter

input:
2-52 28-Feb-2013
Number of cells in Specifies the number of cells in each direction. The default value
radial directions is 15.
(x and z)
Grid compression Specifies the desired compression factor in each direction. The
factor in directions default value is 1.
(x and z)
Two-dimensional output parameters:
Minimum cell Displays minimum cell size per dimension in meters.

dimension in
directions (x and z)
Maximum cell Displays maximum cell size per dimension in meters.

dimension in
directions (x and z)
After defining all meshing parameters, a two-dimensional mesh is created by Generate 2D

mesh.
2. 3D parameters
A three-dimensional computational mesh is created based on the two-dimensional grid and

the specification of:
Segment angle Specifies the desired value of rotation of three-dimensional mesh.

[deg] The default value is 90 deg.
Number of Specifies the desired number of computational cells in

subdivisions in circumferential (angular) direction. The default value is 25.
angular direction
Export 2D meshes Select to export the two-dimensional mesh.
Export 3D meshes Select to create the three-dimensional mesh based on the two-
dimensional mesh displayed in the 2D Mesh view. Afterwards the
mesh will be exported to a user-specified location.
Select Export 3D meshes and specify the mesh file name

<MeshFileName> and location to which the mesh should be
exported.
Click OK to create and save the file MeshFileName.flm to disk.
Note: Instead of selecting Export 3D meshes it is recommended to use:

 File | Save as. The three-dimensional mesh can only be viewed in the
FIRE Workflow Manager.
In the drawing area of the Mesher the following mesh statistics of output parameters are
available:
28-Feb-2013 2-53
Number of faces Displays the number of cell faces of the two-dimensional mesh.
Number of Displays the number of triangular faces of the two dimensional

triangular faces mesh. The existence of triangular faces indicates that the chosen
average cell size might be slightly too coarse.
For a spray box simulation the number of triangular faces will

always be zero.
Number of Displays the number of boundary cell faces of the two-

boundary faces dimensional mesh.
The Number of faces multiplied with the Number of subdivisions in angular direction is
the number of elements of the three-dimensional mesh.
2.5.4. Simulation Parameters

This is used for setting various simulation parameters. This window is the same as in the
FIRE Workflow Manager so please refer to the FIRE Workflow Manager Users Guide for
information regarding simulation parameters.
ESE Diesel uses default Case.ssf file for all new projects. The file can be found in
[ESE_INSTALLATION_DIR]/files/ESE/project_templates/DieselBowl/Calcula
tion/Case directory.
To use different default Case.ssf files for a calculation, use the following procedure:
• create project_templates directory in the home directory

• copy DieselBowl directory from ESE installation directory to project_templates
directory in the home directory
• edit copy of the Case.ssf file
• in the Configuration window (File | Configuration) change CFDWM project
templates directory to point to $HOME/project_templates
From then on, new projects will be created with the user's Case.ssf as default.
2-54 28-Feb-2013
Figure 2-30: Simulation Parameters Window
Refer to section 2.4.5 for details regarding the Simulation.
2.5.5. Analyser
Refer to section 2.4.7 for details on Quantity graphs and the Analyser.
2.5.5.1. Quantity Plot

The Quantity Plot allows two-dimensional graphs of the FL3 data to be displayed.
All spray quantities for all time steps are imported. The z axis is the penetration length (in
mm), the x axis the length (in mm) of the projected spray particle (projected into x-z plane).
The color of the particles shows the quantity value (scaling in between minimal and
maximal value). Refer to Figure 2-31.
Quantity Displays one quantity out of the list of spray quantities.
Time Data set value which contain spray quantities.
28-Feb-2013 2-55
Figure 2-31: Spray Adjustment – Quantity Plot
Refer to section 2.4.8 for details regarding the Report Generator.
2.6. Template Generator
2.6.1. Elements
Parameter real number value
Point 2D point
Direction 2D vector, angle value (in radian or degrees)
Line Segment between 2 points
Arc Arc between 2 points
Sets of elements:
Contour Elements that defines model contour (boundary)
Parameters General model parameters, like stroke, connection rote

length, ...
Injector Elements that defines injector.
CompensationVolume internal use, in the near future
Topology Elements that are used for all topologies
Topology:<number> Elements for topology of order number <number>
2-56 28-Feb-2013
Predefined elements:
Set Parameters:
Stroke 1
CRLength 1
BoundaryLayer_Num 0
BoundaryLayer_Width 0.0005
Zero Parameter that should be 0.
Set Contour:
Origin Point (0.,0.)
x Direction (1.,0.)
-x Direction (-1.,0.)
z Direction (0.,1.)
-z Direction (0.,-1.)
Offset 0
Bore 1
Injector_Real_Width User specified injector width
Injector_Real_Height User specified injector height
Injector_Width If injector add = Injector_Real_Width
if not = 0
Injector_Height If injector add = Injector_Real_Height
if not = 0
Injector_TopWall_Point Point on coordinates ( Injector_Real_Width, 0. )
Injector_Axis_Point Point on coordinates ( 0., Injector_Real_Height)
Every element has a unique name and it is referenced by it in model functions ('Point1').
Most elements are formed from other simpler elements (e.g. point from 2 coordinates.)
These parts of elements can be referenced by part specifier. Syntax for referencing element
part is <element name>.<part specifier> (e.g. 'Point1.X'.)
Specifiers for elements:
Point
X X coordinate parameter
Z Z coordinate parameter
Direction
R Parameter with direction value in radians
Line
S Segment starting point
28-Feb-2013 2-57
E Segment ending point

D Direction of segment. Vector from starting to
ending point.
L Parameter with value of segment length.
Arc
C Arc center point
R Parameter with value of arc radius
S Arc starting point
E Arc ending point
TF Direction of tangent in starting point.
TT Direction of tangent in ending point.
Note:
Tangents in arcs are oriented. Tangent in starting point points 'in' arc, and tangent in
ending point points 'out' of arc. It is also the same for line element, but in that case these 2
tangents have the same value.
2.6.2. Functions
Functions are model functions, so they have to be prefixed with object model.
e.g. model.CreateParameter( 'Contour', 'Pi', 3.141592 )
Most functions have (first) parameter set name (e.g. 'Contour', 'Injector', ...) and (second)
parameter name.
Parameter functions
CreateParameter( string setn, string n, double v )
Creates new parameter element in the set.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Parameter name
v Parameter value
CreateParameterPy( string setn, string n, string fs )
Creates new parameter element with functional dependencies to other parameters.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Parameter name
fs Python string that sets parameter value. See below.
2.6.2.1. Python String

String that defines expression that evaluates parameter value. Expression supports all of
python functionalities like operators, predefined functions. There is a predefined function
P('name') for retrieving model parameter value.
2-58 28-Feb-2013
Examples of expressions.
sqrt( 2 )
P('Offset') + 0.03
P('Offset') + P('TDC')
Predefined python functions (file func.py):
SegmentArcHeight(length, radius, angle)
Description: <later>
CreateModelParameter( string n, double v )
Creates new parameter element in the set 'Parameters'.
Parameters:
n Parameter name
v Parameter value
SetParameter( string n, double v )
Sets new parameter value.
Parameters:
n Parameter name
v Parameter value
double GetParameterValue( string n )
Returns parameter value.
Parameters:
n Parameter name
2.6.2.2. Point Functions

CreatePointXY( string setn, string n, string x, string y )
Creates new point element in the set.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Parameter name
x x coordinate parameter
y y coordinate parameter
CreatePointOnEdgeLambda( string setn, string n, string edge, string p, double lambda )
Creates new point element on an existing edge. New point is placed on relative
distance from the given point.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Parameter name
edge Edge name.
p Point on the edge from where to measure
lambda Relative distance parameter
28-Feb-2013 2-59
Examples
CreatePointOnEdgeLambda( 'Contour', 'HalfLine1', 'Line1', 'Line1.S', 0.5 )

Creates point on the half of segment Line1.
CreatePointOnEdgeLambda( 'Contour', 'HalfLine1', 'Line1', 'Line1.S', 0.2 )

Creates point on 20% of segment Line1 from the starting point.
CreatePointOnEdgeLambda( string setn, string n, string edge, string p, string lambda

)
Same as previous function, but last parameter is a name of element parameter.
CreatePointOnEdgeLength( string setn, string n, string edge, string p, double length )
Creates new point element on an existing edge. New point is placed on absolute
distance from the given point.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Parameter name
edge Edge name.
p Point on the edge from where to measure
lambda Absolute distance parameter
Examples:
CreatePointOnEdgeLength( 'Contour', 'HalfLine1', 'Line1', 'Line1.S', 1 )

Creates point on the distance 1 from the starting point.
CreatePointOnEdgeLength( string setn, string n, string edge, string p, string length )

CreatePointIntersect( string setn, string n, string p1, string d1, string p2, string d2 )
Creates new point element as intersection of 2 lines. Lines are given with a point and a
direction.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Parameter name
p1 Point on the first line.
d1 Direction of the first line.
p2 Point on the second line.
d3 Direction of then second line.
2-60 28-Feb-2013
CreatePointTangent( string setn, string n, string c, string r, string p, bool o )
Creates new point element on a circle. Point is tangential point on circle from given
point. Circle is given with center and radius. In general position, there are 2 tangent
on a circle from given point. Last parameter (orientation) specifies which tangent
(point) will be chosen. Point orientation is defined as orientation to line c-p (center of
circle to point). Positive orientation means left (positive) from point p, looking from c.
Parameters:
setn Set name

n Parameter name
c Circle center point.
r Circle radius parameter.
p Point
o Orientation:
0 - Negative oriented point – counter clock wise
1 - Positive oriented point – clock wise
Example 1:
c, r n – orientation 0 (o=0)
tangent
n – orientation 1
(o=1)
p
28-Feb-2013 2-61
Example 2:
model.CreatePointTangent(Contour', 'T7_A', 'C7', 'R7', 'Axis.E', 1 )
AXIS.E
T7_A
RADIUS OF ARC, R7
Center point of Arc, C7
'
model.CreatePointTangent( 'Contour', 'T7_A', 'C7', 'R7', 'Axis.E', 0 )
AXIS.E
T7_A
RADIUS OF ARC, R7
Center point of Arc, C7
2-62 28-Feb-2013
CreatePointArcTangent( string setn, string n, string c1, string r1, string c2, string r2, bool
oriented, bool outer )
Creates new point element on a circle. Point is tangential point on first circle from
second circle. Circles are given with centers and radii. In general position, there are 4
tangent on 2 circles. On each 'side' one that separate circles (inner) and one that
doesn't separate circles (outer). Last 2 parameters (orientation and outer) specify
which tangent (point) will be chosen. Point orientation is defined as orientation to line
c1-c2 (line between centers). Positive orientation means left (positive) from point c2,
looking from c1. Parameter outer specifies tangent that doesn't separate circles.
Parameters:
setn Set name

n Parameter name
c1 First circle center point.
r1 First circle radius.
c2 Second circle center point.
r2 Second circle radius.
oriented Orientation:
0 - Negative oriented point
1 - Positive oriented point
outer Inner or outer tangent
0 - Inner tangent (separate circles.)
1 - Outer tangent (doesn't separate circles.)
Example 1:
outer = 1
c2, r2
outer = 0 n
c1, r1
28-Feb-2013 2-63
c2, r2
oriented = 0
c1, r1n
oriented = 1
Example 2:
model.CreatePointArcTangent( 'Contour', 'T2_A', 'C2', 'R2', 'C3', 'R3', 0, 0 )
R2 C2
T2_A
C3
If R2=R3 parameters oriented=0 and oriented=1 give same results.
2-64 28-Feb-2013
T2_A
C2
R2
C3
C2 T2_A
R2
C3
28-Feb-2013 2-65
2.6.3. Directions
CreateDirection( string setn, string n, double r )
Creates new direction element with given radian value.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Direction name
r Radian value
CreateDirectionDeg( string setn, string n, double d )
Creates new direction element with given degree value.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Direction name
d Degree value
Examples:
CreateDirectionDeg( 'Contour', 'alpha', 30 )
Creates direction element with the value 30 deg.
CreateDirectionDeg( string setn, string n, string d )
CreateDirectionRef( string setn, string n, string r, bool p, string a )
Creates new direction element that has value specified as a shift to given reference
direction.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Direction name
r Referenced direction element
p 1 - shifted in positive direction
0 - shifted in negative direction
a Direction element that specifies shift.
Example:
CreateDirectionRef( 'Contour', 'alpha_below_x', 'x', 0, 'alpha' )
Creates direction element with value -30 degree (alpha is 30 deg.)
CreateDirectionRef( 'Contour', 'alpha_plus_y', 'y', 1, 'alpha' )
Creates direction element with value 120 degree (alpha is 30 deg.)
2-66 28-Feb-2013
2.6.4. Lines
CreateLine( string setn, string n, string p1, string p2 )
Creates line element between 2 points.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Direction name
p1 Starting point
p2 Ending point
CreateLine( string setn, string n, string sp, string d, string l )
Creates line element with a given starting point, direction and length.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Direction name
sp Starting point
d Line direction
l Segment length
2.6.5. Arcs
CreateArcRPF2T( string setn, string n, string r, string pf, string tf, string tt, bool pos )
Creates arc element with a given radius, starting point, tangent in starting point and
tangent in ending point.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Direction name
r Radius parameter
pf Starting point
tf Tangent (direction) in starting point
tt Tangent (direction) in ending point
pos 1 - Arc is constructed in positive orientation from starting point.
0 - Arc is constructed in negative orientation from starting point.
CreateArcCPP( string setn, string n, string c, string pf, string pt, bool pos )
Creates arc element with a given centre point, starting point, and ending point.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Direction name
c Arc centre point
pf Starting point
pt Ending point
pos 1 - Arc is constructed in positive orientation from starting point.
28-Feb-2013 2-67
0 - Arc is constructed in negative orientation from starting point.
Orientation 1 is mathematically positive direction in counter clockwise. 0 is

mathematically negative direction – clockwise. The same is for the command
CreateArcRPTF2T.
Example:
CreateArcCPP( 'Contour', 'A4', 'C4', 'T4', 'T3', 1 )
2.6.6. Alias
CreateAlias( string setn, string n, string a )
Creates alias to given element.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Alias name
a Referenced element name
2.6.7. String Functions (not in use)

CreateString( string setn, string n, string s )
Creates new string element in the set.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Parameter name
s String value.
2.6.8. Sets
CreateMeshTopology( string setn, double o )
Creates new topology set on the given offset.
Note: After creating new topology and before creating elements in that topology, it is
required to set offset to same value as second parameter in function
CreateMeshBlocking().
2-68 28-Feb-2013
2.6.9. Blocks
CreateBlock( string setn, [string block_name,], string p1, string p2, string p3,
string p4 [, int subset] )
CreateBlockPaving( string setn, [string block_name,], string p1, string p2, string p3,
string p4 [, int subset] )
CreateBlockHybrid( string setn, [string block_name,], string p1, string p2, string p3, string
p4 [, int subset] )
Creates new block in the given topology. Function name defines which type of meshing
will be used for that block:
CreateBlock Interpolation.
CreateBlockPaving Paving.
CreateBlockHybrid Hybrid. Default is interpolation, and that can be changed

with SetHybridMeshWithPaving() function.
Block can be named with optional parameter block_name. Named blocks can be
manipulated by SetBlock*() functions.
Each set (Topology:*) can contain more subsets of blocks. A subset in which there is a
block, is given with optional parameter subset. Default value is 0. Definition of more
subsets is useful when a boundary is required inside paving region (e.g. if user wants
to have paving on whole model, but to separate spray or injector region to prevent cell
deformation in that part.)
Parameters:
setn Set name.
block_name Block name. Optional parameter.
p1, p2, p3, p4 Corner of the block.
subset Subset number. Optional parameter.
SetBlockInterpolation( string setn, string block_name [, int subset] )
SetBlockPaving( string setn, string block_name [, int subset] )
SetBlockHybrid( string setn, string block_name [, int subset] )
Sets meshing type of the block to be:
SetBlockInterpolation() Interpolation.
SetBlockPaving() Paving.
SetBlockHybrid() Hybrid.
Parameters:
setn Set name.
block_name - Block name.
subset Subset number. Optional parameter. Default value is 0.
SetHybridMeshWithPaving( string setn, bool seted [, int subset] )
Changes meshing type of topology blocks between interpolation and paving.
Parameters:
28-Feb-2013 2-69
setn Set name

seted Value which specifies which meshing type will be set.
0 - interpolation,
1 - paving.
Subset Subset number. Optional parameter. Default value is 0.
2.6.10. Selections
CreateContourSelection( string setn, string n, string p1, string edge, string p2 )
Creates new contour selection.
Parameters:
setn Set name
n Selection name
p1 Starting point of selection
edge Edge in which direction look for selection elements. Edge is line or
arc.
p2 Ending point of selection
2.6.11. Compensation Volume

SetCompensationVolume( string p1, string p2 )
Sets compensation volume between given 2 points.
Note: One of the points has to be corner (point between 2 edges) and one has to be the
point on the edge.
UnsetCompensationVolume()
Unsets compensation volume.
Note: By default, compensation volume is not set.
SetCompressionFactor( double c_factor )
Sets diesel bowl compression factor.
2.6.12. Boundary Layers

Definition of edges where to put boundary layers are done similar as selections. User has to
create or make alias to starting and ending points, and starting edge of that area.
Elements that should exist:
BoundaryLayer_StartPoint - e.g. Origin
BoundaryLayer_StartEdge - e.g. TopWall
BoundaryLayer_EndPoint - e.g. Axis.E
Note: boundary selection should be defined in the positive orientation. That is required for
finding inner area of contour.
Parameter elements that are predefined and influence boundary layers:
BoundaryLayer_Num - Number of boundary layers. <= 0 no boundary layers.
2-70 28-Feb-2013
BoundaryLayer_Width - Boundary layer width.
2.6.13. Move Points From Rotation Axis

Moving mesh points from rotation axis (z) is done by setting one of two parameters.
Parameter MoveFromAxis defines exact spacing from axis. It can be set to 0 for producing
points on rotation axis. Parameter MoveFromAxis does not exist by default, it has to be
created. If parameter MoveFromAxis does not exist, spacing is calculated from parameter
Bore. That spacing is 0.2% of value of parameter Bore.
2.6.14. Miscellaneous
Model can be positioned in positive or negative x half-plane. Moving of points from axis and
injector points depends on that. To set in which half-plane is contour use function
SetModelPositioning( bool p ).
Parameter for this function is 1 (positive half-plane) or 0 (negative).
SetMinDistribution( string setn, string edge_point1, string edge_point2, int d )
Sets minimum distribution on edge bounded with edge_points.
Parameters:
setn Name of topology set. 'Topology' or 'Topology:<index>'
edge_point1 First edge point.
edge_point2 Second edge point.
d Number of distribution.
SetNullEdgeFactor( double factor )
SetNullEdgeFactor( int topo, double factor )
Sets factor for calculation minimal length of edge.
Minimal edge length is calculated as factor * average cell size.
Parameters:
factor Value of factor used for null length edge
topo Topology index for which factor will be set
If topology is not specified then factor is set for all topologies.
Factor default value is 0.01.
SetParameterDescription( string p, string d )
Sets description for a parameter.
Parameters:
p Parameter name.
d Parameter description.
28-Feb-2013 2-71
2.6.15. Stretching Factors

SetStretchingFactors( string setn, double s, double e )
Sets factors for calculating edge lengths for edges on stretching paths on the start and
the end of the rezones. Length of edges are calculated as factor * average edge size.
Parameters:
setn Name of topology set. 'Topology:<index>'
s Edge factor for rezone start.
e Edge factor for rezone end.
SetStretchingFactors2Rezone( string setn, int n, double s1, double e1, double s2, double
e2 )
Sets stretching factors for topology as function of rezone number.
If rezone number <= n then sets first pair of factors, otherwise sets second pair of
factors.
Parameters:
n Index of rezone to change factors
s1 Starting factor of first set of rezones
e1 Ending factor of first set of rezones
s2 Starting factor of second set of rezones
e2 Ending factor of second set of rezones
SetStretchingFactorsLinear( string setn, double f_c, double f_n, double s_c, double s_n )
Sets stretching factors for topology as linear function of rezone number.
Starting factor = f_c + f_n * rezone_number
Ending factor = s_c + s_n * rezone_number
Parameters:
f_c, f_n Variables for first factor
s_c, s_n Variables for second factor
Default parameters are:
SetStretchingFactors2Rezone( 'Topology:0', 0, 0.7, 1., 0.7, 1.4 )
SetStretchingFactorsLinear( 'Topology:1', 1., 0.5, 3., 1. )
SetRezoneStepOffsets( string setn, double o )
Sets topology maximal difference of offsets between 2 consecutive rezones.
Parameters:
o Offset for new rezone.
Note:
By default this value is not set.
2-72 28-Feb-2013
If this value is set, then the number of rezones in topology will be linear to length of
topology offset range. In original case the number of rezones is around logarithmic to
length of topology range.
Example:
model.SetRezoneStepOffsets( 'Topology:0', 0.002 )
2.6.16. Rezone Second Mesh Testing

Quality testing of second mesh in rezone is done by comparing to first rezone mesh. It is
assumed that first rezone mesh is good, and with stretching parameters we know what is
maximal factor of cell deformation (second_factor/first_factor). Length of cell edges of
second mesh are compared with lengths of first mesh. If enlargement factor is too big, then
algorithm chooses smaller step and tries to make second rezone mesh on that new offset
distance.
Note: Testing is only useful in models which have stretching paving region.
SetMaxNumberOfMeshCheckings( int n )
Sets maximal number of meshes that are created and tested to used for rezone second
mesh.
Default value is 0, and for models imported from DXF is 2.
SetMeshCheckingsParameters( double check_par, double new_dist )
These parameters put flexibility in determination what to do with enlargement factor

calculated with first rezone and potential second rezone mesh.
Set stretch = second_rezone_factor/first_rezone_factor
Parameters:
chech_par Defines 'relaxation' factor used for testing if second mesh is good.
Second mesh is good if:
enlargement_factor <= check_par * stretch
Recommended value is > 1.
new_dist Defines new distance for second rezone mesh. New distance is:
new_dist * old_distance * stretch / enlargement_factor
Recommended value is < 1.
Default values are 1.5, 0.9.
CreateAllMeshes2D( string setn, double average_edge )
Creates all meshes for export in FMO.
2.6.17. Print
Print()
Prints all model elements to std output.
Print( string n )
Prints given model elements to std output.
28-Feb-2013 2-73
2.7. Analyser Algorithms

This section describes some of the algorithms in the Analyser part of ESE Diesel post-
processing.
2.7.1. Combustion Noise Calculation

The combustion noise will be calculated from input .fl2 file, in which time-pressure data is
written. A discrete function is introduced y i = y ( xi ) , i = 0,..., N − 1 , where N is the
number of the data written in file, xi , i = 1,..., N is time data and y i , i = 0,..., N − 1 is
pressure data.
First the function needs to be interpolated, in order to have x-values spaced uniformly.
Then the function needs to be transformed from time domain to frequency domain using
discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The algorithm for DFT is Cooley-Tukey and is described
in section 2.7.1.3. Afterwards the frequencies, amplitudes and phases for the transformed
function will be calculated and also the mean amplitudes for frequency band. From these
values noise will be calculated. Depending on given filters four different values will be
calculated for combustion noise.
2.7.1.1. Interpolation
Given a discrete function
y i = y (t i ) , i = 0,..., N − 1 .
Linear interpolation in interval [ t j , t j +1 ] gives the interpolation formula

y = Ay j + By j +1
where
t j +1 − t t −tj
A= , B = 1− A = .
t j +1 − t j t j +1 − t j
With interpolated function new xi , y i are calculated.
Let
t N −1 − t 0
∆t = .
N
Then
x0 = t 0 ,
xi = xi −1 + ∆t , i = 0,..., N − 1
2.7.1.2. FFT
The Fourier transform is a mathematical transform from a time domain to a frequency
domain. For any given continuous signal the Fourier transform provides a decomposition of
the signal into the amplitudes and frequencies of a set of sine waves which would reproduce
the original signal when summed.
2-74 28-Feb-2013
To perform the transform by machine the signal has to be sampled and the discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) used.
For a finite duration discrete time signal x m of length N samples the discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) is defined as N uniformly spaced spectral samples
N −1 −2 iπ
X k = ∑ xm e
mk
N
, k = 0,.., N − 1
m =0
Where x m is the sample at time index of N and X k is a vector of N values at frequency
index k corresponding to the magnitude of the sine waves resulting from the
decomposition of the time indexed signal.
The inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) is given by
N −1 2 iπ
1
∑X
mk
xm = k e N
, m = 0,.., N − 1
N k =0
From Equation above the direct calculation of the Fourier transform requires N (N − 1)
multiplications and a similar number of additions. Algorithm that reduces the
computational complexity of the discrete Fourier transform are known as fast Fourier
transforms (FFT) method. FFT method utilizes the periodic and symmetric properties of
2 iπ
−
e N
to avoid redundant calculations.
Examining the equation we can see that the calculation of the DFT would be of complexity
O(N 2 ). The direct implementation of this equation would require considerable hardware
complexity and would be slow. The complexity of the DFT calculation is greatly reduced
with the use of fast algorithms based on the nested decomposition of the summations
within the DFT. The seminal work produced on fast Fourier algorithms are the Cooley-
Tukey radix-r decimation in time (DIT).
2.7.1.3. The Algorithm

The basic idea is one of divide and conquer, technically called recursion: If N = N1 * N 2 ,
you can compute a transform of size by computing N1 transforms of size N2 followed by N2
transforms of size N1. The same idea applies, recursively, to the smaller transforms.
The Cooley-Tukey algorithm is the most common FFT algorithm. It re-expresses the DFT
of an arbitrary composite size N = N 1 N 2 in terms of smaller DFTs of sizes N 1 and N 2 ,
recursively, in order to reduce the computation time to O(n log n) for highly-composite N .
Due to the algorithm's importance, specific variants and implementation styles have
become known by their own names, as described below.
As the Cooley-Tukey algorithm breaks the DFT into smaller DFTs, it can be combined
arbitrarily with any other algorithm for the DFT, for example the Prime-factor algorithm
(PFA) can be exploited for greater efficiency in separating out relatively prime factors.
More generally, Cooley-Tukey algorithms recursively re-express a DFT of a composite size

N = N 1 N 2 as:
• Perform N 1 DFTs of size N 2 .
• Multiply by complex roots of unity called twiddle factors.
28-Feb-2013 2-75
• Perform N 2 DFTs of size N 1 .

Typically, either N 1 or N 2 is a small factor (not necessarily prime), called the radix (which
can differ between stages of the recursion).
The Good-Thomas FFT algorithm is a variation of the Cooley-Tukey algorithm. This time,
assume that the block length N can be factored as the product of two relatively prime
integers N 1 and N 2 . That is,
N = N 1 N 2 , gdc( N 1 , N 2 ) = 1 .
Let
M 1 = ( N 2 ) −1 mod N 1 , M 2 = ( N 1 ) −1 mod N 2
and
x ( k1 , k 2 ) = x ( N 2 k1 + N 1 k 2 N
)
and
X (n1 , n2 ) = X ( M 1 N 2 n1 + M 2 N 1 n2 N
).
Then we get
N1 −1 N 2 −1
X (n1 , n 2 ) = ∑ ∑ x(k , k
k1 = 0 k 2 = 0
1 2 )W Nn11k1W Nn22 k2
This decomposition procedures can be extended for composite sequence lengths. Then the
sequence N is a composite number expressed by
N = 2 m p1 p 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ p M −1 p M ,
where pi , i = 1,.., M are different odd integers and relatively prime, and m is a
nonnegative integer.
Algorithm follows these steps:

1. calculate radix r - the smallest prime number in n, n = r ⋅m
2. if n prime goto step 6.
3. compute input data indices to regroup sequence:
xi ← xr⋅( i mod m )+i / m , i = 1,..n

4. split array of n = r ⋅ m samples in r parts of each m samples
5. for each part repeat algorithm for n←m
6. recursively calculate values for m samples according formula below, and join the r
= n/m parts of each m samples
r −1 2πi
−
x j ← ∑ x jMODm * e
* j *k
n
, j = 1,.., m
k =0
For calculation of FFT we use functions written by Peter Valkenburg (no documentation).
2-76 28-Feb-2013
2.7.1.4. Amplitudes, phases and frequencies

Now the basic parameters of DFT components will be estimated: amplitude, phase and
frequency.
We assume that X k could be written as
X k = a k + ibk , k = 0,..N − 1
Let
X k ak b
Ak = = + i k , k = 0,..N − 1 .
N N N
n
Given N input points, the FFT returns n frequency components, of which the first are
2
valid. (The other components are mirror images of the first n and are considered invalid)
N +1
n= .
2
Amplitudes, phases and frequencies are given with formulae:
ampl0 = Re( A0 ) , freq0 = 0 , phas0 = 0
ampl j = 4 ∗ Re 2 (A j ) + 4 ∗ Im 2 (A j ) , j = 1,.., n
1
freq j = * j , j = 1,.., n
x N −1 − x0
 Im(A j )  180 
phas j = arctg  ∗ , j = 1,.., n
 Re(A )  π
 j 
2.7.1.5. Frequency Bands

The operation converts a curve versus frequency into a step function with 1/3 octave bands
as X. Octave bands are continuous frequency intervals that cover the complete frequency
range. Each octave band is characterized by a center frequency.
28-Feb-2013 2-77
Table 2-1: 1/3 Octave Frequency Bands
1/3 octave Center frequency Lower frequency Upper frequency

number (N) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
fc f lower f upper
1
1 100 0.01 112
2 125 112 141
3 160 141 178
4 200 178 224
5 250 224 282
6 315 282 355
7 400 355 447
8 500 447 562
9 630 562 708
10 800 708 891
11 1000 891 1122
12 1250 1122 1413
13 1600 1413 1778
14 2000 1778 2239
15 2500 2239 2818
16 3150 2818 3548
17 4000 3548 4467
18 5000 4467 5623
19 6300 5623 7079
20 8000 7079 8913
21 10000 8913 11220
1
0.01 is used in our calculation. Lower frequency for the center frequency 100 is 89.1.
2-78 28-Feb-2013
The interval is closed at the lower end and open at the other end, i.e. the lower frequency
belongs to the frequency band, whereas the upper frequency does not.
[
freq _ band = f lower , f upper )
The Y value for the interval for a specific band is calculated as mean amplitudes by
∑ ampl ( f )2
Y freq _ band =
f _ in _ freq _ band
.
number _ of _ f _ in _ freq _ ban
Convert it to dB:
Y freq _ band
Y freq _ band _ dB = 20 ∗ log 10( ) , where refValue = 2 * 10 −10 bar .
refValue
Noise in dB:
Y freq _ band
noise _ dB = 10 ∗ log 10( ∑10 10
nr _ of _ f _ in _ freq _ band
).
2.7.1.6. Noise Weighting

A noise weighting is a specific amplitude-vs.-frequency characteristic that is designed to
allow subjectively valid measurement of noise. It emphasizes the parts of the spectrum that
are most important.
A weighted frequency scale is a table of corrections which is applied to sound pressure on a

power basis as a function of frequency. The corrections for the A and CAV weighting scales
at each of the one-third octave center frequencies over the range of 100 to 10000 Hz. are
shown in the following table.
28-Feb-2013 2-79
Table 2-2: A and CAV Filter
1/3 octave band CAV A
100 -143 -19.1
125 -137.5 -16.1
160 -132.4 -13.4
200 -127.8 -10.9
250 -122.3 -8.6
315 -117.2 -6.6
400 -112.3 -4.2
500 -108.2 -3.2
630 -103.8 -1.9
800 -100 -0.8
1000 -96.5 0.0
1250 -93.3 0.6
1600 -90.8 1.0
2000 -89.7 1.2
2500 -89.5 1.3
3150 -90.6 1.2
4000 -94.2 1.0
5000 -99.2 0.5
6300 -105.6 -0.1
8000 -116 -1.1
10000 -127.8 -1.5
Y freq _ band _ dB + aFilterfreq _ band
noise _ dB _ A = 10 ∗ log 10( ∑10

10
)
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Y freq _ band _ dB + cavFilterfreq _ band
noise _ dB _ CAV = 10 ∗ log 10( ∑10

10
)
Y freq _ band _ dB + aFilter freq _ band + cavFilter freq _ band
noise _ dB _ ACAV = 10 ∗ log 10( ∑ 10

10
)
2.7.2. Definition of Global Engine Data (BOOST Globals)

Average (mean) values over the cycle duration CD:
⋅ ∫ y (α ) ⋅ dα
1
y=
CD CD
y (α ) variable depending on α
α crank angle
y average value of y
CD cycle duration
Mass flow weighted temperature:
∫ T (α )⋅ m (α )⋅ dα
TMS = CD
∫ m (α )⋅ dα
CD
TMS mass flow weighted temperature
T (α ) temperature depending on α
m (α ) mass flow rate depending on α
2.7.2.1. Cylinder Data

Compression ratio:
VC + VD
ε=
VC
VC + VD maximum cylinder volume
VC minimum cylinder volume (combustion chamber volume)
VD displacement
 Note: The same definition is used for two and four stroke engines.
28-Feb-2013 2-81
Indicated mean effective pressure:
1
IMEP = ⋅ ∫ pc ⋅ dV
VD CD
pc cylinder pressure
V cylinder displacement
Indicated torque:
IMEP ⋅ VD
IT =
k cycleπ
IT indicated torque
k cycle cycle parameter:
2 for two-stroke engines
4 for four-stroke engines
Number of cycles per second:

ncycle = n for two-stroke engines
n
ncycle = for four-stroke engines
2
n crankshaft-revolutions per second
Indicated specific torque:

IT
ITs =
VD
Indicated power:
Pi = IMEP ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle
Indicated specific power:
Pi
Pis =
VD
Inj. Fuelmass:
minj , FV total mass of fuel directly injected
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Asp. Fuelmass:
mastr , FV = mc , FV − minj , FV
mastr , FV mass of fuel aspirated trapped
Fuelmass (tot.):
mc , FV total mass of fuel trapped in the cylinder
Trapping Efficiency Fuel:
mc , FV
ηtr , F =
mt , FV
mt , FV total mass of fuel added
Indicated fuel consumption (trapped fuel mass):
mc , FV ⋅ ncycle
ISFCtr =
Pi
Indicated fuel consumption (total fuel mass):
mt , FV ⋅ ncycle
ISFCtt =
Pi
Friction mean effective pressure:
Pfr
FMEP =
VD ⋅ ncycle
Pfr friction power
 Note: FMEP does not contain the Work caused by Scavenging Pumps,
Crankcase Scavenging or mechanically driven Supercharging Devices
Scavenging mean effective pressure (individual cylinder):
PS
SMEP =
VD ⋅ ncycle
PS required power of related Scavenging Pump or Crankcase Scavenging
Auxiliary Drives mean effective pressure (overall engine):
28-Feb-2013 2-83
PSP + PCS + PMC

AMEP =
VDE ⋅ ncycle
PCS required power of Scavenging Pumps
PCS required power of Crankcase Scavenging
PCS required power of mechanically driven Supercharging Devices
VDE Engine Displacement
Brake mean effective pressure (individual cylinder):
BMEPC = IMEP − FMEP − SMEP
Brake mean effective pressure (overall engine):
BMEPE = IMEP − FMEP − AMEP
Mechanical efficiency:
BMEP BMEP FMEP
ηm = = = 1−
IMEP BMEP + FMEP IMEP
Brake specific fuel consumption:
ISFC
BSFC =
ηm
Indicated efficiency:
∫p c ⋅ dV
ηT = CD
mc , FV ⋅ H u
Hu lower heating value
2.7.2.2. Gas Exchange Related Data

IMEP exhaust stroke (only four-stroke):
360
1
VD α =∫180
IMEPex = ⋅ pc ⋅ dV
IMEP intake stroke (only four-stroke):
540
1
VD α =∫360
IMEPin = ⋅ pc ⋅ dV
2-84 28-Feb-2013
IMEP gas exchange (= pumping mean effective pressure PMEP; only four-stroke):
540
1
VD α =∫180
PMEP = ⋅ pc ⋅ dV
Air fuel ratio of Combustion:
mc , A t
AFCmb =
mc , FV
mc , A t total mass of air in the cylinder
Excess air ratio:
AFCmb
λ=
AFStc
λ Excess air coefficient
AFStc Stoichiometric A/F-ratio

Total mass at Start of High Pressure Cycle (SHP, all ports closed):
mc , SHP total in-cylinder mass at SHP
Airmass at SHP:
mc , A t total mass of air in the cylinder at SHP
Airpurity:
mc , A t
AP =
mc , SHP
Residual gas content:
mc , CP
RG =
mc , SHP
mc , CP mass of combustion products in the cylinder at SHP
 Note: Recirculated exhaust gas is added to the residuals.
28-Feb-2013 2-85
Air delivered:
mas , A mass of air aspirated
Air delivery ratio related to ambient conditions:
m as , A mas , A
λ D ,a = =
ρ a ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle m DR , a
m as , A mass flow of air aspirated
mDR , a reference mass (ambient conditions)
ρa ambient air density
Air delivery ratio related to intake manifold conditions:
m as , A mas , A
λ D ,m = =
ρ m ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle m DR , m
mDR , m reference mass (manifold conditions)
ρm air density in the intake manifold (specified measuring point or plenum)
Mass delivered:
mas mass of fresh charge aspirated
Airmass trapped:
mtr , A mass of air trapped
Trapping efficiency air:
mtr , A
ηtr =
mas , A
Volumetric efficiency related to ambient conditions:
m tr , A mtr , A
ηV , a = =
ρ a ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle m DR , a
m tr , A mass flow of air trapped
Volumetric efficiency related to intake manifold conditions:
m tr , A mtr , A
ηV , m = =
ρ m ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle m DR , m
2-86 28-Feb-2013
Scavenge ratio:
m as m
SR = = as
ρ ref ⋅ (VD + VC )⋅ ncycle mSR
m as aspirated mass flow
mSR reference mass for scavenge ratio
Scavenge Loss:
m sl msl
SL = =
m as mas
m sl mass flow lost during scavenging
msl mass lost during scavenging
Scavenging efficiency:
mtr
η SC =
mC
mtr total mass trapped
mC total mass of cylinder content
Mean wall heat transfer coefficient in the cylinder ( M. Eff. HTC ):
⋅ ∫ hw (α ) ⋅ dα
1
hw =
CD CD
hw (α ) wall heat transfer coefficient depending on crank angle
hw mean wall heat transfer coefficient
Effective mean gas temperature for wall heat transfer in the cylinder (M. Eff. Temp.):
⋅ ∫ TG (α ) ⋅ h(α ) ⋅ dα
1
Tg ,eff =
CD ⋅ hw CD
TG gas temperature
Air fuel ratio ( Reference value at EO ):
mc , CP , EVO − mc , FB , EVO
AFEO =
mc , FB , EVO
mc , CP , EVO mass of combustion products in the cylinder at Exhaust Valve Opening
mc , FB , EVO mass of burned fuel in the cylinder at EVO
28-Feb-2013 2-87

Note: Gas Exchange data is defined in accordance with SAE standard
J604 (Engine Terminology and Nomenclature – General, NN, SAE -
Standard J604, sl, June 1995).
2-88 28-Feb-2013
Figure 2-32: Relation of Gas Exchange Data
28-Feb-2013 2-89
2.7.2.3. Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used:
µσ Flow coefficients of the ports
BDC Bottom dead center
BMEP Brake mean effective pressure
BSFC Brake specific fuel consumption
CRA Crank angle
DPF Diesel Particulate Filter
EVC Exhaust valve closing
EVO Exhaust valve opening
FIE Fuel injection equipment
FMEP Friction mean effective pressure
IMEP Indicated mean effective pressure
ISFC Indicated specific fuel consumption
IVC Intake valve closing
IVO Intake valve opening
PFP Peak firing pressure
PMEP Pumping mean effective pressure
TDC Top dead center
VGT Variable geometry turbine
VNT Variable nozzle turbine
2.7.3. Engine Friction
2.7.3.1. PNH Model

Patton, Nitschke and Heywood calculate the friction losses associated with the main
bearings, the valve train, piston group and auxiliary components. The model was originally
developed for fully warmed up engine conditions.
The total FMEP is calculated as follows:
0.24
 ν Toil 
FMEPTOT = ( FMEPCS + FMEPP + FMEPVT + FMEPAUX + FMEPIP ) ⋅  
 ν T =90°C 
 oil 
The last term takes the effect of a changing oil viscosity (as a function of oil temperature)
into account (Shayler et al). The specific contributions are described in the following
sections.
2-90 28-Feb-2013
2.7.3.1.1. Crankshaft
The crankshaft mean effective pressure can be expressed as follows:
 N Db3 Lb nb   Db   N 2 Db2 nb 
FMEPCS = ccb  2

 + C 
cs  2

 + C 
td 

 B S nc   B S nc   nc 
where:
B Bore [m]
S Stroke [m]
Db bearing diameter [m]
Lb bearing length [m]
nb no. of bearings [-]
nc no. of cylinders [-]
N Engine rotational Speed [rpm]
Ccb Coefficient of the hydrodynamic losses in main bearings [Pa/rpm m]
Ccs Coefficient of friction losses in main bearing seals [Pa m2]
Ctd Coefficient of friction losses due to viscous dissipation [Pa s2/m2 rpm]
2.7.3.1.2. Piston (Reciprocating) Group

The FMEP in the reciprocating group may be calculated the following equation:
 N Db3 Lb nb   Vp   103  1 

FMEPP = c pb  2

 + C ps  B  + C pr 1 + N  B 2 
 B S nc     
P
(
Co × i 0.088 rc + 0.182 rc
Pa
−
)
(1.33− 2.38×10 VP )
2
where:
Ccb Coefficient for connecting rod bearing hydrodynamics [Pa/rpm m]

Cps Coefficient for skirt-cylinder wall hydrodynamics [Pa s]
Cpr Coefficient for piston ring-cylinder wall [Pa m2]
Co Coefficient for gas pressure to ring friction [Pa]
Vp Mean piston speed [m/s]
2.7.3.1.3. Valve Train

The valve train FMEP is calculated using the following equation:
 Nn   L1.5 N 0.5 nv   103  Lv nv

FMEPVT = cvb  2 b  + cvo + Cvh  v  + Cvm 1 +  + FMEPCF
 B S nc   B S nc   N  S n c
Flat Cam Follower:
 103  nv
FMEPCF = Cvf 1 + 
 N  S n c
Roller Cam Follower:
N n 
FMEPCF = Cvr  ⋅ v 
 S nc 
where:
28-Feb-2013 2-91
Cvb Coefficient for camshaft bearing hydrodynamic [Pa m3/rpm]

Cvh Oscillating hydrodynamic lubrication constant [Pa m0.5/rpm0.5]
Cvm Oscillating mixed lubrication constant [Pa]
Cvo Boundary lubrication constant due to the camshaft bearing seals [Pa]
Lv Maximum valve lift [m]
nv No. of valves [-]
Cvf Flat cam follower constant [Pa m]
Cvr Roller cam follower constant [Pa m]
Both of the cam followers’ constants depend on the valvetrain configuration.
2.7.3.1.4. Auxiliary Losses

The following equation can be used to calculate the FMEP due to the auxiliaries (oil and
water pump):
FMEPAUX = 6.23 × 103 + 5.22 N + 1.79 × 10 −4 N 2

For the losses caused by the injector pump the following correlation by Bohac et al. is used:
105 ⋅ VD
FMEPIP = ⋅
0.0025
(
0.0785 + 4.02 × 10 −5 N + 1.06 ×10 −8 N 2 + 4.64 × 10 −8 IMEP + 2.17 × 10 −10 N ⋅ IMEP )
VD is the engine’s total displacement.
2.7.3.2. SLM Model

Shayler, Leong and Murphy, SLM, compiled and examined model fits on friction data from
motored engine tests on 4 cylinder diesel engines. The original purpose of the experimental
work was to examine friction losses at low temperatures and low engine speeds in
connection with studies of cold start behavior.
2.7.3.2.1. Crankshaft
The FMEP in the crankshaft group is calculated using the following equation:
n
 N 0.6 Db3 Lb nb  µ   
FMEPCS = ccb    + Ccs  2 Db 
   
 B S nc  µ ref
2
  B S nc 
where:
Ccb Coefficient of the hydrodynamic losses in main bearings [Pa/rpm m]

Ccs Coefficient of friction losses in main bearing seals [Pa m2]
n viscosity index [-]
µ Oil dynamic viscosity at the operating temperature [Pa.s]
µ ref
Oil dynamic viscosity at fully warm, reference condition [Pa.s]
2.7.3.2.2. Piston (Reciprocating) Group

Mean effective pressure due to the friction in the piston group is expressed as follows:
2-92 28-Feb-2013
n
  N 0.6 Db3 Lb nb   V p0.5   V p0.5   µ 

FMEPP = c pb   + C ps      
  B 2 S nc   B  + C pr  B 2   µ 
      ref 
where:
Cpb Coefficient for connecting rod bearing hydrodynamics) [kPa /rpm0.6 mm]
Cps Coefficient for skirt-cylinder wall hydrodynamics [kPa mm0.5 s0.5]
Cpr Coefficient for piston ring-cylinder wall [kPa mm1.5 s0.5]
n viscosity index (=0.4) [-]
2.7.3.2.3. Valve Train

Mean effective pressure due to the friction in the piston group is expressed as follows:
n n
 N 0.6 nb   µ   1.5 0.5   
FMEPVT = cvb  2    + Cvs + Cvh  Lν N nv   µ  +
   BSn µ 
 B S nc   µ ref   c   ref 
 10  Lv N v
Cvm  2 +  + FMEPCF
 5 + µN  S n c
Flat Cam Follower
 10  nv
FMEPCF = Cvf  2 + 
 5 + µN  S n c
Roller Cam Follower
 N ⋅ nv 
FMEPCF = Cvr  
 S n c 
where:
Cvb Coefficient for camshaft bearing hydrodynamic [kPa mm3/rpm0.6]

Cvh Oscillating hydrodynamic lubrication constant [Pa m0.5/rpm0.5]
Cvm Oscillating mixed lubrication constant [Pa]
Cvs Boundary lubrication constant due to the camshaft bearing
seals [Pa]
Cvf Flat cam follower constant [Pa m]
Cvr Roller cam follower constant [Pa m]
n viscosity index (=0.7) [-]
2.7.3.2.4. Auxiliary Losses

n
 µ 
Fmepaux (
= α + β N + γN 2
µ
) 

 ref 
28-Feb-2013 2-93

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Edition 11/2012

© AVL List Gmbh 2009. All right reserved

AVL LIST GmbH

AST Local Support Contact: http://www.avl.com/ast-worldwide

Revision Date Description Document No.

Copyright © 2013, AVL

2. ESE Diesel _______________________________________________________2-1

2.5.1. General Engine Data _____________________________________________________ 2-49

ii AST. 08.0304.2013 – 28-Feb-2013

AST.08.0304.2013 – 28-Feb-2013 iii

Caution: Cautions describe conditions, practices or procedures which

 Note: Notes provide important supplementary information.

Italics For emphasis, to introduce a new term or for manual

monospace To indicate a command, a program or a file name,

MenuOpt A MenuOpt font is used for the names of menu options,

2.1. General Description

If Spray adjustment is selected then a new GUI appears in ESE

Open or Ctrl O Loads an existing ESE Diesel project.

A *.ese file enables the user to resume an ESE Diesel session.

Given <Filename.ese> file name, ESE Diesel will create

FileName.fmo - mesh movement information

FileName.ssf - solver steering file

FileName.dat - contains connectivity information between solver

Exit or Alt F4 Closes the present ESE Diesel session.

User manuals Opens the Users Guide.

About Displays information about the ESE Diesel version.

2.1.1. Workflow Area

2.1.2. Input Area

2.1.3. Drawing Area

2.1.4. Information Area

2.1.5. Command Buttons

2.1.6. Navigator Buttons

2.2. Project Settings

Figure 2-1: Project Settings Window

Spray adjustment Refer to chapter 2.5 for details.

Engine segment Refer to chapter 2.4 for details.

Simulation based on project data sheet

Simulation based on BOOST data

BOOST coupled simulation

CFD-WM project This directory contains CFD-WM project templates (currently

Calculation wizard Calculation wizard is an external application used to setting

HTML browser HTML browser (Mozilla, Firefox, Internet Explorer) is an

Impress offline Impress offline (ImpressAK) is an AVL standalone command line

2.4. Engine Segment Simulation

2.4.1. General Engine Data

Figure 2-2: General Engine Data Windows

2.4.1.1. General Engine Parameters

Number of Specifies the number of cylinders for the simulated engine.

Compression ratio The geometrical compression ratio ε of the engine has to be

The geometrical compression ratio is dimensionless.

2.4.1.2. Piston Movement Specification

by specifying the parameters of piston displacement function

To specify parameters for internal piston movement calculation, select Piston

Crank radius [m] Crank radius has to be specified in [m].

For Simulation based on BOOST data and BOOST coupled

To set stroke deflection, select Stroke deflection, load pressure

Pascal), "kPa" (kilo Pascal) or "bar" (bar).

This is a fragment of such a file:

Stroke deflection factor controls influence of the pressure to the

Figure 2-3: Sketcher - Piston Window

The Sketcher enables the user to perform four tasks:

1. Define the piston bowl shape (Piston)

2. Define the injector shape (Injector)

3. Adjust the block-structure of a template (Block structure)