1600 Menmonics in Medical Study

ANATOMY
Bowel components [ID 189]
"Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing S tock Report":

From proximal to distal:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
Colon
S igmoid
Rectum
Alternatively: to include the cecum, "Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing S tock Report".
55
Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary
Anonymous Contributor
89
38
Bowel components [ID 1175]
9
"Dublin Sisters Ceramic Red Colored Jewelry Apparently Illegal":
86
2-4 letters of each component:
,9
Duodenum
Sigmoid
M
Cecum
O
Rectum
.C
Colon
Jejunum
Appendix
IA
D
Ileum
IN
Frank Hopkins
@
G
Diaphragm apertures [ID 272]

IN
"3 holes, each with 3 things going through it":

Aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein.
H
Esophageal hiatus: esophagus, vagal trunks, left gastric vessels.

AC
Caval foramen: inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve, lymph nodes.
CO
A-
Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels Hi Yield [ID 3225]

W
Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12

Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
H
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8

S

VI
Oriade Adeoye Dept. of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, OAU, Ile-Ife

R.
Duodenum: lengths of parts [ID 58]

D
"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered":

1st part: 2 inches
2nd part: 3 inches
3rd part: 4 inches
4th part: 1 inch
Liver inferior markings showing right/left lobe vs. vascular divisions [ID 114]
DR.VISHWA-COACHING@INDIA.COM, 9869388955
There's a Hepatic "H" on inferior of liver. One vertical stick of the H is the dividing line for anatomical
right/left lobe and the other vertical stick is the divider for vascular halves. Stick that divides the liver into
vascular halves is the one with vena cava impression (since vena cava carries blood, it's fortunate that it's the
divider for blood halves).
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
Meckel's diverticulum details Hi Yield [ID 72]
2 inches long.
2 feet from end of ileum.
2 times more common in men.
2% occurrence in population.
55
2 types of tissues may be present.
Note: "di-" means "two", so diverticulum is the thing with all the twos.
89
9 38
Murphy's point organ [for Irish] [ID 61]
86
"Murphy was an Irishman (and Murphy is a classic Irish surname), and Ireland=green":
,9
Green organ in body is gallbladder, so Murphy's point is the gall bladder.
M
O
.C
Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left Hi Yield [ID 2516]
Aorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right. IA

D
Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
IN

@
Aortic arch: major branch order [ID 29]

G
IN
"Know your ABC'S":

Aortic arch gives rise to:
H
Brachiocephalic trunk
AC
left Common Carotid

left S ubclavian
CO
Beware though trick question of 'What is first branch of aorta?' Technically, it's the coronary arteries.
A-
W
Atrioventricular valves Hi Yield [ID 2681]

H
"LAB RAT":
S
Left Atrium: Bicuspid

VI
Right Atrium: Tricuspid

R.
Amir A. Ghaferi Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

D
Axillary artery branches [ID 663]
"S end The Lord to S ay A Prayer":

S uperior thoracic
Thoracacromial
Lateral thoracic
S ubscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
Michael A. Chaplin SUNY-HSCB Downstate College of Medicine
"S uzy Thompkins Loves S ex, Alcohol, and Pot":

S uperior thoracic
Thoracacromial
Lateral thoracic
S ubscapular
Karl Boston U. School of Medicine
"S crew The Lawyer S ave A Patient":
55
S uperior thoracic
Thoracoacromiol
89
Lateral thoracic
38
S ubscapular
9
86
Alternatively: "S ome Times Life S eems A Pain".
,9
Anonymous contributor and Joe Azzopardi Not specified and Xarabank
M
O
Brachial artery is medial to biceps tendon [ID 1577]
.C
"BAMBI":
Brachial Artery is Medial to Biceps In elbow. IA
D
Christopher Jordan UAG-EDU
IN
@
Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches [ID 608]

G
"I Am Pretty S exy"

IN
Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with S uperior ulnar collateral artery.
H
Alternatively: "I Am Pretty S mart".

AC

Paul's Boutique Western University College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific
CO
Branches of Internal Iliac Artery [ID 3160]

A-
"I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear":

Ileolumbar
W
Lateral sacral
H
Gluteal (superior and inferior)

S
Pudendal (internal)
VI
Inferior vesicle (uterine in females)

R.
Middle rectal
Vaginal
D
Obturator
Umbilical
Joe and Betsy Sophie Davis School of Medicine
Cardiac valves: order in circuit [ID 2895]
"TRI berore you BI":

Tricuspid valve is located in left heart and Bicuspid valve is located in right heart. Blood flows through the tricuspid before bicuspid.
Chris Gilbreth Cleveland Chiropractic College, Kansas City
Carotid sheath contents [ID 669]
"I See 10 CC's in the IV":
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein
Cavernous sinus contents Hi Yield [ID 1094]
O TOM CAT:
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior.
CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM.
See diagram.
Occulomotor nerve (III)
55
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
89
Maxillary nerve (V2)
38
Carotid artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
9
T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM.
86
,9
Jonathan Vafai New York University School of Medicine
M
Coelic trunk: branches Hi Yield [ID 1833]
O
Left Hand S ide (LHS):
.C
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
S plenic artery
IA
D
IN
Dr. Harsh Sharma

@
Descending abdominal aorta branches from diaphragm to iliacs [ID 613]

G
"Prostitutes Cause S agging S wollen Red Testicles [in men] Living In S in":
IN
Phrenic [inferior]
H
Celiac
AC
S uperior mesenteric
S uprarenal [middle]
CO
Renal
Testicular ["in men" only]
Lumbars
A-
Inferior mesenteric
W
S acral
H

Josser Mt. Sinai Medical School
S
VI
Descending abdominal aorta: seven divisions [ID 448]

R.
"S ometimes Intestines Get Really S tretched Causing Leakage":

D
S uprarenals [paired]
Inferior mesenteric
Gonadal [paired]
Renals [paired]
S uperior mesenteric
Celiac
Lumbar [paired]
External carotid artery branches [ID 291]
"S ome Anatomists Like F*#king, Others Prefer S & M":
S uperior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
S uperficial temporal
Maxillary
Alternatively: As S he Lay Flat, Oscar's Passion S lowly Mounted".
55
"S ister Lucy's Powdered Face Often Attracts S illy Medicos":
Before entering the parotid gland:
89
S uperior thyroid
38
Lingual
Posterior auricular
9
Facial
86
Occipital
,9
Ends as:
M
S uperficial temporal and
O
Maxillary bifurcating in the in the parotid gland
.C
Dr. Deepu Sudhakaran Dept of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital
IA
D
IN
"S ome Angry Lady Figured Out PMS":

S uperior thyroid
@
G
Lingual
IN
Facial
Occipital
H
Posterior auricular
AC
Maxillary
S uperificial temporal
CO

A-
W

H
StApLE OPIS:
S uperior thyroid
S
VI
Lingual
R.
External maxillary (facial)

D
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Internal maxillary
Michael S. Florencio, DMD University of Perpetual College of Medicine, Las Pinas, Philippines
"S ome Aberdeen Ladies F#ck, Others Prefer Manual S timulation":
From inferior to superior:
S uperior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
55
"S o Long For Acting Old Parenting Means S tability":
S uperior thyroid
89
Lingual
38
Facial
9
Occiptal
86
Posterior auricular
,9
Maxillary
M
O
.C
External carotid artery branches
"S ome Aggressive Lovers Find Odd Positions More S timulating":
IA [ID 1033]
D
S uperior thyroid
IN
Lingual
@
Facial
G
Occiptal
IN
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
H
AC

CO

A-
"S ally Ate Lots Of Fresh Produce March Through S eptember":

W
S uperior thyroid
H
Ascending laryngeal
Lingual
S
VI
Occipital (O before F is an extremely common variation)

Facial
R.
Posterior auricular
D
Maxillary
Transverse facial
Johns Hopkins Class of 2004
"S he Lay Flaccid As Olaf's Penis S lipped In":
From caudal to cephalad:
S uperior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
(Internal) maxillary
T. H. Lee UCLA School of Medicine
55
"S uzy Always Lays Flat On Pillows Making S ex Terrific":
S uperior thyroid
89
38
Lingual
Facial
9
Occipital
86
Posterior auricular
,9
Maxillary
S uperificial Temporal
M
O
Ally-Khan Somani University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine
.C
External jugular vein: tributaries
PAST:
IA [ID 3114]
D
Posterior external jugular vein
IN
Anterior jugular vein

S uprascapular vein
@
Transverse cervical vein

G

IN
Dalia Rashdan Ain Shams University School of Dentistry

H
Female pelvic organs' blood supply [ID 267]

AC
"3 organs, each get 2 blood supplies":

CO
Uterus: uterine, vaginal.

Rectum: middle rectal, inferior rectal [inferior rectal is the end of pudendal].
Bladder: superior vesical, inferior vesical.
A-

W
H
Femoral artery deep branches [ID 2415]

S
VI
"Put My Leg Down Please":

Profundus femoris (deep femoral artery)
R.
Medial circumflex femoral artery

D
Lateral circumflex femoral artery

Descending genicular arteries
Perforating arteries
Gene Lee Emory School of Medicine
Femoral hernia: epidemiology [ID 997]
FEMoral hernias are more common in FEMales.

Femoral triangle: arrangement of contents Hi Yield [ID 10]
NAVEL:
From lateral hip towards medial navel:
Nerve (directly behind sheath)
Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
Empty space (between vein and lymph)
Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node)
Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.
Andrew J. Vasil UMD School of Medicine, Duluth, MN
Femoral triangle: arrangement of nerve, artery, vein [ID 11]
VAN:
From medial to lateral:
55
Vein
Artery
89
Nerve
38
Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.
9
86
,9
Femoral triangle: contents Hi Yield [ID 1142]
M
NAVY:
In order from lateral to medial:
O
Nerve
.C
Artery
Vein
Y of the groin
IA
D
Alternatively: Y = Y-fronts [male underwear].
IN

@
G
Heart valve sequence [ID 1938]

IN
"Try Pulling My Aorta":

H
Tricuspid
AC
Pulmonary
Mitral
CO
Aorta
Michael Franco Melbourne University, Australia
A-
W
Heart valves [ID 484]

H
"Toilet Paper My A$$":

S
From right to left:

VI
Tricuspid
Pulmonic
R.
Mitral
D
Aortic
Jim Colburn Indiana University Medical Center
Heart valves: order in circuit [ID 3053]
"First learn a Tricycle, then learn a Bicycle":

Flow through Tricuspid first, then Bicuspid.
Inferior vena cava tributaries [ID 1091]
"I Like To Rise S o High":
Illiacs
Lumbar
Testicular
Renal
S uprarenal
Hepatic vein.
Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart.
Usman Ahmad KMC
Internal iliac artery: anterior branches [ID 1169]
What Bill admitted to Hilary: "I Milked Our Insatiable Intern's Udders Under the Desk":
Inferior gluteal
55
Middle rectal
Obturator
89
Inferior vesical artery
38
Internal pudendal artery
Umbilical
9
U/D=Uterine artery (female)/ Deferential artery (male)
86
,9
M
Internal iliac artery: posterior branch [ID 801]
O
PILS:
.C
Posterior branch
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
IA
D
S uperior gluteal
IN

@
G
Internal jugular vein: tributaries [ID 502]

IN
"Medical S chools Let Confident People In":

H
From inferior to superior:

AC
Middle thyroid
S uperior thyroid
CO
Lingual
Common facial
Pharyngeal
A-
Inferior petrosal sinus

W

LaShawn A. Weaver Medical University of South Carolina
S H
VI
Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe/ ligamentum teres [ID 270]
"VC goes with VC":

R.
The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate and teres must be on
D
anterior by default.
See inferior-view diagram.
Lung lobe numbers: right vs. left Hi Yield [ID 79]
Tricuspid heart valve and tri-lobed lung both on the right side.
Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung both on the left side.
Maxillary artery branches [ID 935]
"DAM I AM Piss Drunk But S tupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous":
Deep auricular
Anterior tympanic
Middle meningeal
Inferior alveolar
Accessory meningeal
Masseteric
Pterygoid
Deep temporal
Buccal
S phenopalatine
Descending palatine
Infraorbital
55
Posterior superior alveolar
Middle superior alveolar
89
Pharyngeal
38
Anterior superior alveolar
Artery of the pterygoid canal
9
86
Imani Walker and Fareeda Hamid New York College of Osteopathic Medicine
,9
Portal-systemic anastomoses: main 2 places that retroperitoneals connect into systemic [ID 511]
M
RetroPeritoneals hook up with Renal and Paravertebral veins.
O
.C
Saphenous veins: path of great vs. small at malleolus

IA [ID 278]
D
"MAGdelaine has varicose veins" [The saphenous veins are important for varicose veins]:
IN
Medial maleolus, Anterior to maleolus, and Great saphenous go together.

@
Then the opposites of these go together: Small saphenous is posterior to the lateral maleolus.
G

IN
H
Subclavian artery branches [ID 2451]

AC
"Very Tired Individuals S ip S trong Coffee S erved Daily":

Vertebral artery
CO
Thyrocervical trunk
---Inferior thyroid
A-
---S uperficial cervical

---S uprascapular
W
Costocervical
H
---S uperior intercostal

S
---Deep cervical
VI

Gene Lee Emory School of Medicine
R.
D
Superior thyroid artery branches [ID 136]
"May I S oftly S queeze Charlie's Girl?":

Muscular
Infrahyoid
S uperior laryngeal
S ternomastoid
Cricothyroid
Glandular
Thoracic cage: relations to the important venous structures [ID 324]
Behind the sternoclavicular joints: the brachiocephalic veins begin.
Behind the 1st costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava begins.
Behind the 2nd costal cartilage on the right the azygos vein ends.
Behind the 3rd costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava ends.
Fred Reid Undergrad at St-Andrews, UK
Thoracoacromial artery branches [ID 662]
"CAlifornia Police Department":

Clavicular
Acromial
Pectoral
Deltoid
55
89
Thoracoacromial artery branches [ID 1207]
38
ABCD:
Acromial
9
86
Breast (pectoral)
Clavicular
,9
Deltoid
M
Anonymous contributor UCLA School of Medicine
O
.C
Ulnar nerve to ulnar artery and radial nerve to radial artery relations [ID 90]
Think "peripheral nerves": IA

D
The ulnar nerve is "ulnar" to the ulnar artery.
Radial nerve is "radial" to the radial artery.
IN

@
G
Thyroid: isthmus location Hi Yield [ID 97]

IN
"Rings 2,3,4 make the isthmus floor":

H
Isthmus overlies tracheal rings 2,3,4

AC
Knowledge Level 3, System: Endocrine

CO
Thyroids: relative sizes [ID 275]

A-
Thyroid looks like a bra (see picture).

Breasts are bigger in women, so thyroid bigger in women.
W
Pregnant women have biggest breasts of all, so they have the biggest thyroids.
H

S

VI
R.
D
Scalp layers [ID 258]
SCALP:
From superficial to deep:
S kin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium
Knowledge Level 1, System: Integumental
Kidney hilums at transpyloric plane [L1] [ID 76]
L-1 goes through hilum of only 1 kidney, and it’s the Left one.
Knowledge Level 8, System: Kidney/Urine
Ureter to ovarian/testicular artery relation [ID 56]
"Water under the bridge":

The ureters (which carry water), are posterior to the ovarian/testicular artery.
Clinically important, since a common surgical error is to cut ureter instead of ovarian artery when removing uterus.
Leino- definition [ID 75]
"Leino" rhymes with "spleen-o":
55
Therefore leino- means something to do with the spleen.
89
Knowledge Level 1, System: Lymphoid
9 38
Spleen: dimensions, weight, surface anatomy [ID 54]
86
"1,3,5,7,9,11":
,9
Spleen dimensions are 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches.
Weight is 7 ounces.
M
It underlies ribs 9 through 11.
O
.C
Thoracic duct: relation to azygous vein and esophagus

IA [ID 26]
D
"The duck between 2 gooses":
IN
Thoracic duct (duck) is between 2 gooses, azygous and esophagus.

@
G
IN
Thoracic duct: which half of upper body does it drain [ID 98]
H
Know drains all of lower body, but was it the right or the left part of the upper body?
Answer: its Lymph from the Left of the upper body.
AC

CO
A-
W
H
Abdominal muscles [ID 162]

S
VI
"Spare TIRE around their abdomen":

Transversus abdominis
R.
Internal abdominal oblique

D
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Knowledge Level 1, System: Muscle
Adductor magnus innervation [ID 255]
"AM SO!":
Adductor Magnus innervated by S ciatic and Obturator.
Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group [ID 273]
There are five, like five digits of your hand.
Place your thumb into your palm, then lay that hand palm down on your other arm, as shown in diagram.
Your 4 fingers now show distribution: spells PFPF [pass/fail, pass/fail]:
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Your thumb below your 4 fingers shows the muscle which is deep to the other four: Flexor digitorum
superficialis.
Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group [ID 1117]
"Pimps F*ck Prostitutes For Fun":
55
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
89
Palmaris longous
38
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
9
86
Rob
,9
Biceps brachii muscle: origins [ID 1876]
M
"You walk shorter to a street corner. You ride longer on a superhighway.":
O
Short head originates from coracoid process.
.C
Long head originates from the supraglenoid cavity.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Muscle IA
Rommel L. de los Reyes College of Physical Therapy - Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila)
D
IN
Bicipital groove: attachments of muscles near it [ID 27]

@
"The lady between two majors":

Teres major attaches to medial lip of groove.
G
Pectoralis major to lateral lip of groove.

IN
Latissimus (Lady) is on floor of groove, between the 2 majors.

H

Sandeep
AC
Brachioradialis: function, innervation, one relation, one attachment [ID 92]

CO
BrachioRadialis:
A-
Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer.
Innervation: Breaks Rule: it’s a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST rule: B was for brachioradialis).
W
Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa.

H
Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.

S

VI

R.
Elbow: muscles that flex it [ID 94]

D
Three B's Bend the elBow:

Brachialis
Biceps
Brachioradialis
Elbow: which side has common flexor origin [ID 6]
FM (as in FM Radio):
Flexor Medial, so Common Flexor Origin is on the medial side.
Erector spinae muscles [ID 661]
"I Love S ex":

From lateral to medial:
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
S pinalis
Alternatively: "I Long for S pinach"
"Sex" helps you think of "Erector", but "Long" and "Spinach" help you remember the muscles' names.
Erector spinae muscles [ID 2108]
"I Like S tanding":

From lateral to medial
55
Illiocostalis
Longissimus
89
S pinalis
38
Wayne Feder
9
86
Erector spinae muscles: order [ID 2551]
,9
Spinalis is on the spine (most medial).
M
Iliocostalis is on the ribs (most lateral).
O
And it's a Long (Longissimus) way between the spine and the ribs!
.C
Nikki Stamp Student, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia
IA
Extensor expansion location in the hand [ID 93]
D
IN
The eXtensor eXpansion is on the proXimal phalynX.

@

G
IN
Extrinsic muscles of tongue [for pro soccer fans] [ID 421]
"Paris St. Germain's Hour":

H
Palatoglossus
AC
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
CO
Hyoglossus
PSG is a French soccer team (foreign), hence extrinsic comes to mind.
A-

Evren Tufan Istanbul University Medical Student
W
H
Eye rotation by oblique muscles [ID 1416]

S
"I Love S &M":

VI
Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation.

R.
S uperior oblique: Medial eye rotation.

D
CS Eddleman Medical Student, Texas Tech SOM
Femoral triangle: boundaries [ID 2776]
"S o I May Always Love S ally":

S uperiorly: Inguinal ligament
Medially: Adductor longus
Laterally: S artorius
Flexor digitorum muscles: how they insert onto fingers [ID 89]
A little rhyme:
S uperficialis S plits in two,
To Permit Profundus Passing through.
Hip: lateral rotators [ID 657]
"Piece Goods Often Go On Quilts":

Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Obturator internus
55
Gemellus inferior
Obturator externus
89
Quadratus femoris
38
9
86
Hip: lateral rotators [ID 833]
,9
"Play Golf Or Go On Quaaludes":
M
From top to bottom:
Piriformis
O
Gemellus superior
.C
Obturator internus
Gemellus inferior
Obturator externus
IA
D
Quadratus femoris
IN
Alternatively: "P-GO-GO-Q".
@
Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

G
IN
Interossei muscles: actions of dorsal vs. palmar in hand [ID 293]

H
"PAd and DAb":

AC
The Palmar Adduct and the Dorsal Abduct.

Use your hand to dab with a pad.
CO
Dr. Atif Farooq and Anonymous Contributor Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan and Not Specified
A-
Interossei muscles: number of palmars vs. dorsals [ID 96]

W
"3 on the P, 4 on the Dor":

H
There are 3 Palmar, and 4 Dorsal interossei.

S

VI

R.
Intrinsic muscles of hand (palmar surface) [ID 646]

D
"A OF A OF A":
Thenar, lateral to medial:
Abductor pollicis longus
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis.
Hypothenar, lateral to medial:
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Inversion vs. eversion muscles in leg [ID 102]
Second letter rule for inversion/eversion:

Eversion muscles:
pErineus longus
pErineus brevis
pErineus terius
Inversion muscles:
tIbialis anterior
tIbialis posterior
Leg: anterior muscles of leg [ID 916]
"Tom's Hairy ANd Dirty Penis":
55
T: Tibialis anterior
H: extensor Hollicis longus
89
AN: anterior tibial Artery & deep fibular Nerve
38
D: extensor Digitorum longus
P: Peronius tertius [aka fibularis tertius]
9
86
,9
M
Leg: anterior muscles of leg [ID 1347]
O
"The Hospitals Are Not Dirty Places":
T: Tibialis anterior
.C
H: extensor Hallucis longus
A: anterior tibial Artery IA
D
N: deep fibular Nerve
D: extensor Digitorum longus
IN
P: Peronius tertius [aka fibularis tertius]

@

Hemant Ekbote/Amit Dixit Mgm's medical college India
G
IN
Lower limb peripheral nerve injurys Hi Yield [ID 2175]

H
"Drop into a DEeP PIT and shuffle your way out":

AC
Foot Drop results from Dorsiflexors and Evertors paralysis, due to common Peroneal nerve lesion.
Plantarflexion and Inversion impairment due to Tibial nerve lesion, results in a shuffling gait.
CO

Monica Therese Cating University of the Philippines College of Medicine
A-
Lumbricals action [ID 5]

W
Lumbrical action is to hold a pea, that is to flex the metacarpophalangeal joint and extend the interphalangeal
H
joints. When look at hand in this position, can see this makes an "L" shape, since L is for Lumbrical.
S

VI

R.
D
Muscles: potentially absent ones [ID 1291]
Muscles which may be absent but may be important:
5 P's:
Palmaris longus [upper limb]
Plantaris [lower limb]
Peroneus tertius [lower limb]
Pyramidalis [anterior abdominal wall]
Psoas minor [posterior abdominal wall]
Shebrain Cairo University
Oblique muscles: direction of externals vs. internals [ID 57]
"Hands in your pockets":

When put hands in your pockets, fingers now lie on top of external obliques and fingers point their direction of fibers: down and towards
midline.
55
Note: "oblique" tells that must be going at an angle.
Internal obliques are at right angles to external.
89
9 38
Plantarflexion vs. dorsiflexion [ID 202]
86
Plantar flexion occurs when you squish a Plant with your foot.
,9
M
O
Popliteal fossa: medial to lateral arrangment [ID 2747]
.C
"S erve And Volley Next Ball":
S emimembranosus/ S emitendonosus IA
D
Artery
Vein
IN
Nerve
@
Biceps femoris
Lateral and medial heads of Gastrocnemius are inferior borders.
G

IN
Tympany W. Quintosh Saba University School of Medicine

H
[ID 9]
AC
Popliteal fossa: muscles arrangement

The two Semi's go together, Semimembranosus and Semitendonosus.
CO
The Membranosus is Medial and since the two semis go together, Semitendonosus is also medial.
Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral.
A-
Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendonosus is on Top.

W
S H
Psoas major: innervation [ID 1090]

VI
If you hit L2, 3, 4

R.
Psoas gets sore!

D
Usman Ahmad KMC
Pterygoid muscles: function of lateral vs. medial [ID 70]
"Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of 'Lateral' or 'Medial' ":
"La": your jaw is now open, so Lateral opens mouth.
"Me": your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mandible.
Rotator cuff muscles Hi Yield [ID 35]
"The SITS muscles":
Clockwise from top:
S upraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
S ubscapularis
A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator cuff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the game,
and then gets sent to the minor leagues.
Anne Conlin and Robert O'Connor University of Western Ontario Medical School, London, Canada and University College Dublin
Serratus anterior: innervation [ID 547]
SALT:
S erratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.
55
Erin B. Dominiak Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
89
38
Serratus anterior: innervation and action Hi Yield [ID 25]
"C5-6-7 raise your arms up to heaven":
9
86
Long thoracic nerve roots (567) innervate Serratus anterior.
Test C567 roots clinically by ability to raise arm past 90 degrees.
,9
M
O
Soleus vs. gastrocnemius muscle function [ID 101]
.C
"Stand on your Soles. Explosive gas":
You stand on soles of your shoes, so Soleus is for posture. IA
D
Gasoline is explosive, so Gastrocnemius is for explosive movement.
IN

@
Supination vs. pronation [ID 2346]

G
IN
"SOUPination": Supination is to turn your arm palm up, as if you are holding a bowl of soup.
"POUR-nation": Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm down, as if you are pouring out whatever is your bowl.
H
Alternatively, Pronation donation: Pronation is palm facing downward, as if making a donation.

AC

LCK and Anonymous Contributor University of Ottawa and Not Specified
CO
Supination vs. pronation: which is more powerful [ID 121]

A-
Screws were designed to be tightened well by majority of people.

"Righty tighty": to tighten screws you turn to the right.
W
Majority of people are right-handed.

H
Turning right-hand to the right is supination.

S

VI

R.
Ansa cervicalis nerves [ID 1042]

D
"GHost THought SOmeone STupid SHot Irene":

Geniohyoid
Thyrohyoid
S uperior Omohyoid
S ternothyroid
S ternohyoid
Inferior omohyoid
Knowledge Level 6, System: Nervous
Autonomics to the gut [ID 439]
"The PARAsympathetics follow a rule of TWO" [pair = two]:
The vagus does the top, the sacral splanchnics the outflow tract.
"The sympathetics follow a rule of threes":
Greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves go to the celiac,superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion.
Bell's palsy: symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1943]
BELL'S Palsy:
Blink reflex abnormal
Earache
Lacrimation [deficient, excess]
Loss of taste
S udden onset
55
Palsy of VII nerve muscles
All symptoms are unilateral.
89
38
9
Brachial plexus branches Hi Yield [ID 135]
86
"My Aunt Raped My Uncle":
,9
M
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
O
Radial
.C
Median
Ulnar
IA
D
IN
Brachial plexus organization Hi Yield [ID 580]

@
"The Castrated Dog Turns Rabid":

G

IN
Terminal branches
H
Cords
AC
Divisions
Trunks
CO
Roots
Chip Louisiana State University Medical Center
A-
W
Brachial plexus subunits [ID 18]

H
"Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer":

S
Roots
VI
Trunks
Divisions
R.
Cords
D
Branches
Alternatively: "Read The Damn Cadaver Book!"
Alternatively: "Real Texans Drink Coors Beer".
Karl and Anonymous Contributor Boston U. School of Medicine and Not Specified
Brachial plexus: branches of posterior cord [ID 465]
STAR:
S ubscapular [upper and lower]
Thoracodorsal
Axillary
Radial
Zaineb Vakil Gulf Medical College Ajman
Brachial plexus: numbers of each section Hi Yield [ID 2741]
It is the same backwards and forwards:

5-3-2-3-5:
5 Rami
3 Trunks
2 Divisions
55
3 Cords
5 Terminal nerves
89
Melissa L. Toth UMDNJ School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ
9 38
Buttock quadrant safest for needle insertion Hi Yield [ID 14]
86
"Shut up and butt out":
,9
The Upper Outer quadrant of the Buttock safely avoids hitting sciatic nerve.
M
O
.C
Carpal tunnel syndrome causes Hi Yield [ID 126]
MEDIAN TRAP: IA
D
Myxoedema
Edema premenstrually
IN
Diabetes
@
Idiopathic
Agromegaly
G
Neoplasm
IN
Trauma
H
Rheumatoid arthritis
AC
Amyloidosis
Pregnancy
CO
Mnemonic fits nicely since median nerve is trapped.

A-
W
Carpal tunnel syndrome: causes Hi Yield [ID 1770]

H
TRAMP:
S
Trauma (occupational)
VI
Rheumatiod arthritis
Acromegaly
R.
Myxoedema
D
Pregnancy
Alternatively: ARMPIT to include Idiopathic.
Isae Kilonzo University College Cork, Ireland
Cervical plexus: arrangement of the important nerves [ID 268]
"GLAST":
4 compass points: clockwise from north on the right side of neck:
Great auricular
Lesser occipital
Accessory nerve pops out between L and S
S upraclavicular
Transverse cervical
See diagram.
CN VII innervated muscles (branchial arch 2 derivatives) [ID 305]
"Imagine someone making the facial expression to say 'PSS...' ":

Facial expression muscles
55
Posterior belly of digastric
S tapedius
89
S tylohyoid
38
Christian Erickson Duke University
9
86
Deep tendon reflexes: root supply Hi Yield [ID 185]
,9
"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8":
M
S1-2: ankle
L3-4: knee
O
C5-6: biceps, supinator
.C
C7-8: triceps
IA
D
IN
Deep tendon reflexes: root supply Hi Yield [ID 550]

@
God designed body reflexes according to a nursery rhyme:

One, two-- buckle my shoe. Three, four-- kick the door. Five, six-- pick up sticks. Seven, eight-- shut the gate.
G
S1,2 = ankle jerk

IN
L3,4 = knee jerk

H
C5,6 = biceps and brachioradialis

AC
C7,8 = triceps
Bryan Traynor Massachussetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
CO
Dermatome C6 location Hi Yield [ID 91]

A-
Stick arm out like crucifixion stance. Curl your thumb and forefinger into an "OK" symbol while keeping
W
your other fingers straight.

H
Your hand should now look like a 6 shape.

S
So C6 dermatome is your thumb and top of arm (reason for crucifix stance).
VI
See diagram.
R.
D
Dermatome C7 location Hi Yield [ID 568]
C7 gives the finger to heaven (as in middle finger).

Jules Bristol University
Diaphragm innervation Hi Yield [ID 23]
"3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive":

Diaphragm innervation is cervical roots 3, 4, and 5.
Michael Nawfal
Ear: bones of inner ear [ID 1403]
Take a Hammer: Malleus

Hit an Indian Elephant: Incus
It puts its foot in a stirrup: Stapes
Describes the shape, and relative position (from out to in) of the inner ear bones.
Alternatively: "Mailing Includes Stamps".
Robert Lueken and Frank Hopkins Eastern Virginia Medical School
Extraocular muscles cranial nerve innervation Hi Yield [ID 572]
"LR6SO4 rest 3":

Lateral Rectus is 6th
S uperior Oblique is 4th
55
rest are all 3rd cranial nerve
89
Atul Singh Detroit Medical Center
38
Extraocular muscles: movements [ID 2811]
9
86
"ObliqLiques cause lateral rotation of eyeball":
Obliques cause lateral, all other rectii are medial rotators of the eyeball.
,9
Action of the obliques is opposite to their names.
M
Action of the rectii is rightly fitting to their names.
O
Both superiors cause intorsion and both inferiors cause extorsion.
.C
Varsha RMC, Loni, India
IA
Face muscles: large muscle groups' cranial innervation [ID 71]
D
IN
Mandibular nerve: Mastication.

Facial nerve: Facial expression.
@

G
IN
Facial nerve branches [ID 825]

H
"Two Zombies Buggered My Cat":

AC
From superior to inferior:

Temporal branch
CO
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
A-
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
W
Alternatively: "Two Zulus Bit My Cat".

H
Alternatively: "Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx".

S
Alternatively: "To Zanzibar By Motor Car".

VI
Alternatively: "Tall Zulus Bear Many Children".

R.
Anonymous Contributor and Rohan hall Universtiy of Otago, NZ and Anatomist

D
Facial nerve: branches after Stylomastoid foramen [ID 863]
"Ten Zulus Buggered My Cat (Painfully)":

Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
(Posterior auricular nerve)
Alternatively: "PAssing Through Zanzibar By Motor Car" (PA for Posterior Auricular).
Stephan Sanders and Kris Downing Nottingham Medical School, UK and UCR/UCLA Biomedical Sciences Program, USA
Horner's syndrome components Hi Yield [ID 889]
SPAM:
S unken eyeballs/ S ymphathetic plexus (cervical) affected
Ptosis
Anhydrosis
Miosis
Samuel Atom Baek-Kim
Horner's syndrome components Hi Yield [ID 1823]
"HORNy PAM"
Horner's is:
Ptosis
55
Anhidrosis
89
Miosis
38
Ocean University of Texas Medical Branch
9
86
Lacrimal nerve course [ID 757]
"Lacrimal's story of 8 L's":
,9
Lacrimal nerve runs on Lateral wall of orbit above Lateral rectus, then Lets communicating branch join in, then supplies Lacrimal gland, then
M
Leaves it and supplies Lateral upper eye Lid!
O
Usman Ahmad KMC
.C
Lingual nerve course IA [ID 329]
D
The Lingual nerve
IN
Took a curve
Around the Hyoglossus.
@
"Well I'll be f*#ked!"

G
Said Wharton's Duct,

IN
"The bastard's gone and crossed us!"

H
Sam Hinton University of California, San Diego

AC
Lumbar plexus [ID 643]

CO
"I, I Get Laid On Fridays":

Iliohypogastric [L1]
A-
Ilioinguinal [L1]
W
Genitofemoral [L1, L2]

Lateral femoral cutaneous [L2, L3]
H
Obtruator [L2, L3, L4]

S
Femoral [L2, L3, L4]

VI
Alternatively: "I twice Get Laid On Fridays".

R.
Alternatively: "Interested In Getting Laid On Fridays?"

D
Alfred Munoz MCP-Hahnemann School Of Medicine
Lumbar plexus roots [ID 263]
"2 from 1, 2 from 2, 2 from 3":

2 nerves from 1 root: Ilioinguinal (L1), Iliohypogastric (L1).
2 nerves from 2 roots: Genitofemoral (L1,L2), Lateral Femoral (L2,L3).
2 nerves from 3 roots: Obturator (L2,L3,L4), Femoral (L2,L3,L4).
Median and ulnar nerves: common features [ID 274]
Each supply 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus.
Each supplies 2 lumbricals.
Each has a palmar cutaneous nerve that pops off prematurely.
Each supplies an eminence group of muscles [ulnar: hypothenar. median: thenar].
Each enters forearm through two heads [ulnar: heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. median: heads of pronator teres].
Each has no branches in upper arm.
Each makes two fingers claw when cut at wrist.
Each supplies a palmaris [median: palmaris longus. ulnar: palmaris brevis].
Median nerve: hand muscles innervated [ID 36]
"The LOAF muscles":

Lumbricals 1 and 2
55
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
89
Flexor pollicis brevis
38
Alternatively: LLOAF, with 2 L's, to recall there's 2 lumbricals.
To remember that these are the Median nerve muscles, think "Meat LOAF".
9
86
Samuel Atom Baek Kim
,9
Median nerve: recognizing it in an opened axilla [ID 86]
M
The Median nerve is the Middle of a giant capital "M" formed by the musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves.
O
.C
IA
D
IN
@
G
Palmaris longus: location, relative to wrist nerves [ID 125]

IN
"The Palmaris between two Palmars":

H
Palmaris longus is between the Palmar cutaneous branch of Ulnar nerve and Palmar cutaneous branch of
AC
Median nerve.
CO
A-
W
H
Pectoral nerves: path of lateral vs. medial [ID 127]

S
"Lateral Less, Medial More":

VI
Lateral pectoral nerve only goes through Pectoralis major, but

Medial pectoral nerve goes though both Pectoralis major and minor.
R.

D
Pelvis: sacral innervation [ID 33]
"S2,3,4 keeps the 3 P's off the floor (Penis, Poo, and Pee).
S2,3,4 innervates the anal sphincter, urethral sphicter, and causes erection.
Anonymous Contributor National University of Ireland, Galway and University of Sydney, Australia
Penis autonomic innervation actions [ID 28]
"Parasympathetic Puts it up. S ympathetic S purts it out".
Alternatively: "Point and S hoot": Parasympathetic Points it, S ympathetic S hoots out the semen.
Erection and Ejaculation (Emission).
Andrew J. Vasil and John Nguyen University of Minnesota School of Medicine and University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Radial nerve: muscles innervated [ID 1184]
"Try A Big Chocolate Chip S undae, Double Dip Cherries And Peanuts Preferably Included":
In order of their innervation, proximal to distal:
Triceps
Anconeus
Brachioradialis
ext. Carpi radialis longus
ext. Carpi radialis brevis
55
S upinator
ext. Digitorum
89
ext.Digiti minimi
38
ext. Carpi ulnaris
Abductor poll. longus
9
ext. Poll. brevis
86
ext. P poll. longus
,9
ext. Indicis
For the neighboring words that start with the same letter (eg: chocolate and chip), notice that the longer word in the mnemonic, corresponds to
M
the longer of the two muscle names (ex: ext. carpi radialis longus and ext. carpi radialis brevis)
O
.C
Anonymous Contributor Medical College of Ohio
Radial nerve: muscles supplied (simplified)

IA [ID 16]
D
"BEST muscles":
IN
Brachioradialis
Extensors
@
S upinator
G
Triceps
IN

H
AC
Scalp: nerve supply [ID 2046]

CO
GLASS:
Greater occipital/ Greater auricular
Lesser occipital
A-
Auriculotemporal
W
S upratrochlear
H
S upraorbital
S
VI
R.
Spinal cord: length in vertebral column Hi Yield [ID 1040]

D
SCULL:
S pinal Cord Until L2 (LL).
Thigh: innervation by compartment Hi Yield [ID 2382]
"MAP OF Sciatic":
Medial compartment: Obturator
Anterior compartment: Femoral
Posterior compartment: Sciatic
So all the thigh muscles in that compartment get innervated by that nerve.
Trigeminal nerve: where branches exit skull Hi Yield [ID 38]
"S tanding Room Only":

S uperior orbital fissure is V1
foramen Rotundum is V2
foramen Ovale is V3
55
89
V3 innervated muscles Hi Yield [ID 463]
38
"My A$$ Meets The Toilet":
Mylohyoid
9
86
Anterior digastric
Muscles of Mastication
,9
Tensor veli palatini
M
Tensor tympani
O
.C
V3 innervated muscles (branchial arch 1 derivatives) IA Hi Yield [ID 304]
D
"M.D. My TV":
Mastication [masseter, temporalis, pterygoids]
IN
Digastric [anterior belly]

@
Mylohyoid
tensor Tympani
G
tensor Veli palatini

IN

H
Christian Erickson Duke University

AC
V3: sensory branches [ID 1024]

CO
"Buccaneers Are Inferior Linguists":

Buccal
A-
Auriculotemporal
Inferior alveolar
W
Lingual
H

Jennifer Chuang University of Vermont School of Medicine
S
VI
Vagal nerve: path into thorax [ID 1783]

R.
Vagus nerve, unlike phrenic, continues through diaphragm with esophagus--it is "Not Left Behind":
D
The left vagus is anterior, right is posterior [behind].

Anonymous Contributor University of Arizona College of Medicine
Vagus nerve: path into thorax [ID 449]
"I Left my Aunt in Vegas":

Left Vagus nerve goes Anterior descending into the thorax.
Anatomical planes: coronal, horizontal, sagittal [ID 262]
Coronal: A classic painting/stained glass window of a saint/angel has a corona radiating around the person's
head. The plane of the glass/page is cutting their head in the coronal plane.
Horizontal: Someone coming over the horizon has their abdomen cut in the horizontal plane.
Sagittal: the remaining one by default.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Other/Miscellaneous
Ankle: anterior compartment of leg contents [ID 1257]
"The Hamptons Are Never Dull Parties":

From medial malleolus:
Tibialis anterior tendon
(Extensor) Hallacus longus
55
Artery (anterior tibial)
Nerve (deep peroneal)
89
(Extensor) Digitorum
38
Peroneus tertius
9
Jonhs Hopkins Class of 2004
86
,9
Cubital fossa contents [ID 45]
M
"N-MAN":
O
Nerve
.C
Muscle
Artery
Nerve
IA
D
Specifics are radial Nerve, biceps Muscle tendon, brachial Artery, median Nerve.
IN

Peter Stefanides University College Dublin
@
G

IN
"My Bottoms Turned Red":

H

AC
Median nerve
Brachial artery
CO
Tendon of biceps
Radial nerve
A-
Dell Piero University Malaya Medical School, Malaysia

W
H

S
"Really Need Booze To Be At My Nicest":

VI

Radial Nerve
R.
Biceps Tendon
D
Brachial Artery
Median Nerve
MBBR:
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Biceps tendon
Radial nerve
Dr. Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan
Diaphram aperatures: spinal levels Hi Yield [ID 2657]
"Come Enter the Abdomen:

Vena Cava [8]
Esophagus [10]
Aorta [12]
55
Phillip Snider (originally by Sherry Roles) Med student: Arizona College of Osteopathic Med
89
38
Hand: nerve lesions Hi Yield [ID 3262]
DR CUMA:
9
86
Drop=Radial nerve
Claw=Ulnar nerve
,9
Median nerve=Ape hand (or Apostol [preacher] hand)
M
O
.C
Inguinal canal: walls Hi Yield [ID 2010]
"MALT: 2M, 2A, 2L, 2T": IA

D
Starting from superior, moving around in order to posterior:
Superior wall (roof): 2 Muscles:
IN
internal oblique Muscle

@
transverse abdominus Muscle

Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses:
G
Aponeurosis of external oblique

IN
Aponeurosis of internal oblique

H
Lower wall (floor): 2 Ligaments:

AC
inguinal Ligament
lacunar Ligament
CO
Posterior wall: 2Ts:

Transversalis fascia
conjoint Tendon
A-

W
Miruna Segarceanu UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania

H
Internal pudendal branches [ID 2503]

S
VI
"I Pee Pee But Don't Dump!":

Inferior rectal
R.
Posterior scrotal (or labial)

D
Perineal
Bulb
Deep artery
Dorsal artery
Inversion vs. eversion direction in the foot [ID 103]
Little INtroVERted boys roll their feet in when talking to girls.
Also, can just watch which way the sole of the foot goes: does it face in or out?
See diagram.
L4 landmark: 2 items [ID 186]
"B4U" [before you]:

Bifurcation of aorta
L4
Umbilicus
55
89
38
Mediastinums: posterior mediastinum structures [ID 2355]
There are 4 birds:
9
86
The esophaGOOSE (esophagus)
The vaGOOSE nerve
,9
The azyGOOSE vein
M
The thoracic DUCK (duct)
O
Aron Flagg Finch University of Health Sciences / The Chicago Medical School
.C
Obturator canal: relations of structures IA [ID 756]
D
"Who's flying in the top of Obturator canal? Obviously Not A Vein!":
Obturator
IN
Nerve
@
Artery
Vein
G

IN
Usman Ahmad KMC

H
[ID 166]
AC
Perineal vs. peroneal

Perineal is in between the legs.
CO
Peroneal is on the leg.

A-
W
Retroperitoneal organs (major) [ID 1676]

H
"AC/DC Rocker Kids Party Down":

S
Ascending Colon
VI
Descending Colon
R.
Rectum
Kidneys
D
Pancreas
Duodenum
Retroperitoneal structures list Hi Yield [ID 510]
SAD PUCKER:
S uprarenal glands
Aorta & IVC
Duodenum (half)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending & descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus (anterior & left covered)
Rectum
Ron Norman AECC
Superior mediastinum contents [ID 1123]
55
"BATS & TENT":
Brachiocephalic veins
89
Arch of aorta
38
Thymus
S uperior vena cava
9
Trachea
86
Esophagus
,9
Nerves (vagus & phrenic)
Thoracic duct
M
O
Sumeet Verma East Carolina University SOM
.C
Superior mediastinum: contents
PVT Left BATTLE:
IA Hi Yield [ID 1986]
D
Phrenic nerve
IN
Vagus nerve
Thoracic duct
@
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (not the right)

G
Brachiocephalic veins
IN
Aortic arch (and its 3 branches)

Thymus
H
Trachea
AC
Lymph nodes
Esophagus
CO

Anonymous Contributor University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
A-
W
Supine vs. prone body position [ID 1]

H
Know SUPination is your hand while carrying a bowl of SOUP. Your face follows where your palm is facing
[i.e. up]. Put a handpuppet on your hand while hand is in supination and the puppet will be the supine
S
VI
position.
See diagram.
R.

D
Supine vs. prone body position [ID 392]
"Supine is on your spine.

Therefore, prone's the "other" one.
Also, prone to suffocate in prone position.
Carol Kasper and Sandy Honeycutt MacMurray College, Jacksonville, IL, USA and Nursing student
Bronchi: which is more vertical Hi Yield [ID 832]
"Right on Red":
Many places allow making a right hand turn at a red light, if you first come to a complete stop.
A child swallowing a red penny is more likely to get it stopped down the right bronchus, since it is more vertical.
Knowledge Level 4, System: Pulmonary
Bronchi: which one is more vertical Hi Yield [ID 12]
"Inhale a bite, goes down the right":

Inhaled objects more likely to lodge in right bronchus, since it is the one that is more vertical.
55
89
Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung [ID 1049]
38
"A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm":
In order from superior to inferior:
9
86
Apical
Posterior
,9
Anterior
M
Lateral
Medial
O
S uperior
.C
Medial basal
Anterior basal
Lateral basal
IA
D
Posterior basal
IN

Derek Bell University of Queensland
@
G
Bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung [ID 1782]

IN
"Astute Anatomists S hare Inside S ecrets About Lungs":

H
Apicoposterior (S1+2)
AC
Anterior (S3)
S uperior (S4)
CO
Inferior (S5)
S uperior (S6)
Anteromedial basal (S7+8)
A-
Lateral basal (S9)

W

Gregory Allen Loma Linda University
S H
VI
Cricoarytenoids: abductor vs. adductor Hi Yield [ID 2610]
When aliens abduct you, they Probe you.

R.
Posterior cricoarytenoids abduct. Lateral therefore is adduct by default.

D

Horner's syndrome: components Hi Yield [ID 2829]
PAM:
Ptosis
Anhydrosis
Miosis
C. Lu University of Glasgow
Lung lobes: one having lingula, lobe numbers Hi Yield [ID 3100]
Lingula is on Left.
The lingula is like an atrophied lobe, so the left lung must have 2 "other" lobes, and therefore right lung has 3 lobes.
Teresa Myers Student, UNC
Lung lobes: segments of right middle lobe [ID 192]
"ML=ML":
Segments of Middle Lobe are Medial & Lateral.
Nasal cavity components [ID 201]
"Never Call Me Needle Nose!":

Nares [external]
55
Conchae
Meatuses
89
Nares [internal]
38
Nasopharynx
Note mnemonic sentence is nasally-related.
9
86
,9
M
Pleura surface markings Hi Yield [ID 123]
O
"All the even ribs, in order: 2,4,6,8,10,12 show its route":
Rib2: sharp angle inferiorly
.C
Rib4: the left pleura does a lateral shift to accommodate heart
Rib6: both diverge laterally IA
D
Rib8: midclavicular line
Rib10: midaxillary line
IN
Rib12: the back

@
See diagram.
G
IN
H
Tonsils: The three types [ID 39]

AC
"PPL (people) have tonsils":

Pharyngeal
CO
Palatine
Lingual
A-

W
H
Voicebox: names of parts in sagittal cross-section [ID 117]

S
"There's 3 V's in your Voicebox":

VI
Vestibular fold
R.
Ventricle
Vocal fold
D
Note: Vestibular and Vocal cord also known as false and true cords respectively.
Anteflexed vs. anteverted: what bodypart each describes [ID 62]
"Anteflexed and Anteverted both bend toward Anterior".

The "V" words go together: Verted is for the cerVix (therefore flexed must be uterus).
Knowledge Level 4, System: Reproductive
Broad ligament: contents [ID 2995]
BROAD:
Bundle (ovarian neurovascular bundle)
Round ligament
Ovarian ligament
Artefacts (vestigial structures)
Duct (oviduct)
David Colbert UWA Medicine
Scrotum layers [ID 666]
"S ome Damn Englishman Called It The Testis":

S kin
Dartos
55
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster
89
Internal spermatic fascia
38
Tunica vaginalis
Testis
9
86
,9
Scrotum layers [ID 1227]
M
"S ome Days Eddie Can Irritate People Very Thourougly":
O
S kin
.C
Dartos layer
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
IA
D
Internal spermatic fascia
IN
Parietal tunica vaginalis

Visceral tunica vaginalis
@
Tunica albuginea
G

IN
Eddie Amores Columbia University

H
Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract [ID 319]

AC
SEVEN UP:
CO
S eminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
A-
Ejaculatory duct
W
Nothing
H
Urethra
Penis
S
VI

Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services
R.
D
Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract [ID 878]
"STaRT DEEP--VD!":
Sperm duct system progression, from smallest to largest:
ST: S eminiferous Tubules
RT: Rete Testes
DE: Ductus Efferentes
EP: Epididymis
VD: Vas Deferens
Lior Greenberg and Tomer Maoz Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
Sperm: path through male reproductive system [ID 2424]
"My boyfriend's name is STEVE":
S eminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Amy Harrington MCP Hahnemann
Spermatic cord contents [ID 288]
"3 arteries, 3 nerves, 3 other things":

3 arteries: testicular, ductus deferens, cremasteric.
3 nerves: genital branch of the genitofemoral, cremasteric, autonomics.
3 other things: ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics.
Note some argument about this: Moore doesn't put in cremasteric nerve, Lumley puts in inguinal...
55
89
38
Spermatic cord contents [ID 926]
"Piles Don't Contribute To A Good S ex Life":
9
86
Pampiniform plexus
Ductus deferens
,9
Cremasteric artery
M
Testicular artery
Artery of the ductus deferens
O
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
.C
S ympathetic nerve fibers
Lymphatic vessels
IA
D
TR Columbia PandS
IN
Arm fractures: nerves affected by humerus fracture location Hi Yield [ID 2797]
@
ARM fracture:
G

IN
Axillary: head of humerus

H
Radial: mid shaft

AC
Median: supracondular
Knowledge Level 1, System: Skeletal
Ritesh Patel M.D.
CO
Carpal bone having the hook [ID 88]

A-
The Hamate has the Hook.

W

H
S
VI
Carpal bones [ID 334]

R.
"S cottish Lads Take Prostitutes To The Caledonian Hotel":

Proximal row, then distal row:
D
S caphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capate
Hamate
Alternatively: "S tudents Like Taking Prostitutes To The Carelton Hotel".
"S he Looks Too Pretty; Try To Catch Her":
Proximal row then distal row, both lateral-to-medial:
S caphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capate
Hamate
Alternatively: "S he Likes To Play; Try To Catch Her".
Anurag Gupta Dept of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
55
"S he Licks Toms Prick; Her Cu*t's Too Tight":
89
S caphoid
38
Lunate
Triquetrum
9
Pisiform
86
Hamate
,9
Capitate
Trapezoid
M
Trapezium
O
.C
Carpal bones
IA [ID 414]
D
"S ome Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle":
IN
Proximal row then distal row, both lateral-to-medial:

S caphoid
@
Lunate
G
Triquetrium
IN
Pisiform
Trapezium
H
Trapezoid
AC
Capate
Hamate
CO
Alternatively: "S cared Lovers..."

Alternatively: "S enior Lecturers...".
A-

Jason Mounts and Anonymous Contributor Medical College of Georgia and Cambridge
W
H

S
VI
"Her C#nt's Too Tight S o Lubricate The Penis":

Anticlockwise:
R.
Hamate
D
Capate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
S caphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
Dr. Smirkenheimer Viewbank University
"Happy Cat Tom Took Pie To Little S ister":
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Pisiform
Triquital
Lunate
S caphoid
Nirab Kayastha Chuvash State University Medical Institute, Russia
"S top Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand":
55
Proximal row, lateral-to-medial:
S caphoid
89
Lunate
38
Triquetrum
Pisiform
9
Distal row, lateral-to-medial:
86
Trapezium
,9
Trapezoid
Capitate
M
Hamate
O
.C
Edward Tanner University of Alabama SOM
Carpal bones
IA [ID 1162]
D
"The boat sailed to the moon with 3 pEas in a rOw, at the wheel was Captain Hook":
IN
Carpal bones in order of occurrence:

Boat is scaphoid. Moon is lunate. 3 is triquetrum. Peas is pisiform (stressing the E sound for trapezium). Row is trapezoid (stressing the O for
@
trapezOid). Captain is capitate. Hook is hamate (hamate has the hook).

G

IN
Caoimhín P. Connell Industrial Hygienist

H
Carpal bones (multangular names) [ID 1791]

AC
"Never Lower Tillie's Pants. Mother May Come Home.":

CO
Navicular
Lunate
Triquetrium
A-
Pisiform
W
greater Multangular (trapezium)

H
lesser Multangular (trapezoid)

Capitate
S
VI
Hamate
R.
Martin Herman Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center

D
Carpal bones: trapezium vs. trapezoid location [ID 4]
Since there's two T's in carpal bone mnemonic sentences, need to know which T is where:
TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID is inSIDE.
Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapezOID is by its SIDE.
Tom Ball Imperial College, UK
Carpel bones Hi Yield [ID 2291]
"S o Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb":
Proximal row, lateral-to-medial, then distal row, medial-to-medial:
S caphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Hamate
Capate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Carpum and tarsum [ID 567]
55
"SCIT":
(Artum) S uperior Carpum
89
(Artum) Inferior Tarsum
38
Michelangelo Penzo Cardiology Dept, Vicenza Hospital - Italy
9
86
Cartilage derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch (mandibular) [ID 834]
,9
"I'M A S uper S exy Guy" (or Girl):
M
Incus
Malleus
O
Anterior ligament of malleus
.C
S pine of sphenoid
S phenomandibular ligament
Genial tubercle of mandible
IA
D
IN
Ron Norman AECC

@
Cranial bones [ID 146]

G
"Old Pygmies From Thailand Eat S kulls":

IN
Occipital
H
Parietal
AC
Frontal
Temporal
CO
Ethmoid
S phenoid
Note: 'skull-eating pygmies' helps remind that mnemonic is for the skull.
A-
Alternatively: "Old People From Texas Eat S piders".

W
Alternatively: "Prostitutes Offer Free S ex To Everyone".

H

S
VI

R.
"PEST OF 6":
D
Parietal
Ethmoid
S phenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
The 6 just reminds that there's 6 of them to remember.
"Fraternity Parties Occasionally Teach Spam Etiquette":
The first two letters of each bone:
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Frank Hopkins
Cruciate ligaments: insertions Hi Yield [ID 2081]
PAMS APPLES:
Posterior [passes] Anterior [inserts] Medially.
55
Anterior [passes] Posteriorly [inserts] Laterally.
89
38
Elbow joint: capitulum vs. trochlea [ID 3259]
9
86
CUTER:
Capitulum: Ulnar
,9
Trochlea: Radial
M
O
.C
Elbow joint: radius vs. ulna ends [ID 2936]
CRAzy TULips: IA
D
Capitalum = ULnar
Trochlear = RAdius
IN

@
Borum Suh
G
Facial bones [ID 535]

IN
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh!":

H
Vomer
AC
Conchae
Nasal
CO
Maxilla
Mandible
A-
Palatine
Zygomatic
W
Lacrimal
H

Rita Warren State University of New York
S
VI
Fibula vs. tibia: which is the bigger one [ID 100]

R.
People talk of telling just a "little white lie", or a "little fib":

D
Therefore, the fibula is smaller.

Alternatively: TIBia is the Thicker Inner Bone.
Alternatively: "Little lat FIB, big fat TIB".
Dr. Rabiddrashikys and Robert O'Connor UWCM and University College Dublin
Foramen ovale contents [ID 599]
MALE:
Mandibular nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins
Alternatively: also include Motor root of Trigeminal and Middle meningeal vein under 'M'.
Dr. Rajesh Gadhiya and Dalia Rashdan Not Specified and Ain Shams University School of Dentistry
Foramen ovale contents [ID 1743]
OVALE:
Otic ganglion (just inferior)
V3 cranial nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
55
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins
89
Syukree UKM
9 38
Foramen spinosum: location on base of skull [ID 66]
86
Foramen spinosum is adjacent to the spine of sphenoid.
,9
M
O
Genu valgum vs. genu vargum Hi Yield [ID 2187]
.C
Genu valGUM (knock-knee): knees are GUMmed together.
IA
Varum (bowleg) is the other by default, or Far rhymes with Var, so knees are far apart.
D
IN
@
Hand fractures: Colle's vs. Smith's Hi Yield [ID 2771]

G
Colle's fracture: arm in fall position makes a 'C' shape.

IN
S mith's fracture: arm in fall position makes a 'S ' shape.

See diagram.
H

AC
Soichiro Fushimi Okayama University Medical School, Japan

CO
A-
Hip posterior dislocation: most likely arrangement for one [ID 13]
W
"Hitting the brake pedal before the accident":

H
You are sitting, so hip is flexed, and adducted and medially rotated so can move your foot away from the gas pedal over to the brake pedal.
S
Note: car accidents are most likely cause of posterior dislocation because in this position.
VI

R.
D
Hyoid bone: muscle attachments [ID 352]
"Christ, He Didn't S crew Girls Much. That's Obvious, S tupid":

The first sentence is for 6 muscles attaching superiorly, the second sentence is for 3 muscles attaching inferiorly.
Both sentences are in order from lateral to medial:
Constricter (middle)
Hyoglossus
Digastric
S tylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Myloyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
S ternohyoid
Joints in the midline [ID 271]
"SC":
In medial line, below S econd Cervical, joints are S econdary Cartilaginous and usually have a diSC.
Notes: secondary cartilaginous is also known as symphysis. The one that doesn't have a disc is xiphi-sternal.
Lordosis vs. kyphosis [ID 395]
Lordosis: Lumbar.
KYphosis is HY up on the spine.
55
89
38
Medial malleolus: order of tendons, artery, nerve behind it [ID 7]
"Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harry":
9
86
From anterior to posterior:
Tibialis
,9
Digitorum
M
Artery
Nerve
O
Hallicus
.C
Full names for these are: Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial Artery, Posterior Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallicus Longus.
Alternatively: "Tom, Dick ANd Harry". IA
Alternatively: "Tom, Dick And Not Harry".
D
IN
Deepa S. and LCK Medical student and University of Ottawa

@
Menisci attachments in knee [ID 279]

G
"Each meniscus has something attached to it":

IN
The medial meniscus has the medial collateral ligament.

H
The lateral meniscus is attached to the popliteal muscle.

AC

CO
Navicular contacts 3 of 5 cuneiform bones [ID 30]

A-
"Navicular is like the Navigator logo":

There are 3 things coming off each.
W
See diagram.
H
Therefore, cuboid has to contact 2 of the 5.

S

VI

R.
D
Orbit: bones of medial wall [ID 655]
"My Little Eye S its in the orbit":

Maxilla (frontal process)
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
S phenoid (body)
Usman Ahmad
Ossification ages [ID 1689]
"Every Potential Anatomist S hould Know When"
When they ossify, in order of increasing year:
Elbow: 16 years
Pelvis, Ankle: 17 years
S houlder, Knee: 18 years
Wrist: 19 years
Saurabh Sikka
Rib costal groove: order of intercostal blood vessels and nerve [ID 17]
VAN:
Vein
Artery
55
Nerve
89
38
Superior orbital fissure: structures passing through [ID 42]
9
86
"Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked In Anticipation Of S ex":
Lacrimal nerve
,9
Frontal nerve
M
Trochlear nerve
Lateral nerve
O
Nasociliary nerve
.C
Internal nerve
Abducens nerve
Ophthalmic veins
IA
D
S ympathetic nerves
IN

@
G

IN
"Lonely Fat Teenage Virgins Rarely Like S wallowing And Never Ingest":
H
Lacrimal nerve
AC
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
CO
Vein: ophthalmic
Ring: tendinous
From the ring, arises:
A-
Lateral rectus
W
S uperior division III

H
Abducent nerve
Nasociliary nerve
S
VI
Inferior divison III

R.
Dr. Smirkenheimer Viewbank University

D
"Live Free To S ee Absolutely No Insult":

Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
S uperior branch of oculomotor nerve
Abducent nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
Tarsal bones [ID 1352]
"Traverse City (is) Noted (for) MIchigan's Lovely Cherries":

Talus
Calcaneus
(new row)
Navicular
(new row)
Medial Intermediate cuneiforms
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
Scott Strom Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine
Tarsal bones [ID 1408]
55
"Tall Californian Navy Medcial Interns Lay Cuties":
In order (right foot, superior to inferior, medial to lateral):
89
Talus
38
Calcanous
Navicular
9
86
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
,9
Lateral cuneifrom
M
Cuboid
O
Frank Hopkins
.C
Tarsal tunnel: contents IA [ID 1182]
D
"Tiny Dogs Are Not Hunters":
IN
T: Tibialis posterior
@
F: flexor Digitorum longus

A: posterior tibial Artery
G
N: tibial Nerve
IN
H: flexor Hallucis longus

H

Anonymous Contributor Baylor College of Medicine
AC
Tibia vs. fibula: which is lateral [ID 8]

CO
The FibuLA is LAteral.

A-

W
H
Tibia: muscles of pes anserinus (the muscles attached to tibia's medial side) [ID 2095]
S
"A Girl between Two Sargeants":

VI
Gracilus is between
R.
S artorius and
S emitendonosus
D

Beenish Dow Medical College
Ulna bone: quick recognition in oral exam [ID 120]
The Ulnar bone has a "U" at the end where it goes over the trochlea.
Vertebrae: number of facets a typical thoracic has [ID 99]
Typical Thoracic has Ten facets.

Vertebrae: recognizing a thoracic from lumbar [ID 80]
Examine vertebral body shape:

Thoracic is heart-shaped body since your heart is in your thorax.
Lumbar is kidney-bean shaped since kidneys are in lumbar area.
See diagram.
55
Vetebrae subtypes [ID 1333]
89
"Certain Doctors Luv Saddling Coeds":
38
9
Cervical
86
Dorsal
Lumbar
,9
Sacrum
M
Coccyx
O
Frank Hopkins
.C
Wrist: radial side vs. ulnar side IA [ID 81]
D
Make a fist with your thumb up in the air and say "Rad!".
IN
Your thumb is now pointing to your Radius.

Note: 'Rad!' was a late 80's catchphrase, short for 'Radical'. Things that were good were called 'Rad'.
@

G
Patrick Esperanzate University College Dublin

IN
H
AC
ANESTHESIOLOGY
CO
Xylocaine: where not to use with epinephrine Hi Yield [ID 1404]

A-
"Nose, Hose, Fingers and Toes"

W
Vasoconstrictive effects of xylocaine with epinephrine are helpful in providing hemostasis while suturing. However, may cause local ischemic
H
necrosis in distal structures such as the digits, tip of nose, penis, ears.
S
Robert Lueken Eastern Virginia Medical School

VI
R.
Spinal anesthesia agents [ID 131]

D
"Little Boys Prefer Toys":

Lidocaine
Bupivicaine
Procaine
Tetracaine
Anesthesia machine/room check [ID 2253]
MS MAID:
Monitors (EKG, SpO2, EtCO2, etc)
S uction
Machine check (according to ASA guidelines)
Airway equipment (ETT, laryngoscope, oral/nasal airway)
IV equipment
Drugs (emergency, inductions, NMBs, etc)
Anesthesia: quick check [ID 2481]
SOAP:
S uction
Oxygen
55
Airway
Pharmacology
89
38
9
General anaesthesia: equipment check prior to inducing [ID 1875]
86
MALES:
,9
Masks
M
Airways
Laryngoscopes
O
Endotracheal tubes
.C
S uction/ S tylette, bougie
Steve Gust HMO, Gove District Hospital, NT Australia
IA
D
IN
Anesthetics equipment check [ID 3291]

@
MISMADE:
Machine check
G
IV supplies
IN
S uction
H
Monitors
AC
Airways
Drugs
CO
Equipment
A-
W
Endotracheal intubation: diagnosis of poor bilateral breath sounds after intubation Hi Yield [ID 1899]
H
DOPE:
S
Displaced (usually right mainstem, pyreform fossa, etc.)

VI
Obstruction (kinked or bitten tube, mucuous plug, etc.)

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
R.
Esophagus
D

Marc Colbeck
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE / PSYCHOLOGY
AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC): features [ID 1685]
AIDS:
Atrophy of cortex
Infection/ Inflammation
Demyelination
S ix months death
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujranwala
Autistic disorder: features [ID 1994]
AUTISTICS:
Again and again (repetitive behavior)
Unusual Abilities
Talking (language) delay
IQ subnormal
55
S ocial development poor
Three years onset
89
Inherited component [35% concordance]
38
Cognitive impairment
S elf injury
9
86
,9
Cluster personality disorders Hi Yield [ID 697]
M
Cluster A Disorder = Atypical. Unusual and eccentric.
O
Cluster B Disorder = Beast. Uncontrolled wildness.
.C
Cluster C Disorder = Coward [avoidant type], Compulsive [obsessive-compulsive type], or Clingy [dependent type].
IA
D
IN
Depression: major episode characteristics Hi Yield [ID 767]

@
SPACE DIGS:
S leep disruption
G
Psychomotor retardation
IN
Appetite change
H
Concentration loss
AC
Energy loss
Depressed mood
CO
Interest wanes
Guilt
S uicidal tendencies
A-

W

H
Depression: symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1889]

S
VI
BAD CRISES:
Behavioural change (slowing down or agitation)
R.
Appetite change (weight loss or weight gain in the young)

D
Depressed look (looking down)

Concentration decrease (does not do serial 7s well)
Ruminations (constant negative thoughts, hopelessness good indicator of suicidality)
Interest (reduced interest in what is normally pleasurable)
S leep change (insomnia or hypersomnia, sleeping early, waking up at night, waking up feeling tired)
Energy change (fatigue)
S uicide
Peter Loa Medical Student at Adelaide University
Gain: primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary Hi Yield [ID 766]
Primary: Patient's Psyche improved.
S econdary: S ymptom S ympathy for patient.
Tertiary: Therapist's gain.
HM: this classic patient's lesion [ID 416]
HM had Hippocampus Missing.

Hippocampus and surrounding areas were removed surgically: prevented formation of new memories.
Middle adolescence (14-17 years): characteristics [ID 1990]
HERO:
55
Heterosexual crushes/ Homosexual Experience
Education regarding short term benefits
89
Risk taking
38
Omnipotence
And there is interest in being a Hero (popular).
9
86
,9
M
Narcolepsy: symptoms, epidemiology Hi Yield [ID 2044]
O
CHAP:
Cataplexy
.C
Hallucinations
Attacks of sleep IA
D
Paralysis on waking
Usual presentation is a young male, hence "chap".
IN

@

G
REM: features [ID 1717]

IN
REM:
H
Rapid pulse/ Respiratory rate

AC
Erection
Mental activity increase/ Muscle paralysis
CO

A-
Sleep stages: features Hi Yield [ID 1204]

W
DElta waves during DEepest sleep (stages 3 & 4, slow-wave).

H
dREaM during REM sleep.

S

VI
R.
Keober-Ross dying process: stages [ID 1692]

D
"Death Always Brings Great Acceptance":

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Grieving
Acceptance
Sung H. Kim and Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, NY
Reinforcement schedules: variable ratio Hi Yield [ID 2221]
SLOT machines show SLOwesT extinction.
Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX
Impotence causes [ID 1088]
PLANE:
Psychogenic: performance anxiety
Libido: decreased with androgen deficiency, drugs
Autonomic neuropathy: impede blood flow redirection
Nitric oxide deficiency: impaired synthesis, decreased blood pressure
Erectile reserve: can't maintain an erection
Ben Beckwith University of Queensland, Australia
55
Male erectile dysfunction (MED): biological causes [ID 1969]
MED:
89
Medicines(propranalol, methyldopa, SSRI, etc.)
38
Ethanol
Diabetes mellitus
9
86
,9
M
Male Erectile Dysfunction (MED): drugs causing it [ID 2034]
O
"STOP erection":
S SRI (fluoxtine)
.C
Thioridazone
methyldOpa IA
D
Propranalol
IN

@
Premature ejaculation: treatment [ID 2037]

G
IN
2 S's:
S SRIs [eg: fluoxitime]
H
S queezing technique [glans pressure before climax]

AC
More detail with 2 more S's:

S ensate-focus excercises [relieves anxiety]
CO
S top and start method [5-6 rehearsals of stopping stimulation before climax]
A-

W
BIOCHEMISTRY
S H
B vitamin names Hi Yield [ID 399]

VI
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":

R.
In increasing order:
D
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)
Catabolism steps of branched chain amino acids [ID 652]
"Truck hit the Ox to Death":
Transamination
Oxidative decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation
Usman Ahmad
Essential amino acids Hi Yield [ID 128]
PVT. TIM HALL:

Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
55
Met
His
89
Arg
38
Leu
Lys
9
Pvt. is short for Private in the military.
86
Arg and His are considered semiessential.
,9
Alternatively: "MATT VIL PHLy".
M
Dr. Kishore Chandki MGM Medical College, Indore, India
O
.C
Essential amino acids Hi Yield [ID 442]
"PVT. TIM HALL always argues, never tires":

Phe
IA
D
Val
IN
Thr
Trp
@
Ile
G
Met
IN
His
Arg
H
Lue
AC
Lys
Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
CO
'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.

A-
W
Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles [ID 784]
H
"Muscles LIVe fast":

S
VI
Leucine
Isoleucine
R.
Valine
D

Daniel Marcano Medical school graduate
Folate deficiency: causes [ID 1410]
A FOLIC DROP:
Alcoholism
Folic acid antagonists
Oral contraceptives
Low dietary intake
Infection with Giardia
Celiac sprue
Dilatin
Relative folate deficiency
Old
Pregnant
Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) vs. Cori's (III) enzyme defect Hi Yield [ID 2248]
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.
Glycogen storage: names of types I through VI Hi Yield [ID 2638]
55
"Viagra Pills Cause A Major Hardon":
Von Gierke's
89
Pompe's
38
Cori's
Anderson's
9
McArdle's
86
Her's
,9
Chris Reed Medical College of Wisconsin
M
O
Glycolysis steps Hi Yield [ID 317]
.C
"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies":
Glucose IA
Glucose-6-P
D
Fructose-6-P
IN
Fructose-1,6-diP
@
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-P
G
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
IN
3-Phosphoglycerate
H
2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]
AC
Pyruvate
'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
CO
'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.

A-

W
Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 755]

H
"Increased Vitamin A makes you HARD":

S
VI
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
R.
Really painful bones

D
Dry skin/ Drowsiness

Usman Ahmad KMC
Infantile Beriberi symptoms Hi Yield [ID 754]
Restlessness
Sleeplessness
Breathlessness
Soundlessness (aphonia)
Eatlessness (anorexia)
Great heartedness (dilated heart)
Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.
Usman Ahmad KMC
Niacin deficiency: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1456]
The famous 4 D's:

Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
55
Dementia
Death (if untreated)
89
Dr. Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujranwala
38
9
Phosphorylation cascade: action during low glucose [ID 138]
86
"In the Phasted State, Phosphorylate":
,9
The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.
M
O
.C
Type 1 glycogen storage disease Hi Yield [ID 562]
Type 1 = one (Von), ie Von Giereke's disease IA

D
Dr. Waqas H. Sheikh BVI Co.
IN
@
Van den Bergh reaction (Jaundice test) Hi Yield [ID 559]

G
"Indirect reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubin":

IN
Both start with vowels, so they go together: Indirect & Unconjugated.

H

AC
Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid) deficiency: pellagra Hi Yield [ID 2234]

CO
The 3 D's of pellagra:

Dermatitis
A-
Diarrhea
Dementia
W
Note vitamin B3 is the 3 D's.

H

S

VI
Vitamins: which are fat soluble Hi Yield [ID 149]

R.
KADE:
D
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamins: which are fat soluble Hi Yield [ID 1343]
"The FAT cat is in the ADEK (attic)":
Fat soluble vitamins are A,D,E,K.
Presley Ross Medicine
Coagulation common pathway: factors in order Hi Yield [ID 3014]
10 + 5 - 2 = 13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
John Chung University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine
Fabry's disease Hi Yield [ID 574]
FABRY'S:
55
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
89
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
38
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
9
86
S phingolipidoses
,9
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
M
Heme synthesis: amino acid precursors to basic unit of porphyrins, heme (pyrrole ring) [ID 2051]
O
"Dracula wants to Suck a Co-ed's blood [think heme] with his Glystening teeth!":
.C
Succinyl CoA and Glycine are precursor amino acids to pyrrole rings, which is the basic unit of porphyrins and heme.
Christian Garaycochea Medical student
IA
D
IN
Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right Hi Yield [ID 2561]

@
"CADET, face right!":

G
CO2
IN
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
H
Exercise
AC
Temperature
CO
A-
Porphyrias: acute intermittent porphyria symptoms Hi Yield [ID 2062]
5 P's:
W
Pain in abdomen
H
Polyneuropathy
S
Psychologial abnormalities
VI
Pink urine
R.
Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha drugs)

D
Anuradha
Sickle cell anemia: mutation [ID 1320]
"HbS isn't Very Good":

At S ixth position of HB beta chain, Valine is present instead of Glutamic acid.
Dr. Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
Sickle cell disease pathophysiology [ID 745]
SICKle cell disease is due to a S ubstitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the B chain.
Vitamin K dependent cofactors Hi Yield [ID 3143]
"Several Tend To Nicely S top Clots":

Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.
Protein S , Protein C.
Medical Student Class 2004 University of Western Ontario
Adrenaline mechanism [ID 654]
"ABC of Adrenaline":
Adrenaline--> activates Beta receptors--> increases Cyclic AMP
55
Usman Ahmad
89
38
Galactosaemia: enzyme deficiency Hi Yield [ID 1995]
9
GALIPUT:
86
Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.
There is an assay called the Galiput test for this.
,9
M
O
Glucagon function [ID 753]
.C
"Mr. Gluca has Gone to the cAMP to bring out some Glucose":
Glucagon elevates glucose by cAMP mechanism.
IA
D
Usman Ahmad KMC
IN
@
Hyperglycemia: 3 classic signs and symptoms [ID 2712]

G
DKA:
IN
Dehydrated
Ketoacidosis
H
Acetone breath
AC

Chris B.
CO
Insulin: function Hi Yield [ID 172]

A-
INsulIN stimulates 2 things to go

W
IN 2 cells: Potassium and Glucose.

H
S
VI
Collagen concisely covered [ID 600]

R.
COLLAGEN:
D
C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/ C vitamin/ Connective tissue/ Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/ Copper Cofactor (Covalent
Cross linking)
Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/ Osteogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate for hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains
(postranslational modification)
Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of hydroxylysine with Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows procollagen to GO
outside of cell
Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal extensions
Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases
Rinku S Uberoi UNIBE
BUN:creatinine elevation: causes Hi Yield [ID 2159]
ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
Anthony Chan
G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia Hi Yield [ID 2208]
AAA:
Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
55
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)
89
38
9
86
Creatine phosphate: amino acid precursors [ID 2049]
"Nice GAMs!":
,9
Glycine
M
Arginine
O
Methionine
Gam is slang for a person's leg, especiallay an attractive female's leg: "Nice gams = nice legs!"
.C
Creatine phosphate is a muscle energy store, and spontaneously converts to creatinine which is excreted in the urine in direct proportion to
muscle mass: clinically useful, such as in MS Dx. IA
D
Christian Garaycochea medical student
IN
@
AcetylCoA and acetacetylCoA: amino acids forming them [ID 558]

G
"A Lighter Lease" (A LyTr LeIs):

IN
A=AcetylCoA or Acetoacetyl CoA

Ly=Lysine
H
Tr=Tryptophan
AC
Le=Leucine
Is=Isoleucine
CO

A-
Carbon monoxide: electron transport chain target [ID 639]

W
"CO blocks CO":

H
Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)

S

VI
R.
Citric acid cycle compounds Hi Yield [ID 318]

D
"Oh Citric Acid Is Of (course) A S iLly STupid Funny Molecule":

Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Aconitate
Isocitrate
Oxalosuccinate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
S uccinyL-CoA
S uccinaTe
Fumarate
Malate
SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe
"Can I Keep S elling S ex For Money, Officer?":

Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha Ketogluterate
S uccinyl CoA
S uccinate
Fumerate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
Ramon Ter-Oganesyan and Rebecca University of California Irvine
55
89
"Oh! Can I Keep S ome Succinate For Myself?":
38
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
9
86
Isocitrate
Ketoglutarate
,9
S uccinyl coA
M
Succinate
Fumarate
O
Malate
.C
Serene NUS, Singapore IA
D
IN
"Our City Is Kept S afe And S ound From Malice":

@
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
G
Isocitrate
IN
alpha-Ketoglutarate
H
S uccinyl-CoA
S uccinate
AC
Fumarate
Malate
CO

Borels
A-
W

H
"Can I Ask S haron S tone For My Orgasm?":

S
Citrate
VI
Isocitrate
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
R.
S uccinyl CoA
D
S uccinate
Fumerate
Maleate
Oxaloacetate
Arun Mathews The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Dicarboxylic acids (alpha, omega) C2 through C10: common names [ID 130]
"Oh My, S uch Good Apple Pie, S weet As S ugar!":
Oxalic
Malonic
S uccinic
Glutaric
Adipic
Pimelic
S uberic
Azelaic
S ebacic
DNA bond strength (nucleotides) [ID 1008]
55
"Crazy Glue":
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
89
This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where RNA primer makes the initial break.
38
9
86
Electron transport chain: Rotenone's site of action Hi Yield [ID 649]
,9
Rotenone is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.
M
O
.C
Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs. non-competitive inhibition Hi Yield [ID 2696]
With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax. IA

D
With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km; Vmax decreases.
IN
Patricia Sanchez INTEC University, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

@
Enzymes: classification Hi Yield [ID 2054]

G
IN
"Over The HILL":

Oxidoreductases
H
Transferases
AC
Hydrolases
Isomerases
CO
Ligases
Lyases
A-
Enzymes get reaction over the hill. See diagram.

W
Kenny Livingstone St. Andrews medical student

S H
Enzymes: competitive inhibitors Hi Yield [ID 563]

VI
"Competition is hard because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity":
R.
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km increases

D
G protein type for respective receptors [ID 1395]
"KISS and KICK till you're SICK of SEX" (QISS and QIQ till you're SIQ of SQS):
This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the receptors. Receptors are in alphabetical order:
alpha1=Q
alpha2=I
beta1=S
beta3=S
M1=Q
M2=I
M3=Q
D1=S
D2=I
H1=Q
H2=S
V1=Q
V2=S
Khawaja Atif Farooq and Julien Pham Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan and University of Washington
Golgi complex: functions [ID 890]
"Golgi Distributes A SPAM":

Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
S ulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Proteoglycan assembly
55
Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
89
Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine
38
9
86
Malate-aspartate shuttle [ID 989]
,9
"MAD commute":
Malate in.
M
Alpha-ketoglutarate and D (Aspartate) out.
O
.C
Samuel
Metabolic acidosis (normal anion-gap): causes

IA [ID 2001]
D
With hyperkalemia: RAISE K+:
IN
RTA type 4
@
Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency

Iatrogenic: NH4Cl, HCl
G
"S tenosis": obstructive uropathy

IN
Early uremia
H
With hypokalemia: ReDUCE K+:

Renal TA type 1 and 2
AC
Diarrhoea
Urine diversion into gut
CO
Carbonate anhydrase inhibitor

Ex-hyperventilation
A-

W
Anthony Chan
H
Metabolism sites [ID 612]

S
VI
"Use both arms to HUG":

Heme synthesis
R.
Urea cycle
D
Gluconeogenesis
These reactions occur in both cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Rinku Uberoi
Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) properties [ID 637]
"mt DNA".
mt stands for:
Maternal Transfer
Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)
Na/K pump action Hi Yield [ID 491]
(Sing loudly to the chorus of "Kiss Him Goodbye"): "Na, Na, Na -- out! Na, Na, Na -- out! K, K goes...inside!"
Action of pump is 3 Na out and 2 K in
Graham Austin University of Georgia, Cell Bio Dept
Na/K pump: concentrations of Na vs. K on inside/outside of cell, pump action, number of molecules moved Hi Yield [ID 160]
HIKIN':
There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell.
From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K into cell and Na out of cell.
Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was "in" was Kris Kross, and a band that was "out" was "Sha Na Na
Na":
So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out.
Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer be classed as "in".
55
89
38
Na+/K+ pump: movement of ions and quantity Hi Yield [ID 2529]
9
K+ and in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are pumped in.
86
Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are pumped out.
,9
M
O
Nitric oxide: amino acid precursor [ID 2050]
.C
When the dentist works on your teeth, you say, "AAArg! (Arginine)" before he administers Nitric Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NO synthase, Ca++, NADPH.
IA
D
Christian Garaycochea Medical student
IN
Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficient Hi Yield [ID 915]

@
PHenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of:

G
Phenylalanine
IN
Hydroxylase
H
AC
Pompe's disease: type Hi Yield [ID 824]

CO
"Police = Po + lys":
Pompe's disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1,4 glucosidase).
A-

W

H
Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation Hi Yield [ID 1133]

S
VI
"4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy":

Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
R.
4 NADH
D
FADH2
3 CO2
1 GTP
Anonymous Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons
Tangier's disease: hallmark [ID 2249]
"Tangierene tonsils":
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis, just like eating tangerenes.
tRNA: molecular shape [ID 142]
Fortunately, tRNA (Transfer RNA) is shaped like a capital T.

See diagram.
BIOLOGY
Cell cycle [ID 507]
"George S ucked Gina's Mammary":
55
G1-S -G2-M.
89
Josh Kunken Undergrad, Univ of Calif., Berkeley
9 38
Mitosis: events at 4 stages [ID 506]
86
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase:
,9
Prophase: Chromosomes and spindles are Produced.
Metaphase: chromosomes MetAlign themselves.
M
Anaphase: [Ana] divorced or separated.
O
Telophase: Tell-O'Brien his daughter cells are ready.
.C
Josh Kunken Undergrad, Univ of Calif, Berkeley
IA
D
CARDIOLOGY
IN
@
Anti-arrythmics: for AV nodes [ID 2508]

G
"Do Block AV":

IN
Digoxin
B-blockers
H
Adenosine
AC
Verapamil
CO
Azira Azmi University of Otago

A-
Aortic regurgitation: causes [ID 3074]
CREAM:
W
Congenital
H
Rheumatic damage
S
Endocarditis
VI
Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation

Marfan’s
R.

D
Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student
Aortic stenosis characteristics Hi Yield [ID 197]
SAD:
S yncope
Angina
Dyspnoea
Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable [ID 1582]
HILT:
Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
If it is impalpable, causes are COPD:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK
Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat [ID 2798]
55
DOPES:
Dextrocardia
89
Obesity
38
Pericarditis/ Pericardial tamponade/ Pneumothorax
Emphysema
9
S inus inversus/ S tudent incompetence/ S coliosis/ S keletal abnormalities (eg pectus excavatum)
86
,9
Fiona Hayes and Moses Lee Tong Chsia and Dalton Boyo UWCM, Cardiff, UK and Not Specified and Medical Student
M
Atrial fibrillation: causes Hi Yield [ID 1092]
O
A S#!T:
.C
Alcohol
S tenosis (mitral valve)
Hypertension
IA
D
Infarction/ Ischaemia
IN
Thyrotoxicosis
@
G
IN
Atrial fibrillation: causes [ID 2468]

H
PIRATES:
AC
Pulmonary: PE, COPD

Iatrogenic
CO
Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation

Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
Thyroid: hyperthyroid
A-
Endocarditis
W
S ick sinus syndrome

H

S
VI
Atrial fibrillation: management Hi Yield [ID 2469]

R.
ABCD:
D
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin
Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade) Hi Yield [ID 660]
3 D's:
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure
Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers Hi Yield [ID 1537]
"Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium"

Cardioselective betablockers are:
Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
55
Metoprolol
89
Diljot Singh Bedi GMCH Chandigarh, India
38
CHF: causes of exacerbation Hi Yield [ID 919]
9
86
FAILURE:
Forgot medication
,9
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia
M
Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
O
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
.C
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
IA
D
Lau Yue Young Geoffrey
IN
CHF: causes of exacerbation [ID 3059]

@
A SMITH PEAR:
G
Anemia
IN
S alt/ S tress/ S topping meds

H
MI
AC
Infection/ Ischemia
Thyroid (high/low)
CO
HTN
Pericarditis
Endocarditis (valve disease)
A-
Arrhythmia
W
Rx (beta blocker, etc)

H

Andrew Mackie, PA Rhode Island Hospital
S
VI
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications Hi Yield [ID 1607]

R.
DUST:
D
Depressed ventricular function

Unstable angina
S tenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications Hi Yield [ID 2067]
DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
S tenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK
Depressed ST-segment: causes Hi Yield [ID 1167]
DEPRESSED ST:
Drooping valve (MVP)
Enlargement of LV with strain
Potassium loss (hypokalemia)
Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI)
55
Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism)
S ubendocardial ischemia
89
S ubendocardial infarct
38
Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
9
S hock
86
Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine
,9
Dr. Sonali V.
M
O
ECG: left vs. right bundle block [ID 218]
.C
"WiLLiaM MaRRoW":
W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block.
M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block.
IA
D
Note: consider bundle branch blocks when QRS complex is wide.
IN

@
G
ECG: T wave inversion causes [ID 2090]

IN
INVERT:
H
Ischemia
AC
Normality [esp. young, black]

Ventricular hypertrophy
CO
Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques]

RBBB, LBBB
Treatments [digoxin]
A-

W

H
Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications [ID 2068]

S
VI
RAMP:
Recent MI
R.
Aortic stenosis
D
MI in the last 7 days

Pulmonary hypertension
Heart compensatory mechanisms that 'save' organ blood flow during shock [ID 433]
"Heart SAVER":
S ymphatoadrenal system
Atrial natriuretic factor
Vasopressin
Endogenous digitalis-like factor
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
In all 5, system is activated/factor is released
Heart failure: signs [ID 3194]
TAPED TORCH:
Tachycardia
Ascites
55
Pulsus alternans
Elevated jugular venous pressure
89
Displaced apex beat
38
Third heart sound
Oedema
9
Right ventricular heave
86
Crepitations or wheeze
,9
Hepatomegaly (tender)
M
Sandeep Samrat Sharma Armed Forces Medical College
O
.C
Heart murmurs Hi Yield [ID 1682]
"hARD ASS MRS. MSD":

hARD: Aortic Regurg = Diastolic
IA
D
ASS: Aortic S tenosis = S ystolic
IN
MRS: Mitral Regurg = S ystolic

MSD: Mitral S tenosis = Diastolic
@

G
Jack Pasquale, MD St. George's University, School of Medicine

IN
Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes Hi Yield [ID 1087]

H
AC
HOLT: Grab Harold Holt around the neck and throw him in the ocean:
Heart failure
CO
Obstruction of venea cava

Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular
Intra-Thoracic pressure increase
A-

W
Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

H
JVP: wave form Hi Yield [ID 2022]

S
VI
ASK ME:
Atrial contraction
R.
S ystole (ventricular contraction)

D
Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling

Maximal atrial filling
Emptying of atrium
See diagram.
Hafizur Rahman Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manc Medical School
MI: basic management [ID 207]
BOOMAR:
Bed rest
Oxygen
Opiate
Monitor
Anticoagulate
Reduce clot size
MI: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 413]
PULSE:
Persistent chest pains
Upset stomach
55
Lightheadedness
S hortness of breath
89
Excessive sweating
38
Sara Nemetz
9
86
MI: therapeutic treatment Hi Yield [ID 850]
,9
ROAMBAL:
M
Reassure
Oxygen
O
Aspirin
.C
Morphine (diamorphine)
Beta blocker
Arthroplasty
IA
D
Lignocaine
IN

@
G

IN
"O BATMAN!":
H
Oxygen
AC
Beta blocker
ASA
CO
Thrombolytics (eg heparin)

Morphine
Ace prn
A-
Nitroglycerin
W

Kristy Thomas, PA-C Mesquite Medical Associates, Mesquite, NV
S H
VI
MONAH:
R.
Morphine
D
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Aspirin
Heparin
MI: treatment of acute MI Hi Yield [ID 1588]
COAG:
Cyclomorph
Oxygen
Aspirin
Glycerol trinitrate
Alan Desmond Cork University Hospital
Mitral regurgitation Hi Yield [ID 1710]
When you hear holosystolic murmurs, think "MR-THEM ARE holosystolic murmurs".
James Noble Emory University School of Medicine
Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. regurgitation (MR): epidemiology [ID 996]
55
MS is a female title (Ms.) and it is female predominant.
MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant.
89
38
9
86
Murmur attributes [ID 1437]
"IL PQRST" (person has ill PQRST heart waves):
,9
Intensity
M
Location
O
Pitch
Quality
.C
Radiation
S hape IA
D
Timing
IN
Ghassan Abu Said 4th year Medical Student

@
Murmurs: innocent murmur features Hi Yield [ID 1243]

G
IN
8 S's:
S oft
H
S ystolic
AC
S hort
S ounds (S1 & S2) normal
CO
S ymptomless
S pecial tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
A-
S tanding/ S itting (vary with position)

S ternal depression
W

H
Ziad Jaradat Jordan University School of Medicine

S
VI
Murmurs: locations and descriptions [ID 1535]

R.
"MRS A$$":
MRS: Mitral Regurgitation--S ystolic
D
A$$: Aortic S tenosis--S ystolic

The other two murmurs, Mitral stenosis and Aortic regurgitation, are obviously diastolic.
Alex Gitelman SUNY Downstate
Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration Hi Yield [ID 3061]
LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration

RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.
Murmurs: questions to ask [ID 3073]
SCRIPT:
S ite
Character (eg harsh, soft, blowing)
Radiation
Intensity
Pitch
Timing
Murmurs: right vs. left loudness [ID 475]
"RILE":
Right sided heart murmurs are louder on Inspiration.
Left sided heart murmurs are loudest on Expiration.
55
89
38
Murmurs: systolic [ID 2767]
MR PV TRAPS:
9
86
Mitral
Regurgitation and
,9
Prolaspe
M
VSD
Tricupsid
O
Regurgitation
.C
Aortic and
Pulmonary
S tenosis
IA
D
IN
Ugonna Duru Yale University School Of Medicine

@
Murmurs: systolic types [ID 341]

G
SAPS:
IN
S ystolic
H
Aortic
AC
Pulmonic
S tenosis
CO
Systolic murmurs include aortic and pulmonary stenosis.

Similarly, it's common sense that if it is aortic and pulmonary stenosis it could also be mitral and tricusp regurgitation].
A-
W
H
Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic Hi Yield [ID 967]

S
PASS: Pulmonic & Aortic S tenosis=S ystolic.

VI
PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic.

R.
W. Ciulla, RN, PA-C New Life Medical Clinic

D
Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic Hi Yield [ID 980]
Systolic murmurs: MR AS: "MR. ASner".

Diastolic murmurs: MS AR: "MS. ARden".
The famous people with those surnames are Mr. Ed Asner and Ms. Jane Arden.
Kristy Thomas, PA-C Mesquite Medical Associates, Mesquite, NV
Myocardial infarctions: treatment Hi Yield [ID 2181]
INFARCTIONS:
IV access
Narcotic analgesics (eg morphine, pethidine)
Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)
Rest
Converting enzyme inhibitor
Thrombolysis
IV beta blocker
Oxygen 60%
Nitrates
S tool Softeners
55
Pericarditis: causes [ID 245]
89
CARDIAC RIND:
38
Collagen vascular disease
Aortic aneurysm
9
Radiation
86
Drugs (such as hydralazine)
,9
Infections
Acute renal failure
M
Cardiac infarction
O
Rheumatic fever
.C
Injury
Neoplasms
Dressler's syndrome
IA
D
IN
@
Pericarditis: EKG Hi Yield [ID 1067]

G
"PericarditiS ":
IN
PR depression in precordial leads.

S T elevation.
H

AC
CO
Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria Hi Yield [ID 1615]
SICVD:
A-
S ymmetry of leg musculature

W
Integrity of skin
H
Color of toenails
Varicose veins
S
VI
Distribution of hair
R.
Jeffrey Turner Memorial University, Canada

D
Pulseless electrical activity: causes Hi Yield [ID 1869]
PATCH MED:
Pulmonary embolus
Acidosis
Tension pneumothorax
Cardiac tamponade
Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia
Myocardial infarction
Electrolyte derangements
Drugs
Will Anderson University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Rheumatic fever: Jones 5 major criteria Hi Yield [ID 2866]
STREP:
S ydenhams chorea
Transient migratory arthritis
Rheumatic subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginatum
Pancarditis (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)
STREP, since Rheumatic fever is caused by group A strep.
Rheumatic fever: Jones criteria Hi Yield [ID 1933]
Major criteria: CANCER:
55
Carditis
89
Arthritis
Nodules
38
Chorea
Erythema
9
86
Rheumatic anamnesis
Minor criteria: CAFE PAL:
,9
CRP increased
M
Arthralgia
Fever
O
Elevated ESR
.C
Prolonged PR interval
Anamnesis of rheumatism IA
Leucocytosis
D
IN
AAG Student
@
Rheumatic fever: Jones major criteria Hi Yield [ID 2104]

G
JONES:
IN
Joints (migrating polyarthritis)

H
Obvious, the heart (carditis, pancarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis or valvulits)

AC
Nodes (subcutaneous nodules)

Erythema marginatum
CO
S ydenham's chorea
A-
W
Rheumatic fever: Revised Jones criteria Hi Yield [ID 1764]

H
JONES PEACE:
S
Major criteria:
VI
Joints: migratory
O (heart shaped) Carditis: new onset murmur
R.
Nodules, subcutaneous: extensor surfaces

D
Erythema marginatum
S ydenham's chorea
Minor criteria:
PR interval, prolonged
ESR elevated
Arthralgias
CRP elevated
Elevated temperature (fever)
Need 2 major or 1 major and 2 minor criteria, plus evidence of recent GAS infection (throat cx, rapid antigen test, or rising strep antibody titer).
Vince Yamashiroya
Rheumatic fever: Revised Jones' criteria Hi Yield [ID 1648]
JONES crITERIA:
Major criteria:
Joint (arthritis)
Obvious (Cardiac)
Nodule (Rheumatic)
Erythema marginatum
S ydenham chorea
Minor criteria:
Inflammatory cells (leukocytosis)
Temperature (fever)
ESR/CRP elevated
Raised PR interval
Itself (previous Hx of Rheumatic fever)
Arthralgia
55
Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong
89
Sino-atrial node: innervation [ID 1713]
38
S ympathetic acts on S odium channels (SS).
9
Parasympathetic acts on Potassium channels (PS).
86
,9
M
Sinus bradycardia: aetiology [ID 1913]
O
"SINUS BRADICARDIA" (sinus bradycardia):
.C
S leep
Infections (myocarditis)
Neap thyroid (hypothyroid)
IA
D
Unconsciousness (vasovagal syncope)
IN
S ubnormal temperatures (hypothermia)

Biliary obstruction
@
Raised CO2 (hypercapnia)

G
Acidosis
IN
Deficient blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

Imbalance of electrolytes
H
Cushing's reflex (raised ICP)

AC
Aging
Rx (drugs, such as high-dose atropine)
CO
Deep anaesthesia
Ischemic heart disease
A-
Athletes
W

Dr. Sonali Vadi
S H
Sinus tachycardia [ID 3058]

VI
TACH FEVER:
R.
Tamponade/ Thyrotoxicosis
D
Anemia
CHF
Hypotension
Fever
Excrutiating pain
Volume depletion
Exercise
Rx (Theo, Dopa, Epi, etc)
Andrew Mackie, PA Rhode Island Hospital
ST elevation causes in ECG Hi Yield [ID 516]
ELEVATION:
Electrolytes
LBBB
Early repolarization
Ventricular hypertrophy
Aneurysm
Treatment (eg pericardiocentesis)
Injury (AMI, contusion)
Osborne waves (hypothermia)
Non-occlusive vasospasm
Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment Hi Yield [ID 1737]
55
ABCDE:
Adenosine
89
Beta-blocker
38
Calcium channel antagonist
Digoxin
9
Excitation (vagal stimulation)
86
,9
Richard Thompson Queens University, Belfast, NI
M
Ventricular tachycardia: treatment Hi Yield [ID 1739]
O
LAMB:
.C
Lidocaine
Amiodarone
Mexiltene/ Magnesium
IA
D
Beta-blocker
IN

@
G
CHEMISTRY
IN
H
Anion vs. cation charge [ID 480]

AC
ANion is A Negative ion.

CO
A-
Benzene ring: effects of substituents on further additions [ID 523]

W
"Benzene likes to ROMP. We HOPED she's be safe, but now she's knocked up. ADOPt or WEDD'M?":
ROMP: Substituents in order: R-group, Ortho, Meta, Para.
H
HOPED: Halogens are Ortho, Para, Electron withdrawing, Deactivating.

S
ADOPt: Addititive substituents Direct Ortho & Para.

VI
WEDD'M: Withdrawing Electrons Deactivates, Directs Meta.

R.

Sabra
D
Benzene ring: order of substituents [ID 259]
Meta: the two sticks representing functional groups make a capital letter M with the ring.
Otho: can close the top of the functional groups and make a boxy capital letter O.
See diagram.
Remaining one must therefore be para.
"Benzene likes to ROMP":
From R group moving around the ring:
R group
Ortho
Meta
Para
Sabra and Josh Kunken Undergrad, Univ. of Calif, Berkeley
"Oh My Penis!":
Putting R at top and moving around the ring:
Ortho
Meta
55
Para
Penis is the one pointing down, like the penis of a man pointing downwards.
89
Ricky Lee
9 38
Cathode: what happens during electrolysis [ID 1020]
86
Current Carries Cations to the Cathode for reduCtion.
,9
Andreas Efstathiades
M
O
Cation vs. anion: positive vs. negative [ID 322]
.C
The t in cation looks like a plus sign: "ca+ion".
Cation is positive, anion is negative. IA
D
IN
@
Cis/trans (geometric) isomer nomenclature [ID 297]

G
"Zame Zide. Epposite.":

IN
Z is the 2 functional groups on the same side of double bond.

E is for opposite sides.
H

AC
CO
Cis/trans (geometric) isomer nomenclature [ID 1148]
The letter "Z" is written in a zigzag way. If you draw a vertical line splitting it down the middle then its the
A-
same halves (same sides of double bond). The letter "E" is written differently so a vertical line splits it into
different halves (different sides of double bond).
W

H
Peter J. Kos
S
VI
R.
D
Cis/trans (geometric) isomers: arrangement of functional groups Hi Yield [ID 2440]
Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.

Trans, therefore is the other one by default.
Spencer Oates
Gibb's free energy formula [ID 383]
"Good Honey Tastes S weet":
(delta)G = H - T(delta)S
Orbital names before alphabetical order begins [ID 155]
"S ober People Don't Find Good In Killing":

Orbital names for electrons are S ,P,D,F,G,I,K. After that, alphabetical order begins.
Oxidation vs. reduction: electrochemical cell and electron gain/loss [ID 340]
AN OIL RIG CAT:

At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.
55
Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.
89
Susan Monash (Peninsula) Undergrad
38
Oxidation vs. reduction: electron gain/loss [ID 158]
9
86
"LEO the lion says GER":
Lose Electrons = Oxidation.
,9
Gain Electrons = Reduction.
M
O
.C
Oxidation vs. reduction: electron gain/loss [ID 315]
OIL RIG:
IA
D
Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons).
IN
Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).

@

G
DERMATOLOGY
IN
H
Albinism: type I vs. II classification [ID 261]

AC
"One has None. Two Accumulates":

CO
Type I: have no pigment.

Type II: No pigment at birth, but accumulates as person ages.
A-

W
H
Clubbing: causes Hi Yield [ID 1047]

S
CLUBBING:
VI
Cyanotic heart disease

Lung disease (hypoxia, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis)
R.
UC/Crohn's disease
D
Biliary cirrhosis
Birth defect (harmless)
Infective endocarditis
Neoplasm (esp. Hodgkins)
GI malabsorption
Cutaneous inflammation patterns [ID 1085]
"Pus of Pig Valve"
Remove the vowels: PSFPGVLV:
Psoriaform
S pongiotic (eczematous)
Folliculitis
Panniculitis
Granulomatous
Vasculopathic
Lichenoid
Vessiculobullous
Generalized skin hyperpigmentation: causes Hi Yield [ID 923]
55
"With generalized, none of skin is SPARED":
S unlight
89
Pregnancy
38
Addison's disease
Renal failure
9
Excess iron (haemochromatosis)
86
Drugs (eg busulphan)
,9
Lau Yue Young Geoffrey HKU
M
O
Malignant melanoma: 3 sites with poor prognosis [ID 208]
.C
BANS:
Back of Arm
Neck
IA
D
S calp
IN

@
G
Nodules: painful cutaneous nodules causes [ID 2856]

IN
BENGAL CO.:
H
Blue rubber bleb nevus

AC
Eccrine spiradenoma
Neurilemmoma/ Neuroma
CO
Glomus tumor
Angiolipoma/ Angioleiomyoma/ Angiosarcoma
Leiomyoma
A-
Cutaneous endometriosis/ Calcinosis cutis

W
Osteoma cutis
H

Jaggi Rao University of Alberta
S
VI
Psoriasis: pathophysiology [ID 1601]

R.
PSORIASIS:
D
Pink Papules/ Plaques/ Pinpoint bleeding (Auspitz sign)/ Physical injury (Koebner phenomenon)/ Pain
S ilver S cale/ S harp margins
Onycholysis/ Oil spots
Rete Ridges with Regular elongation
Itching
Arthritis/ Abscess (Munro)
S tratum corneum with nuclei, neutrophils
Immunologic
S tratum granulosum absent/ S tratum S pinosum thickening
Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital
Raynaud's phenomenon: causes [ID 2857]
COLD HAND:
Cryoglobulins/ Cryofibrinogens
Obstruction/ Occupational
Lupus erythematosus, other connective tissue disease
Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs
Hematologic problems (polycythemia, leukemia, etc)
Arterial problems (atherosclerosis)
Neurologic problems (vascular tone)
Disease of unknown origin (idiopathic)
Jaggi Rao University of Alberta
White patch of skin: differential Hi Yield [ID 1390]
"Vitiligo PATCH":
55
Vitiligo
Pityriasis alba/ Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation
89
Age related hypopigmentation
38
Tinea versicolor/ Tuberous sclerosis (ashleaf macule)
Congenital birthmark
9
Hansen's (leprosy)
86
,9
Dr. Chetan Wasekar Set G.S. Medical College, KEM Hospital, Bombay
M
Wound healing: factors delaying [ID 1387]
O
DID NOT HEAL:
.C
Drugs
Infection/ Icterus/ Ischemia
Diabetes
IA
D
Nutrition
IN
Oxygen (hypoxia)
Toxins
@
Hypothermia/ Hyperthermia
G
EtOH
IN
Acidosis
Local anesthetics
H

AC
Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

CO
EMBRYROLOGY
A-
Foregut derivatives Hi Yield [ID 2452]

W
"Little Embryo People Do Like S wallowing, Producing Gas":

H
Lungs
S
Esophagus
VI
Pancreas
Duodenum (proximal)
R.
Liver
D
S tomach
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Jason Wild Georgetown School of Medicine
Branchial arch giving rise to aorta Hi Yield [ID 187]
"Aor- from Four":

Aorta is from fourth arch.
Tetrology of Fallot Hi Yield [ID 527]
"Don't DROP the baby":

Defect (VSD)
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
K. Ennix University of Tennessee at Memphis
"IHOP-International House of Pancakes":

Interventricular septal defect
Hypotrophy of right ventricle
Overriding aorta
55
Pulmonary stenosis
89
Bradey T. Kleman Wright State University School of Medicine
38
9
86
PROVe:
Pulmonary stenosis
,9
Right ventricular hypertrophy
M
Overriding aorta
O
Ventricular septal defect
.C
Young Byun Emory Med
IA
Vasculogenesis vs. angiogenesis [ID 199]
D
IN
"Vascu is new. Angi is pre":

Vasculogenesis is new vessels developing in situ from existing mesenchyme.
@
Angiogenesis is vessels develop from sprouting off pre-existing arteries.

G

IN
H
Potter syndrome: features Hi Yield [ID 1658]

AC
POTTER:
Pulmonary hypoplasia
CO
Oligohydrominios
Twisted skin (wrinkly skin)
A-
Twisted face (Potter facies)

Extremities defects
W
Renal agenesis (bilateral)

H

S
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Pakistan
VI
Cranial and spinal neural crest: major derivatives Hi Yield [ID 508]
R.
GAMES:
D
Glial cells (of peripheral ganglia)

Arachnoid (and pia)
Melanocytes
Enteric ganglia
S chwann cells
Ron Norman AECC
Neuroectoderm derivatives [ID 1800]
Neuroectoderm gives rise to:
Neurons
Neuroglia
Neurohypophysis
piNeurol (pineal) gland
Payam Mehranpour
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): features Hi Yield [ID 1686]
FAS:
Facial hypoplasia/ Forebrain malformation
Attention defecit disorder/ Altered joints
S hort stature/ S eptal defects/ S mall I.Q
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan/Gujranwala
55
89
Mesoderm components Hi Yield [ID 606]
38
MESODERM:
Mesothelium (peritoneal, pleural, pericardial)/ Muscle (striated, smooth, cardiac)
9
86
Embryologic
S pleen/ S oft tissue/ S erous linings/ S arcoma/ S omite
,9
Osseous tissue/ Outer layer of suprarenal gland (cortex)/ Ovaries
M
Dura/ Ducts of genitalia
Endothelium
O
Renal
.C
Microglia/ Mesenchyme/ Male gonad
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
IA
D
IN
Teratogenesis: when it occurs Hi Yield [ID 861]

@
TEratogenesis is most likely during organogenesis--between the:

Third and
G
Eighth weeks of gestation.

IN

H
Rinku Uberoi
AC
Vitelline duct: closure time [ID 1075]

CO
VItelline duct normally closes around week VI of intrauterine life.

A-
W
Weeks 2, 3, 4 of development: an event for each Hi Yield [ID 173]

H
Week Two: Bilaminar germ disc.

S
Week Three: Trilaminar germ disc.

VI
Week Four: Four limbs appear.

R.

D
Lung development phases [ID 175]
"Every Premature Child Takes Air":

Embryonic period
Pseudoglandular period
Canalicular peroid
Terminal sac period
Alveolar period
Placenta-crossing substances [ID 498]
"WANT My Hot Dog":
Wastes
Antibodies
Nutrients
Teratogens
Microorganisms
Hormones/ HIV
Drugs
Woffian duct (mesonephric duct) derivatives. Hi Yield [ID 1266]
Gardener's SEED:
Female:
55
Gartner's duct, cyst
Male:
89
S eminal vesicles
38
Epididymis
Ejaculatory duct
9
Ductus deferens
86
,9
M
EMERGENCY MEDICINE
O
.C
Activated charcoal: contraindications [ID 1752]
CHEMICAL CamP:
IA
D
Cyanide
IN
Hydrocarbons
Ethanol
@
Metals
G
Iron
IN
Caustics
Airway unprotected
H
Lithium
AC
CAMphor
Potassium
CO

Vince Yamashiroya
A-
Ipecac: contraindications [ID 1753]

W
4 C's:
H
Comatose
S
Convulsing
VI
Corrosive
hydroCarbon
R.

D
Vince Yamashiroya
Acute LVF management Hi Yield [ID 525]
LMNOP:
Lasex (frusemide)
Morphine (diamorphine)
Nitrates
Oxygen (sit patient up)
Pulmonary ventilation (if doing badly)
Graeme Little University College London
Asystole: treatment Hi Yield [ID 2491]
"Have some asystole "TEA":

Transcutaneous pacing
Epi
Atropine
Brenda L. Snyder, RN, CEN, PHRN George Washington University Hospital, Washington, D.C.
Atrial fibrillation: causes of new onset Hi Yield [ID 1732]
THE ATRIAL FIBS:

Thyroid
Hypothermia
Embolism (P.E.)
Alcohol
55
Trauma (cardiac contusion)
Recent surgery (post CABG)
89
Ischemia
38
Atrial enlargement
Lone or idiopathic
9
86
Fever, anemia, high-output states
Infarct
,9
Bad valves (mitral stenosis)
M
S timulants (cocaine, theo, amphet, caffeine)
O
Sam LaCapra, M.D., F.A.C.E.P. Emergency Physician
.C
Chest pain treatment, for nurses IA [ID 2710]
D
"MOVE your patient!":
Monitor: put patient on cardiac monitor
IN
Oxygen: put patient on O2

@
Venous: gain large bore venous access

EKG: 12 lead EKG
G

IN
R. Stilts, S.N. Senior Nursing Student

H
[ID 1405]
AC
Endotrachial tube deliverable drugs

O NAVEL:
CO
Oxygen
Naloxone
A-
Atropine
Ventolin (albuterol)
W
Epinephrine
H
Lidocaine
S
If you can't get IV access established, and have necessity to administer resuscitative meds, remember you have the airway and can give the
VI
above drugs.
Drug delivery is enhanced if diluted with 10cc NS and rapid introduced for aeresolization.
R.
Alternatively, bare bone version is ALE, as above.

D

Robert Lueken and Marc Eastern Virginia Medical School
JVP: raised JVP differential Hi Yield [ID 2795]
PQRST (EKG waves):

Pericardial effusion
Quantity of fluid raised (fluid over load)
Right heart failure
S uperior vena caval obstruction
Tricuspid stenosis/ Tricuspid regurgitation/ Tamponade (cardiac)
Dr. Mohsin Maqbool Bahawal-Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur
JVP: raised JVP: extra-cardiac causes [ID 2919]
FAT PEA:
Fever
Anaemia
Thyrotoxicosis
Pregnancy
Exercise
A-V fistula
These are in addition to all the cardiac ones (pericardial effusion, RHF, tricuspid stenosis, SVC obstruction, etc).
Rajeev Peravali Year 3 Medical student, Birmingham University, UK
Malaria: complications of falciparum malaria [ID 1900]
CHAPLIN:
55
Cerebral malaria/ Coma
Hypoglycemia
89
Anaemia
38
Pulmonary edema
Lactic acidosis
9
86
Infections
Necrois of renal tubules (ATN)
,9
Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India
M
O
MI: immediate treatment Hi Yield [ID 1944]
.C
DOGASH:
Diamorphine IA
D
Oxygen
GTN spray
IN
Asprin 300mg
@
S treptokinase
Heparin
G

IN
Ken Hodson Medical Student, University of Bristol

H
Hi Yield [ID 2016]

AC
Pain history checklist

OLDER SAAB:
CO
Onset
Location
A-
Description (what does it feel like)

Exacerbating factors
W
Radiation
H
S everity
S
Associated symptoms
VI
Alleviating factors
Before (ever experience this before)
R.

D
Lissa Bird, NREMT-P
PEA/Asystole (ACLS): etiology Hi Yield [ID 2505]
ITCHPAD:
Infarction
Tension pneumothorax
Cardiac tamponade
Hypovolemia/ Hypothermia/ Hypo-, Hyperkalemia/ Hypomagnesmia/ Hypoxemia
Pulmonary embolism
Acidosis
Drug overdose
Carl Roberts A.S.EMS, CCEMT-P, CFP US Army Special Forces
Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA): checklist [ID 2282]
PEA:
Pulses check
Epinepherine
Atropine
Shock: general features [ID 3205]
CHORD ITEM:
Cold, clammy skin
Hypotension
Oliguria
55
Rapid, shallow breathing
89
Drowsiness, confusion
Irritability
38
Tachycardia
Elevated or reduced central venous pressure
9
86
Multi-organ damage
,9
Seyi Kayode College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Osun State, Nigeria
M
Shock: signs and symptoms [ID 391]
O
.C
TV SPARC CUBE:
Thirst
Vomiting IA
D
S weating
Pulse weak
IN
Anxious
@
Respirations shallow/rapid
G
Cool
Cyanotic
IN
Unconscious
H
BP low
AC
Eyes blank
CO
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes [ID 542]

A-
BATS:
W
Berry aneurysm
H
Arteriovenous malformation/ Adult polycystic kidney disease

S
Trauma (eg being struck with baseball bat)

VI
S troke
R.
Cusano and Mamta SGUSOM

D
Syncope causes, by system Hi Yield [ID 1719]
HEAD HEART VESSELS:

CNS causes include HEAD:
Hypoxia/ Hypoglycemia
Epilepsy
Anxiety
Dysfunctional brain stem (basivertebral TIA)
Cardiac causes are HEART:
Heart attack
Embolism (PE)
Aortic obstruction (IHSS, AS or myxoma)
Rhythm disturbance, ventricular
Tachycardia
Vascular causes are VESSELS:
Vasovagal
Ectopic (reminds one of hypovolemia)
S ituational
S ubclavian steal
ENT (glossopharyngeal neuralgia)
Low systemic vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy)
S ensitive carotid sinus
Bill Young MD University of Kentucky Dept of Emergency Medicine
Ventricular fibrillation: treatment Hi Yield [ID 598]
"Shock, Shock, Shock, Everybody Shock, Little Shock, Big Shock, Momma Shock, Poppa Shock":
Shock= Defibrillate
55
Everybody= Epinephine
89
Little= Lidocaine
Big= Bretylium
38
Momma= MgSO4
9
Poppa= Pocainamide
86
,9
M
V-fib/pulseless v-tach (new ACLS as of 2001) Hi Yield [ID 2490]
O
"EVAL My Pumper":
.C
Epinephrine
Vasopressin
Amiodarone (class IIb--better for heart failure)
IA
D
Lidocaine (indeterminate - better for young, healthy or persistent)
IN
MgSO4 (IIb for hypomagnesemic state or torsades)

Procainamide (IIb for intermittent/recurrent VF/VT)
@

G
IN
Vfib/Vtach drugs used according to ACLS [ID 306]

H
"Every Little Boy Must Pray":

AC
Epinephrine
Lidocaine
CO
Bretylium
Magsulfate
A-
Procainamide
W

Midnight Medic Paramedic in Texas
S H
Diabetic ketoacidosis management Hi Yield [ID 470]

VI
F*¢KING:
R.
Fluids (crytalloids)
D
Urea (check it)

Creatinine (check it)/ Catheterize
K+ (potassium)
Insulin (5u/hour. Note: sliding scale no longer recommended in the UK)
Nasogastic tube (if patient comatose)
Glucose (once serum levels drop to 12)
Coma causes checklist [ID 349]
AEIOU TIPS:
Acidosis/ Alcohol
Epilepsy
Infection
Overdosed
Uremia
Trauma to head
Insulin: too little or or too much
Pyschosis episode
S troke occurred
Coma: differential [ID 3086]
55
UNCONSCIOUS:
Units of insulin
89
Narcotics
38
Convulsions
Oxygen
9
Nonorganic
86
S troke
,9
Cocktail
ICP
M
Organism
O
Urea
.C
S hock
Tom Hiser Clear Lake Emergency Medical Corps
IA
D
IN
ICU confusion causes [ID 1351]
ICU CONFUSION:
@
ICU psychosis
G
Cardiac output low [hypotension, post cardiac arrest]

IN
Uncontrolled temperature [hypo/hyperthermia]

Convulsion [post ictal]
H
Oxygen [hypoxia, hypercarbia]

AC
Nociception [pain]
Full bladder
CO
Uremia
S ugar [hypo/hyperglycemia]
A-
Infection
W
Opiates
Natremia [hypo/hyper]
H

S
Dr. Sonali Vadi

VI
R.
Meningicoccal meningitis: complications Hi Yield [ID 1735]

D
SAD REP:
S epsis/ S hock/ S ubdural effusion
Ataxia/ Abscess (brain)
DIC/ Deafness
Retardation
Epilepsy
Paralysis
Miosis: causes of pin-point pupils Hi Yield [ID 1734]
CPR ON SLIME:
Clonidine
Phenothiazines
Resting (deep sleep)
Opiates
Narcotics
S troke (pontine hemorrhage)
Lomotil (diphenoxylate)
Insecticides
Mushrooms/ Muscarinic (inocybe, clitocybe)
Eye drops
Neurological focal deficits [ID 1733]
55
10 S's:
89
S ugar (hypo, hyper)
38
S troke
S eizure (Todd's paralysis)
9
S ubdural hematoma
86
S ubarachnoid hemorrhage
,9
S pace occupying lesion (tumor, avm, aneurysm, abscess)
S pinal cord syndromes
M
S omatoform (conversion reaction)
O
S clerosis (MS)
.C
S ome migraines
IA
D
IN
Organophosphates poisoning symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1325]
MILES:
@
Miosis
G
Increased urinary frequency

IN
Lacrimation
Enuresis
H
S alivation
AC

CO
Organophosphates poisoning: symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1790]

A-
DUMBBELS:
W
Diarrhea
H
Urination
Miosis
S
VI
Bradycardia
Bronchospasm
R.
Emesis
D
Lacrimation
S alivation
Martin Herman Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center
Seizures: differential [ID 3221]
SICK DRIFTER:
S ubstrates (sugar, oxygen)
Isoniazid overdose
Cations (Na, Ca, Mg)
Kids (ecclampsia)
Drugs (CRAP: Cocaine, Rum (alcohol), Amphetamines, PCP)
Rum (alchohol withdrawl)
Illnesses (chronic seizure disorder or other chronic disorder)
Fever (meningitis, encephalitis, abscess)
Trauma (epidural, subdural, intraparynchymal hemorrhage)
Extra: toxocologic (TAIL: Theo, ASA, Isoniazid, Lithium) and 3 Anti's: (Antihistamine overdose, Antidepressant overdose, Anticonvulsants
(too high dilanitin, tegretol) or benzo withdrawl.
Rat poison (organophospates poisoning)
Joseph Rogers, MD Duke University
55
89
Unconciousness: differential Hi Yield [ID 2607]
38
FISH SHAPED:
Fainted
9
Illness/ Infantile febrile convulsions
86
S hock
,9
Head injuries
S troke (CVE)
M
Heart problems
O
Asphxia
.C
Poisons
Epilepsy
Diabetes
IA
D
IN
B Sylvester Surrey Ambulance Service (UK)

@
Coma and signicantly reduced conscious state causes: causes Hi Yield [ID 1874]
G
COMA:
IN
CO2 and CO excess

Overdose: TCAs, Benzos, EtOH, insulin, paracetamol, etc.
H
Metabolic: BSL, Na+, K+, Mg2+, urea, ammonia, etc.

AC
Apoplexy: stroke, SAH, extradural, subdural, Ca, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, etc.
CO
Steve Gust HMO, Gove District Hospital, NT Australia

A-
Coma: conditions to exclude as cause [ID 157]

W
MIDAS:
H
Meningitis
Intoxication
S
VI
Diabetes
Air (respiratory failure)
R.
S ubdural/ S ubarachnoid hemorrhage

D

Malignant hyperthermia treatment [ID 221]
"S ome Hot Dude Better Give Iced Fluids Fast!" (Hot dude = hypothermia):
S top triggering agents
Hyperventilate/ Hundred percent oxygen
Dantrolene (2.5mg/kg)
Bicarbonate
Glucose and insulin
IV Fluids and cooling blanket
Fluid output monitoring/ Furosemide/ Fast heart [tachycardia]
Resuscitation: basic steps [ID 204]
ABCDE:
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Drugs
Environment
Mohamed Azim, MD Pediatric Surgeon, Alexandria University, Egypt
RLQ pain: differential Hi Yield [ID 933]
APPENDICITIS:
55
Appendicitis/ Abscess
PID/ Period
89
Pancreatitis
38
Ectopic/ Endometriosis
Neoplasia
9
86
Diverticulitis
Intussusception
,9
Crohns Disease/ Cyst (ovarian)
M
IBD
Torsion (ovary)
O
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
.C
S tones
IA
D
IN
Shock: types [ID 390]

@
RN CHAMPS:
Respiratory
G
Neurogenic
IN
Cardiogenic
H
Hemorrhagic
Anaphylactic
AC
Metabolic
Psychogenic
CO
S eptic
Alternatively: "MR. C.H. SNAP", or "NH CRAMPS".
A-

W
H
Trauma: motor vehicle accident considerations [ID 2489]

S
VI
I AM SCARED:
Impact (head-on, rear-end, t-bone, rollover, rotational etc.)
R.
Auto vs. pedestrian, bike, motorcycle (start @ speed >10mph)

D
Medical history (cardiac, coagulolation, liver, immuno, obese, prego)

S peed (>50 mph?)
Compartment intrusion (>12 inches?)
Age (<5 or >55 y.o.?)
Restraints (lap & shoulder, either, airbag, infant or child seat?)
Ejection/ Extrication (eject=25x greater death, extr>20min)
Death (at scene, same vehicle, other)
ARDS: diagnostic criteria [ID 2906]
ARDS:
Acute onset
Ratio (PaO2/FiO2) less than 200
Diffuse infiltration
S wan-Ganz Wedge pressure less than 19 mmHg
Fahed Al-Daour
ARDS: full differential [ID 2907]
CARDS? HOPE ITS NOT ARDS:

CNS disorders
Aspiration (gastric)
Radiation
Drugs (heroin, morphine, barbiturates, etc)
55
S moke, toxic gas inhalation
Hypotension, shock
89
Oxygen toxicity
38
Pancreatitis
Emboli
9
Infection, sepsis
86
Transfusion reaction
,9
S urgery (esp. cardiac)
Near drowning
M
Obstetrical emergencies (eg eclampsia, HELLP)
O
Thermal injuries/ burns
.C
Altitude sickness
Renal failure
DIC
IA
D
S LE
IN

Fahed Al-Daour
@
G
Asthma: management of acute severe Hi Yield [ID 472]

IN
"O S#!T":
Oxygen (high dose: >60%)
H
S albutamol (5mg via oxygen-driven nebuliser)

AC
Hydrocortisone (or prednisolone)

Ipratropium bromide (if life threatening)
CO
Theophylline (or preferably aminophylline-if life threatening)

A-
Graeme Little and Gajan Rajeswaran University College London and Imperial College School Of Medicine, London
W
Decompression sickness [ID 1273]

H
Boyle's law: volume of gas is inversely proportionate to its pressure.

S
VI
Therefore, BOYLE:
Breathe (as you ascend)
R.
Or
D
Your
Lung
Explodes
Breathe as you ascend after scuba diving, since the pressure decreases on surfacing, so the gas volume in lungs
increases.
Mohamed Azim, MD Assistant lecturer, Pediatric surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt
Dyspnea: differential Hi Yield [ID 3220]
3A's: Three Airways: Airway obstruction, Anaphylaxis, Asthma
3P's: Three Pulmonary's: Pneumothorax, PE, Pulmonary edema
3C's: Three Cardiacs: Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, Cardiac ischemia, Cardiac tamponade
3M's: Three Metabolics: (DOC) DKA, Organophosphates, Carbon monoxide poisoning
Joseph Rogers, MD Duke University
Endotracheal tube: troubleshooting [ID 2734]
DOPEY:
Displaced: esophagus, right mainstem, back of throat, etc
Obstructed: secretions, blood, mucus plug, kink, etc
Pneumothorax
Equipment: malfunctions, O2, ETT, BVM, ventilator, monitor
You: your approach, technique: missing something?
55
89
38
Pneumothorax: causes [ID 3079]
SIT, 3 A's, 3 C's:
9
86
S pontaneous (often tall thin men)
Iatrogenic
,9
Trauma
M
Asthma
Alveolitis
O
AIDS
.C
COPD
Carcinoma
Cystic fibrosis
IA
D
IN

@
Fall: potential causes [ID 459]

G
CLADE SPADE:
IN
Cardiovascular/ Cerebrovascular
H
Locomotor (skeletal, muscular, neurological)

AC
Ageing (increased body sway, decreased reaction time)

Drugs (esp. antihypertensives, antipsychotics)
CO
Environmental
S ensory deficits (eg. visual problems)
Psychological/ Psychiatric (depression)
A-
Acute illness
W
Dementia
H
Epilepsy
S
Harris-Davies-Tamblyn Adelaide Medical School

VI
R.
Fall: potential causes [ID 619]

D
I'VE FALLEN:
Illness
Vestibular
Environmental
Feet/ Footwear
Alcohol and drugs
Low blood pressure
Low O2 states
Ears/ Eyes
Neuropathy
Muhammad Asif Iqbal Resident, SLU, MO
ENT
Oralpharangeal cancers: aetiology Hi Yield [ID 210]
6 S's:
S moking
S picy food
S yphilis
S pirits [booze]
S ore tooth
S epsis
Also bezel nuts.
Daniel CW Henning The Queen's University of Belfast, UK
55
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: classic symptoms Hi Yield [ID 2818]
89
NOSE:
Neck mass
38
Obstructed nasal passage
9
S erous otitis media externa
86
Epistaxis or discharge
,9
M
O
EPIDEMIOLOGY / BIOSTATISTICS
.C
Alcohol withdrawal effects IA Hi Yield [ID 402]
"S#IT":
D
S hakes/ S eizures/ S weats/ S tomach pains (n/v)
IN
Hallucinosis (auditory)
@
Increased vitals/ Insomnia

Tremens (delirium tremens-the lethal part)
G

IN
HBV Morehouse School of Medicine

H
Suicide risk factors Hi Yield [ID 151]

AC
SAD PERSONS:
CO
S ex: male
Age: young, elderly
A-
Depression
Previous suicide attempts
W
Ethanol and other drugs

H
Reality testing/ Rational thought (loss of)

S
S ocial support lacking

VI
Organized suicide plan

No spouse
R.
S ickness/ S tated future intent

D

Suicide risk factors in order of risk [ID 1415]
SOARS:
Top 6 risk factors in order of highest to lowest risk:
S erious previous attempt
Older than 45
Alcohol
Rage history
S ex (male)
Accuracy of test: sensitivity vs. specificity Hi Yield [ID 344]
seNsitivity of a test: related to the rate of false Negatives.

sPecificity of a test: related to the rate of false Positives.
Alternatively written:
seNsitive: No Non-Negatives.
sPecific: Puny Psuedo-Positives.
Audit process [ID 591]
"As S he Opened, Colin Inserted Excitedly":

Aim
S etting standards
55
Observe practice
89
Compare with standards
Implement change
38
Evaluate
9
86
Andrew Booshan
,9
Error: type I (alpha) vs. type II (beta) Hi Yield [ID 2026]
M
Type I (Alpha) Error:
O
"There Is An Effect" where in reality there is none.
.C
IA
D
Hill criteria for causality [ID 925]
IN
" 'Clowns Pursuing Epidemiology' Commonly Behind The S illy S amples":

Consistency
@
Plausibility
G
Experimentation
IN
Biological gradient
Coherence
H
Temporality
AC
S trength of association
S pecificity
CO

TR Columbia PandS
A-
Incidence vs. prevalence Hi Yield [ID 1411]

W
Incidence: Initiate Infection In Interval.

H
Prevalence: Population's Percentage Positive.

S

VI

R.
Informed consent: requirements, exceptions Hi Yield [ID 858]

D
"Sign this DOC before we can start":

Discussion
Obtain agreement
Coercion-free
Exceptions to informed consent are WIPE:
Waiver
Incompetent
Privilege (therapeutic privilege)
Emergency
Pi: value to 31 decimal places [ID 159]
"How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy chapters involving quantum mechanics. One is, yes, adequate even enough to produce
some fun and pleasure for an instant, miserably brief":
The number of letters in each subsequent word of these two sentences give the value of pi to 3.141592653589793238462643383279
Alternatively: If only want first 6 decimal places, use the sentence "How I wish I could calculate Pi! "
Poisson distribution formula [ID 188]
MNEMONIc: M to the Nth power times E to the Minus nth Over N factorial
Formula is: ((m^n) * (e^-n) ) / n!
Note: the factorial (!) at the end is an inverted lowercase letter i.
55
Prevention: primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary Hi Yield [ID 1409]
89
Primary: Predisposing factors decreased.
38
S econdary: S everity decreased.
9
Tertiary: Therapy, Training.
86
,9
M
Recall bias Hi Yield [ID 1354]
O
REcall bias is a problem with
.C
REtrospective studies and is based on ability to
REmember.
IA
D
Rinku Uberoi
IN
Reliability Hi Yield [ID 2213]

@
Random Error
G
REduces
IN
REliability (REproducibility)
H
AC
Cigarette smoke: major carcinogens [ID 1922]

CO
PANT:
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
A-
Aromatic amines
W
Nitrosamines
Tar
H
Nicotine and Carbon monoxide are Non-Carcinogenic.

S

VI

R.
GASTROENTEROLOGY
D
Bilirubin: common causes for increased levels [ID 602]
"HOT Liver":
Hemolysis
Obstruction
Tumor
Liver disease
Sung H. Kim
Celiac sprue gluten sensitive enteropathy: gluten-containing grains Hi Yield [ID 2295]
BROW:
Barley
Rye
Oats
Wheat
Flattened intestinal villi of celiac sprue are smooth, like an eyebrow.
Jack A. Pasquale, MD St. George's University, School of Medicine
Charcot's triad (gallstones) Hi Yield [ID 695]
"Charcot's Triad is 3 C's":

Color change (jaundice)
Colic (biliary) pain, aka RUQ pain
Chills and fever
55
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
89
38
Charcot's triad (gallstones) Hi Yield [ID 835]
"Charge a FEE":
9
86
Charcot's triad is:
Fever
,9
Epigastric & RUQ pain
M
Emesis & nausea
O
.C
Cholangitis features IA Hi Yield [ID 696]
D
CHOLANGITITS:
Charcot's triad/ Conjugated bilirubin increase
IN
Hepatic abscesses/ Hepatic (intra/extra) bile ducts/ HLA B8, DR3

@
Obstruction
Leukocytosis
G
Alkaline phosphatase increase

IN
Neoplasms
H
Gallstones
AC
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis)

Transaminase increase
CO
Infection
S clerosing
A-
Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

W
H
Cirrhosis: causes of hepatic cirrhosis [ID 1643]

S
HEPATIC:
VI
Hemochromatosis (primary)
Enzyme deficiency (alpha-1-anti-trypsin)
R.
Post hepatic (infection + drug induced)

D
Alcoholic
Tyrosinosis
Indian childhood (galactosemia)
Cardiac/ Cholestatic (biliary)/ Cancer/ Copper (Wilson's)
Dr. Chetan Wasekar
Cirrhosis: differential: common and rarer [ID 3071]
Common causes are ABC:
Alcohol
B (Hepatitis)
C (Hepatitis)
Rarer are also ABC:
Autoimmune
Biliary cirrhosis
Copper (Wilson's)
Constipation: causes [ID 3063]
DOPED:
Drugs (eg opiates)
55
Obstruction (eg IBD, cancer)
Pain
89
Endocrine (eg hypothyroid)
38
Depression
9
86
,9
Crohn's disease: morphology, symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1270]
M
CHRISTMAS:
Cobblestones
O
High temperature
.C
Reduced lumen
Intestinal fistulae
S kip lesions
IA
D
Transmural (all layers, may ulcerate)
IN
Malabsorption
Abdominal pain
@
S ubmucosal fibrosis
G

IN

H
Digestive disorders: pH level [ID 316]

AC
With vomiting both the pH and food come up.

CO
With diarrhea both the pH and food go down.

Joel Topf Indiana University
A-
W
Dry mouth: differential [ID 2728]

H
"DRI":
S
2 of each:
VI
Drugs/ Dehydration
Renal failure/ Radiotherapy
R.
Immunological (Sjogren's)/ Intense emotions

D

Anil Pandit Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
Dysphagia: causes [ID 3070]
MOON:
Mouth lesions
Obstruction
Oesophageal stricture
Neurological (eg stroke, Guillain-Barre, achalasia)
Dysphagia: differential [ID 2722]
DISPHAGIA:
Disease of mouth and tonsils/ Diffuse oesophageal spasm/ Diabetes mellitus
Intrinsic lesion
S cleroderma
Pharyngeal disorders/ Palsy-bulbar-MND
Achalasia
Heart: eft atrium enlargement
Goitre/ myesthenia Gravis/ mediastinal Glands
Infections
American trypanosomiasis (chagas disease)
Anil Pandit, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepalmanipal
GIT symptoms [ID 1111]
55
BAD ANAL S#!T:
Bleeding
89
Abdominal pain
38
Dysphagia
Abdominal bloating
9
Nausea & vomiting
86
Anorexia/ Appetite changes
,9
Lethargy
S #!ts (diarrhea)
M
Heartburn
O
Increased bilirubin (jaundice)
.C
Temperature (fever)
The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia
IA
D
IN
H. Pylori treatment regimen (rough guidelines) Hi Yield [ID 425]
"Please Make Tummy Better":

@
Proton pump inhibitor

G
Metronidazole
IN
Tetracycline
Bismuth
H
Alternatively: TOMB:
AC
Tetracycline
Omeprazole
CO
Metronidazole
Bismuth
A-

Steven Holsenback and Leena Alexander COMP and Texas, USA
W
H
Hepatic encephalopathy: precipitating factors [ID 1645]

S
VI
HEPATICS:
Hemorrhage in GIT/ Hyperkalemia
R.
Excess protein in diet

D
Paracentesis
Acidosis/ Anemia
Trauma
Infection
Colon surgery
S edatives
Dr. Chetan Wasekar
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) cause is DNA mismatch repair [ID 253]
DNA mismatch causes a bubble in the strand where the two nucleotides don't match.
This looks like the ensuing polyps that arise in the colon.
See diagram.
IBD: extraintestinal manifestations [ID 284]
A PIE SAC:
Aphthous ulcers
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Iritis
55
Erythema nodosum
S clerosing cholangitis
89
Arthritis
38
Clubbing of fingertips
9
86
,9
IBD: surgery indications [ID 209]
M
"I CHOP":
Infection
O
Carcinoma
.C
Haemorrhage
Obstruction
Perforation
IA
D
"Chop" convenient since surgery chops them open.
IN

@
G
Liver failure (chronic): signs found on the arms Hi Yield [ID 2304]
IN
CLAPS:
H
Clubbing
AC
Leukonychia
Asterixis
CO
Palmar erythema
S cratch marks
A-
Jason
W
H
Pancreatitis (acute): causes Hi Yield [ID 143]

S
GET SMASHED:
VI
Gallstones
Ethanol
R.
Trauma
D
S teroids
Mumps
Autoimmune (PAN)
S corpion stings
Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia
ERCP
Drugs (including azathioprine and diuretics)
Note: 'Get Smashed' is slang in some countries for drinking, and ethanol is an important pancreatitis cause.
Chris Perry Edinburgh Medical School
Pancreatitis: criteria Hi Yield [ID 917]
PANCREAS:
PaO2 below 8
Age >55
Neutrophils: WCC >15
Calcium below 2
Renal: Urea >16
Enzymes: LDH >600; AST >200
Albumin below 32
S ugar: Glucose >10 (unless diabetic patient)
Daniel Henning 4th yr Medical Student, Belfast, UK
Pancreatitis: Ranson criteria for pancreatitis at admission Hi Yield [ID 1055]
LEGAL:
55
Leukocytes > 16.000
Enzyme AST > 250
89
Glucose > 200
38
Age > 55
LDH > 350
9
86
Pedro Tulio
,9
Pancreatitis: Ranson criteria for pancreatitis: at admission Hi Yield [ID 999]
M
"GA LAW" (GA is abbreviation for the U.S. state of Georgia):
O
Glucose >200
.C
AST >250
LDH >350
Age >55 y.o.
IA
D
WBC >16000
IN

@
G
Pancreatitis: Ranson criteria for pancreatitis: initial 48 hours [ID 1000]

IN
"C & HOBBS" (Calvin and Hobbes):

H
Calcium < 8
AC
Hct drop > 10%

Oxygen < 60 mm
CO
BUN > 5
Base deficit > 4
S equestration of fluid > 6L
A-

W
H
Splenomegaly: causes [ID 3066]

S
VI
CHINA:
Congestion/ Cellular infiltration
R.
Haematological (eg haemolytic anaemia, Sickle cell)

D
Infection/ Infarction (eg malaria, GF, CMV)

Neoplasia (eg CML, lymphoma, other myeloproliferative)
Autoimmune
Ulcerative colitis: complications [ID 620]
"PAST Colitis":
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Ankylosing spondylitis
S clerosing pericholangitis
Toxic megacolon
Colon carcinoma
Ritu Garg
Ulcerative colitis: definition of a severe attack [ID 2719]
A STATE:
Anemia less than 10g/dl
S tool frequency greater than 6 stools/day with blood
Temperature greater than 37.5
55
Albumin less than 30g/L
Tachycardia greater than 90bpm
89
ESR greater than 30mm/hr
38
Anil Pandit Manipal College of Mecdical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
9
86
Vomiting: extra GI differential Hi Yield [ID 2720]
,9
VOMITING:
M
Vestibular disturbance/ Vagal (reflex pain)
Opiates
O
Migrane/ Metabolic (DKA, gastroparesis, hypercalcemia)
.C
Infections
Toxicity (cytotoxic, digitalis toxicity)
Increased ICP, Ingested alcohol
IA
D
Neurogenic, psychogenic
IN
Gestation
@
Anil Pandit, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal

G
IN
Whipple's disease: clinical manifestations [ID 2147]

H
SHELDA:
AC
S erositis
Hyperpigmentation of skin
CO
Eating less (weight loss)

Lymphadenopathy
Diarrhea
A-
Arthritis
W

Pedro Tulio Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
S H
VI
Haemachromatosis complications Hi Yield [ID 888]
"HaemoChromatosis Can Cause Deposits Anywhere":

R.
Hypogonadism
D
Cancer (hepatocellular)
Cirrhosis
Cardiomyopathy
Diabetes mellitus
Arthropathy
Logan Mitchell Dunedin Medical School, New Zealand
Diabetic ketoacidosis: precipitating factors Hi Yield [ID 2023]
5 I's:
Infection
Ischaemia (cardiac, mesenteric)
Infarction
Ignorance (poor control)
Intoxication (alcohol)
James Thomas
Liver failure: decompensating chronic liver failure differential [ID 2742]
HEPATICUS:
Haemorrhage
Electrolyte disturbance
Protein load/ Paracetamol
55
Alcohol binge
Trauma
89
Infection
38
Constipation
Uraemia
9
S edatives/ S hunt/ S urgery
86
,9
Jude McSharry University College Hospital Galway
M
O
CHIMP:
.C
Cysts
Haematological ( eg CML, myelofibrosis)
Infective (eg viral (IM), bacterial)
IA
D
Metabolic/ Misc (eg amyloid, Gauchers)
IN
Portal hypertension
@
Mel
G
IN
GENETICS
H
AC
Achrondroplasia dwarfism: inheritance pattern [ID 426]
Achondroplasia Dwarfism is Autosomal Dominant.

CO

A-
APKD: genetics [ID 959]

W
ADult Polycystic Kidney Disease is

H
Autosomal
S
Dominant
VI
Also, "Polycystic kidney" has 16 letters and is due to a defect on chromosome 16.
R.

D
Bartter syndrome: inheritance [ID 1310]
BARtter syndrome is autosomal recessive (AR).

DiGeorge/ Velocardiofacial syndrome: features Hi Yield [ID 1041]
CATCH 22:
Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia
22q11 deletion
Tumor suppressor vs. proto-onogene mutations: recessive vs. dominant [ID 252]
"Recess Suppress":
Tumor suppressor mutations are recessive.
Proto-oncogenes are opposite (dominant).
55
89
38
Tay Sach's features Hi Yield [ID 829]
SACHS:
9
86
S pot in macula
Ashkenazic Jews
,9
CNS degeneration
M
Hex A deficiency
S torage disease
O
Extra details with TAY:
.C
Testing recommended
Autosomal recessive/ Amaurosis
Young death (<4 yrs)
IA
D
IN

@
Blots: function of Southern vs. Northern vs. Western Hi Yield [ID 269]
G
"SN0W DR0P":
IN
Match up the 1st word letter with 2nd word letter:

H
S outhern=DNA
AC
Northern=RNA
Western=Protein
CO
The 0's in snow drop are zeros, since there is no Eastern blot.
A-
W
Cell cycle stages Hi Yield [ID 129]

H
"Go S ally Go! Make Children!":

S
G1 phase (Growth phase 1)

VI
S phase (DNA Synthesis)

G2 phase (Growth phase 2)
R.
M phase (Mitosis)
D
C phase (Cytokinesis)
Chromosome 15 diseases Hi Yield [ID 1287]
Chromosome 15 has its own MAP:

Marfan syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Christopher Jordan UAG
Codons: nonsense mutation Hi Yield [ID 2061]
"Stop talking nonsense!":
Nonsense mutation causes premature stop.
Cri-du-chat syndrome: chromosomal deletion causing it is 5p(-) Hi Yield [ID 408]
What's another name for a cat that's five letters long and starts with a P? (Answer: pussy).
Why is the cat crying? Missing its P.
DNA: Z vs. B form: which is inactive Hi Yield [ID 2250]
ZZZZ is sleeping (inactive).

B form is therefore active DNA.
55
89
38
Down syndrome features: complete Hi Yield [ID 865]
9
"My CHILD HAS PROBLEM!":
86
Congenital heart disease/ Cataracts
Hypotonia/ Hypothyroidism
,9
Incure 5th finger/ Increased gap between 1st and 2nd toe
M
Leukemia risk x2/ Lung problem
O
Duodenal atresia/ Delayed development
Hirshsprung's disease/ Hearing loss
.C
Alzheimer's disease/ Alantoaxial instability
S quint/ S hort neck IA
D
Protruding tongue/ Palm crease
Round face/ Rolling eye (nystagmus)
IN
Occiput flat/ Oblique eye fissure

@
Brushfield spot/ Brachycephaly

Low nasal bridge/ Language problem
G
Epicanthic fold/ Ear folded

IN
Mental retardation/ Myoclonus

H

Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Medical Student '03, Hong Kong University
AC
Down syndrome pathology Hi Yield [ID 803]

CO
DOWN:
A-
Decreased alpha-fetoprotein and unconjugated estriol (maternal)

One extra chromosome twenty-one
W
Women of advanced age

H
Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis

S

VI

R.
Exon vs. intron function [ID 31]

D
Exons Expressed.
InTrons In Trash.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: causes for deviations from it [ID 147]
"Maggie May Does Not S moke":
Mutations
Migration
Drift
Non-random mating
S election
Hurler syndrome features Hi Yield [ID 820]
HURLER'S:
Heptosplenomegaly
Ugly facies
Recessive (AR inheritance)
55
L-iduronidase deficiency (alpha)
Eyes clouded
89
Retarded
38
S hort/ S tubby fingers
9
86
,9
Imprinting diseases: Prader-Willi and Angelman Hi Yield [ID 699]
M
"Pray to an Angel":
Prader-Willi and Angelman are the 2 classic imprinting diseases.
O
Which disease results, depends on whether 15q deletion is maternal or paternal. Keep them straight by:
.C
Paternal is Prader-Willi.
See diagram for cardinal symptom of each disease.
IA
D
IN
@
Marfan syndrome features Hi Yield [ID 642]

G
MARFAN'S:
IN
Mitral valve prolapse

H
Aortic Aneurysm
AC
Retinal detachment
Fibrillin
CO
Arachnodactyly
Negative Nitroprusside test (differentiates from homocystinuria)
S ubluxated lens
A-

W
Rinku Uberoi and Wabbas Mahmud UNIBE and Punjab Medical College Faisalabad, Pakistan
H
Nucleotides: class having the single ring Hi Yield [ID 32]

S
VI
"Pyrimadines are CUT from purines"

Pyrimidines are:
R.
Cytosine
D
Uracil
Thiamine
They are cut from purines so the pyrimadines must be smaller (one ring).
Nucleotides: double vs. triple bonded basepairs Hi Yield [ID 2060]
"TU bonds" (two bonds):

T-A and U-A have Two bonds.
G-C therefore has the three bonds.
Nucleotides: purines Hi Yield [ID 2365]
"AGUA PURa":
Adenine and GUAnine are PURines.
"Agua pura" is spanish for "pure water".
Patricia Sanchez INTEC University, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Nucleotides: purines vs. pyrimidines [ID 1228]
"Guardian Angels are Pure, with two Wings":

G and A are Purines, with two Rings.
See diagram.
V. Coleman University of Washington SOM, Seattle
55
89
38
Nucleotides: which are purines Hi Yield [ID 415]
9
"Pure Silver":
86
Chemical formula of Pure silver is Ag.
Therefore, Purines are Adenine and Guanine.
,9
M
Jason Mounts Medical College of Georgia
O
Pedigree symbols: gender and affected [ID 113]
.C
Gender: The cIRcle is a gIRl [so boys are squares].
IA
Affected: Black plague was a disease, so black-filled symbol means an affected/diseased person [so non-
D
filled-in is unaffected].
IN

@
G
IN
H
Pyrimidines nucleotides Hi Yield [ID 320]

AC
"CUT the PY" (cut the pie):

Cytosine
CO
Uracil
Thiamine
A-
are the PYrimidines

W

S H
HISTOLOGY
VI
R.
Taste buds: vallate vs. fungiform distribution [ID 281]

D
Cross sectional shape of the top of the bud tells their distribution.
Vallate: has a shallow 'V' at the top, so has a 'V' distribution at the back of the tongue.
Fungiform: top is round so it is towards the round end of the tongue.
See diagram.
Note vallate is also sometimes called circumvallate.
Erythropoiesis stages [ID 1264]
"Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment":
Proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatic erythroblast
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
Samuel Atom Haek-Kim
Vascular endothelium: simplified cross-section Hi Yield [ID 2165]
LIMA:
Lumen
Intima
55
Media
Adventitia
89
9 38
Adrenal cortex layers [for Florida Gator fans] [ID 490]
86
"Gator Football Rocks!":
,9
From outside inwards:
M
Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
O
Reticularis
.C
Anonymous Contributor IA
D
Pancreatic exocrine cells: nuclei [ID 282]
IN
A cells are indented around the capital A.

@
B cells have a round nucleus like a B lymphocyte.

See diagram.
G
D cells have Different shapes and sizes.

IN

H
AC
CO
Pituitary: anterior pituitary products: acidophilic vs basophilic [ID 1165]

A-
Acidophilic:
GPA:
W
Growth hormone
H
Prolactin
S
Acidophilic
VI
Basophilic:
B-FLAT
R.
Basophilic
D
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Epidermis layers [ID 441]
"Come, Let's Get S un Burned":
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
S pinosum
Basale [Germinativum]
Alternatively: "Can Lori Get S ome Gas?"
Alternatively: "Can Little Girls S peak German?"
Alternatively: "Can Larry Get S ome Beer?"
Marcus Lee and Jon Markley and Twinkle and Lea Riche and Anonymous Contributor IMU and Medical student and Nursing Student
55
"Bad S kin Gets Little Calluses":
From deep to superficial:
89
Basale
38
S pinosum
Granulosum
9
Lucidum
86
Corneum
,9
M
O
.C
"Bull S #it Grandma Likes C*ck!":
In order from deep to superficial:
Basale
IA
D
S pinosum
IN
Granulosum
Lucidum
@
Corneum
G

IN
H
Epidermis layers [for Star Trek fans] [ID 294]

AC
"Brent S piner Gained Lieutenant Commander":

CO
From deep to superficial:

Basale
S pinosum
A-
Granulosum
W
Lucidum
H
Corneum
S
VI
R.
Hair: 4 layers of germinal matrix product [ID 1062]

D
"Mary Can't C*ck S uck":

From centre to periphery:
Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle
S heaths
Basophil morphology [ID 77]
Basophil has Big Blue Balls (granules).
Basophil vs. eosinophils: effect for allergic persons [ID 2619]
Basophils are "Bad-o-phils" because they contribute to our allergic reactions.

Eosinophils are "Easy-on-me-phils" because they counteract our allergic reactions.
Andrew Hammer
Leukocytes: granulated and agranulated [ID 762]
"BEN Loves Money":

Granulocytes:
Basophil
55
Eosinophil
Neurophil
89
Agranulocytes:
38
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
9
86
Alternatively: Granpa BEN..." to keep the granulated group straight.
,9
Priya and Abe UNIBE
M
Mast cell primary granule contents [ID 910]
O
"Master, His Hepes Causes Choking & Gagging!":
.C
Mast = Mast cell
His = Histamine IA
D
He= Heparin
C = Chymase
IN
Ch = Chemotactic factor for eosinophils

@
Gag = GAGase
G
Ms Sushi UCLA Medicine

IN
H
Neutrophil's 2 distinctive physical features [ID 119]

AC
1: There's up to 5 lobes of the nucleus joined by thin appendages. Tie this to it being a neutrophil nucleus by
arranging the 5 lobes into a capital N for Neutrophil.
CO
2: the chicken leg (Barr Body) sticking out. Say it out loud: chick-N. The chick-N leg is for Neutrophil.
A-

W
S H
VI
White blood cell relative concentrations [ID 385]

R.
"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas":

From greatest to least:
D
Neutrophils (65%)
Lymphocytes (25%)
Monocytes (6%)
Eosinophils (3%)
Basophils (1%)
Alternatively: "Nine Little Monkeys Eating Bananas".
Alternatively: "Noone Likes My Educational Background".
Alternatively: "Never Let Mamma Eat Beans".
Can remember that Eosinophils is 3%, by the mirror image of E is 3.
Anonymous Contributor and Dr. Atif Farooq and Anonymous Contributor University of Sydney, Australia and Rawalpindi Medical College,
Islamabad, Pakistan and Nurse
Muscle cells: cardiac vs. skeletal's nuclei location/number [ID 308]
Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is located in human body.

Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart muscle has nucleus in middle.
Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei are at periphery.
Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus per heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal muscles, so
have many nuclei per long fibre.
See diagram.
Muscle fiber: types [ID 1822]
Type 1:
"1 slow fat red ox":
-slow twitch
55
-lipid accumulation
-red fibers
89
-oxidative
38
Type 2:
"2 fast skinny white breasts":
9
86
-fast twitch
-low lipid
,9
-white fibers, like chicken breasts
M
Ocean University of Texas Medical Branch
O
.C
Muscle sarcomere bands [ID 379]
"Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle": IA

D
From the Z disk, working inward, remembering symmetry:
Z I A H M H A I Z.
IN
Alternatively: "Zoe Is A Horny Momma".

@

Jeremy Smith and Josh Kunken GSU Undergrad and University of California, Berkeley
G
IN
Muscle sarcomere: A vs. I as light or dark [ID 50]

H
There is only one vowel in "dark" and one vowel in "light".

AC
These one vowels match up to their one letter names:

DArk band is the A band.
CO
LIght band is the I band.

A-

W
Muscle sarcomere: H line vs. Z disc location [ID 107]

H
HAZI (Hazy):
S
H line is in A-band.
VI
Z disc is in the I band.

R.
Sujay Patel University College Dublin

D
Cochlea chambers: ones with perilymph vs. endolymph [ID 51]
PerI- ones also end with 'I': vestibulI and tympanI.

Therefore, perilymph is in scala vestibuli and scala tympani, and the endolymph is in the scala media.
Organ of corti: location [ID 3246]
The organ of COrti
is inside the COchlea.
Rinku Uberoi Willsey Institute
Schwann cell only myelinates 1 axon Hi Yield [ID 1130]
SchWANN = sounds like ONE.

A single Schwann cell only myelinates one PNS axon.
Collagen: location of types [ID 3159]
Type One: bONE

Type Two: CarTwolage
55
Type Four: "Four on the Floor" [automotive transmission term] basement membrane (the "floor") is mostly Type IV collagen
89
38
Extracellular matrix components [ID 2983]
9
86
"HELP Form Collagen":
Hyaluronic acid
,9
Elastin
M
Laminin
O
Proteoglycan
Fibronectin
.C
Collagen
Kelvin University of Hong Kong
IA
D
IN
Epiphyseal plate: zones [ID 3263]

@
"Real People Have Career Opportunities":

G
Resting zone
IN
Proliferative zone
Hypertrophic zone
H
Calcified cartilage zone

AC
Ossification zone
CO
Gonzalo Baylor College of Medicine
IMMUNOLOGY
A-
W
Chrug-Strauss syndrome: symptoms and signs Hi Yield [ID 3054]

H
PAVE:
S
VI
P-ANCA
Asthma
R.
Vasculitis
D
Eosinophilia
Marcus Fidel UNM School of Medicine
Graves disease: etiology [ID 2319]
In Graves disease, the thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins are of the IgG class.

Lupus signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 321]
SOAP BRAIN:
S erositis [pleuritis, pericarditis]
Oral ulcers
Arthritis
Photosensitivity
Blood [all are low - anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia]
Renal [protein]
ANA
Immunologic [DS DNA, etc.]
Neurologic [psych, seizures]
Acute inflammation features [ID 249]
55
SLIPR:
S welling
89
Loss of function
38
Increased heat
Pain
9
Redness
86
"What a cute pair of slippers" can be used to tie acute inflammation to SLIPR.
,9
M
O
Celiac sprue features Hi Yield [ID 811]
.C
CELIAC:
Cell-mediated autoimmune disease
European descent
IA
D
Lymphocytes in Lamina propria/ Lymphoma risk
IN
Intolerance of gluten (wheat)

Atrophy of villi in small intestine/ Abnormal D-xylose test
@
Childhood presentation
G
Atrophied villi cause less absorption, so diarrhea, weight loss, less energy.
IN

H
AC
Complement cascade initiating items: alternative vs. classic Hi Yield [ID 783]
CO
Classic: Combined Complexes.

Alternative: Activators Alone, or IgA.
Complexes are made of Ab and Ag combined together.
A-
Examples of activators: endotoxin, microbial surface.

W

S H
VI
Complement: function of C3a versus C3b Hi Yield [ID 485]
C3a: Activates Acute [inflammation].

R.
C3b: Bonds Bacteria [to macrophages--easier digestion].

D
If wish to know more than just C3:

C3a, C4a, C5a activate acute.
C3b, C4b bind bacteria.
Robert O'Connor and Marcus Fidel University College Dublin and UNM
Dendritic cell: function [ID 2590]
DENDRITIC CELL:
Disguised in host tissue (but still have same function!)
ECF ingestion
Nothing left to chance (ensures an immune response)
Derived from bone marrow
Regulates the immune response
Induces an immune response (makes it unique among antigen presenting cells)
Transfers information from the ECF into the cell
Immune tolerance (increases it)
Co-ordinates the adaptive and innate immune systems
Captures and processes antigen
Expresses lymphocyte costimulatory molecules
Llong processes extend from cell (stellate shaped)
Lives in lymphoid tissue
S ecretes cytokine to initiate immune response
55
89
Dave Colbert Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia
38
DiGeorge Syndrome: features Hi Yield [ID 2773]
9
The disease of T's:
86
Third and 4th pharyngeal pouch absent.
,9
Twenty-Two chromosome
T-cells absent
M
Tetany: hypocalcemia
O
.C
Goodpasture's Syndrome components

D
GoodPasture is Glomerulonephritis and Pnuemonitits.
IN
From autoantibodies attacking Glomerular and Pulmonary basement membranes.

@

G
IN
Histamine: features [ID 1453]

H
HISTAMINE:
AC
HCL production
Inflammation
CO
S trong vasodilator
Therapeutic vaue none
Allergy
A-
Mast cells
W
Neurotransmitter/ Narrow airways

H
IgE
S
Dr. Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujranwala

VI
R.
HLA-B27 associated diseases [ID 1338]

D
PAIR:
Psoriasis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Reiter's syndrome
Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan
HLA-DR genetic predisposition immune disease examples [ID 629]
HLA-DR:
Hashimoto's disease
Leukemia/ Lupus
Autoimmune adrenalitis/ Anemia (pernicious)
Diabetes insipidous
Robert O'Connor and Dr. Chetan Wiskar
Hypersensitivity reactions: Gell and Goombs nomenclature Hi Yield [ID 104]
ACID
From I to IV:
Anaphylactic type: type I
Cytotoxic type: type II
55
Immune complex disease: type III
Delayed hypersensitivity (cell mediated): type IV
89
9 38
Hypersensitivity: type IV example [ID 838]
86
Poison IVy causes type IV hypersensitivity.
,9
M
O
Immunoglobulin (Ig) types: the important ones worth remembering, in order of appearance Hi Yield [ID 106]
.C
MAGDElaine (a girl's name):
IgM IA
D
IgA
IgG
IN
IgD
@
IgE
Magdelaine tells you the order they usually appear: M first, then A or G.
G
Alternatively: IgM is IMmediate.

IN

H
Magdelaine Deeby and Anonymous Contributor University College Dublin and University of Aberdeen
AC
Immunoglobulins, and order B cells present them Hi Yield [ID 2131]

CO
MADGE (character from the old dishwashing liquid commercial):

IgM
A-
IgA
IgD
W
IgG
H
IgE
S
Order of presentation by B cells (which is made first, IgD or IgM?) B cells present IgM primarily, and then IgD.
VI
Just remember why all of us are going through this pain...to become M.D's. For a B cell to be competent, it must get its MD.
Finally, by the same rule, B cells must first release M then G immunoglobulin on primary exposure.
R.

D
Tevis Anthony Verrett Creighton University School of Medicine
Immunoglobulins: which crosses the placenta [ID 870]
IgG crosses the placenta during Gestation.

Interferon gamma: action on macrophages Hi Yield [ID 877]
"Th1nk BIG Mac Attack":
Th1 and NK cells Build Interferon Gamma.
Causes Macrophages to have an augmented Attack [by better lysosome function and increasing reactive oxygen metabolites, nitric oxide and
defensins].
MHC I vs. II: T cell interaction Hi Yield [ID 105]
The "=8" equation:

2x4=8, and 1x8=8.
MHC II goes with CD4.
MHC I goes with CD8.
55
MHC I vs. MHC II properties Hi Yield [ID 625]
89
"Immunity helps to exterminate fun for bacteria"
38
See attached chart.
9
86
,9
M
O
.C
MHC: loci creating class I vs. II [ID 2089]
Class 1 has 1 letter: IA

D
HLA I is HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C.
Class 2 has 2 letters:
IN
HLA II is HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR.

@

G
IN
Passive vs. active immunity [ID 961]

H
"Pay for Passive, Active Ages":

AC
Passive:Pay for a shot of antibodies for fast results following exposure to Rabies, etc.
Active: Slow onset ("aging") and memory.
CO

A-
Sjogren syndrome: morphology Hi Yield [ID 796]

W
"Jog through the MAPLES":

H
Sjogren is:
S
Mouth dry
VI
Arthritis
R.
Parotid enlarged
Lymphoma
D
Eyes dry
S icca (primary) or S econdary
See diagram.
T and B cells: types Hi Yield [ID 1982]
When bacteria enter body, T-cell says to B: "Help Me Catch S ome!" B-cell replies: "My Pleasure!":
T-cell types:
Helper
Memory
Cytotoxic
S uppressor
B-cell types:
Memory cell
Plasma cell
INTERNAL MEDICINE / FAMILY PRACTICE
55
Abdominal pain: medical causes [ID 1803]
89
"ABDOMENAL PANE" [abdominal pain]:
Acute rheumatic fever
38
Blood [purpura, a/c hemolytic crisis]
9
DKA
86
cOllagen vascular disease
Migraine [abdominal migraine]
,9
Epilepsy [abdominal epilepsy]
M
Nephron [uremia]
O
Abdominal angina
Lead
.C
Porphyria
Arsenic IA
NSAID's
D
Enteric fever
IN

Dr. Sonali Vadi
@
G
Haemobilia: features [ID 1806]

IN
MOB:
H
Melaena
AC
Obstructive jaundice
Biliary colic
CO

Dr. Harsh Sharma
A-
Ileus: causes Hi Yield [ID 1997]

W
MD SPUGERS:
H
Mesenteric ischemia
S
Drugs (see below)

VI
S urgical (post-op)
Peritonitis/ Pancreatitis (sentinnel loop)
R.
Unresolved mechanical obstruction (eg mass, intussusception, blockage)

D
Gram negative sepsis

Electrolyte imbalance (eg hypokalemia)
Retroperitoneal bleed or hematoma
S pinal or pelvic fracture
Drugs are Aluminum hydroxide, Ba++, Ca carbonate, opiates, TCA, verapamil.
Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program
ACEI: contraindictions Hi Yield [ID 2565]
PARK:
Pregnancy
Allergy
Renal artery stenosis
K increase (hyperkalemia)
Anthony Chan
ADP: role in platelet aggregation [ID 1016]
ADP = Aggregation from the Dense bodies of Platelets.

Anemia: non-megaloblastic causes of macrocytic anemia Hi Yield [ID 2511]
55
HAND LAMP:
Hypothyroidism
89
Aplastic anaemia
38
Neonates
Drugs
9
86
Liver disease
Alcohol
,9
Myelodyplasia
M
Pregnancy
O
Philip Robinson Wellington School of Medicine, Otago University
.C
Anion gap metabolic acidosis: causes IA Hi Yield [ID 1203]
D
A MUDPILE CAT:
Alcohol
IN
Methanol
@
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
G
Paraldehyde
IN
Iron/ Isoniazid
H
Lactic acidosis
AC
Ethylene glycol
Carbamazepine
CO
Aspirin
Toluene
A-
Mohamed Azim MD Pediatric Surgeon, Alexandria University, Egypt

W
H
Haematology: key numbers [ID 140]

S
3 and 4 are key in in haematology:

VI
1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin.

There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin.
R.
There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil.

D
There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin.

Haemoptysis: causes [ID 2904]
CAVITATES:
CHF
Airway disease, bronchiectasis
Vasculitis/ Vascular malformations
Infection (eg TB)
Trauma
Anticoagulation
Tumour
Embolism
S tomach
Fahed Al-Daour
HbA2: concentration in normal blood [ID 1331]
55
HbA2:
Concentration of HbA2 is 2% in normal adult blood.
89
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College , Horizon Medical Institute. Pakistan
9 38
Macrocytic anemia: causes Hi Yield [ID 1859]
86
ABCDEF:
,9
Alcohol + liver disease
M
B12 deficiency
Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis)
O
Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems)
.C
Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)
IA
D
Anthony Chan
IN
Metabolic acidosis: causes Hi Yield [ID 1660]

@
USED CAR:
G
Ureteroenterostomy
IN
S aline hydration
H
Endocrinopathies (hyperparathyroid, hyperthyroid, Addison's)

AC
Diarrhea/ DKA/ Drugs

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
CO
Ammonium chloride
Renal tubular acidosis
Alternatively: USED CARP, to include Parenteral nutrition/ Pancreatic fistula.
A-

W
J.J.H. and Vince Yamashiroya Good Samaritan Hospital and Not Specified
H
Metabolic acidosis: causes Hi Yield [ID 1873]

S
VI
KUSSMAL:
Ketoacidosis
R.
Uraemia
D
S epsis
S alicylates
Methanol
Alcohol
Lactic acidosis
Steve Gust Gove District Hospital, NT Australia
Non-gap acidosis: causes Hi Yield [ID 1797]
HARD UP:
Hyperalimentation
Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
RTA
Diarrhea
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Pancreatic fistula
James Reeves Emory University School of Medicine
NSAIDs: contraindications Hi Yield [ID 2564]
NSAID:
Nursing and pregnancy
S erious bleeding
55
Allergy/ Asthma/ Angioedema
Impaired renal function
89
Drug (anticoagulant)
38
Anthony Chan
9
86
Pancytopaenia differential Hi Yield [ID 2648]
,9
"All Of My Blood Has Taken S ome Poison":
M
Aplastic anaemias
Overwhelming sepsis
O
Megaloblastic anaemias
.C
Bone marrow infiltration
Hypersplenism
TB
IA
D
S LE
IN
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

@
Dr. Trisan W. Graham

G
IN
Raynaud's disease: causes Hi Yield [ID 1917]

H
BAD CT:
AC
Blood disorders (eg polycythaemia)

Arterial (eg atherosclerosis, Buerger's)
CO
Drugs (eg beta-blockers)

Connective tissue disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE)
Traumatic (eg vibration injury)
A-

W
Gajan Rajeswaran Final Year Medical Student, Imperial College School Of Medicine, London
H
Sickle cell disease complications [ID 747]

S
VI
SICKLE:
S trokes/ S welling of hands and feet/ S pleen problems
R.
Infections/ Infarctions
D
Crises (painful, sequestration, aplastic)/ Cholelithiasis/ Chest syndrome/ Chronic hemolysis/ Cardiac problems
Kidney disease
Liver disease/ Lung problems
Erection (priapism)/ Eye problems (retinopathy)
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
Toxicity/ sepsis: signs [ID 1858]
6 T's:
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Tremors
Toxic look
Tiredness
Temperature (fever)
Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
Ulcers: types Hi Yield [ID 2039]
VAN:
Venous/ Vasculitic
Arterial
55
Neuropathic
89
Anonymous Contributor University of Sydney, Australia
38
Acromegaly symptoms Hi Yield [ID 2555]
9
86
ABCDEF:
Arthralgia/ Arthritis
,9
Blood pressure raised
M
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Diabetes
O
Enlargemed organs
.C
Field defect
IA
D
IN
Gynecomastia: common causes [ID 1039]

@
GYNECOMASTIA:
Genetic Gender disorder (Klinefelter)
G
Young boy (pubertal)*

IN
Neonate*
H
Estrogen
AC
Cirrhosis/ Cimetidine/ Ca Channel blockers

Old age*
CO
Marijuana
Alcoholism
S pironolactone
A-
Tumors (Testicular & adrenal)

W
Isoniazid/ Inhibition of testosterone

H
Antineoplastics (Alkylating Agents)/ Antifungal(ketoconazole)

* Asterisk indicates physiologic cause.
S
VI

R.
D
Hypercalcemia causes Hi Yield [ID 1568]
MD PIMPS ME:
Malignancy
Diuretics (thiazide the main culprit)
Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)
Immobilization/ Idiopathic
Megadoses of vitamins A,D
Paget's disease
S arcoidosis
Milk alkali syndrome
Endocrine (Addison's disease, thyrotoxicosis)
Hypercalcemia: causes Hi Yield [ID 1614]
GRIM FED:
Granulomas (sarcoid, TB),
Renal faliure
Immobility (esp. long term)
Malignancy
Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
Endocrine (see below for subtypes)
Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium)
Endocrine causes are PATH:
Phaeochromocytoma
Addison's disease
Thyrotoxicosis
55
Hyperparathyroidism
89
Steve London, England
38
Hypercalcemia: differential Hi Yield [ID 1651]
9
86
VITAMIN TRAPS:
Vitamin A and D intoxication
,9
Immobilization
M
Thyrotoxicosis
Addison's disease/ Acidosis
O
Milk-alkali syndrome
.C
Inflammatory disorders
Neoplastic disease IA
Thiazides, other drugs
D
Rhabdomyolysis
IN
AIDS
@
Paget's disease/ Parenteral nutrition/ Parathyroid disease

S arcoidosis
G

IN
H
Thyroid storm: initial management [ID 1730]

AC
PCP'S:
CO
PTU - 1 gm po
Corticosteroids
A-
Propranolol
S SKI
W

S H
VI
Pressure Sore: Norton Score [ID 2566]
MAGIC:
R.
Mobility
D
ADL
General condition
Incontinence
Conscious level
Anthony Chan
Pruritus without rash: DDx Hi Yield [ID 2255]
ITCHING DX:
Infections (scabies, toxocariasis, etc)
Thyroidal and other endocrinopathies (eg diabetes mellitus)
Cancer
Hematologic diseases (eg iron deficiency)/ Hepatopathies/ HIV
Idiopathic
Neurotic
Gravid (pruritus of pregancy)
Drugs
eXcretory dysfunctions (eg uremia)
Rashes: time of appearance after fever onset Hi Yield [ID 1128]
55
"Really S ick Children Must Take No Exercise":
Number of days after fever onset that a rash will appear:
89
1 Day: Rubella
38
2 Days: S carlet fever/ S mallpox
3 Days: Chickenpox
9
4 Days: Measles (and see the Koplik spots one day prior to rash)
86
5 Days: Typhus & rickettsia (this is variable)
,9
6 Days: Nothing
7 Days: Enteric fever (salmonella)
M
O
Anonymous Contributor Rivka Zieff Hospital Dept. of Pediatrics, Tzfat, Israel
.C
Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis
"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss":
D
There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis.
IN

Ibrahim Mansoor King Edward Medical College
@
G
Allopurinol: indications [ID 1893]

IN
STORE:
H
S tones (history of renal stones)

AC
Tophaceous gout (chronic)

Over-producers of urate
CO
Renal disease
Elderly
Bonus: Probenecid indications are basically the opposite of STORE (no renal stone history, etc.).
A-

W

H
Dialysis indications Hi Yield [ID 2242]

S
VI
HAVE PEE:
Hyperkalemia (refractory)
R.
Acidosis (refractory)
D
Volume overload
Elevated BUN (> 36 mM)
Pericarditis
Encephalopathy
Edema (pulmonary)
Tim Welke and Darren Yuen University of Toronto Medical School
Renal failure (acute): management Hi Yield [ID 1778]
Manage AEIOU:
Anemia/ Acidosis
Electrolyte and fluids
Infections
Other measures (eg nutrition, nausea, vomiting
Uremia
Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
SIADH: causes Hi Yield [ID 1963]
SIADH:
S urgery
Intracranial: infection, head injury, CVA
Alveolar: Ca, pus
55
Drugs: opiates,antiepileptics, cytotoxics, anti-psychotics
Hormonal: hypothyroid, low corticosteroid level
89
Steve Gust Gove District Hospital, NT, Australia
38
9
SIADH: diagnostic sign Hi Yield [ID 1703]
86
Syndrome of INAPPropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone:
,9
Increased
M
Na (sodium)
PP (urine)
O
SIADH is characterized by increased urinary sodium.
.C
Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital IA
D
SIADH: major signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1810]
IN
SIADH:
@
S pasms
Isn't any pitting edema (key DDx)
G
Anorexia
IN
Disorientation (and other psychoses)

H
Hyponatremia
AC
Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC

CO
Eosinophilia: differential Hi Yield [ID 1680]

A-
NAACP:
Neoplasm
W
Allergy/ Asthma
H
Addison's disease
S
Collagen vascular diseases

VI
Parasites
R.
D
Polycythemia Rubra Vera (PRV): common symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1118]
PRV:
Plethora/ Pruritis
Ringing in ears
Visual blurriness
SLE: factors that make SLE active Hi Yield [ID 2247]
UV PRISM:
UV (sunshine)
Pregnancy
Reduced drug (eg steroid)
Infection
S tress
More drug
Splenomegaly: causes Hi Yield [ID 1935]
CHICAGO:
Cancer
Hem, onc
55
Infection
Congestion (portal hypertension)
89
Autoimmune (RA, SLE)
38
Glycogen storage disorders
Other (amyloidosis)
9
86
Gerard Dang Chicago Medical School
,9
M
HICCUPS:
O
Haematological
.C
Infective : Kala azar, malaria, enteric fever
IA
Congestive: CCF, constrictive pericarditis, IVC thrombosis, Hepatic vein thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis and splenic vein thrombosis
Collagen diseases: SLE, Felty's syndrome
D
Unknown etiology: tropical splenomegaly
IN
Primary malignacies (secondaries are rare)

S torage diseases: Gaucher's disease, Niemman Pick
@

G
Saurav Pokharel MBBS Student, Final year

IN
Horner's syndrome: components [ID 2395]

H
AC
SAMPLE:
S ympathetic chain injury
CO
Anhidrosis
Miosis
Ptosis
A-
Loss of ciliospinal reflex

W
Enophthalmos
H

Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India
S
VI
Lead poisoning (chronic): features [ID 1923]

R.
ABCDEFGHI:
D
Anaemia/ Anorexia/ Arthralgia/ Abortion/ Atrophy of optic nerve

Basophilic stippling of RBC (punctate basophilia)/ Burtonian line on gums
Colic/ Constipation/ Coprophyrin excess in urine/ Cerebraloedema
Drop (wrist, foot)
Encephalopathy/ Emaciation
Foul smell of breath/ Failure of kidneys/ Fanconi syndrome
Gonadal dysfunction/ Gout-like picture
High BP/ Headache/ Hallucination/ Hyperaesthesia
Impotence/ Insomnia/ Irritability
Lethargy, malaise causes [ID 1109]
FATIGUED:
Fat/ Food (poor diet)
Anemia
Tumor
Infection (HIV, endocarditis)
General joint or liver disease
Uremia
Endocrine (Addison's, myxedema)
Diabetes/ Depression/ Drugs
Thickened nerves: causes [ID 1808]
HANDS:
55
Hansen's (leprosy)
Amyloidosis
89
Neurofibromatosis
38
Diabetes mellitus
S arcoidosis
9
86
Dr. Harsh Sharma
,9
Back pain causes Hi Yield [ID 237]
M
DISK MASS (since near vertebral disc):
O
Degeneration (DJD, osteoporosis, spondylosis)
.C
Infection (UTI, PID, Pott's disease, osteomyelitis, prostatitis)/ Injury, fracture or compression fracture
IA
S pondylitis (ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE)
Kidney (stones, infarction, infection)
D
Multiple myeloma/ Metastasis (from cancers of breast, kidney, lung, prostate, thyroid)
IN
Abdominal pain (referred to the back)/ Aneurysm

S kin (herpes zoster)/ S train/ S coliosis and lordosis
@
S lipped disk/ S pondylolisthesis

G

IN
H
Behcet's syndrome: diagnostic criteria [ID 1863]

AC
PROSE:
CO
Pathergy test (i/d saline injection)

Recurrent genital ulceration
Oral ulceration (recurrent)
A-
S kin lesions
W
Eye lesions
H
Oral ulceration is central criteria, plus any 2 others.

S

VI
R.
Ducket John's: major criteria [ID 1339]

D
ACNES:
Arthritis
Carditis
Nodule (subcutaneous)
Erythrema marginatum
S ydenham chorea
Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan
Fall: differential [ID 2791]
I SAVED PANGS:
Illness
S yncope
Accident
Vision
Epilepsy (or other fit)
Drugs
Psychiatric (eg dementia)
Anaemia
Neurological (Parkinsons, cerebellar, neuropathy)
Glucose (hypoglycemia)
S troke
Steve
55
ICU management: A to Z [ID 1563]
89
A: Asepsis/ Airway
38
B: Bed sore/ encourage Breathing/ Blood pressure
C: Circulation/ encourage Coughing/ Consciousness
9
D: Drains
86
E: ECG
,9
F: Fluid status
G: GI losses/ Gag reflex
M
H: Head positioning/ Height
O
I: Insensible losses
.C
J: Jugular venous pulse
K: Kindness
L: Limb care/ Label
IA
D
M: Mouth care
IN
N: Nociception/ Nutrition
O: Oxygenation/ Orient the patient
@
P: Pulse/ Peristalsis/ Physiotherapy

G
Q: Quiet surroundings
IN
R: Respiratory rate/ Restraint

S : Stress ulcer/ Suctioning
H
T: Temperature
AC
U: Urine
V: Ventilator
CO
W: Wounds/ Weight
X: Xerosis
A-
Y: whY
Z: Zestful care of the patient
W

H
Dr. Sonali Vadi

S
VI
Left iliac fossa: causes of pain [ID 1584]

R.
SUPER CLOT:
S igmoid diverticulitis
D
Uteric colic
PID
Ectopic pregnancy
Rectus sheath haematoma
Colorectal carcinoma
Left sided lower love pneumonia
Ovarian cyst (rupture, torture)
Threatened abortion/ Testicular torsion
Sports injuries: course of action [ID 235]
RICE:
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
RICE especially for fractures, sprains, muscle strains, contusions
Alternatively: I=Immobilization, C=Cold compresses.
Acute stridor: differential Hi Yield [ID 1650]
ABCDEFGH:
With fever:
Abscess
55
Bacterial tracheitis
Croup
89
Diphtheria
38
Epiglottitis
Without fever:
9
Foreign body
86
Gas (Toxic Gas)
,9
Hypersensitivity
M
O
.C
Bronchiectasis: causes Hi Yield [ID 2624]
A SICK AIRWAY:
Airway lesion, chronic obstruction
IA
D
S equestration
IN
Infection, inflamation
Cystic fibrosis
@
Kartagners syndrome
G
Allergic brochopulmonary aspergilliosis

IN
Immunodeficiencies (hypogammaglobinaemia, myeloma, lymphoma)

Reflux, inhalation injury
H
William Campbell syndrome (and other congenitals)

AC
Aspiration
Yellow nail syndrome/ Young syndrome
CO

Mr. LW Mason 4th Year Medical Student
A-
W
Bronchiectasis: differential Hi Yield [ID 548]

H
BRONCHIECTASIS:
Bronchial cyst
S
VI
Repeated gastric acid aspiration

Or due to foreign bodies
R.
Necrotizing pneumonia
D
Chemical corrosive substances

Hypogammaglobulinemia
Immotile cilia syndrome
Eosinophilia (pulmonary)
Cystic fibrosis
Tuberculosis (primary)
Atopic bronchial asthma
S treptococcal pneumonia
In Young's syndrome
S taphylococcal pneumonia
Benson Moses Benjamin JSS Medical College Mysore India
Caplan syndrome: characteristics [ID 2479]
CAPlan:
Coal worker pneumoconiosis
Arthritis
Pulmonary nodule
Chronic cough: full differential [ID 2901]
GASPS AND COUGH:

GORD
Asthma
S moking, chronic bronchitis
Post-infection
55
S inusitis, post-nasal drip
ACE inhibitor
89
Neoplasm
38
Diverticulum
Congestive heart failure
9
86
Outer ear
Upper airway obstruction
,9
GI-airway fistula
M
Hypersensitivity
O
Fahed Al-Daour
.C
Clubbing: respiratory causes IA [ID 1589]
D
ABCDEF:
Abcess (lung)
IN
Bronchiectasis (including CF)

@
Cancer (lung)
Decreased oxygen (hypoxia)
G
Empyaema
IN
Fibrosing alveolitis
H

AC
Dyspnea: causes [ID 2903]

CO
SHE PANTS:
A-
S tress, anxiety
Heart disease
W
Emboli
H
Pulmonary disease
S
Anaemia
VI
Neuromuscular disease
Trachea obstruction
R.
S leep disorder
D

Fahed Al-Daour
Hemoptysis: causes [ID 1802]
HEMOPTYSIS:
Haemorrhagic diathesis
Edema [LVF due to mitral stenosis]
Malignancy
Others [eg: vasculitis]
Pulmonary vascular abnormalities
Trauma
Your treatment [anticoagulants]
S LE
Infarction in lungs
S eptic
Dr. Sonali Vadi
Pleural effusion: investigations [ID 2812]
PLEURA:
Pleural fluid (thoracentesis)
Lung, pleural biopsy
ESR
Ultrasound
Radiogram
Analysis of blood
Huiquan Zhao Children Hospital, Cincinnati
55
89
Pulmonary edema: treatment Hi Yield [ID 1678]
38
LMNOP:
Lasix
9
Morphine
86
Nitrates (NTG)
,9
Oxygen
Position (upright vs. flat)
M
O
Jeff Gilfor, M.D.
.C
Pulmonary edema: treatments IA [ID 1597]
MAD DOG:
D
Morphine
IN
Aminophylline
@
Digitalis
Diuretics
G
Oxygen
IN
GGases in blood (ABG's)

H
AC
Pulmonary fibrosis: causes Hi Yield [ID 2045]

CO
SCAR:
A-
Upper lobe:
S ilicosis/ S arcoidosis
W
Coal worker pneumonconiosis

H
Radiation
S
VI
Lower lobe:
S ystemic sclerosis
R.
Cyptogenic fibrosing alveolitis

D
Asbetosis
Anthony Chan
Respiratory disease: hand signs [ID 1585]
CASH:
Clubbing
Asterixis
S mall muscle wasting
HPOA
Wheezing: causes Hi Yield [ID 2905]
ASTHMA:
Asthma
S mall airways disease
Tracheal obstruction
Heart failure
55
Mastocytosis or carcinoid
Anaphylaxis or allergy
89
9 38
Back trouble causes [ID 165]
86
O, VERSALIUS (Versalius was the name of a famous physician):
,9
Osteomyelitis
M
Vertebral fracture
Extraspinal tumour
O
S pondylolisthesis
.C
Lumbar disk increase
Intraspinal tumor
IA
D
Unhappiness
IN
S tress
@
G
IN
INTERVIEWING / PHYSICAL EXAM

H
AC
Abdomen assessment [ID 1543]
To assess abdomen, palpate all 4 quadrants for DR. GERM:

CO
Distension: liver problems, bowel obstruction

Rigidity (board like): bleeding
A-
Guarding: muscular tension when touched

Eviseration/ Ecchymosis
W
Rebound tenderness: infection

H
Masses
S

VI
Lyssa Lenske Mount Saint Mary's College BSN Program

R.
Alcohol abuse screening questions [ID 139]

D
CAGE:
1. Ever felt it necessary to Cut down on drinking?
2. Has anyone ever said they felt Annoyed by your drinking?
3. Ever felt Guilty about drinking?
4. Ever felt a need to have a morning drink as an Eye opener?
Vomiting: non-GIT differential [ID 323]
ABCDEFGHI:
Acute renal failure
Brain [increased ICP]
Cardiac [inferior MI]
DKA
Ears [labyrinthitis]
Foreign substances [Tylenol, theo, etc.]
Glaucoma
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis]
Branham sign: definition [ID 2278]
55
BRAnham sign:
BRAdycardia after compression or excision of a large AV fistula.
89
9 38
Heart ausculation sites: ribs [ID 3236]
86
Apt. M 225A:
,9
Aortic valve
M
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
O
Mitral valve
.C
In order they correspond with the following landmarks:
2nd intercostal space (right)
2nd intercostal space (left)
IA
D
5th intercostal space (left)
IN
Apex (still the 5th intercostal space)

@
John Medical school

G
IN
Heart valve auscultation sites Hi Yield [ID 543]

H
"All Patients Take Meds":

AC
Reading from top left:

Aortic
CO
Pulmonary
Tricuspid
Mitral
A-
See diagram.
W
Alternatively: All Prostitutes Take Money.

H
Alternatively: APe To Man.

S
Anonymous Contributor and Raarsi and Dana M. Not specified and University of Birmingham Medical School and MCC Michigan
VI
R.
Heart valve auscultation sites Hi Yield [ID 1784]

D
"All People Try Marijuana":

Aortic
Pulmonic
Tricuspid
Mitral
Leah Harris Tufts University School of Medicine
Eyes: abbreviations for the eyes [ID 405]
You look OUt with Both eyes.
Take the Right dose so you won't OD [overdose].
The only one that is Left is OS.
Both eyes=OU, Right eye=OD, Left eye=OS.
Deborah Belty, RN, MS Tulsa Community College
Glasgow coma scale: components and numbers Hi Yield [ID 2288]
Scale types is 3 V's:

Visual response
Verbal response
Vibratory (motor) response
Scale scores are 4,5,6:
Scale of 4: see so much more
55
Scale of 5: talking jive
Scale of 6: feels the pricks (if testing motor by pain withdrawl)
89
Rinku Uberoi and Robert O'Connor
9 38
Mental state examination: stages in order [ID 2150]
86
"Assessed Mental S tate To Be Positively Clinically Unremarkable":
,9
Appearance and behaviour [observe state, clothing...]
M
Mood [recent spirit]
S peech [rate, form, content]
O
Thinking [thoughts, perceptions]
.C
Behavioural abnormalities
Perception abnormalities
Cognition [time, place, age...]
IA
D
Understanding of condition [ideas, expectations, concerns]
IN

Hafizur Rahman MRI-Manchester Med School
@
G
Pain history checklist [ID 339]

IN
OPQRSTU:
H
Onset of pain (time, duration)

AC
Palliative factors for pain

Quality of pain (throbbing, stabbing, dull, etc.)
CO
Region of body affected

S everity of pain (usually scale of 1-10)
Timing of pain (after exercise, in evening, etc.)
A-
U: How does it affect 'U' in your daily life?

W
May wish to expand to OPPQRRSTTUVW, with the extra letters representing:

H
Provocative factors
Radiation (how does pain spread)
S
VI
Treatments tried
Deja Vu: Has this happened before?
R.
Worry: What do you think or fear that it is?

D

Midnight Medic and Robert Lueken and Michael Waddell Paramedic in Texas and Eastern Virginia Medical School and University of Wisconsin
Medical School
"On Days Feeling Low Character, Run A S even Pace Race":
Onset
Duration
Frequency
Location
Character
Radiation
S everity
Precipitating factors
Relieving factors
Carrie Davis, RNC, MSN, WHNP Obici Health System
55
ASK LAST:
Aggravating/ Alleviating
89
S everity
38
Karacter
Location
9
Associated symptoms
86
S etting
,9
Timing
M
Miguel Gonzalez Chicago Medical School
O
.C
SOCRATES:
S ite
IA
D
Onset
IN
Character
Radiation
@
Alleviating factors/ Associated symptoms

G
Timing (duration, frequency)

IN
S everity
H
Alternatively, S igns and S ymptoms with the 'S'.

AC

Piyush and Shirish Toshniwal and Jonathan Round and Neil Mckeon Cambridge and Smt. NHL Medical College, Ahmedabad and RFUCMS
CO

A-
LOST WAR:
W
Location
H
Onset
S everity
S
VI
Time
Worsening factors
R.
Alleviating factors
D
Radiation
Jane Day Nottingham Medical School
CHLORIDE:
CHaracter (stabbing, throbbing, etc.)
Location
Onset
Radiation
Intensity
Duration
Exacerbating and alleviating factors
Anonymous Contributor Student
MR. C T FARADS:
Main site
55
Radiation
Character
89
Timing
38
Frequency
Associated factors
9
Relieving factors
86
Aggravating factors
,9
Duration
S everity
M
O
.C
Pain history checklist
CLITORIS:
IA [ID 1781]
D
Character
IN
Location
Intensity
@
Timing
G
Onset
IN
Radiating
Irritating and relieving factors
H
S ymptoms associated
AC

Nick Rukin Birmingham Medical School, UK
CO

A-
COLDER BARS:
W
Character
H
Onset
Location
S
VI
Duration
R.
Radiation
D
Before (ever happened before)

Associated symptoms
Relieving factors
S everity
Marcus Chia University of Sydney Medical Program
SO CRAP:
S ite
Onset
Character
Radiates to
Associated symptoms/ Alleviating and exacerbating factors
Periodicity
Polly Weston Bristol University Med School
Abdominal swelling causes [ID 194]
9 F's:
Fat
Feces
55
Fluid
Flatus
89
Fetus
38
Full-sized tumors
Full bladder
9
Fibroids
86
False pregnancy
,9
Richard Thompson and Alex Queens University, Belfast, NI and Not Specified
M
O
Clinical examination: initial Inspection of patient from end of bed [ID 3076]
.C
ABC:
Appearance (SOB, pain, etc)
Behaviour
IA
D
Connections (drips, inhalers, etc connected to patient)
IN

@
G
Differential diagnosis [ID 1141]

IN
CIMETIDINE:
H
Congenital
AC
Infection/ Inflammatory
Metabolic
CO
Endocrine
Trauma
Iatrogenic
A-
Degenerative
W
Idiopathic
H
Neoplastic
Everything else
S
VI

Chng Chiaw Ling NUS, Singapore
R.
D
Differential diagnosis checklist [ID 342]
"A VITAMIN C"

A and C stand for Acquired and Congenital
VITAMIN stands for:
Vascular
Inflammatory (Infectious and non-Infectious)
Trauma/ Toxins
Autoimmune
Metabolic
Idiopathic
Neoplastic
Example usage: List causes of decreased vision: Central retinal artery occlusion, Retinitis pigmentosa, Perforation to gobe, Chronic Gentamycin
use, Ruematoid arthritis, Diabetes, Idiopathic, Any eye tumor, Myopia.
Nizaar Lilla University Of Cape Town Medical School
"I VINDICATE AID":

Idiopathic
Vascular
Infectious
Neoplastic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Congenital
Autoimmune
Traumatic
Endocrinal and metabolic
55
Allergic
89
Iatrogenic
Drugs
38
9
86
,9
DIRECTION:
M
Drugs
O
Infection
.C
Rheumatologic
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
IA
D
Trauma
IN
Inflammatory
Other
@
Neoplasm
G

IN
Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

H
Family history (FH) [ID 1830]

AC
BALD CHASM:
Blood pressure (high)
CO
Arthritis
Lung disease
A-
Diabetes
W
Cancer
Heart disease
H
Alcoholism
S
S troke
VI
Mental health disorders (depression, etc.)

R.

D
Four point physical assessment of a disease [ID 593]
"I'm A People Person":

Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Health related behavior (HRB) topics: history taking [ID 1890]
"Healthy SEEDS":
S ubstances (alcohol, tobacco, IV drugs?)
Environment (hazards at home or work? feel safe?)
Exercise (what do you do? how often do you do it?)
Diet (any special diet?)
S ex (active with m/f/both? >1 partner? safe sex? STD history? difficulty with arousal or orgasm? history of abuse?)
I find this order works well: patients most expect to be asked about alcohol and they least want to talk about their STD history, but taking a
solid HRB history first reassures them that it's all part of good medical care.
Patrick Lee UCSF Medical School
History taking -past medical history [ID 2825]
ABCDEFGHI:
Asthma
55
Blood pressure (say: 'blood pressure problems')
CVA (say: 'stroke')
89
Diabetes mellitus (say: 'diabetes')
38
Epilepsy
Fever, rheumatic
9
Gastrointestinal (jaundice)
86
Heart attack
,9
Infection (TB)
M
Dave Gale Sheffield University Medical School
O
.C
History, HCFA components for E+M coding [ID 2110]
Q LSD MCAT:
Quality
IA
D
Location
IN
S everity
Duration
@
Modifying factors
G
Context
IN
Associated signs and symptoms

Timing
H

AC
Robert P Lemmon III, MD Village Family Medicine

CO
History: quick EMS medical history checklist [ID 338]
SAMPLE:
A-
S igns/ S ymptoms
W
Allergies
H
Medications
Pertinent history
S
VI
Last oral intake

Events preceding this incident
R.

D
Medical history: disease checklist [ID 407]
MJ THREADS:
Myocardial infarction
Jaundice
Tuberculosis
Hypertension
Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatoid arthritis
Epilepsy
Asthma
Diabetes
S trokes
Aside: "History" album was by Michael Jackson (MJ).
Soumendra Datta University College London Medical School
Past medical history (PMH) [ID 1828]
VAMP THIS:
Vices (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, sexual risks)
Allergies
Medications
Preexisting medical conditions
Trauma
Hospitalizations
Immunizations
S urgeries
55
89
Pathologic classification [ID 1881]
38
NIT DIT FIT:
9
Neoplastic
86
Infectious
,9
Traumatic
Degenerative/ Drugs
M
Immune
O
Toxic
.C
Vascular
Inflammatory
Totally obscure
IA
D
IN
Darren Markland University of Alberta

@
Patient examination organization [ID 203]

G
SOAP:
IN
S ubjective: what the patient says.

H
Objective: what the examiner observes.

Assessment: what the examiner thinks is going on.
AC
Plan: what they intend to do about it.

CO
Richard Rathe, MD University of Florida

A-
Patient profile (PP) [ID 1829]

W
LADDERS:
H
Living situation/ Lifestyle

Anxiety
S
VI
Depression
Daily activities (describe a typical day)
R.
Environmental risks/ Exposure

D
Relationships
S upport system/ S tress
Patient's model of illness (illness history) [ID 3016]
"DC REF Fears Similar Decision At ER":
Definition
Cause
Reasoning
Effect
Future
Fears and concerns
Similar experiences
Decision-making
Attempts at treatment
Expectations of treatment
Results
Michael Huang School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia
55
Physical exam for 'lumps and bumps' [ID 615]
89
"6 S tudents and 3 Teachers go for CAMPFIRE":
38
S ite, S ize, S hape, S urface, S kin, S car
Tenderness, Temperature, Transillumination
9
Consistency
86
Attachment
,9
Mobility
Pulsation
M
Fluctuation
O
Irreducibility
.C
Regional lymph nodes
Edge
IA
D
Lau Yue Young Geoffrey
IN
Physical examination - correct order [ID 2813]

@
"I Palpate People's Abdomens":

G
Inspection
IN
Palpation
Percussion
H
Auscultation
AC

Jim McHugh St George's, London
CO
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin: history taking [ID 1885]

A-
SIT ON FRAD:
W
S exual history
H
Immunisation status
Travel history
S
VI
Occupational history
Nutrition (consumption of dairy products, etc.)
R.
Family history
D
Recreational habits
Animal contacts (including ticks and other vectors)
Drug history
Dr. Sonali Vadi
Short statue causes [ID 866]
RETARD HEIGHT:
Rickets
Endocrine (cretinism, hypopituitarism, Cushing's)
Turner syndrome
Achondroplasia
Respiratory(suppurative lung disease)
Down syndrome
Hereditary
Environmental (postirradiation, postinfectious)
IUGR
GI (malabsorption)
Heart (congenital heart disease)
Tilted backbone (scoliosis)
55
89
Sign vs. symptom [ID 396]
38
sIgn: something I can detect even if patient is unconscious.
sYMptom is something only hYM knows about.
9
86
,9
Sign vs. symptom [ID 1246]
M
Remember Ace of Base's song that goes like this:
O
"I Saw the Sign, and it opened up my eyes".
.C
The physician sees the signs.
Lee
IA
D
IN
Surgical sieve [ID 650]

@
VANISHED:
Vascular
G
Accident & trauma

IN
Neoplastic
H
Inflammatory
AC
S eptic
Haematologic/ Hereditary
CO
Endocrinological
Degenerative
A-
Anonymous Contributor University of Otago Medical School, New Zealand

W
H
Surgical sieve for diagnostic categories [ID 2116]

S
INVESTIGATIONS:
VI
Iatrogenic
Neoplastic
R.
Vascular
D
Endocrine
S tructural/ Mechanical
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Genetic/ Congenital
Autoimmune
Toxic
Infective
Old age/ Degenerative
Nutritional
S pontaneous/ Idiopathic
Neil Curran Medical Student, Otago University New Zealand
Symptom attributes [ID 509]
"FAST LQQ'S":
Factors that make it better/worse
Associated manifestations
S etting
Timing
Location
Quality
Quantity
S everity
Ron Norman AECC
55
Symptom sieve [ID 819]
89
"TIN CAN BED DIP POG":
Trauma
38
Infection
Neoplasm
9
86
Cardiac
Autoimmune
,9
Neurological
M
Blood/ Bone
Endocrine
O
Disintegration/ Degeneration
.C
Drugs
Iatrogenic/ Idiopathic IA
Psychological
D
Paediatric
IN
Obstetric
@
Gynaecological
G
IN
Systems review: systems checklist [ID 2683]

H
AC
I PUNCH EAR:
Integumental
CO
Pulmonary
Urogenital
A-
Nervous
Cardiovascular
W
Hematolymphoid
H
Endocrine
Alimentary
S
VI
Reproductive
R.
Beth Ann Young and Robert O'Connor Kent State Univeristy, Nursing Student and University College Dublin
D
Ascultation: crackles (rales) [ID 898]
"PEBbles":
Pneumonia
Edema of lung
Bronchitis
Consolidations: sound [ID 1801]
Consolidations
Conduct
Consonants
Clearly
Elden Rand BAMC, San Antonio, TX
Breast history checklist [ID 1919]
LMNOP:
Lump
Mammary changes
Nipple changes
Other symptoms
Patient risk factors
55
89
MICROBIOLOGY
9 38
86
Clostridium difficile: disease caused Hi Yield [ID 47]
,9
"Difficult to be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling diarrhea, because it would smell and there would be no air in there.
Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea and is an anaeorbe (no air).
M
O
.C
E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors Hi Yield [ID 887]
DUNG:
IA
D
Diarrhea
IN
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
@
Gram negative sepsis

G
Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

IN

H
AC
E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each Hi Yield [ID 2184]
"HIT by E. coli outbreak":

CO
EnteroHemorrhagic:
HUS from Hamburgers
A-
EnteroInvasive:
W
Immune-mediated Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
H
Traveller's diarrhea
S

VI

R.
Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, action Hi Yield [ID 46]

D
EntAmoeba causes Amoebic dysEntery.

Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.
Food poisoning: bugs inducing Hi Yield [ID 2695]
"Eating Contaminated S tuff Causes Very Big S melly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
S almonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
S taphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]
Joel Camilo Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Hepatitis: oral-fecal transmitted types Hi Yield [ID 1015]
"A$$ Eaters":
55
Types A and E by oral-fecal route.
89
38
Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion [ID 2674]
9
86
"ATE eggs":
Ascaris Lumbricoides
,9
Trichuris trichuira
M
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)
O
.C
Leena Alexander Texas, USA
Vibrio: motility
IA [ID 839]
D
"Vibrio Vibrates":
IN
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

@

G
IN
Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis [ID 1952]

H
"With Negative Tests, Investigators S hould Focus Attention S omewhere Meaningful":

AC
Wrong diagnosis
Noninfectious endocarditis
CO
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course)

obligate Intracellular organisms
A-
S low growing fastidious organisms

Fungal infection
W
Antibiotic used previously

H
S ubacute right-sided endocarditis

S
Mural endocarditis
VI

David Lucey University College Dublin
R.
D
Endocarditis: indications for surgery [ID 1953]
PUS RIVER:
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Uncontrolled infection
S upporative local complications with conduction abnormalities
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive heart failure
Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it [ID 1951]
"High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":

Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR
Psedomonas aeruginosa: features [ID 1999]
AERUGINOSA:
55
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
89
Rod/ Resistance
38
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
9
86
Iron-containing lesions
Negative gram
,9
Odor of grapes
M
S lime capsule sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili
O
.C
Joyce Egbe
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation

IA [ID 856]
D
"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":
IN
Sore throat: 1 week ago

@
Face bloat: facial edema

Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine
G
Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat and coke".

IN

H

AC
Kidney transplant virus [ID 623]

CO
"Borrowed Kidney":
BK virus is associated with kidney transplants.
A-

W
H
Proteus: disease caused Hi Yield [ID 377]

S
Firstly, "PROTeus hates PROTons":

VI
So what does it do to fight the protons? It has a urease that raises the pH.
R.
Urea is in urine, so Proteus causes UTIs.

D
James Meltzer MSII, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Pseudomonas details Hi Yield [ID 363]
See diagram of patient.

Patient: bug commonly infects nosocomial.
Oxygen tank: oxidase positive.
IV bag: has glucose and lactose, so its OK to give because its a nonlactose fermenter.
Why giving oxygen? Because it commonly caused pneumonia.
IV in the arm: supposed to signify sepsis.
The foley: UTI.
Burn on his foot: can infect burns.
UTI-causing microorganisms Hi Yield [ID 1956]
KEEPS:
Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis
S taphylococcus saprophyticcus/ S erratia marcescens
Kok Fai Kong University of Auckland
AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing Hi Yield [ID 2261]
"The Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell Collapse":

Toxoplasma gondii
55
M. avium intracellulare
89
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
38
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
9
86
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum
,9
M
Robert Brown UTHSCSA MS2
O
Capsulated microbes Hi Yield [ID 3213]
.C
"S ome Nasty Killers Have S ome Capsule Protection":
S treptococcus pneumoniae IA
D
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pnemoniae
IN
Haemophilus influenzae
@
S almonella typhi
G
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudomanas aerigenosa
IN

H
Dr. Bijita Banerjee and Sabry Kamel University of Calcutta, West-Bengal, India and Not Specified
AC
Endotoxin features [ID 638]

CO
ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
A-
Negative (gram- bacteria)

DIC/ Death
W
Outer membrane
H
TNF
S
O-antigen
VI
X-tremely heat stable

IL-1
R.
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

D

Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
HIV infection: high-risk groups [ID 1245]
HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IV drug abusers
IgA protease-producing bacteria [ID 1337]
"Nice Strip of Ham":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza
Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine
Vaccines: types [ID 2251]
STARK:
S ubunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]
55
89
38
Tetanus: treatment for infection [ID 2311]
SAD RAT:
9
86
S edation
Antitoxin
,9
Debridement
M
Relaxant
Antibiotic
O
Tracheostomy
.C
Felix Fandiñola West Visayas State University, Philippines IA
D
Meningitis: risk factors [ID 1954]
IN
"Can Induce S evere Attacks Of Head PAINS":

@
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
G
S inusitis
IN
Age extremes
H
Otitis
AC
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
CO
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
A-
S plenectomy
W

S H
VI
Toxoplasma gondii: clinical features Hi Yield [ID 1031]
Cat reservoir: a cat.

R.
Bug name is Gondii: cat has a Gandi head.

D
Cat fecal origin: cat is in the litter box.

Causes brain infection, diagnosed by CAT scan: a "CAT" scan of Gandi's brain.
Toxic to eyes: Gandi has cat eyes.
Lymph nodes enlarged: large nodes around neck.
Affects fetus: small kitten in womb.
AIDS patient commonly: cat is very skinny, like an AIDS patient.
See diagram.
Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations Hi Yield [ID 2053]
"My Cat Eats Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis
Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused Hi Yield [ID 2120]
"I went on a TRYP to AFRICA":

TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness.
55
Capsulated bacteria Hi Yield [ID 2593]
"S ome Bacteria Have An Effective Paste S urrounding Membrane Yielding Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
89
S trep pneumonia
38
Bacteroides
H. influenza
9
86
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
,9
Pasteurella
M
S almonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
O
Yersinia pestis
.C
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
IA
D
Klebsiella
IN

Michel Nawfal
@
G
Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body location [ID 2100]

IN
Elementary: Extracellular
H
Initial: Intracellular
AC
CO
Common cold: viral causes Hi Yield [ID 1731]

A-
"Common cold (acute infectious rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":

Paramyxoviruses
W
Rhinoviruses
H
Influenza viruses
S
Myxoviruses
VI
Adenoviruses
R.
D
DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb Hi Yield [ID 1608]
DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).
Gram positive stain Hi Yield [ID 1668]
Gram Positives
Stain Purple (violet-blue)
because of their thick Peptidoglycan layer
JuP University of Washington
Gram staining: mechanism [ID 1160]
"Murein gets the red out" [Allusion to an old eye-wash slogan]:

Peptidoglycan (aka murein) remains purple during Gram staining. The Gram negatives, devoid of murein, are red.
Thus, murein prevents redness and are purple (positive).
Caoimhín P. Connell Industrial Hygienist
Gram+: bacterial cell wall Hi Yield [ID 840]
55
Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
89
+eichoic acid in wall.
38
Gilvano Amorim Oliveira Universidade de santo Amaro- São Paulo Brasil.
9
86
Hemophilius: culture requirements Hi Yield [ID 1591]
,9
Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
M
Needs Heme with Factors Five and Ten.
O
Dr. Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujranwal
.C
Listeria: motility IA [ID 845]
D
Istanbul sounds like Listambul = list + tumble.
IN
Listeria has tumbling motility.

@

G
IN
Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis Hi Yield [ID 1905]
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.

H
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.

AC
Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test to distinguish the Neisseria types.
CO
A-
Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing Hi Yield [ID 2199]

W
ABC:
Actinomyces
H
Bacteroides
S
Clostridium
VI

R.

D
Picornavirus: features Hi Yield [ID 1849]
PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNA virus
Dr. Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujranwala
RNA enveloped viruses Hi Yield [ID 2177]
FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo
RNA viruses: negative stranded Hi Yield [ID 1940]
55
"Orthodox Rhabbi's Party Around Fine Bunnies":
Orthomyxo
89
Rhabdo
38
Paramyxo
Arena
9
Filo
86
Bunya
,9
Rodolfo Chirinos Universidad Central del Caribe, PR
M
O
RNA viruses: positive stranded Hi Yield [ID 1941]
.C
"Pico Called Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona":
Picorna
Calici
IA
D
Flavi
IN
Toga
Retro
@
Reo
G
Corona
IN

Rodolfo Chirinos Universidad Central del Caribe, PR
H
AC
Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative staphylococci [ID 848]

CO
Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin disc like an epidemic.
Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'" [short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
A-
Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

W

S H
VI
Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused Hi Yield [ID 1072]
SOFT PAINS:
R.
S kin infections
D
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
S epsis
Streptococci: classification by hemolytic ability [ID 857]
Gamma: Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).
Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused Hi Yield [ID 1816]
NIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
55
S carlet fever/ S treptococcal TSS
89
Dr. Harsh Sharma
38
Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors [ID 1640]
9
86
SMASHED:
S treptolysins
,9
M protein
M
Anti-C5a peptidase
S treptokinase
O
Hyaluronidase
.C
Exotoxin
DNAses
IA
D
IN
Streptococcus pyrogenes: antibody [ID 891]

@
SPAM:
G
S treptococcus Pyogenes: Antibody to M protein.

IN

H
AC
Typhus: Epidemic Typhus: etiologic agent, vector [ID 2750]

CO
ePidemic typhus:
Etiological agent: Rickettsia Prowazekii.
A-
Vector: Pediculus corporis (human body louse).

This is in contrast to Endemic typhus.
W

H
Joel Camilo Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

S
VI
Urease positive organisms [ID 2235]

R.
PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
D
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)

Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori
Dr. Enrique Cifuentes Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara
Influenza infection: clinical manifestations Hi Yield [ID 1955]
"Having Flu S ymptoms Can Make Moaning Children A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
S ore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion
Klebsiella details Hi Yield [ID 362]
55
You tell the patient: "Get UPS you fat alcoholic":
UTI
89
Pneumonia
38
S epsis
Fat capsule
9
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
86
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholic and nosocomial patients.
,9
M
O
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification Hi Yield [ID 668]
.C
"Rough, Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
IA
D
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.
IN

@
G
Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes [ID 145]

IN
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
H
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.

AC
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear infiltrate.

CO
Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed Hi Yield [ID 859]
A-
"Quell-lung":
W
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].

H
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].

S
You get pneumonia in your lung.

VI

R.
D
Gardnerella and Vaginalis vaginal infection diagnosis [ID 586]
"Take a whiff and get a clue for fishy bacteria":

Smells like fish (whiff test); clue cells seen under microscope.
Gardnerella= Gram negative.
Vaginalis= Variable.
Rinku S Uberoi UNIBE
Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal Infections [ID 2471]
STARCH:
S yphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis
Teratogens: placenta-crossing organisms Hi Yield [ID 2182]
ToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
55
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
89
S yphilis
38
Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV to H's, Enteroviruses.
9
86
,9
Trichomaniasis: features Hi Yield [ID 2631]
M
5 F's:
Flagella
O
Frothy discharge
.C
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx
IA
D
IN
Rinku Uberoi
@
NEUROLOGY
G
IN
Battle sign [ID 1244]

H
BattlE:
AC
Behind Ear
CO
A-
Stroke risk factors Hi Yield [ID 1064]

W
HEADS:
Hypertension/ Hyperlipidemia
H
Elderly
S
Atrial fib
VI
Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs (cocaine)

R.
S moking/ S ex (male)
D
Stroke: basic work up [ID 3089]
The 3 P's:
Pump
Pipes
Plasma
Stroke: young patient's likely causes [ID 1399]
7 C's:
Cocaine
Consanguinity [familial such as neurofibromatosis and von Hippel-Lindau]
Cancer
Cardiogenic embol
hyperCoagulation
CNS infection [eg: HIV conditions]
Congenital arterial lesion
Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, N.Y.
Proximal myopathy: differential [ID 2744]
PEACH PODS:
Polymyositis
55
Endocrine: hyper, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly
Alcohol
89
Carcinoma
38
HIV infection
Periodic hypokalemic paralysis
9
Osteomalacia
86
Drugs: steroids, statins
,9
S arcoidosis
M
O
.C
Babinski and LMN signs: conditions exhibiting them [ID 479]
"D MASTS":
Diabetes
IA
D
Motor neuron disease
IN
Ataxia (friedrichs)
S ubacute combined degeneration of cord
@
Tabo paresis
G
S yringobulbia
IN

G.S. Dutt
H
AC
Balint's syndrome [ID 2530]

CO
SOOT:
S imultagnosia
Optic ataxia
A-
Ocular apraxia
W
Tunnel vision
H

Bobby Varkey SCTIMST
S
VI
Benidict's syndrome: site affected [ID 3088]

R.
Benidict's test for sugar gives red precipitate.

D
Similarly, Benidict's syndrome affects red nucleus.

Ram Mohan Svrr Tirupathi AP India
Chorea: common causes [ID 2179]
St. VITUS'S DANCE:
S ydenhams
Vascular
Increased RBC's (polycythemia)
Toxins: CO, Mg, Hg
Uremia
S LE
S enile chorea
Drugs
APLA syndrome
Neurodegenerative conditions: HD, neuroacanthocytosis, DRPLA
Conception related: pregnancy, OCP's
Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, hypo-, hyperglycemia
55
89
Congenital myopathy: features Hi Yield [ID 2130]
38
DREAMS:
Dominantly inherited, mostly
9
Reflexes decreased
86
Enzymes normal
,9
Apathetic floppy baby
Milestones delayed
M
S keletal abnormalities
O
.C
Dementia: reversible dementia causes

D
DEMENTIA:
IN
Drugs/ Depression
Elderly
@
Multi-infarct/ Medication
G
Environmental
IN
Nutritional
Toxins
H
Ischemia
AC
Alcohol
CO

A-
Dementia: some common causes Hi Yield [ID 928]

W
DEMENTIA:
H
Diabetes
Ethanol
S
VI
Medication
Environmental (eg CO poisoning)
R.
Nutritional
D
Trauma
Infection
Alzheimer's
Dementia: treatable causes Hi Yield [ID 2127]
DEMENTIA:
Drug toxicity
Emotional (depression, anxiety, OCD, etc.)
Metabolic (electrolytes, liver dz, kidney dz, COPD)
Eyes/ Ears (peripheral sensory restrictions)
Nutrition (vitamin, iron deficiencies/ NPH [Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus]
Tumors/ Trauma (including chronic subdural hematoma)
Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, syphilis)
Arteriosclerosis and other vascular disease
Dr. Bill Lynch, originated by Dr. Jerome Yesavage Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Encephalitis: differential [ID 1503]
HE'S LATIN AMERICAN:
55
Herpesviridae
Enteroviridae (esp. Polio)
89
S low viruses (esp. JC, prions)
38
S yphilis
Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis
9
Aspergillus
86
Toxoplasmosis
,9
Intracranial pressure
Neisseria meningitidis
M
Arboviridae
O
Measles/ Mumps/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mucor
.C
E. coli
Rabies/ Rubella
Idiopathic
IA
D
Cryptococcus/ Candida
IN
Abscess
Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis
@
Neurocysticercosis should be assumed with recent Latin American immigrant patient unless proven otherwise.
G

IN
Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, NY

H
Head trauma: rapid neuro exam [ID 1691]

AC
12 P's:
Psychological (mental) status
CO
Pupils: size, symmetry, reaction

Paired ocular movememts
A-
Papilloedema
W
Pressure (BP, increased ICP)

Pulse and rate
H
Paralysis, Paresis
S
Pyramidal signs
VI
Pin prick sensory response

R.
Pee (incontinent)
Patellar relex (and others)
D
Ptosis
Reevaluate patient every 8 hrs.
Ernest Boiselier, MD and Sung Kim Attending physician, ISSSTE, Juarez, Mexico
Huntington's: chromosome, involvement Hi Yield [ID 2096]
HUNT 4 DATE:
HUNTington's on chromosome 4, with cauDATE nucleus involvement.
Syed Medical doctor
Multiple sclerosis (MS): epidemiology [ID 1066]
MS is a feminine title (Ms.) and is female predominant.
Neurofibromatosis: diagnositic criteria (type-1) Hi Yield [ID 1705]
CAFE SPOT:
Cafe-au-lait spots
Axillary, inguinal freckling
Fibroma
Eye: lisch nodules
S keletal (bowing leg, etc)
Pedigree/ Positive family history
Optic Tumor (glioma)
Hui-quan Zhao Children's Hospital Cincinnati
55
89
Neurofibromatosis: diagnostic criteria Hi Yield [ID 1324]
38
ROLANDO:
Relative (1st degree)
9
86
Osseous fibromas
Lisch nodules in eyes
,9
Axillary freckling
M
Neurofibromas
Dime size cafe au lait spots
O
Optic gliomas
.C
Balraj Jhawar The University of Western Ontario IA
D
Neuropathy: diagnosis confirmation [ID 1217]
IN
NEuropathy:
@
Nerve conduction velocity

Electromyography
G

IN
Rinku S. Uberoi
H
[ID 2074]
AC
Ocular bobbing vs. dipping

"Breakfast is fast, Dinner is slow, both go down":
CO
Bobbing is fast.
Dipping is slow.
A-
In both, the initial movement is down.

W
Parameswaran Doctor
S H
Perinaud's syndrome: clinical features [ID 3087]

VI
PERINAUD'S:
R.
Pseudo 6th nerve palsy/ Penial region

Eyelid Retraction
D
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Nystagmus
Accomodation reflex present
Upward gaze palsy
Defective convergence/ Decerebrate rigidity
S kew deviation
Ram Mohan Svrr Tirupathi AP India
Peripheral neuropathies: differential [ID 659]
DANG THERAPIST:
Diabetes
Amyloid
Nutritional (eg B12 deficiency)
Guillain-Barre
Toxic (eg amiodarone)
Heriditary
Endocrine
Recurring (10% of G-B) Alcohol
Pb (lead)
Idiopathic
S arcoid
Thyroid
Ben Campbell University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
55
89
Pin-point pupil causes [ID 364]
38
Pin-Point Pupils are due to oPioids and Pontine Pathology
9
86
,9
Pupillary dilatation (persistent): causes [ID 1918]
M
3AM:
3rd nerve palsy
O
Anti-muscarinic eye drops (eg to facilitate fundoscopy)
.C
Myotonic pupil (Holmes Adie pupil): most commonly in young women, with absent/delayed reaction to light and convergence, and of no
pathological significance.
IA
D
IN
Ramsay-Hunt syndrome: cause and common feature Hi Yield [ID 1063]

@
"Ramsay Hunt":
G
Etiology:
IN
Reactivated
H
Herpes zoster
AC
Complication:
Reduced
CO
Hearing
A-
W
Status epilepticus: treatment Hi Yield [ID 2271]

H
"Thank Goodness All Cerebral Bursts Dissipate":

S
Thiamine
VI
Glucose
Ativan
R.
Cerebyx
D
Barbiturate
Diprivan
J.D. Broughton, MD
Vertigo: differential Hi Yield [ID 932]
VOMITS:
Vestibulitis
Ototoxic drugs
Meniere's disease
Injury
Tumor
S pin (benign positional vertigo)
Dr. J.G. Norris
Visual loss: persistent bilateral sudden onset visual loss differential [ID 2571]
FLOP:
Functional
Leber's hereditary neuropathy
55
Occipital infarctions
Pituitary apoplexy
89
Dr. Bobby Varkey SCTIMST
38
9
Whipple's disease: features [for neurologists] [ID 2129]
86
A WHIPPLES DOOM
,9
Arthralgias
M
Whipplei (organism)
Hypothalamic involvement
O
Intestinal involvement/ Intestinal biopsy required
.C
PAS positive macrophages
PCR positivity
Lymphadenopathy
IA
D
Extrapyramidal involvement
IN
S eptran treat with

Dementia
@
Ocular abnormalities (vertical gaze palsy)

G
Oculomasticatory myorhythmia
IN
Myoclonus
H

AC
NEUROSCIENCES
CO
A-
Pituitary: which half is the adenohypophysis [ID 73]
The Anterior pituitary is the Adenohypophysis.

W

H
S
VI
Alzheimer's disease: common characteristics [ID 3211]

R.
ALZHEIMER'S:
Anterograde amnesia is usually first sign
D
Life expectancy increase shows more cases in recent years

Zapped (loss of) acetylcholinergic neurons
Hereditary disease
Entire hippocampus becomes affected
Identified by neurofibrillary tangles
Mutation in amyloid genes associated w/ disease
Entorhinal areas degenerate first
Retrograde amnesia ultimaltely develops
S enile plaques are formed at synapse
David H. Chafey Ponce School of Medicine
Argyll-Robertson Pupil features Hi Yield [ID 110]
Look at the math signs around the two parts of the name: A-R.
The A has no sign in front, which in math means +A (+ Accommodate).
There is a subtract sign in front of the R (- React).
Therefore, pupil can accommodate, but can't react.
Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP)

Read it from front to back: it is ARP, standing for Accomodation Reflex Present.
Read it from back to front: it is PRA, standing for Pupillary Reflex Absent.
55
89
Argyll Robertson Pupil is like a prostitute.
38
She/he will accomodate, but will not react.
9
Pupil still accomodates, but doesn't react to light.
86
Pupil is a common sign in syphilis, which is often carried by prostitutes.
,9
M
O
Auditory pathway: mandatory stops Hi Yield [ID 2080]
.C
"Come In My Baritone":
Cochlear nucleus
Inferior colliculus
IA
D
Medial geniculate nucleus
IN
Brodmann's 41 (cortex)
@
Anonymous Contributor Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

G
IN
Basal ganglia: D1 vs. D2 connections [ID 2774]
D1 has 1 connection (Striatum-GPi/SNpr).

H
D2 has 2 connections (Striatum-GPe-GPi/SNpr).

AC

Christina Billcliffe Oxford University Medical School
CO
Basal ganglia: indirect vs. direct pathway [ID 67]

A-
The Indirect pathway Inhibits.

W
Direct pathway is hence the excitatory one.

H

S
VI
Branchial arches: cranial nerve innervation Hi Yield [ID 3]

R.
In Sensory/Motor/Both mnemonic 'Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More', the B's also give Brancial arch
D
nerves in order:
But (CN 5): 1st arch
Brother (CN7): 2nd arch
Big (CN9): 3rd arch
Boobs (CN 10): 4th arch
Broca's vs. Wernick's area: effect of damage to speech center Hi Yield [ID 84]
"Broca": your speech machinery is Broken.
Broca is wanting to speak, but articulation doesn't work, and very slow.
"Wer-nick": "were" and "nick" are both words of English language, but together they are nonsensical.
Wernick is having good articulation, but saying words that don't make sense together.
Cerebellar damage signs Hi Yield [ID 434]
DASHING:
Dysdiadochokinesia
Ataxia
S peech
Hypotonia
Intention tremor
55
Nystagmus
Gait
89
9 38
Cerebellar damage signs Hi Yield [ID 1878]
86
DANISH:
,9
Dysdiadochokinesis
M
Ataxia
Nystagmus
O
Intention tremor
.C
S lurred speech
Hypotonia
IA
D
Grant Wilde and Kristian Mears University of Leicester and University of Nottingham, UK
IN
Cerebellar damage symptoms Hi Yield [ID 179]

@
VANISHeD:
G
Vertigo
IN
Ataxia
H
Nystagmus
AC
Intention tremor
S lurred speech
CO
Hypotonic reflexes
Dysdiadochokinesia.
A-
W
H
Cerebellar deep nuclei [ID 346]

S
"Ladies Demand Exceptional Generosity From Men":

VI
The 4 nuclei, from lateral to medial:

[Lateral]
R.
Dentate
D
Emboliform
Globose
Fastigial
[Medial]
Nick Loman St. Bart's/Royal London
Cerebellar deep nuclei [ID 1421]
"Fat Girls Eat Doritos":
Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate
Cerebellar functional areas Hi Yield [ID 1894]
Anatomical shape/location of cerebellar areas is a key to their function and related tract.
Vermis = Spinocerebellar = Axial equilibrium.
Vermis: right down the axis of cerebellum, and vertically segmented like a spinal column.
Flocculonodular lobe = Vestibulocerebellar = Ear, eye, body coordination.
55
Flocculonodular lobe: flares out to the edges, just like ears.
Hemispheres of cerebellum = Cerebrocerebellar = Peripheral coordination.
89
Hemispheres: around periphery of cerebellum, and tract to cerebral hemispheres.
38
Neil Bratney, M1 U. Nebraska Med Ctr
9
86
Cerebellar peduncles: afferent vs efferent [ID 1435]
,9
SEMA:
M
S uperior cerebellar peduncle
Efferent (fibres)
O
Middle cerebellar peduncle
.C
Afferent (fibres)
Durre Dow Medical College, Pakistan
IA
D
IN
Chemoreceptor trigger zone [ID 148]

@
"S yringes Help Men On Drugs":

S erotonin
G
Histamine
IN
Muscarinic
H
Opioids
AC
Dopamine
CO
Coronal section of brain: structures [ID 445]

A-
"In Extreme Conditions Eat People's Guts Instead of Their Hearts":

W
From insula to midline:

H
Insula
S
Extreme capsule
VI
Claustrum
External capsule
R.
Putamen
D
Globis pallidus
Internal capsule
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cranial nerves Hi Yield [ID 24]
"On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed S ome Hops":
In order from 1 to 12:
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory [or Vestibulocochlear]
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory [or Spinal root of the accessory]
Hypoglossal
Alternatively:"Oh! Oh! Oh! To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina, Ah! Heaven!".
55
Alternatively: "Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens".
89
Anurag Gupta Dept of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
38
9
86
"On Occasion, Old Tim Taylor Asks For Very Good Vagina And Head":
,9
From I to XII:
Olfactory
M
Optic
O
Occulomotor
.C
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
IA
D
Facial
IN
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
@
Vagus
G
Accessory
IN
Hypoglossal
H
Daniel Clapton University of Tasmania

AC

CO
"Our Officer Ordered To Touch And F#*k Virgin Girl's Vagina And Hip":
In ascending order:
A-
Olfactory
W
Optic
Occulomotor
H
Trochlear
S
Trigeminal
VI
Abducens
R.
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
D
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Dr. A. Manaf Pediatrician
"One Of Our Trained Teachers Asked For A Good Vagina And Hymen":
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Alternatively: "...Trained Tutors..."
55
D. Suresh and Dr. M.S. Vishveshwara Freeman Health System and Consultant Oncologist, Bharath Cancer Hospital, Mysore, India
89
38
"One Octopus Offered Two Toddlers And Five Virgins Great Valium And Hash":
9
Olfactory
86
Optic
,9
Oculomotor
Trochlear
M
Trigeminal
O
Abducens
.C
Facial
V>estibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
IA
D
Vagus
IN
Accesory
Hypoglossal
@

G
Whit Fisher Georgetown Med

IN

H
"Old Opticians Operate To Try Adding Fortune And Getting Vegas Another Hotel!":
AC
In order from 1 to 12:

Olfactory
CO
Optic
Occulomotor
A-
Trochlear
W
Trigeminal
Abducens
H
Facial
S
Auditory
VI
Glossopharyngeal
R.
Vagus
Accessory
D
Hypoglossal
Melissa Student in California
Cranial nerves [for political Americans] Hi Yield [ID 1154]
"Our Oval Office Tomorrow Teeters As Florida Adds George Versus Al's Handcounts":
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducent
Facial
Acoustic
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Chris Teng SUNY-HSCB Downstate College of Medicine, [Annual SUNY CN Contest Winner, 2000]
55
89
Cranial nerves [for those under stress] Hi Yield [ID 386]
38
"Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final A Good Vacation S eems Heavenly":
Olfactory
9
Optic
86
Occulomotor
,9
Trochlear
Trigeminal
M
Abducens
O
Facial
.C
Auditory
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
IA
D
S pinal root of the accessory
IN
Hypoglossal
@
G
IN
Cranial nerves [for those with a vegetable fetish] Hi Yield [ID 504]
"Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, Ah Heaven!":

H
Olfactory
AC
Optic
Oculomotor
CO
Trochlear
Trigeminal
A-
Abducens
W
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
H
Glossopharyngeal
S
Vagus
VI
Accesory
R.
Hypoglossal
D
Cranial nerves: olfactory and optic numbers [ID 20]
"You have two eyes and one nose":

Optic nerve is cranial nerve two.
Olfactory nerve is cranial nerve one.
Alternatively, note alphabetical order: oLfactory, and oPtic.
Rajael Somaskanthan Medical student, Royal Free and UCL Medical School
Cranial nerves: sensory, motor or both Hi Yield [ID 290]
"S ome S ay Marry Money But My Brother S ays Big Brains Matter More":
From I to XII:
S ensory
S ensory
Motor
Motor
Both
Motor
Both
S ensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor
Alternatives for "Brains": Boobs, Buns, Bras.
55
89
Michael Nawfal
38
Cranial nerves: sensory, motor or both [1950s style] Hi Yield [ID 450]
9
"S ome S ay Marilyn Monroe But My Brother S ays Bridget Bardot Mmm, Mmm!":
86
From I to XII:
,9
S ensory
S ensory
M
Motor
O
Motor
.C
Both
Motor
Both
IA
D
S ensory
IN
Both
Both
@
Motor
G
Motor
IN

H
AC
CSF circulation: function of choroid vs. arachnoid granules [ID 68]
Choroid Creates CSF.

CO
Arachnoid granules Absorb CSF.

A-
Jason Galarneau Flinders University, Australia

W
Dorsal= afferent, Ventral= efferent and their functions [ID 367]

H
"My friend DAVE got kicked in the behind and screamed":

S
VI
Dorsal/Afferent component is the sensation of pain coming from the rear.

Ventral/Efferent component is the motor action of screaming (which is done at front of body).
R.

D
Dysphagia vs. dysphasia [ID 310]
DysphaS ia is for S peech

DysphaGia is for your Gut [swallowing].
GABA vs. Glu: the excitatory vs. inhibitory transmitter in brain (eg in basal ganglia) [ID 69]
When you Glue two things together, you add (+) those things together, therefore Glu is the excitatory one (+).
GABA is therefore the negative one.
Geniculate bodies: medial vs. lateral system Hi Yield [ID 307]
MALE:
Medial=Auditory. Lateral=Eye.
Medial geniculate body is for auditory system, lateral geniculate body is for visual system.
Can expand to MALES to remember Lateral=Eye=S uperior colliculus (thus medial is inferior colliculus by default).
Geniculate bodies: medial vs. lateral system Hi Yield [ID 640]
55
"Lateral=Light. Medial=Music.":
Lateral geniculate body is for visual system.
89
Medial geniculate is for auditory system.
38
Matt Morgan University of Utah School of Medicine
9
86
Geniculate bodies: paired to respective colliculi Hi Yield [ID 1436]
,9
SLIM:
M
S uperior colliculi: Lateral geniculate body.
O
Inferior colliculi: Medial geniculate body.
.C
Durre Dow Medical College, Pakistan
IA
Geniculocalcarine tract [ID 2098]
D
IN
Lower bank of calcarine sulcus is the Lingual gyrus: it receives input from Lower retinal quadrants.
Therefore, Cuneus is the Upper bank of calcarine sulcus: it receives input from Upper retinal quadrants.
@
Remember: lower retinal quadrants represent superior visual field quadrants and viceversa.
G

IN
H
Hypothalamus: feeding vs. satiety center Hi Yield [ID 311]

AC
"Stim the lat, get fat":

Stimulating lateral increases hunger.
CO
"Stim the ven, get thin":

Stimulating ventromedial increases satiety.
A-

Ryan Hendren University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
W
H
Hypothalamus: feeding vs.satiety center [ID 256]

S
"Late night snack":

VI
LATEral is snacking [feeding] center.

R.
Therefore, ventromedial is satiety center.

D
Hypothalamus: general functions [ID 444]
"TALE of the hypothalamus":

Temperature
Appetite
Libido
Emotion
Lower vs. upper motor neuron lesion effects Hi Yield [ID 85]
1. "STORM, Baby"
2. 'In a Lower motor neuron lesion, everything goes Down:
STORM Baby tells you effects:
S trength
Tone
Other
Reflexes
Muscle mass
Babinski's sign
In Lower all things go down: strength, tone, reflexes, muscle mass, and the big toe down in plantar reflex (Babinski's sign is big toe up: toe up =
UMNL).
See attached chart.
55
Meninges: layers in order Hi Yield [ID 3131]
89
PAD:
38
Piamater
Arachnoid
9
Dura
86
,9
Mohammed Azizuddin Ahmed Indian Medical Council
M
Olivary nuclei: ear vs. eye roles Hi Yield [ID 2097]
O
S uperior Olivary nucleus: SOund localization.
.C
Inferior olivary nucleus is therefore the one for sight [tactile, proprioception also].
IA
D
IN
Optic chiasma: what it looks like if you're a genetics star [ID 116]
@
The optic chiasma looks the same as a chiasma in meiosis, making it easy to spot on the dissected brain.
G
IN
H
AC
CO
Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic function [ID 137]

A-
Sympathetic nervous system: "Fight or Flight".

W
Parasympathetic nervous system: "Rest and Digest".

H

S
VI
Precentral vs. postcentral gyrus: motor vs. sensory [ID 289]

R.
Just an extension of the rule that anterior = ventral = efferent = motor.

D
The precentral gyrus is on the anterior side of the brain, so is therefore motor.
Purkinje cells in cerebellum are inhibitory to deep nuclei [ID 309]
Shape of a purkinje cell in 3 dimensions is same as a policeman's hand saying "Stop".
Therefore, purkinje cells are inhibitory.
See diagram.
Spinal cord: converting ventral/ anterior/ motor/ efferent and dorsal/ posterior/ sensory/ afferent [ID 115]
A limousine:
The motor of limo is ventral and anterior on the car.
The Aerial is sensory and on the dorsal and posterior of the limo.
Note 1: 'A' is Afferent, and also, in a limo, the aerial on the top of the trunk has a capital 'A' shape.
55
Note 2: An aerial is a sensory thing: picks up radio waves.
Note 3: If picked a limo up in your hand, can only see motor on ventral, since dorsal is covered by the
89
hood/bonnet.
38
9
86
Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. Cuneatus: origin from upper vs. lower limbs [ID 277]
,9
Gracilus is the name of a muscle in the legs, so Fasciculus Gracilus is for the lower limbs.
M
By default, Fasciculus Cuneatus must be for upper limbs.
O
Jason Galarneau Flinders University
.C
Spinal tracts: simplified geography IA Hi Yield [ID 265]
D
2 posterior: cross at the medulla.
2 lateral: ipsilateral (same side).
IN
2 anterior: cross at the spinal level.

@
See diagram.
Note 1: Descending tracts on left of figure, ascending tracts on right.
G
Note 2: For ipsilaterals: one never crosses, one crosses at the level then doubles back farther up. The
IN
ipsilateral that crosses at the level (ventral spinocerebellar) is the ipsilateral closest to the 2 anterior ones,
H
which also cross at the level.

AC
Tract names in each group:

Posterior 2: lateral corticalspinal, dorsal columns. Lateral 2: dorsal spinocerebellar, ventral spinocerebellar. Anterior 2: ventral corticospinal,
CO
spinothalamic.
A-
W
Temporal lobe: location of high vs. low frequency recognition [ID 15]
H
The bass clef looks like an ear.

S
Therefore, the bass clef [low frequency] is closer to the ear, and the treble clef [high frequency] is more
VI
medial.
See diagram.
R.

D
Thirst/water balance control centre: location in hypothalamus [ID 611]
"You look up (supra...optic) at the clouds, to check if it's going to rain (water)":
Therefore, water balance is in supraoptic nucleus.
Zeiad Fakhouri
Ventricle aperatures: converting the two nomenclature types [ID 65]
Magendie foramen is the Medial aperture.
Luschka foramen is the Lateral aperture.
OBSTETRICS / GYNECOLOGY
Preeclampsia: classic triad Hi Yield [ID 1652]
PREeclampsia:
Proteinuria
Rising blood pressure
Edema
55
89
RLQ pain: brief female differential Hi Yield [ID 2071]
AEIOU:
38
Appendicitis/ Abscess
9
Ectopic pregnancy/ Endometriosis
86
Inflammatory disease (pelvic)/ IBD
,9
Ovarian cyst (rupture, torsion)
Uteric colic/ Urinary stones
M
O
.C
Abdominal pain: causes during pregnancy Hi Yield [ID 474]
LARA CROFT:
IA
D
Labour
IN
Abruption of placenta
Rupture (eg. ectopic/ uterus)
@
Abortion
G
Cholestasis
IN
Rectus sheath haematoma

Ovarian tumour
H
Fibroids
AC
Torsion of uterus
CO

A-
Alpha-fetoprotein: causes for increased maternal serum AFP during pregnancy Hi Yield [ID 849]
W
"Increased Maternal S erum Alpha Feto Protein":

Intestinal obstruction
H
Multiple gestation/ Miscalculation of gestational age/ Myeloschisis

S
S pina bifida cystica

VI
Anencephaly/ Abdominal wall defect

R.
Fetal death
Placental abruption
D

Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
Alpha-fetoprotein: some major causes for increased maternal serum AFP during pregnancy Hi Yield [ID 1818]
TOLD:
Testicular tumours
Obituary (fetal death)
Liver: hepatomas
Defects (neural tube defects)
Isae Kilonzo University College Cork, Ireland
APGAR score components Hi Yield [ID 2348]
SHIRT:
S kin color: blue or pink
Heart rate: below 100 or over 100
Irritability (response to stimulation): none, grimace or cry
Respirations: irregular or good
Tone (muscle): some flexion or active
Kimberly Scott Medical College of Virginia
Asherman syndrome features [ID 792]
ASHERMAN:
Acquired Anomaly
S econdary to S urgery
55
Hysterosalpingography confirms diagnosis
Endometrial damage/ Eugonadotropic
89
Repeated uterine trauma
38
Missed Menses
Adhesions
9
86
Normal estrogen and progesterone
,9
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
M
B-agonist tocolytic (C/I or warning) Hi Yield [ID 1113]
O
ABCDE:
.C
Angina (Heart disease)
BP high IA
D
Chorioamnionitis
Diabetes
IN
Excessive bleeding
@

Lum
G
IN
CVS and amniocentesis: when performed [ID 847]

H
"Chorionic" has 9 letters and Chorionic villus sampling performed at 9 weeks gestation.
AC
"AlphaFetoProtein" has 16 letters and it's measured at 16 weeks gestation.

CO
A-
Delivery: instrumental delivery prerequisites Hi Yield [ID 2215]
AABBCCDDEE:
W
Analgesia
H
Antisepsis
S
Bowel empty
VI
Bladder empty
R.
Cephalic presentation
Consent
D
Dilated cervix
Disproportion (no CPD)
Engaged
Episiotomy
Harold Choi Medical student in Singapore
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): 3 major causes [ID 1908]
DUB:
Don't ovulate (anovulation: 90% of cases)
Unusual corpus leuteum activity (prolonged or insufficient)
Birth control pills (since increases progesterone-estrogen ratio)
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan
Early cord clamping: indications Hi Yield [ID 2015]
RAPID CS:
Rh incompatibility
Asphyxia
Premature delivery
Infections
Diabetic mother
55
CS (caesarian section) previously, so the funda is RAPID CS
89
Rajeev and Ashish Doctors, RNTMC, UDP
38
Fetus: cardinal movements of fetus [ID 2691]
9
86
"Don't Forget I Enjoy Really Expensive Equipment":
Descent
,9
Flexion
M
Interal rotation
Extension
O
Restitution
.C
External rotation
Expulsion
IA
D
IN
Forceps: indications for delivery Hi Yield [ID 2170]

@
FORCEPS:
G
Foetus alive
IN
Os dilated
H
Ruptured membrane
AC
Cervix taken up
Engagement of head
CO
Presentation suitable
S agittal suture in AP diameter of inlet
A-
W
H
Forceps: indications for use [ID 786]

S
FORCEPS:
VI
Fully dilated cervix

0 ["Zero"] CPD
R.
Ruptured membranes
D
Cephalic or at least deliverable presentation/ Contracting uterus

Episiotomy done/ Epidural done
P!ss and S #!t (bladder and bowel empty)
Simon Holliday St. George's Hospital Medical School, UK
Gestation period, oocytes, vaginal pH, menstrual cycle: normal numbers [ID 846]
4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
400 oocytes released between menarche and menopause.
400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a normal gestation period.
IUD: side effects [ID 3161]
PAINS:
Period that is late
Abdominal cramps
Increase in body temperature
55
Noticeable vaginal discharge
S potting
89
9 38
IUGR: causes Hi Yield [ID 1975]
86
IUGR:
,9
Inherited: chromosomal and genetic disorders
M
Uterus: placental insufficency
General: maternal malnutrition, smoking
O
Rubella and other congenital infecton
.C
Anthony Chan IA
D
Labour: preterm labor causes Hi Yield [ID 3218]
IN
DISEASE:
@
Dehydration
Infection
G
S ex
IN
Exercise (strenuous)
H
Activities
AC
S tress
Environmental factor (job, etc)
CO
Alycia Ernst Banner Health AZ

A-
Multiple pregnancy complications Hi Yield [ID 2871]

W
HI, PAPA:
H
Hydramnios (Poly)
S
IUGR
VI
Preterm labour
Antepartum haemorrhage
R.
Pre-eclampsia
D
Abortion
Ashley Liew University of Glasgow, UK
Omental caking: likeliest cause Hi Yield [ID 2985]
Omental CAking = Ovarian CA

"Omental caking" is term for ascities, plus a fixed upper abdominal and pelvic mass. Almost always signifies ovarian cancer.
Oral contraceptive complications: warning signs [ID 458]
ACHES:
Abdominal pain
Chest pain
Headache (severe)
Eye (blurred vision)
S harp leg pain
Carrie Davis, RNC, MSN, WHNP Obici Health System
Oral contraceptives: side effects Hi Yield [ID 2018]
CONTRACEPTIVES:
Cholestatic jaundice
Oedema (corneal)
Nasal congestion
55
Thyroid dysfunction
Raised BP
89
Acne/ Alopecia/ Anaemia
38
Cerebrovascular disease
Elevated blood sugar
9
Porphyria/ Pigmentation/ Pancreatitis
86
Thromboembolism
,9
Intracranial hypertension
Vomiting (progesterone only)
M
Erythema nodosum/ Extrapyramidal effects
O
S ensitivity to light
.C
IA
D
Ovarian cancer: risk factors [ID 604]
IN
"Blue FILM":
Breast cancer
@
Family history
G
Infertility
IN
Low parity
Mumps
H

AC
Sung H. Kim
CO
Parity abbreviations (ie: G 3, P 2012) [ID 1428]
"To Peace And Love":

A-
T: of Term pregnancies
W
P: of Premature births
H
A: of Abortions (spontaneous or elective)

L: of Live births
S
VI
Describes the outcomes of the total number of pregnancies (Gravida).

R.
Megan Duffy Medical student, AZCOM

D
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): causes, effects Hi Yield [ID 2019]
"PID CAN be EPIC":

Causes:
Chlamydia trachomatis
Actinomycetes
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Effects:
Ectopic
Pregnancy
Infertility
Chronic pain
Scott Alexander Loma Linda University SOM
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): complications Hi Yield [ID 1112]
I FACE PID:
Infertility
Fitz-Hugh-Curitis syndrome
Abscesses
Chronic pelvic pain
Ectopic pregnancy
Peritonitis
Intestinal obstruction
Disseminated: sepsis, endocarditis, arthritis, meninigitis
Lum
55
Postpartum collapse: causes [ID 2397]
89
HEPARINS:
38
Hemorrhage
Eclampsia
9
86
Pulmonary embolism
Amniotic fluid embolism
,9
Regional anaethetic complications
M
Infarction (MI)
Neurogenic shock
O
S eptic shock
.C
Hossam Elzeiny Trainee, Royal Womens Hospital, Victoria, Australia IA
D
Post-partum haemmorrage (PPH): risk factors Hi Yield [ID 1197]
IN
PARTUM:
@
Polyhydroamnios/ Prolonged labour/ Previous cesarian

APH/ ANTH
G
Recent bleeding history

IN
Twins
H
Uterine fibroids
Multiparity
AC

Nathan Sachdev University of New South Wales, Sydney
CO
Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH): causes Hi Yield [ID 583]

A-
4 'T's:
W
Tissue (retained placenta)

H
Tone (uterine atony)

S
Trauma (traumatic delivery, episiotomy)

VI
Thrombin (coagulation disorders, DIC)

R.
Nicholas Kelly
D
Prenatal care questions [ID 781]
ABCDE:
Amniotic fluid leakage?
Bleeding vaginally?
Contractions?
Dysuria?
Edema?
Fetal movement?
Jason Bermak UC Irvine
Secondary amenorrhea: causes Hi Yield [ID 1196]
SOAP:
S tress
OCP
Anorexia
Pregnancy
Nathan Sachdev University of New South Wales, Sydney
Spontaneous abortion: definition [ID 871]
"Spontaneous abortion" has less than 20 letters [it's exactly 19 letters].

Spontaneous abortion is defined as delivery or loss of products of conception at less than 20 weeks gestation.
Rinku Uberoi
55
Vaginal pH [ID 837]
Vagina has 4 labia and normal pH of vagina is about 4.
89
38
9
86
Female pelvis: shapes Hi Yield [ID 1095]
GAP:
,9
In order from most to least common:
M
Gynecoid
O
Android /Anthropoid
Platypelloid
.C
D
OPHTHAMOLOGY / OPTOMETRY
IN
@
Red eye causes Hi Yield [ID 1151]

G
GO SUCK:
IN
Glaucoma
Orbital disease
H
S cleritis
AC
Uveitis
Conjunctivitis
CO
Keratitis
A-
W
Anopsia: quarantic anopsia: location of lesion Hi Yield [ID 2601]

H
Upper: Top: Temporal lesions.

S
VI
Lower: Pits: Parietal lesions.

R.
Sung Hoon Kim Wonkang Univ Medical school, South Korea

D
Cataracts: causes Hi Yield [ID 1973]
ABCDE:
Aging
Bang: trauma, other injuries (eg infrared)
Congenital
Diabetes and other metabolic disturbances (eg steroids)
Eye diseases: glaucoma, uveitis
Anthony Chan
Cataracts: causes Hi Yield [ID 2845]
CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (diabetes mellitus, Wilson's)
Cataracts: differential Hi Yield [ID 2808]
CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
55
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
89
Radiation
38
Abnormal metabolism (DM, Wilsons, etc)
9
86
,9
Corneal stromal dystrophies [ID 2371]
M
"Marilyn Monroe Gets High in LA":
Macular: Mucopolysaccharide
O
Granular: Hyaline
.C
Lattice: Amyloid
Elise R. Leonard, M.D.
IA
D
IN
Dacryocystitis, dacryoadenitis: apparatus affected Hi Yield [ID 2840]

@
Dacryocystitis, dacryadenitis:
Cry, so affects lacrimal gland.
G
Infection and inflammation, respectively.

IN

H
AC
Diplopia (uniocular): causes Hi Yield [ID 1974]

CO
ABCD:
Astigmatism
A-
Behavioral: psychogenic
Cataract
W
Dislocated lens
H

Anthony Chan
S
VI
Optic atrophy causes [ID 214]

R.
ICING:
D
Ischaemia
Compressed nerve
Intracranial pressure [raised]
Neuritis history
Glaucoma
Choroidal neovascular membrane [ID 3235]
HAMMAR:
Histoplasmosis
ARMD
Multifocal Choroiditis
Myopia
Angiod
Rupture of the choroid
Periorbital cellulitis: etiology [ID 3284]
SIGHT:
S inusitis
Insect Bite
55
Globular/ Glandular Spread
Heme Spread
89
Trauma
38
Gregory Gulick Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine
9
86
Nasopharyngeal cancer: classic symptoms [ID 2806]
,9
NOSE:
M
Neck mass
Obstructed nasal passage
O
S erous otitis media externa
.C
Epistaxis and discharge
IA
D
IN
ORTHOPEDICS
@
G
Carpal tunnel syndrome: treatment Hi Yield [ID 2070]

IN
WRIST:
Wear splints at night
H
Rest
AC
Inject steroid
S urgical decompression
CO
Take diuretics
A-

W
Fracture: how to describe [ID 544]

H
PLASTER OF PARIS:
S
Plane
VI
Location
R.
Articular cartilage involvement

S imple or comminuted
D
Type (eg Colles')

Extent
Reason
Open or closed
Foreign bodies
disPlacement
Angulation
Rotation
Impaction
S hortening
Fletcher Davies Adelaide Medical School
Bone fracture types [for Star Wars fans] [ID 181]
GO C3PO:
Greenstick
Open
Complete/ Closed/ Comminuted
Partial
Others
Note: C3P0 is droid in the Star-Wars movies.
Bryant's traction: position Hi Yield [ID 2119]
BrYant's traction:
Bent Y.
55
Patient's body is the stem of the Y laying on the bed, and legs are the ends of the Y up in the air.
89
Kayle Luther
38
Forearm fractures: bone in Monteggia vs. Galeazzi Hi Yield [ID 998]
9
86
Monteggia is fracture of ulna.
Therefore, Galeazzi is fracture of radius.
,9
M
Dr R. Coleman Junior House Officer
O
Fracture: description [ID 3164]
.C
BLT LARD:
Bone
IA
D
Location on bone
IN
Type of fracture
Lengthening
@
Angulation
G
Rotation
IN
Displacement
H
Brian Crownover Staff Family Physician, Offutt AFB, Nebraska

AC
Monoarthritis differential Hi Yield [ID 2082]

CO
GHOST:
Gout
A-
Haemarthrosis
Osteoarthritis
W
S epsis
H
Trauma
S

VI
Polly Weston Bristol University Med School

R.
Osteosarcoma: risk factors Hi Yield [ID 2125]

D
PRIMARY:
Paget's
Radiation
Infaction of bone
Male
Alcohol, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle [adults only]
Retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Young [10-20 yrs]
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone.
Pagets disease of bone: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 418]
PANICS:
Pain
Arthralgia
Nerve compression / Neural deafness
Increased bone density
Cardiac failure
S kull / S clerotic vertebrae
Andrew Young UMDS
Sacroiliitis: causes [ID 2927]
PUB CAR:
Psoriasis
55
Ulcerative colitis
Behcet's disease
89
Crohn's disease
38
Reiter's disease
9
86
Chris Brewer University of Birmingham Medical School
,9
M
Salter Harris fracture classification [ID 2632]
O
Salter Harris, modified to SALTR:
type 1: S lipped epiphysis
.C
type 2: Above the eiphyseal plate
type 3: Lower than the eiphyseal plate IA
D
type 4: Through both above and below eiphyseal plate
type 5: Raised epiphysis, as in a compression injury
IN
Salter Harris classification utilises visualising long bone distal portion with diaphysis superiorly placed and epiphysis inferiorly placed.
@

G
IN
OTHER / MISCELLANEOUS
H
AC
Syncope (fainting) treatment [ID 212]
If the face is red, raise the head.

CO
If the face is pale, raise the tail.

A-
W
Clinical essay plan [ID 2007]

H
"During Exams Please S ay S ilently I Must Prepare F***ing Well":

S
VI
Definition
Epidemiology
R.
Pathology
D
S igns and S ymptoms

Investigations
Management
Prognosis
Further Work
Kit and Gaj University College London Medical School
Healthy lifestyle modification [ID 1114]
DRAINS:
Diet
Reduce weight
Alcohol reduced
Improve circulation (exercise)
No other disease
S moking stopped
Lum
Hospice facets [ID 641]
HOSPICE:
Home
Outpatient
55
S upport groups
Pain medication/ Physical needs
89
Inpatient
38
Counseling
End-stage (terminal) illness/ Emotional needs
9
86
,9
Safety factors [ID 2030]
M
SETUP:
O
S top
.C
Environment
Traffic
Unknown hazards
IA
D
Protect yourself, patient, bystanders
IN

Robert Davis First aid facilitator
@
G
PATHOLOGY
IN
H
Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1 treatment Hi Yield [ID 2172]

AC
aCHAlasia:
1 possible cause: CHAgas' disease
CO
1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers

A-
W
Carcinoid syndrome: components Hi Yield [ID 1100]

H
CARCinoid:
S
Cutaneous flushing
VI
Asthmatic wheezing
R.
Right sided valvular heart lesions

Cramping and diarrhea
D

Colon cancer: risk factors [ID 2369]
HULA:
Heridity/ Heriditary diseases
Ulcerative colitis
Low fibre, high fat diet
Adenomatous polyps
Gallstones: risk factors Hi Yield [ID 1172]
5 F's:
Fat
Female
Family history
Fertile
Forty
Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad Hi Yield [ID 844]
"Iron man triathalon":

Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues.
Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad:
55
S wimming: S kin pigmentation
Biking: Bronze diabetes
89
Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis
38
See diagram for visual equivalent.
9
86
,9
Hepatocellular carcinoma: aetiology, features [ID 1609]
M
ABC:
O
Aetiology:
Aflatoxins
.C
Hep B
Cirrhosis IA
D
Features:
AFP increased (classic marker)
IN
Bile-producing (DDx from cholangiocarcinoma)

@
Commonest primary liver tumor

G

IN
H
Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes [ID 206]

AC
Common are 3 C's:

Cirrhosis
CO
Carcinoma
Cardiac failure
A-
Rarer are 3 C's:

Cholestasis
W
Cysts
H
Cellular infiltration
S

VI
Anonymous Contributor and Jamal Khan Not Specified and Birmingham University Medical Student
R.
IBD: extraintestinal manifestations Hi Yield [ID 1780]

D
"Left intestine to sail the SEAS of the rest of the body":

S kin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum
Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis
Arthritis
S clerosing cholangitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones Hi Yield [ID 286]
Crohn's has Cobblestones on endoscopy.

Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus Hi Yield [ID 1402]
FLAME:
Fatty Liver
Anemia
Malabsorption
Edema
Chris UMF Bucharest
Oral cancer risks [ID 1500]
PATH LAB:
Plummer-vinson syndrome
Alcohol
Tobacco
55
Human papilloma virus
Leukoplakia
89
Asbestos
38
Bad oral hygiene
9
86
,9
Pancreatitis: causes Hi Yield [ID 1561]
M
PANCREATITIS:
O
Posterior
Alcohol
.C
Neoplasm
Cholelithiasis IA
D
Rx (lasix, AZT)
ERCP
IN
Abdominal surgery
@
Trauma
Infection (mumps)
G
Triglycerides elevated
IN
Idiopathic
H
S corpion bite
AC
CO
Pancreatitis: causes Hi Yield [ID 1701]

A-
BAD S#!T:
Biliary: gallstones, 1% of ERCP patients
W
Alcoholism/ Azotemia
H
Drugs
S
S corpion bite/ S ea anenome/ S LE

VI
Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia
Idiopathic/ Infectious (mumps, coxsackie, salmonella, ascariasis)
R.
Tumor/ Trauma
D
The drugs are: penacillamine, furosemide, thiazides, ethacrynic acid, steroids, sulfas, ace inhibitors, N-SAIDs, erythromycin, estrogen.
Peptic ulcer: associated causative factors [ID 1099]
SHAZAM:
S moking
Hypercalcemia
Aspirin
Zollinger-Ellison
Acidity
MEN type I
These may work with H. pylori to promote ulceration, or may act alone.
PKU findings Hi Yield [ID 821]
PKU:
Pale hair, skin
55
Krazy (neurological abnormalities)
Unpleasant smell
89
Robert O'Connor and Lior Greenberg
9 38
Ulcerative colitis: features [ID 1005]
86
ULCERATIONS:
,9
Ulcers
M
Large intestine
Carcinoma [risk]
O
Extraintestinal manifestations
.C
Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps]
Abscesses in crypts
Toxic megacolon [risk]
IA
D
Inflamed, red, granular mucosa
IN
Originates at rectum
Neutrophil invasion
@
S tools bloody
G

IN

H
Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs] [ID 167]

AC
6 P's:
CO
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
A-
Paralysis
W
Paraesthesia
H
Perishingly cold
S

VI
R.
Anemia (normocytic): causes Hi Yield [ID 2000]

D
ABCD:
Acute blood loss
Bone marrow failure
Chronic disease
Destruction (hemolysis)
Anthony Chan
Anemia causes (simplified) Hi Yield [ID 1108]
ANEMIA:
Anemia of chronic disease
No folate or B12
Ethanol
Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies
Iron deficient
Acute & chronic blood loss
Aneurysm types Hi Yield [ID 1642]
MAD SCAB:
Mycotic
Atherosclerotic
55
Dissecting
S yphilitic
89
Capillary microaneurysm
38
Arteriovenous fistula
Berry
9
86
,9
Atherosclerosis risk factors Hi Yield [ID 403]
M
"You're a SAD BET with these risk factors":
O
S ex: male
.C
Age: middle-aged, elderly
Diabetes mellitus
BP high: hypertension
IA
D
Elevated cholesterol
IN
Tobacco
@

G
IN
Atherosclerosis risk factors Hi Yield [ID 477]

H
SHIFT MAID:
AC
S moking
Hypertension
CO
(N)IDDM
Family history
Triglycerdides & fats
A-
Male
W
Age
H
Inactivity
Diet / Drink
S
VI

Marcus McMillan Glasgow University
R.
D
Blood disorders: commoner sex [ID 622]
HE (male) gets:
HEmophilia (X-linked)
HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked)
HEmochromatosis (male predominance)
HEart attacks (male predominance)
HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance)
SHE (female) gets:
SHEehan's syndrome
Buerger's disease features Hi Yield [ID 809]
"burger SCRAPS":
S egmenting thrombosing vasculitis
Claudication (intermittent)
Raynaud's phenomenon
Associated with smoking
Pain, even at rest
S uperficial nodular phlebitis
Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], "CRISP PIG burgers":
Chronic ulceration
Raynaud's phenomenon
Intermittent claudication
S egmenting, thrombosing vasculitis
Pain, even at rest
Phlebitis (superficial nodular)
Idiopathic
55
Gangrene
89
9 38
Cardiovascular risk factors Hi Yield [ID 3276]
86
FLASH BODIES:
,9
Family history
Lipids
M
Age
O
S ex
.C
Homocystinaemia
Blood pressure
Obesity
IA
D
Diabetes mellitus
IN
Inflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis

Exercise
@
S moking
G

IN
Hamish Mace Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand

H
Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis Hi Yield [ID 896]

AC
DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
CO
Venography is gold standard

Tenderness of Thigh and calf
A-

Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
W
H
Deep venous thrombosis: genetic causes [ID 651]

S
VI
ALASCA:
Antithrombin III
R.
Leiden (Factor V)
D
APC (Activated Protein C)

S -protein deficiency
C-protein deficiency
Antiphospholipid antibody
Anonymous Contributor University of Otago Medical School, New Zealand
Disseminated Intravascular Cogulation: causes Hi Yield [ID 1529]
DIC:
Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications)
Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological
Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach)
Obstretrical complications are TEAR:
Toxemia of pregnancy
Emboli (amniotic)
Abrutio placentae
Retain fetus products
Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan (Gujranwala)
Fat embolism: findings Hi Yield [ID 1224]
"Fat, Bat, Fract":
55
Fat in urine, sputum
Bat-wing lung x-ray
89
Fracture history
38
Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli.
9
Robert O'Connor & Rinku Uberoi
86
,9
Heart failure causes Hi Yield [ID 1079]
M
"HEART MAy DIE":
Hypertension
O
Embolism
.C
Anemia
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)
IA
D
Myocardial infarct
IN
Arrythmia
Y
@
Diet & lifestyle

G
Infection
IN
Endocarditis
H

AC
Hemolytic anemia types [ID 1412]

CO
SHEEP T!T:
S ickle cell
A-
Heriditary splenocytosis
W
Enzyme deficiencies: [G6P, pyruvate kinase]

H
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
S
VI
Trauma to RBCs
Immunohemolytics: [warm Ab, cold Ag]
R.
Thalassemias: [alpha, beta]

D

Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes [ID 200]
CHAPS:
Cushing's syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome]
Aorta coarctation
Phaeochromocytoma
S tenosis of renal arteries
Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary.
Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria Hi Yield [ID 1586]
CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:
Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
Idiopathic polymorphic rash
Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]
Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada
Kawasaki disease: features Hi Yield [ID 1034]
Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.
55
Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.
89
Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.
Fever: thermometer.
38
Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.
Generalized rash: rash dots.
9
86
Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.
Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.
,9
Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.
M
Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.
See diagram.
O
.C
Kawasaki's disease: features

D
FEAR ME:
IN
Fever
@
Eye: perilimbic sparing conjunctival injection

G
Adenopathy: usually cervical

Rash
IN
Mouth: red lips

H
Extremities: red hands and feet

AC
Disease to be feared because of risk of coronary aneurysms.

Vince Yamashiroya
CO
Macrocytic anaemia: differential Hi Yield [ID 2536]

A-
FAT RBC:
W
Fetus (pregnancy)
H
Alcohol
S
Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism)

VI
Reticulocytosis
B12 and folate deficiency
R.
Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease

D

MI: complications Hi Yield [ID 512]
HAS CRAPPED:
Heart failure/ Hypertension
Arrhythmia
S hock
Cardiac Rupture
Aneurysm
Pericarditis
Pulmonary Emboli
DVT
Leo University College London
MI: complications Hi Yield [ID 1794]
"LEAP on the MAP":

LVF
Embolism (systemic)
Aneurysm (ventricular)
Progressive infarction
Myocardial rupture
Arrhythmia
Pericarditis
Kevin Lau University of Hong Kong
55
MI: post-MI complications Hi Yield [ID 2789]
89
ACT RAPID:
38
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
Congestive cardiac failure
9
Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders
86
Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)
,9
Aneurysm (ventricle)
Pericarditis
M
Infaction (a second one)
O
Death/ Dressler's syndrome
.C
Dr. Huw Davies
IA
D
MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI Hi Yield [ID 230]
IN
"C-AST-Le" (castle):
@
CK-MB first
AST second
G
LDH third
IN
Also: can use the last 'E' for ESR.

H
AC
MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI Hi Yield [ID 589]

CO
"Time to CALL 911":

A-
From first to appear to last:

Troponin
W
CK-MB
H
AST
LDH1
S
VI

Marco Foramiglio Centro de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas - PUC/SP- Sorocaba/SP - Brazil
R.
D
Pericarditis: findings Hi Yield [ID 1222]
PERICarditis:
Pulsus paradoxus
ECG changes
Rub
Increased JVP
Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward]
Pick's disease: location, action, epidemiology Hi Yield [ID 1126]
See figure.
Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman's cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy.
2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal.
An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women.
Portal hypertension: features Hi Yield [ID 1807]
ABCDE:
Ascites
Bleeding (haematemesis, piles)
Caput medusae
55
Diminished liver
Enlarged spleen
89
Dr. Harsh Sharma
38
9
Protein C, Protein S: function [ID 1603]
86
C and S are:
,9
Clot
M
S toppers
These proteins inhibit coagulation.
O
.C
Takayasu's disease is Pulseless disease

D
"Can't Tak'a ya pulse" (Can't take your pulse):
IN
Takayasu's disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities.
@

G
IN
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs [ID 1564]

H
FAT RN:
AC
Fever
Anemia
CO
Thrombocytopenia
Renal problems
A-
Neurologic dysfunction
W
S H
Thrombus: possible fates [ID 577]

VI
DOPE:
R.
Dissolution
Organization & repair
D
Propagation
Embolization
TTP: clinical features Hi Yield [ID 2102]
Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:
Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
Renal failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ER admission (as it is an emergency)
Anthony Chan
Virchow's triad (venous thrombosis) Hi Yield [ID 1009]
"VIRchow":
Vascular trauma
Increased coagulability
55
Reduced blood flow (stasis)
89
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
38
Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1065]
9
86
HIPPEL:
Hemanigoblastomas
,9
Increased renal cancer
M
Pheochromocytoma
Port-wine stains
O
Eye dysfunction
.C
Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts
Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above.
IA
D
IN
Addison's disease: features Hi Yield [ID 897]

@
ADDISON:
G
Autoimmune
IN
DIC (meningcoccus)
H
Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency

AC
Iatrogenic
S arcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis
CO
hypOtension/ hypOnatermia
Nelson's syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH]
A-

W
H
Adrenal disorders: Cushing's vs Addison's Hi Yield [ID 1613]

S
Cushing: is Gushing cortisol.

VI
In Addison's: patient's cortisol doesn't Add up.

R.
D
Calcification: metastatic vs. dystrophic [ID 827]
Metastatic: Metabolism imbalance.

Dystrophic: Damaged tissue.
Cushing syndrome Hi Yield [ID 667]
CUSHING:
Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne)
Urinary free corisol and glucose increase
S triae/ S uppressed immunity
Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism
Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids)
Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)
Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation
Rinku Uberoi
Goitre: differential [ID 1610]
GOITRE:
Goitrogens
55
Onset of puberty
Iodine deficiency
89
Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto's]
38
Reproduction [pregnancy]
Enzyme deficiencies
9
86
,9
Hirsutism vs. virilism Hi Yield [ID 2839]
M
Hirsutism: Hair on body like a male.
O
Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like a male.
.C
D
Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels [ID 161]
IN
"Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans":

@
Bones: pain in bones

Stones: renal
G
Groans: pain
IN
Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state

H

AC
Hypothyroidism/thyroiditis: maifestations and morphology Hi Yield [ID 628]

CO
"A SCHISM among the Axis during WWII":

A-
Addison disease
S ubacute thyroiditis
W
Cretinism/ Cold intolerance/ Constipation

H
Hashimoto's disease
S
Infectious-subacute thyroiditis
VI
S ilent thyroiditis
Myxedema coma
R.
The Axis: Schimidt syndrome (when other endocrinology disorders accompany Hashimoto's disease) and "Hitler cells" (Hurthle cells, which are
D
follicular epithelial cells with basophilic inculsions)

Sung H. Kim
MEN I (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) syndrome: components Hi Yield [ID 874]
"Please Please Pay Attention To peptic ulceration, you worms":
Adenomas of:
Pituatary
Pancreatic islets
Parathyroid
Adrenal cortex
Thyroid, associated with peptic ulceration
Syndrome is called "Wermer's syndrome".
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) subtype classification Hi Yield [ID 144]
Each subtype has 2 or 3 causes, plus something 1 or 2 more items.

MEN I is disease of 3 P's: [Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas] plus one more: adrenal cortex.
55
MEN II is disease of 2 C's: [Carcinoma of thyroid, Catacholamines (pheochromocytoma)] plus two more: parathyroid for MEN IIa or
mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB (also called MEN III).
89
9 38
Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components Hi Yield [ID 960]
86
MEN III is a disease of 3 M's:
,9
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
M
Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma)
Mucosal neuroma
O
.C
Phaeochromocytoma: diagnositc rule

D
Rule of 10's:
IN
10% ectopic
@
10% multiple
10% malignant
G

IN
Anonymous Contributor University of Sydney, Australia

H
Hi Yield [ID 247]

AC
Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common symptoms

"PHEochromocytoma":
CO
Palpitations
Headache
A-
Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis)

W
S H
Pheochromocytoma: common symptoms [ID 1776]

VI
5 P's:
R.
Paroxysmal rise in BP
Palpitations
D
Perspiration
Pain in abdomen
PMV in urine
Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Pakistan
Thyroid carcinoma: features, prognosis of most popular Hi Yield [ID 283]
Most Popular is Papillary.
Clinical features:
Papillae (branching)
Palpable lymph nodes
"Pupil" nuclei (Orphan Annie)
Psammoma bodies within lesion (often)
Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%).
Thyroid carcinoma: frequency [ID 2997]
"Please Feel My A$$":

In order of most frequent to least frequent, and in order from least aggressive to most aggressive:
Papillary carcinoma
55
Follicular carcinoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
89
Anaplastic carcinoma
38
Medicine 2004 student University of Western Ontario
9
86
Thyroid storm characteristics [ID 627]
,9
"Storm HITS girls cAMP":
M
Thyroid storm due to:
Hyperthyroidism
O
Infection or Illness at childbirth
.C
Trauma
S urgery
girls: Thyroid storm more common in females.
IA
D
cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP)
IN
Alternatively: "S#IT storm": S urgery, Hyperthyroidism, Infection/ Illness, Trauma.

@
Sung H. Kim & Lior Greenberg

G
IN
Thyrotoxicosis syndrome: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1082]

H
"A Penny For Every S ymptom That Hyperthyroidism Will Make Grossly Evident":
AC
Anxiety
Palpitations/ Pulse rapid
CO
Fatigability
Emotional lability
S weating
A-
Tremor
W
Heat intolerance
H
Weight loss with good appetite

Muscular weakness/ Menstrual changes
S
VI
Goitre
Eye changes
R.

D
Baldness risk factors [ID 780]
"Daddy Doesn't Deny Getting Hair Implants":

Diet
Disease
Drugs
Genes
Hormones
Injury to the scalp
Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II Hi Yield [ID 694]
ketONE bodies are seen in type ONE diabetes.

Lichen planus characteristics [ID 196]
Planus has 4 P's:

Peripheral
Polygonal
Pruritus
Purple
55
Melanoma vs. basal cell, squamous cell carcinoma: metastatic ability Hi Yield [ID 1606]
89
MElanoma is more likely to
MEtastasize.
38
Basal and squamous hardly ever metastasize.
9
86
,9
APKD: signs, complications, accelerators Hi Yield [ID 1348]
M
11 B's:
O
Signs:
.C
Bloody urine
Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain]
Blood pressure up
IA
D
Bigger kidneys
IN
Bumps palpable
Complications:
@
Berry aneurysm
G
Biliary cysts
IN
Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems]

Accelerators:
H
Boys
AC
Blacks
Blood pressure high
CO

A-
Barter's syndrome: pathogenesis, major sign [ID 1396]

W
Barter: "In exchange for giving away Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".
H

S
Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, New York

VI
Calculi: types [ID 1223]

R.
CAlCUli:
D
Calcium
Ammonium magnesium phosphate
Cystine
Uric acid
Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings Hi Yield [ID 1288]
Pseduogout crystals are:
Positive birefringent
Polygon shaped
Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals.
Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.
Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis Hi Yield [ID 345]
DARK:
Diuretics
Alcohol
Renal disease
55
Kicked (trauma)
And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"].
89
9 38
Gout: major features Hi Yield [ID 1854]
86
GOUT:
,9
Great toe
M
One joint (75% monoarticular)
Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis)
O
Tophi
.C
Dr. Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College IA
D
Hematuria: urethral causes Hi Yield [ID 2069]
IN
NUTS:
@
Neoplasm
Urethritis
G
Tumour
IN
S tone
H

AC
Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome Hi Yield [ID 2109]
CO
PARIS:
A-
Post-streptococcal
Alport's
W
RPGN
H
IgA nephropathy
S
S LE
VI
Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic
nephritic list].
R.

D
Knightmare Howard University College of Medicine
Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings Hi Yield [ID 1644]
"Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria
Lipid up
Edema
Albumin down
Cholesterol up
In nephrotic, the proteins leak out.
Renal failure (chronic): consequences [ID 1612]
ABCDEFG:
Anemia
-due to less EPO
Bone alterations
-osteomalacia
-osteoporosis
-von Recklinghausen
Cardiopulmonary
-atherosclerosis
-CHF
-hypertension
-pericarditis
D vitamin loss
55
Electrolyte imbalance
-sodium loss/gain
89
-metabolic acidosis
38
-hyperkalemia
Feverous infections
9
-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards
86
GI disturbances
,9
-haemorrhagic gastritis
-peptic ulcer disease
M
-intractable hiccups
O
.C
Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand
Renal failure: causes

D
AVID GUT:
IN
Acute tubular necrosis

Vascular obstruction
@
Infection
G
Diffuse intravascular coagulation

IN
Glomerular disease
Urinary obstruction
H
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
AC

CO
Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease Hi Yield [ID 2183]
A-
TIBC levels at the:

W
Top=Iron deficiency.
H
Bottom=Chronic disease.
S

VI
R.
Apoptosis vs. necrosis [ID 686]

D
"LIFELESS" (since cells are dead):

Differences are in:
Leaky membranes
Inflammatory response
Fate
Extent
Laddering
Energy dependent
S well or shrink
S timulus
See attached table for apoptosis and necrosis properties for each of the above.
Hemophilia: type A factor Hi Yield [ID 3272]
Hemophilia A: problems with VIII factor (number V as an inverted A).

Julio M. De Peña, M.D. UNIBE Med School
Hodgkin's lymphoma classification [ID 195]
A: Asymptomatic
B: Bad
Hypersplenism: criteria [ID 1866]
"Hyper S plenism Ravages Cells":
55
Hypercellular or normal marrow
89
S plenomegaly
Response to splenectomy
38
Cytopenias
9
86
,9
Leukemias: acute vs. chronic rules of thumb Hi Yield [ID 1538]
M
ABCDE:
O
Acute is:
.C
Blasts predominate
Children IA
Drastic course
D
Elderly
IN
Few WBC's (so Fevers)

Chronic is all the opposites:
@
Mature cells predominate

G
Middle aged
IN
Less debilitating course

Elevated WBC's, so not a history of fevers and infections
H

AC
CO
Megaloblastic anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency vs. folate deficiency Hi Yield [ID 2910]
Vitamin B12 deficiency also affects Brain (optic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration, paresthesia).
A-
Folate deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms.

W
Glen Davis Cornell University Medical College

S H
Microcytic anemia: causes [ID 2836]

VI
"Find Those S mall Cells":

R.
Fe deficiency
Thalassemia
D
S ideroblastic
Chronic disease
K. Dang University of Toronto
Sarcoidosis summarized Hi Yield [ID 601]
SARCOIDOISIS:
S chaumann calcifications
Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy
Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells
Ocular lesions
Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase
Diabetes insipidus/ [D vit.] increase/ Dyspnea
Osteopathy
S kin (S ubcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum)
Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1
S eventh CN palsy
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
55
Symptoms of TTP/HUS [ID 3093]
89
"Nasty Fever Ruined My Tubes":
38
Neurological symptoms
Fever
9
Renal failure
86
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
,9
Thrombocytopenia
M
Sol Shaftel University of Rochester School of Medicine
O
.C
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad Hi Yield [ID 592]
"PET WASP":
Pyrogenic infections
IA
D
Eczema
IN
Thrombocytopenia
WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein.
@
Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm.

G

IN

H
Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy [ID 428]

AC
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) : Doesn't Make Dystrophin.

CO
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein).

A-
W
McArdle's syndrome Hi Yield [ID 948]

H
MCARDLES:
S
Myoglobinuria
VI
Cramping after exercise

Accumulated glycogen
R.
Recessive inheritance
D
Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase

Lactate levels fail to rise
Elevated creatine kinase
S keletal muscle only
Alzheimer's disease (AD): associations, findings Hi Yield [ID 1950]
AD:
Associations:
Aluminum toxicity
Acetylcholine deficiencies
Amyloid B
Apolipoprotein gene E
Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert
Down's
Findings:
Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies)
Atrophy of brain
Amyloid plaques
Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation
DNA-coiled tangles
Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed
55
89
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Gujranwala, Pakistan
38
Alzheimer's disease: features Hi Yield [ID 1852]
9
RONALD (Ronald Reagan, a famous victim):
86
Reduction of Ach
,9
Old age
Neurofibrillary tangles
M
Atrophy of cerebral cortex (diffuse)
O
Language impairment
.C
Dementia (MC in elderly)/ Down’s syndrome
IA
D
IN
Cerebral palsy: general features [ID 1061]
PALSY:
@
Paresis
G
Ataxia
IN
Lagging motor development

S pasticity
H
Young
AC

CO
Dandy-Walker syndrome: components [ID 1060]

A-
"Dandy Walker S yndrome":

W
Dilated 4th ventricle

H
Water on the brain

S mall vermis
S
VI

R.
D
Lou Gehrig's is both upper and lower motor neuron signs Hi Yield [ID 1059]
LoU = Lower & Upper.

Multiple sclerosis (MS): pathology Hi Yield [ID 1131]
MS attacks the Myelin S heath, resulting in plaques.

Neuroblastoma: features Hi Yield [ID 1058]
N-MYC:
Nuclei have "double minutes"
Malignant
Young
Catecholamine secreting
And hallmark is n-myc amplification.
Parkinsonism: essential features Hi Yield [ID 539]
TRAPS:
Tremor (resting tremor)
Rigidity
Akinesia
55
Postural changes (stooped)
S tare (serpentine stare)
89
To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is S tooped.
38
9
86
Parkinson's disease: symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1032]
,9
PQRST:
M
Paucity of expression
parQinson
O
Rigidity (cogwheel)
.C
S tooped posture
Tremor at rest IA
If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor", look at the last 3 letters: RST.
D
IN
Mitul SUNY, Stony Brook

@
Pick's disease: features Hi Yield [ID 1948]

G
PICK:
IN
Progressive degeneration of neurons

H
Intracytoplasmic Pick bodies

AC
Cortical atrophy
Knife edge gyri
CO

A-
Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group Hi Yield [ID 1014]

W
"Explaining Hot Neck S tiffness":

H
In order from birth to death:

S
E. coli [infants]
VI
Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids]

Neisseria meningitis [young adults]
R.
S treptococcus pneumoniae [old folks]

D

Tabes Dorsalis morphology Hi Yield [ID 797]
DORSALIS:
Dorsal column degeneration
Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints)
Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
S hooting pain
Argyll-Robertson pupils
Locomotor ataxia
Impaired proprioception
S yphilis
Tuberous sclerosis: presenting features Hi Yield [ID 826]
"Zits, Fits, Deficits":

Fits: seizures
Deficits: neurological deficits
Wernicke-Korsakoff triad [ID 357]
Syndrome in alchoholics, who love to "drink CANs of beer":

Confusion
Ataxia
55
Nystagmus
89
Victor R. Carrion Zamoira Ponce School of Medicine
38
Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis: findings Hi Yield [ID 400]
9
86
COAT RACK:
Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute phase):
,9
Confusion
M
Ophthalmoplegia
Ataxia
O
Thiamine tx.
.C
Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic phase):
Retrograde amnesia IA
Anterograde amnesia
D
Confabulation
IN
Korsakoff's psychosis
@

G
IN
CREST sydrome: components Hi Yield [ID 2076]

H
CREST:
AC
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomena
CO
Esophageal dysmotility
S clerodactyly
A-
Telangectasia
W
Andrew J. Vasil University of Minn Medical School

H
Edwards' syndrome: characteristics Hi Yield [ID 2146]

S
VI
EDWARDS:
Eighteen (trisomy)
R.
Digit overlapping flexion

D
Wide head
Absent intellect (mentally retarded)
Rocker-bottom feet
Diseased heart
S mall lower jaw
Monika Kiripolsky Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Fragile X syndrome: features Hi Yield [ID 2151]
FEMALES
FMR1 gene
Exhibits anticpation
Macro-orchidism
Autism
Long face with large jaw
Everted eyes
S econd most common casue of genetic mental retardation
Fragile-X syndrome: features Hi Yield [ID 1726]
DSM-4:
Discontinued chromosome staining
55
S hows anticipation
Male (male more affected)
89
Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)
38
Macrognathia
Macroorchidism
9
86
,9
Kawasaki Disease Criteria Hi Yield [ID 3219]
M
"Be careful when riding a Kawasaki motorcycle, you might get CREAMed.
O
Conjunctivitis (non-exudative)
.C
Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular)
Edema (or erythema of hands or feet)
Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral)
IA
D
Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting)
IN
To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of the above.
@
Eric J Ex
G
IN
Necrosis: the 4 types [ID 250]

H
"Life Can Get Complicated":

AC
Liquifactive
Coagulation
CO
Gangrene
Caseous
'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'.
A-

W

H
Turner syndrome: components Hi Yield [ID 579]

S
VI
CLOWNS:
Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)
R.
Lymphoedema
D
Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)

Webbed neck
Nipples widely spaced
S hort
Whipple's disease: full features [ID 1912]
WHIPPLES:
Weight loss
Hyperpigmentation of skin
Infection with tropheryma whippelii
PAS positive granules in macrophage
Polyarthritis
Lymphadenopathy
Enteric involvement
S teatorrhea
Bronchial obstruction: consequences Hi Yield [ID 1077]
APPLE BABE:
55
Atelectasis
Pleural adhesions
89
Pleuritis
38
Lipid pneumonia
Effusion->organisation->fibrosis
9
Bronchiectasis
86
Abscess
,9
Broncho and lobar pneumonia
Emphysema
M
O
BB University of Queensland, Australia
.C
COPD: 4 types and hallmark
ABCDE:
D
Asthma
IN
Brochiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
@
Dyspnea [hallmark of group]

G
Emphysema
IN
Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.

H

AC
COPD: blue bloater vs. pink puffer diseases Hi Yield [ID 2396]
CO
emPhysema has letter P (and not B) so Pink Puffer.

chronic Bronchitis has letter B (and not P) so Blue Bloater.
A-

W
Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

H
Emphysema: types, most important feature of each Hi Yield [ID 823]

S
VI
"Cigarettes Is Primary Problem":

Types:
R.
Centrilobular
D
Irregular
Pancinar
Paraseptal
Most important feature for each type (in order as above):
Cigarrettes
Inflammation healed to scar
Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin)
Pneumothorax
"Cigarettes is primary problem" used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema.
Keeping P's straight: Pan is antitrypsin.
Interstitial lung disease: causes Hi Yield [ID 1035]
SARCOIDI:
S arcoidosis
Allergic reaction
Radiation
Connective tissue disease
Occupational exposure
Infection
Drugs
Idiopathic
Will Herrington UCL Hospital
Lung cancer: presentation Hi Yield [ID 894]
55
ABCDE:
Snowball turned to Avalanche
89
Blood: hemoptysis
38
Cough
Distruption to airway in bronchus-->pneumonia
9
86
whEEzing
,9
M
Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers Hi Yield [ID 1138]
O
NASOPharyngeal:
.C
Nasophayngeal
Adenocarcinoma IA
D
S quamous cell carcinoma
Olfactory neuroblastoma
IN
Plasmacytoma
@

G
IN
Pancoast tumor: relationship with Horner's syndrome Hi Yield [ID 1185]

H
"Horner has a MAP of the Coast":

AC
A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner's syndrome, which is MAP:
Miosis
CO
Anhidrosis
Ptosis
A-

Derek Obayashi Chicago Medical School
W
H
Pneumothorax: presentation Hi Yield [ID 1505]

S
P-THORAX:
VI
Pleuretic pain
R.
Trachea deviation
Hyperresonance
D
Onset sudden
Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
Absent fremitus
X-ray shows collapse
Pulmonary embolism: risk factors [ID 243]
TOM SCHREPFER:
Trauma
Obesity
Malignancy
S urgery
Cardiac disease
Hospitalization
Rest [bed-ridden]
Elderly
Past history
Fracture
Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum]
Road trip
55
89
Pulmonary fibrosis: differential of both upper and lower lobes [ID 2736]
38
BREAST SCAR:
Upper lobe:
9
Beryliosis
86
Radiation
,9
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
M
S arcoidosis
O
TB
.C
Lower lobe:
S ystemic sclerosis
Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
IA
D
Asbestosis
IN
Radiation
@
Lyndon Mason 4th Year Medical Student

G
IN
Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major risk factors [ID 630]
PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress syndrome):

H
Prematurity
AC
Cesarean section
Diabetic mother
CO

A-
W
TB: features Hi Yield [ID 1149]

H
TB is characterised by 4 C's:
Caseation
S
VI
Calcification
Cavitation
R.
Cicatrization
D

Sameh Shehata Asst. Prof of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
Breast cancer: risk assessment Hi Yield [ID 924]
"Risk can be assessed by History ALONE":

History (family, previous episode)
Abortion/ Age (old)
Late menopause
Obesity
Nulliparity
Early menarche
Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Hong Kong University
Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors Hi Yield [ID 1025]
ENDOMET:
Elderly
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Obesity
Menstrual irregularity
Estrogen therapy
hyperTension
Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors Hi Yield [ID 1741]
55
HONDA:
89
Hypertension
Obesity
38
Nulliparity
Diabetes
9
86
Age (increased)
,9
Sarah
M
Gynecomastia: causes Hi Yield [ID 1122]
O
.C
DaLAS:
Digitalis
Leydig cell tumors IA
D
Alcohol
S ertoli cell tumors
IN

@
Chris Jordan UAG

G
Herpes I and II: lab findings. [ID 1048]

IN
She's an odd chick: whenever she's in a restaurant, she always orders Her Peas and Cow dry.
H
Herpes I and II have Cowdry Type A inclusion bodies

AC

CO
Ovarian cancers: important types, by WHO classification [ID 1674]

A-
Surface:
W
"My S ister Began Experiencing Cancer":

Mucinous
H
S erous
S
Brenner
VI
Endometrioid
R.
Clear
Germ cell:
D
"Doctor Examined The Ovaries":

Dysgerminoma
Endometrial sinus
Teratoma
Ovarian choriocarcinoma
Sex cord:
"S he Felt Grim":
S ertoli-Leydig
Fibroma
Granulosa-theca
Metastatic
"Killed":
Krukenberg
Edward Scarth Medical School, Univeristy of Nottingham
Polycystic ovarian disease: clinical features Hi Yield [ID 2833]
OHIO:
Oligomenorrhea
Hirsutism
Infertility
Obesity
Preethi Yerram GMC, India
Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation Hi Yield [ID 1026]
Morphology is poly-C:
55
Cysts
Capsule thickened
89
Cortical stromal fibrosis
38
Clinical presentation is OVARY:
Obese
9
Virilism or hirsutism
86
Amenorrhoea
,9
Reproductive problem [infertile]
Young woman
M
O
.C
Scrotum masses IA [ID 1583]
SHOVE IT:
D
S permatocele
IN
Hydrocele/ Haematocele
@
Orchitis
Varicocele
G
Epidymal cyst
IN
Indirect inguinal hernia

H
Torsion/ Tumor
AC

CO
Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone Hi Yield [ID 372]

A-
"Kinds Of Tumors Leaping Primarily To Bone":

Kidneys
W
Ovaries
H
Testes
Lungs
S
VI
Prostate
Thyroid
R.
Breasts
D
Alternatively: "Promptly" instead of "Primarily".

Alternatively: "BLT2 with a Kosher Pickle".
Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone Hi Yield [ID 658]
"Particular Tumours Love Killing Bone":
Prostate
Thyroid
Lung
Kidney
Breast
Ben Campbell University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding Hi Yield [ID 1276]
"Birbeck's rackets is X":

Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X.
Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation.
See diagram.
55
89
9 38
Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1078]
86
MARBLES:
,9
Multiple fractures
M
Anemia
Restricted cranial nerves
O
Blind & deaf
.C
Liver enlarged
Erlenmeyer flask deformity
S plenomegaly
IA
D
Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram).
IN

@
G
Osteomalacia: features Hi Yield [ID 1985]

IN
"Vit-D deficiency in ADULT":

H
Acetabuli protrusio
AC
Decresed bone density

Under mineralization of osteoid
CO
Looser’s zone (pseudofracture)

Triradiate pelvis (females)
A-

W
H
Osteosarcoma: features Hi Yield [ID 2117]

S
PEARL HARBOR:
VI
Paget's disease (10-20%)*

Early age (10-20 yrs)
R.
Around knee
D
Raised periosteum by expanding tumor: "sunburst pattern"

Lace-like architecture
Hyaline arteoriosclerosis
Alkaline phosphatase increased
Retinoblastoma*
Boys, predominantly
Osteomyelitis DDx
Radiation*
Sunburst pattern was Japanese Navy emblem during WWII.
*: Predisposing factors.
Sung H. Kim El Paso, TX
Paget's disease of bone: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 351]
Four L's:
Larger hat size
Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve
Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face)
Light-headed (Paget's steal)
Rheumatoid arthritis: features [ID 1053]
RHEUMATOID:
Ragocytes/ Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG)
HLA-DR4/ HLA-Dw4
ESR increase/ Extra-articular features (restrictive lung disease, subcutaneous nodules)
55
Ulnar deviation
Morning stiffness/ MCP joint
89
Ankylosis/ Atlantoaxial joint subluxation/ Autoimmune/ ANA
38
T-cells (CD4)/ TNF
Osteopenia
9
86
Inflammatory synovial tissue/ Idiopathic/ IL-1
Deformities (swan-neck, boutonniere)
,9
M
O
Seronegative spondyloarthopathy: diseases [ID 1587]
.C
RAPE:
Reiter's syndrome IA
D
Psoriatic arthitis
IN
Enteropathic arthitis (IBD)

@

Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada
G
IN
PEDIATRICS
H
AC
Bilirubin: phototherapy [ID 1570]
BiLirUbin absorbs light maximally in the

CO
BLUe range.
A-

W
Duodenal atresia vs. Pyloric stenosis: site of obstruction Hi Yield [ID 1397]
H
Duodenal Atresia: Distal to Ampulla of vater.

S
VI
Pyloric stenosis: Proximal to it.

R.
Rinku Uberoi
D
Gastroschisis: usual location Hi Yield [ID 2347]
GasTRoscHIsis usually occurs on the

RIGHT side of the umbilicus.
(Unscramble the letters).
Pyloric stenosis (congential): presentation Hi Yield [ID 1897]
Pyloric stenosis is 3 P's:
Palpable mass
Paristalsis visible
Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth)
Vitamin toxicities: neonatal Hi Yield [ID 2245]
Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)

Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)
55
Cyanotic congenital heart diseases Hi Yield [ID 1746]
5 T's:
89
Truncus arteriosus
38
Transposition of the great arteries
Tricuspid atresia
9
86
Tetrology of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
,9
Vince Yamashiroya
M
O
Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types Hi Yield [ID 1707]
.C
Use your five fingers:
1 finger up: Truncus Arteriosus (1 vessel) IA
D
2 fingers up: Dextroposition of the Great Arteries (2 vessels transposed)
3 fingers up: Tricuspid Atresia (3=Tri)
IN
4 fingers up: Tetralogy of Fallot (4=Tetra)

@
5 fingers up: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (5=5 words)

G
Jeff Simmons University of Alabama School Of Medicine

IN
H
Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types Hi Yield [ID 1971]

AC
5 T's:
Tetralogy of Fallot
CO
Transposition of the great arteries

Truncus arteriosus
A-
Tricuspid atresia, pulmonary aTresia

Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage
W

H
Kok Fai Kong Final year student, University of Auckland

S
VI
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): components [ID 1758]

R.
"Remember to decrease the RATE of IV fluids in these patients":

Renal failure
D
Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic)

Thrombocytopenia
Encephalopathy (TTP)
Vince Yamashiroya
Haematuria: differential in children Hi Yield [ID 2202]
ABCDEFGHIJK:
Anatomy (cysts, etc)
Bladder (cystitis)
Cancer (Wilm's tumour)
Drug related (cyclophosphamide)
Exercise induced
Factitious (Munchausen by proxy)
Glomerulonephritis
Haematology (bleeding disorder, sickle cell)
Infection (UTI)
In Jury (trauma)
Kidney stones (hypercalciuria)
S. Jibodh University College Dublin
55
Perez reflex Hi Yield [ID 2073]
89
Eliciting the PErEz reflex will make the baby PEE.
38
9
86
Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT): common sign [ID 1241]
,9
AT:
M
Absent
Thymus
O
.C
Cerebral palsy (CP): most likely cause

D
CP: Cerebral Palsy
IN
Child Premature
@
The premature brain is more prone to all the possible insults.

G
IN
H
Pediatric milestones in development Hi Yield [ID 2345]

AC
1 year:
-single words
CO
2 years:
-2 word sentences
A-
-understands 2 step commands

3 years:
W
-3 word combos
H
-repeats 3 digits
S
-rides tricycle
VI
4 years:
-draws square
R.
-counts 4 objects
D

Rinku Uberoi
Sturge-Weber syndrome: hallmark features Hi Yield [ID 575]
S turge-Weber:
1. S eizures
2. PortWine stain
Ramon Salazar
Guthrie card: diseases identified with it [ID 836]
"Guthrie Cards Can Help Predict Bad Metabolism":
Galactosaemia
Cystic fibrosis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypothyroidism
Phenylketonuria
Biotidinase deficiency
Maple syrup urine disease
Logan Mitchell Dunedin Medical School, New Zealand
Guthrie card: diseases identified with it Hi Yield [ID 1328]
GUTHRIE:
Galactosaemia
55
Urine [maple syrup urine disease]
THyRoid [hypothyroidism]
89
Inborn Errors of metabolism [eg: PKU]
38
9
86
Measles: complications Hi Yield [ID 476]
,9
"MEASLES COMP" (complications):
M
Myocarditis
Encephalitis
O
Appendicitis
.C
S ubacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Laryngitis
Early death
IA
D
S h!ts (diarrhoea)
IN
Corneal ulcer
Otis media
@
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
G
Pneumonia and related (bronchiolitis-bronchitis-croup)

IN

Joshua Goh Unimas: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
H
AC
Rubella: congenital signs Hi Yield [ID 2259]

CO
"Rubber Ducky, I'm so blue!" (like the "Rubber Ducky" song):

Rubber: Rubella
Ducky: Patent Ductus Arteriosus, VSD and pulmonary artery stenosis.
A-
I'm: Eyes (cataracts, retinopathy, micropthalmia, glaucoma).

W
Blue: "Blueberry Muffin" rash (extramedullary hematopoesis in skin +purpura)

H
Also, deafness, growth retardation, and some more.

S

VI
R.
Russell Silver syndrome: features [ID 1661]

D
ABCDEF:
Asymmetric limb (hemihypertrophy)
Bossing (frontal)
Clinodactyly/ Cafe au lait spots
Dwarf (short stature)
Excretion (GU malformation)
Face (triangular face, micrognathia)
Short stature: differential [ID 2843]
ABCDEFG:
Alone (neglected infant)
Bone dysplasias (rickets, scoliosis, mucopolysaccharidoses)
Chromosomal (Turner's, Down's)
Delayed growth
Endocrine (low growth hormone, Cushing's, hypothyroid)
Familial
GI malabsorption (celiac, Crohn's)
Vacterl syndrome: components Hi Yield [ID 1317]
VACTERL:
Vertebral anomalies
55
Anorectal malformation
Cardiac anomaly
89
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
38
Exomphalos (aka omphalocele)
Renal anomalies
9
Limb anomalies
86
,9
Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer, Pediatric surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt
M
WAGR syndrome: components [ID 2075]
O
WAGR:
.C
Wilm's tumor
Aniridia
Gential abnormalities
IA
D
Mental retardation
IN

Andrew J. Vasil University of Minn Medical School
@
G
Weights of children with age [ID 1748]

IN
Newborn 3 kg
H
6 mos 6 kg (2x birth wt at 6 mos)

AC
1 yr 10 kg (3x birth wt at 1 yr)

3 yrs 15 kg (odd yrs, add 5 kg until 11 yrs)
CO
5 yrs 20 kg
7 yrs 25 kg
9 yrs 30 kg
A-
11 yrs 35 kg (add 10 kg thereafter)

W
13 yrs 45 kg
H
15 yrs 55 kg
17 yrs 65 kg
S
VI

Vince Yamashiroya
R.
D
Williams syndrome: features [ID 1649]
WILLIAMS:
Weight (low at birth, slow to gain)
Iris (stellate iris)
Long philtrum
Large mouth
Increased Ca++
Aortic stenosis (and other stenoses)
Mental retardation
S welling around eyes (periorbital puffiness)
Cough (chronic): differential Hi Yield [ID 1759]
When cough in nursery, rock the "CRADLE":

Cystic fibrosis
Rings, slings, and airway things (tracheal rings)/ Respiratory infections
Aspiration (swallowing dysfunction, TE fistula, gastroesphageal reflux)
Dyskinetic cilia
Lung, airway, and vascular malformations (tracheomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction)
Edema (heart failure)
Vince Yamashiroya
Croup: symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1125]
3 S's:
S tridor
55
S ubglottic swelling
S eal-bark cough
89
38
9
86
Cystic fibrosis: exacerbation of pulmonary infection Hi Yield [ID 1762]
CF PANCREAS:
,9
Cough (increase in intensity and frequent spells)
M
Fever (usually low grade, unless severe bronchopneumonia is present)
O
Pulmonary function deterioration
Appetite decrease
.C
Nutrition, weight loss
CBC (leukocytosis with left shift) IA
D
Radiograph (increase overaeration, peribronchial thickening, mucus plugging)
Exam (rales or wheezing in previously clear areas, tachypnea, retractions)
IN
Activity (decreased, impaired exercise intolerance, increased absenteeism)

@
S putum (becomes darker, thicker, and more abundant, forming plugs)

G
Vince Yamashiroya
IN
H
Cystic fibrosis: presenting signs Hi Yield [ID 1761]

AC
CF PANCREAS:
Chronic cough and wheezing
CO
Failure to thrive
Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea)
A-
Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration

Neonatal intestinal obstruction (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps
W
Clubbing of fingers/ Chest radiograph with characteristic changes

H
Rectal prolapse
S
Electrolyte elevation in sweat, salty skin

VI
Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens

S putum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid)
R.

D
Vince Yamashiroya
Breast feeding: benefits Hi Yield [ID 2002]
ABCDEFGH:
Infant:
Allergic condition reduced
Best food for infant
Close relationship with mother
Development of IQ, jaws, mouth
Mother:
Econmical
Fitness: quick return to pre-pregnancy body shape
Guards against cancer: breast, ovary, uterus
Hemorrhage (postpartum) reduced
Anthony Chan
Milk protein: women vs. cows [ID 2553]
Woman: Whey (mostly)

Cow: Casein (mostly)
Dentition: eruption times of permanent dentition [ID 1688]
"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine":

1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
55
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
89
2nd Premolar: 10 years
38
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
9
3rd Molar: 18-25 years
86
,9
Saurabh Sikka
M
Head circumference with age [ID 1747]
O
Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5:
.C
Newborn 35 cm
3 mos 40 cm IA
9 mos 45 cm
D
3 yrs 50 cm
IN
9 yrs 55 cm
@
Vince Yamashiroya
G
IN
Septic Arthritis: most common cause [ID 1646]

H
S taphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of

AC
S eptic Arthritis in the pediatric population.

CO
PHARMACOLOGY
A-
W
Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis [ID 409]

H
"Very Angry Hepatocytes":

S
Valproic acid
VI
Acetaminophen
R.
Halothane
D
Calvin Sy University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta Hi Yield [ID 2144]
ABCD:
Alpha = Constrict.
Beta = Dilate.
Amiodarone: action, side effects [ID 1146]
6 P's:
Prolongs action potential duration
Photosensitivity
Pigmentation of skin
Peripheral neuropathy
Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism
Archana
Antiarrhythmics: class III members Hi Yield [ID 2043]
BIAS:
Bretylium
Ibutilide
55
Amiodarone
S otalol
89
Dr. Harsh Sharma and Robert O'Connor BJMC, Pune, India and University College Dublin
9 38
Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV Hi Yield [ID 1976]
86
MBA College
,9
In order of class I to IV:
M
Membrane stabilizers (class I)
Beta blockers
O
Action potential widening agents
.C
Calcium channel blockers
IA
D
IN
Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity [ID 1534]

@
Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels.
Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acceptable for use in some
G
diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive beta blockers.
IN

H
David Shprecher Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine

AC
CO
Beta blockers: B1 selective vs. B1-B2 non-selective Hi Yield [ID 2513]

A-
A through N: B1 selective: Acebutalol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol.

W
O through Z: B1, B2 non-selective: Pindolol, Propanalol, Timolol.

H

Amir Butt Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
S
VI
Beta blockers: members Hi Yield [ID 3095]

R.
"The NEPAL Prime Minister":

D
Timolol
Nadolol
Esmolol
Pindolol
Atenolol
Labetalol
Propranolol
Metoprolol
Javaid H. Wani Spartan University School of Medicine, St. Lucia, W.I.
Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions [ID 518]
ABCDE:
Asthma
Block (heart block)
COPD
Diabetes mellitus
Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)
Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers Hi Yield [ID 1725]
"Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...):

Timolol
Pindolol
Hismolol
55
Naldolol
Propranolol
89
38
9
Beta-blockers: side effects [ID 435]
86
"BBC Loses Viewers In Rochedale":
,9
Bradycardia
M
Bronchoconstriction
Claudication
O
Lipids
.C
Vivid dreams & nightmares
-ve Inotropic action
Reduced sensitivity to hypoglycaemia
IA
D
IN
@
Ca++ channel blockers: uses Hi Yield [ID 779]

G
CA++ MASH:
IN
Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF

H
Angina
AC
Migranes
Atrial flutter, fibrillation
CO
S upraventricular tachycardia
Hypertension
Alternatively: "CHASM":
A-
Cererbral vasospasm / CHF

W
Hypertension
H
Angina
S uprventricular tachyarrhythmia
S
VI
Migranes
R.

D
Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects Hi Yield [ID 515]
CAPTOPRIL:
Cough
Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis
Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
Taste changes
Orthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)
Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
Indomethacin inhibition
Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
Dr. Chetan Wasekar MBBS KEM Hospital
Clopidogrel: use [ID 1355]
CLOPIdogrel is a drug that prevents

CLots, an Oral Platelet Inhibitor (OPI).
Rinku Uberoi
Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring [ID 1657]
EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa.

Monitor Xa concentration, rather than APTT.
55
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interactions Hi Yield [ID 2025]
89
HMG-CoA:
Side effects:
38
Hepatotoxicity
9
Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]
86
Contraindications:
Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children
,9
Interactions:
M
Coumarin/ Cyclosporine
O
.C
Hypertension: treatment IA Hi Yield [ID 2627]
D
ABCD:
IN
ACE inhibitors/ AngII antagonists (sometimes Alpha agonists also)

Beta blockers
@
Calcium antagonists
G
Diuretics
IN

Mr. LW Mason 4th Year Medical Student
H
AC
Patent ductus arteriosus: treatment Hi Yield [ID 1191]
"Come In and Close the door":

CO
INdomethacin is used to Close PDA.

A-
Milixa Fortuna UAG Medical Student

W
Propranolol and related '-olol' drugs: usage [ID 246]

H
"olol" is just two backwards lower case b's.

S
Backward b's stand for "beta blocker".

VI
Beta blockers include acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol.

R.

D
Thrombolytic agents Hi Yield [ID 1902]
USA:
Urokinase
S treptokinase
Alteplase (tPA)
Warfarin: action, monitoring [ID 432]
WePT:
Warfarin works on the extrinsic pathway and is monitored by PT.
Marcus James Fidel Medical Student, University of New Mexico
Warfarin: metabolism [ID 901]
SLOW:
Has a slow onset of action.
A quicK Vitamin K antagonist, though.
S mall lipid-soluble molecule
Liver: site of action
Oral route of administration.
Warfarin
55
89
Corticosteroids: adverse side effects Hi Yield [ID 2786]
38
CUSHINGS BAD MD:
Cataracts
9
86
Up all night (sleep disturbances)
S uppression of HPA axis
,9
Hypertension/ buffalo Hump
M
Infections
Necrosis (avascular)
O
Gain weight
.C
S triae
Bone loss (osteoporosis)
Acne
IA
D
Diabetes
IN
Myopathy, moon faces

Depression and emotional changes
@

G
Anita Dunn University of Toronto

IN
Gynaecomastia-causing drugs [ID 1798]

H
AC
DISCOS:
Digoxin
CO
Isoniazid
S pironolactone
Cimetidine
A-
Oestrogens
W
S tilboestrol
H

Nasseri University of Sheffield
S
VI
K+ increasing agents [ID 2088]

R.
K-BANK:
D
K-sparing diuretic
Beta blocker
ACEI
NSAID
K supplement
Anthony Chan
Propythiouracil (PTU): mechanism Hi Yield [ID 1617]
It inhibits PTU:
Peroxidase/ Peripheral deiodination
Tyrosine iodination
Union (coupling)
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja and Mediha Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan/ Gujranwala
Steroid side effects Hi Yield [ID 1526]
CUSHINGOID:
Cataracts
Ulcers
S kin: striae, thinning, bruising
Hypertension/ Hirsutism/ Hyperglycemia
Infections
55
Necrosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head
Glycosuria
89
Osteoporosis, obesity
38
Immunosuppression
Diabetes
9
86
,9
Steroids: side effects Hi Yield [ID 483]
M
BECLOMETHASONE:
O
Buffalo hump
.C
Easy bruising
Cataracts
Larger appetite
IA
D
Obesity
IN
Moonface
Euphoria
@
Thin arms & legs

G
Hypertension/ Hyperglycaemia
IN
Avascular necrosis of femoral head

S kin thinning
H
Osteoporosis
AC
Negative nitrogen balance

Emotional liability
CO

Rob Cambridge University
A-
W
Lupus: drugs inducing it [ID 530]

H
HIP:
Hydralazine
S
VI
INH
Procanimide
R.

Hodge/Gupta LSU Medicine FirmI
D
Diuretics: thiazides: indications Hi Yield [ID 2091]
"CHIC to use thiazides":

CHF
Hypertension
Insipidous
Calcium calculi
Nitrofurantoin: major side effects Hi Yield [ID 482]
NitroFurAntoin:
Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy)
Fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis)
Anemia (hemolytic anemia)
Joshua Goh Unimas: University Malaysia Sarawak
Osmotic diuretics: members [ID 772]
GUM:
Glycerol
Urea
Mannitol
55
Prazocin usage [ID 1521]
89
Prazocin sounds like an acronym of "praszz zour urine".
38
Therefore Prazocin used for urinary retention in BPH.
9
Diljot Singh Bedi GMCH Chandigarh, India
86
,9
SIADH-inducing drugs Hi Yield [ID 2086]
M
ABCD:
O
Analgesics: opioids, NSAIDs
Barbiturates
.C
Cyclophosphamide/ Chlorpromazine/ Carbamazepine
Diuretic (thiazide) IA
D
Anthony Chan
IN
@
Sulfonamide: major side effects Hi Yield [ID 774]

G
S ulfonamide side effects:

IN
S teven-Johnson syndrome
S kin rash
H
S olubility low (causes crystalluria)

AC
S erum albumin displaced (causes newborn kernicterus and potentiation of other serum albumin-binders like warfarin)
CO

A-
Vir-named drugs: use [ID 771]
"-vir at start, middle or end means for virus":

W
Drugs: Abacavir, Acyclovir, Amprenavir, Cidofovir, Denavir, Efavirenz, Indavir, Invirase, Famvir, Ganciclovir, Norvir, Oseltamivir,
H
Penciclovir, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Valacyclovir, Viracept, Viramune, Zanamivir, Zovirax.

S

VI

R.
4-Aminopyradine (4-AP) use [ID 768]

D
"4-AP is For AP":

For AP (action potential) propagation in Multiple Sclerosis.
Anesthesia: 4 stages [ID 775]
"Anesthesiologists Enjoy S & M":
Analgesia
Excitement
S urgical anesthesia
Medullary paralysis
Anticholinergic side effects Hi Yield [ID 1958]
"Know the ABCD'S of anticholinergic side effects":

Anorexia
Blurry vision
Constipation/ Confusion
Dry Mouth
55
S edation/ S tasis of urine
89
Youngrin Kim University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
38
Antimuscarinics: members, action Hi Yield [ID 1187]
9
86
"Inhibits Parasympathetic And S weat":
Ipratropium
,9
Pirenzepine
M
Atropine
S copolamine
O
Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.
.C
Derek Obayashi Chicago Medical School IA
D
Aspirin: side effects Hi Yield [ID 1349]
IN
ASPIRIN:
@
Asthma
S alicyalism
G
Peptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/ Premature closure of PDA
IN
Intestinal blood loss

H
Reye's syndrome
AC
Idiosyncracy
Noise (tinnitus)
CO
Dr. Chetan Wasekar, MBBS KEM Hospital

A-
Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia [ID 170]

W
"A goes with B":

H
Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia.

S

VI
R.
Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver failure) [ID 1566]
D
LOT:
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam
Lorne Basskin Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Benzodiazepenes: antidote Hi Yield [ID 776]
"Ben is off with the flu":

Benzodiazepine effects off with Flumazenil.
Benzodiazepenes: drugs which decrease their metabolism [ID 875]
"I'm Overly Calm":

Isoniazid
Oral contraceptive pills
Cimetidine
These drugs increase calming effect of BZDs by retarding metabolism.
Benzodiazepines: actions Hi Yield [ID 464]
"Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle":

S edation
anti-Convulsant
anti-Anxiety
55
Muscle relaxant
Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity.
89
38
Sung H. Kim
9
86
Benzodiazepins: 3 members that undergo extrahepatic metabolism [ID 3167]
"Outside The Liver":
,9
Oxazepam
M
Temazepam
O
Lorazepam
These undergo extrahepatic metabolism and do not form active metabolites.
.C
D
Beta 1 selective blockers Hi Yield [ID 2148]
IN
"BEAM ONE up, Scotty":

@
Beta 1 blockers:
G
Esmolol
IN
Atenolol
Metropolol
H

AC
CO
Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin Hi Yield [ID 229]
Action: "Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can't be the released":

A-
Related bungarotoxin: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not alpha-bungarotoxin--alpha has different mechanism).
W

S H
Bromocriptine [for USA gang members] Hi Yield [ID 3055]

VI
The CRYPTS are an LA street gang that likes to smoke DOPE.

R.
BromoCRYPTine is a DOPamine agonist.

D
Mario Cruz Albany Medical College
Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects Hi Yield [ID 388]
If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":

Lacrimation
Excitation of nicotinic synapses
S alivation
S weating
Diarrhea
Urination
Micturition
Bronchoconstriction
Delerium-causing drugs [ID 617]
ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:

Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin)
Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine)
Urinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics)
Theophylline
Ethanol
Corticosteroids
H2 blockers
Antiparkinsonian drugs
Narcotics (esp. mepridine)
Geriatric psychiatric drugs
55
ENT drugs
89
Insomnia drugs
NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin)
38
Muscle relaxants
9
S eizure medicines
86
,9
M
Depression: 5 drugs causing it [ID 398]
O
PROMS:
.C
Propranolol
Reserpine
Oral contraceptives
IA
D
Methyldopa
IN
S teroids
@
Sunu George
G
IN
Direct sympathomimetic catecholamines Hi Yield [ID 769]

H
DINED:
Dopamine
AC
Isoproterenol
Norepinephrine
CO
Epinephrine
Dobutamine
A-

W

H
Epilepsy types, drugs of choice Hi Yield [ID 1979]

S
VI
"Military General Attacked Weary Fighters Pronouncing 'Veni Vedi Veci' After Crushing Enemies":
Epilepsy types:
R.
Myoclonic
D
Grand mal
Atonic
West syndrome
Focal
Petit mal (absence)
Respective drugsy:
Valproate
Valproate
Valproate
ACTH
Carbamazepine
Ethosuximide
Inhalation anesthetics Hi Yield [ID 534]
SHINE:
S evoflurane
Halothane
Isoflurane
Nitrous oxide
Enflurane
If want the defunct Methoxyflurane too, make it MoonSHINE.
Ipratropium: action [ID 231]
55
Atropine is buried in the middle: iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine.
89
38
Lead poisoning: presentation [ID 517]
9
86
ABCDEFG:
Anemia
,9
Basophilic stripping
M
Colicky pain
O
Diarrhea
Encephalopathy
.C
Foot drop
Gum (lead line) IA
D
IN
@
Lithium: side effects Hi Yield [ID 531]

G
LITH:
IN
Leukocytosis
Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
H
Tremor/ Teratogenesis
AC
Hypothyroidism
CO
Robert O'Connor and Rinku Uberoi

A-
Lithium: side effects Hi Yield [ID 1252]
LITHIUM:
W
Leukocytes Increased (leukocytosis)

H
Tremors
S
Hypothyroidism
VI
Increased Urine
Moms beware (teratogenic)
R.

D
MAOIs: indications Hi Yield [ID 2059]
MAOI'S :
Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]
Anxiety
Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]
Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]
S ocial phobias
Listed in decreasing order of importance.
Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.
Methyldopa: side effects [ID 487]
METHYLDOPA:
Mental retardation
Electrolyte imbalance
Tolerance
Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upset
Lactation in female
Dry mouth
Oedema
Parkinsonism
Anaemia (haemolytic)
55
Yazeed A. Oqaili King Saud University Medical College
89
Migraine: prophylaxis drugs [ID 1984]
38
"Very Volatile Pharmacotherapeutic Agents For Migraine Prophylaxis":
Verpamil
9
86
Valproic acid
Pizotifen
,9
Amitriptyline
M
Flunarizine
Methysergide
O
Propranolol
.C
Bare bones version [eg Lippincott's two], just Migraine Prophylaxis, as above.
IA
D
IN
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: members Hi Yield [ID 1186]

@
"PIT of despair":
G
Phenelzine
Isocarboxazid
IN
Tranylcypromine
H
A pit of despair, since MAOs treat depression.

AC

Derek Obayashi Chicago Medical School
CO
Morphine: effects Hi Yield [ID 1174]

A-
MORPHINES:
Miosis
W
Orthostatic hypotension
H
Respiratory depression
S
Pain supression
VI
Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations

Increased ICT
R.
Nausea
D
Euphoria
S edation
Dr. Chetan Wasekar, MBBS KEM Hospital
Morphine: effects at mu receptor Hi Yield [ID 1837]
PEAR:
Physical dependence
Euphoria
Analgesia
Robert Copeland Howard University College of Medicine
MPTP: mechanism, effect Hi Yield [ID 1274]
MPTP:
Mitochondrial Parkinson's-Type Poison.
A mitochondrial poison that elicits a Parkinson's-type effect.
55
Muscarinic effects Hi Yield [ID 1788]
89
SLUG BAM:
38
S alivation/ S ecretions/ S weating
Lacrimation
9
86
Urination
Gastrointestinal upset
,9
Bradycardia/ Bronchoconstriction/ Bowel movement
M
Abdominal cramps/ Anorexia
Miosis
O
.C
John Nguyen University of Texas Medical Branch
Myasthenia gravis: edrophonium vs. pyridostigmine

D
eDrophonium is for Diagnosis.
IN
pyRIDostigmine is to get RID of symptoms.

@

Samuel
G
IN
Narcotic antagonists Hi Yield [ID 533]

H
The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and NAltrexone.

AC
Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.

CO

A-
Narcotics: side effects Hi Yield [ID 777]
"SCRAM if you see a drug dealer":

W
S ynergistic CNS depression with other drugs

H
Constipation
S
VI
Addiction
R.
Miosis
D
Nicotinic effects Hi Yield [ID 1787]
MTWTF (days of week):

Mydriasis/ Muscle cramps
Tachycardia
Weakness
Twitching
Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia
Fasiculation
John Nguyen University of Texas Medical Branch
Opiods: mu receptor effects Hi Yield [ID 2161]
"MD CARES":
Miosis
Dependency
Constipation
Analgesics
Euphoria
S edation
Opioids: effects Hi Yield [ID 603]
BAD AMERICANS:
55
Bradycardia & hypotension
Anorexia
89
Diminished pupilary size
38
Analgesics
Miosis
9
86
Euphoria
,9
Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction)
M
Constipation
Ameliorate cough reflex
O
Nausea and vomiting
.C
S edations
Sung H. Kim
IA
D
IN
Parkinsonism: drugs Hi Yield [ID 1812]

@
SALAD:
S elegiline
G
Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)

IN
L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)

H
Amantadine
AC
Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)

Dr. Harsh Sharma
CO
Phenobarbitone: side effects [ID 347]

A-
Children are annoying (hyperkinesia, irritability, insomnia, aggression).

W
Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness).

H

Afif El-khuffash Trinity College Dublin
S
VI
Phenytoin: adverse effects Hi Yield [ID 1796]

R.
PHENYTOIN:
D
P-450 interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache
Ram Mohan SVRR Hospital Tirupathi, India
Physostigmine vs. neostigmine [ID 1434]
LMNOP:
Lipid soluble
Miotic
Natural
Orally absorbed well
Physostigmine
Neostigmine, on the contrary, is:
Water soluble
Used in myesthenia gravis
Synthetic
Poor oral absorption
Manpreet Saini GMC Amritsar
Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine Hi Yield [ID 156]
55
"MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat":
89
Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine).
38
Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).
9
86
,9
Reserpine action [ID 222]
M
Reserpine depletes the Reserves of catecholamines [and serotonin].
O
.C
Serotonin syndrome: components IA Hi Yield [ID 2273]
D
Causes HARM:
Hyperthermia
IN
Autonomic instability (delirium)

@
Rigidity
Myoclonus
G

IN
H
[ID 493]
AC
Sodium valproate: side effects

VALPROATE:
CO
Vomiting
Alopecia
A-
Liver toxicity
Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
W
Retention of fats (weight gain)

H
Oedema (peripheral oedema)

S
Appetite increase
VI
Tremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)
R.

D
Joshua Goh Unimas: University Malaysia Sarawak
SSRIs: side effects Hi Yield [ID 532]
SSRI:
S erotonin syndrome
S timulate CNS
Reproductive disfunctions in male
Insomnia
Succinylcholine: action, use [ID 248]
Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.
You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.
Tricyclic antidepressants: members worth knowing Hi Yield [ID 2236]
"I have to hide, the CIA is after me":

Clomipramine
Imipramine
Amitrptyline
If want the next 3 worth knowing, the DNDis also after me:
Desipramine
Norrtriptyline
Doxepin
55
Dr. Enrique Cifuentes University Autonomus of Guadalajara
89
38
Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects Hi Yield [ID 2878]
TCA'S:
9
86
Thrombocytopenia
Cardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)
,9
Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)
M
S eizures
O
.C
Vigabatrin: mechanism IA Hi Yield [ID 1578]
D
Vi-GABA-Tr-In:
Via GABA Transferase Inhibition
IN

@
G
Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy Hi Yield [ID 1250]

IN
MCAT:
H
Metronidazole
AC
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside
CO
Tetracycline
A-
Kyongbin Baek
W
Beta blockers with CYP2D6 polymorphic metabolism [ID 1533]

H
"I Met Tim Carver, the metabolic polymorph":

S
The following beta blockers require dose adjustment due to CYP2D6 polymorphic metabolism:
VI
Metoprolol
R.
Timolol
Carvedilol
D
(in patients with lower or higher than normal CYP2D6 activity)

David Shprecher Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine
Bleomycin: action Hi Yield [ID 232]
"Bleo-Mycin Blows My DNA to bits":

Bleomycin works by fragmenting DNA (blowing it to bits).
My DNA signals that its used for cancer (targeting self cells).
Busulfan: features Hi Yield [ID 2198]
ABCDEF:
Alkylating agent
Bone marrow suppression s/e
CML indication
Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e
Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e
Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e
Cancer drugs: time of action between DNA->mRNA Hi Yield [ID 2195]
ABCDEF:
Alkylating agents
Bleomycin
55
Cisplastin
Dactinomycin/ Doxorubicin
89
Etoposide
38
Flutamide and other steroids or their antagonists (eg tamoxifen, leuprolide)
9
86
,9
Cisplatin: major side effect, action Hi Yield [ID 48]
M
"Ci-Splat-In":
Major side effect: Splat (vomiting sound)--vomiting so severe that anti-nausea drug needed.
O
Action: Goes Into the DNA strand.
.C
D
Disulfiram-like reaction inducing drugs Hi Yield [ID 624]
IN
"PM PMT" as in Pre Medical Test in the PM:

@
Procarbazine
Metronidazole
G
Cefo (Perazone, Mandole, Tetan).

IN

H
Prashant A. Mehta
AC
Etoposide: action, indications, side effect Hi Yield [ID 1193]

CO
"eTOPoside":
Action:
A-
Inhibits TOPoisomerase II
Indications:
W
Testicular carcinoma
H
Oat cell carcinoma of lung

S
Prostate carcinoma
VI
Side effect:
Affects TOP of your head, causing alopecia
R.

D
Milixa Fortuna UAG Medical Student
Metabolism enzyme inducers Hi Yield [ID 299]
"Randy's Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes":

Rifampin
Barbiturates
Carbamazepine
Grisoefulvin
Phenytoin
Phenobarb
Smoking cigarettes
Brad
Microtubules: drugs that act on microtubules. Hi Yield [ID 3099]
"The MicroTubule Growth Voiding Chemicals":

Thiabendazole
Mebendazole
Taxol
Griseofulvin
Vincristine/ Vinblastine
Colchicine
Javaid H. Wani, Ph.D. Spartan University School of Medicine
Morphine: side-effects Hi Yield [ID 2550]
MORPHINE:
55
Myosis
89
Out of it (sedation)
38
Pneumonia (aspiration)
Hypotension
9
86
Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention)
Nausea
,9
Emesis
M
Tony Duffy Medical Student Glasgow
O
.C
Quinolones [and Fluoroquinolones]: mechanism Hi Yield [ID 1261]
"Topple the Queen": IA

D
Quinolone interferes with Topoisomerase II.
IN

@
G
Routes of entry: most rapid ways meds/toxins enter body [ID 393]
IN
"S tick it, S niff it, S uck it, S oak it":

Stick = Injection
H
Sniff = inhalation
AC
Suck = ingestion
Soak = absorption
CO

A-
Therapeutic dosage: toxicity values for most commonly monitored medications [ID 597]
W
"The magic 2s":

H
Digitalis (.5-1.5) Toxicity = 2.

S
Lithium (.6-1.2) Toxicity = 2.

VI
Theophylline (10-20) Toxicity = 20.

R.
Dilantin (10-20) Toxicity = 20.

APAP (1-30) Toxicity = 200.
D

Therapeutic index: formula Hi Yield [ID 2032]
TILE:
TI = LD50 / ED50
Torsades de Pointes: drugs causing [ID 2269]
APACHE:
Amiodarone
Procainamide
Arsenium
Cisapride
Haloperidol
Eritromycin
Flavio Nacul Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Zero order kinetics drugs (most common ones) Hi Yield [ID 462]
"PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount":

Phenytoin
Ethanol
55
Aspirin
Zero order
89
Someone that pees out a constant amount describes zero order kinetics (always the same amount out)
38
Anonymous Contributor UHS-COM
9
86
Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor action Hi Yield [ID 2241]
,9
zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenase
M
zIlueton: Inhibitor of LT receptor
O
Mumtaz Ali Shah 2000 graduate, Khyber Medical College, Pakistan
.C
Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor location IA [ID 34]
D
"You have 1 heart and 2 lungs":
Beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart.
IN
Beta-2 primarily on lungs.

@

G
IN
Pulmonary infiltrations inducing drugs [ID 1981]

H
"Go BAN Me!":

AC
Gold
Bleomycin/ Busulphan/ BCNU
CO
Amiodarone/ Acyclovir/ Azathioprine

Nitrofurantoin
A-
Melphalan/ Methotrexate/ Methysergide

W

S H
Respiratory depression inducing drugs Hi Yield [ID 1980]

VI
"STOP breathing":
R.
S edatives and hypnotics

Trimethoprim
D
Opiates
Polymyxins
Ribavirin: indications Hi Yield [ID 2101]
RIBAvirin:
RSV
Influenza B
Arenaviruses (Lassa, Bolivian, etc.)
TB: antibiotics used Hi Yield [ID 1581]
STRIPE:
STreptomycin
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrizinamide
Ethambutol
Zafirlukast, Montelukast, Cinalukast: mechanism, usage Hi Yield [ID 648]
"Zafir-luk-ast, Monte-luk-ast, Cina-luk-ast":

Anti-Lukotrienes for Asthma.
Dazzle your oral examiner: Zafirlukast antagonizes leukotriene-4.
55
Oisin and Robert O'Connor UCC and University College Dublin
89
38
Sex hormone drugs: male [ID 778]
9
"Feminine Males Need Testosterone":
86
Fluoxymesterone
Methyltestosterone
,9
Nandrolone
M
Testosterone
O
.C
Teratogenic drugs IA Hi Yield [ID 1972]
D
"W/ TERATOgenic":
IN
Warfarin
Thalidomide
@
Epileptic drugs: phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine

G
Retinoid
IN
ACE inhibitor
Third element: lithium
H
OCP and other hormones (eg danazol)

AC

Anthony Chan
CO
Teratogenic drugs: major non-antibiotics Hi Yield [ID 1433]

A-
TAP CAP:
Thalidomide
W
Androgens
H
Progestins
S
Corticosteroids
VI
Aspirin & indomethacin

R.
Phenytoin
D
Manpreet GMC Amritsar
Tetracycline: teratogenicity Hi Yield [ID 876]
TEtracycline is a
TEratogen that causes staining of
TEeth in the newborn.
Antirheumatic agents (disease modifying): members Hi Yield [ID 2035]
CHAMP:
Cyclophosphamide
Hydroxycloroquine and choloroquinine
Auranofin and other gold compounds
Methotrexate
Penicillamine
Auranofin, aurothioglucose: category and indication Hi Yield [ID 2036]
Aurum is latin for "gold" (gold's chemical symbol is Au).

Generic Aur- drugs (Auranofin, Aurothioglucose) are gold compounds.
If didn't learn yet that gold's indication is rheumatoid arthritis, AUR- Acts Upon Rheumatoid.
55
89
PHYSICS
38
9
Electric units [ID 520]
86
"Vaulting John S ays: 'Ann Can S ing OVA'. What Just S ing? And Vault.":
,9
Volts = Joules/S ec
Amps = Coulombs/S ec
M
Ohms = Volts/Amp
O
Watts = Joules/S ec=Amps x Volts
.C
Sabra
IA
D
Ideal gas law [ID 190]
IN
"Pure Virgins Never Really Tire":

PV=nRT
@

G
IN
Ideal gas law [for All My Children fans] [ID 521]

H
"Pine Valley is Not Real Time"

AC
PV=nRt
CO
Sabra
A-
Ohm's Law [ID 169]

W
"Virgins Are Rare":

H
Volts = Amps x Resistance

Note: can then rearrange to more common form Resistance = Volts / Amps.
S
VI

R.
D
Resistor colour codes [ID 154]
"Bad Boys Rape Our Young Girls But Violet Gives Willingly - Get S ome Now":
In ascending resistor value order:
Black: 0
Brown: 1
Red: 2
Orange: 3
Yellow: 4
Green: 5
Blue: 6
Violet: 7
Grey: 8
White: 9
Gold: 5%
S ilver: 10%
None: 20%
Visible spectrum colors in order [ID 163]
ROY G. BIV
In order from low end of spectrum:
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
55
Violet
89
Alternatively: "Richard Of York Gained Battles In Vain" (Richard III was an English king defeated in 1485).
38
9
86
Work: formula [ID 2286]
,9
"Lots of Work gets me Mad!":
Work = Mad:
M
M=Mass
O
a=acceleration
.C
d=distance
Fox Man
IA
D
IN
PHYSIOLOGY
@
Gut intrinsic innervation: myenteric plexus vs. submucosal plexus function Hi Yield [ID 885]
G
IN
Myenteric: Motility.
S ubmucosal: S ecretion and blood flow.
H

AC

CO
Pepsin-producing cells Hi Yield [ID 1358]
"Chief of Pepsi-Cola":
A-
Chief cells of stomach produce Pepsin.

W
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan
S H
Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function Hi Yield [ID 2615]

VI
carotid S inuS : measures preS S ure.

R.
carotid bO2dy measures O2.

D
Omar Boissard, MD INTEC
Einthoven's Triangle: organization [ID 287]
Corners are at RA (right arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg).

Number of L's at a corner tell how many + signs are at that corner [eg LL is ++].
Sum of number of L's of any 2 corners tells the name of the lead [eg LL-LA is lead III].
For reference axes, the negative angle hemisphere is on the half of the triangle drawing that has all the
negative signs; positive angle hemisphere contains only positive signs.
See diagram.
Hb-oxygen dissociation curve shifts: effect, location [ID 1391]
Left shift: causes Loading of O2 in Lungs.

Right shift: causes Release of O2 from Hb.
Dr. Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan
Heart electrical conduction pathway Hi Yield [ID 2314]
"If patient's family are all having Heart attacks, you must SAVe HIS KIN!"
SA node --->
AV node --->
His (bundle of) -->
PurKINje fibers
Carlo Adan, MPH University of Michigan
55
Heart valves: closure sequence Hi Yield [ID 2563]
89
"Many Things Are Possible":
38
Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonic
9
86
Desales University Physician Assistant Class of 2001
,9
Heart valves: sequence of flow [ID 394]
M
TRIPS BIAS:
O
TRIcuspid
.C
Pulmonary
S emilunar
BIcuspid
IA
D
Aortic
IN
S emilunar
Alternatively: "TRIPS, MI ASs!" (uses MItral instead of BIcuspid)
@

G
IN
Heart: -tropic definitions [ID 296]

H
Lusitropic: loose is relaxed. Definition: relax heart.

AC
Inotropic: when heart wall contracts, moves inward. Definition: contract heart.
Chronotropic: 'chrono-' means 'time'. Defintion: heart rate (of SA node impulses).
CO
Dromotropic: only one left, it must be conduction speed by default.

A-

W
Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites [ID 1329]

H
"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c):

S
Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain.

VI
"HbF binds Forcefully":

R.
HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left.
Stored blood is SOS:
D
S tored blood Hb binds to Oxygen S trongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG.

2,3 BPG binding site is BBC:
BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb.
Myoglobin binding strength is MOM:
Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway tests Hi Yield [ID 431]
"PeT PiTTbull":
PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway.
PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.
Marcus James Fidel Medical Student, University of New Mexico
PGI2 vs. TxA2 coagulation function Hi Yield [ID 254]
TxA2 Aggregates platelets.

PGI2 Inhibits aggregation.
Note: full name of PGI2 is prostaglandin I2 or prostacyclin, full name of TxA2 is thromboxane A2.
Adrenal cortex layers and products Hi Yield [ID 180]
55
"Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex":
Layers:
89
Glomerulosa
38
Fasiculata
Reticulata
9
86
Respective products:
Mineralcorticoids
,9
Glucocorticoids
M
Sex hormones
Alternatively for layers: GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate, convenient since adrenal glands are atop kidney).
O
.C
Adrenal cortex layers and products

D
"Get your Facts Right, Men are Glued to their Gonads":
IN
Glomerulosa
@
Fasciculata
Reticularis
G
Mineralocorticoids
IN
Glucocorticoids
H
Gonadocorticoids [androgens]
AC
CO

A-
"Get All Fat Chicks Right Away":

Layers:
W
Glomerulosa
H
Fasciculata
S
Reticularis
VI
Products:
Aldosterone
R.
Cortisol
D
Androgens
Adrenal cortex layers and products [ID 2056]
"Great Attire And Fast Cars Are Really Sexy Attributes":

Granulosa secretes Aldosterone in response to Angiotensin II.
Fasiculata secretes Cortisol in response to ACTH.
Reticularis secretes Sex steroids in response to ACTH.
Fydor
"Get My Freakin' Gun Right Away":
Glomerulosa: Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone)
Fasiculata: Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Reticularis: Androgens
Thomas B. Edmunds, Jr Chief Urology Resident at SUNY @ Stony Brook
Adrenal gland: functions Hi Yield [ID 1098]
ACTH:
Adrenergic functions
Catabolism of proteins/ Carbohydrate metabolism
T cell immunomodulation
Hyper/ Hypotension (blood pressure control)
55
89
Diabetes Insipidous: diagnosing subtypes Hi Yield [ID 556]
38
After a desmopression injection:
Concentrated urine = Cranial.
9
86
No effect = Nephrogenic.
,9
M
Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1046]
O
THYROIDISM:
.C
Tremor
Heart rate up IA
D
Yawning [fatigability]
Restlessness
IN
Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea

@
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhea
G
Irritability
IN
S weating
H
Musle wasting & weight loss

AC

CO
Oestrogen: functions Hi Yield [ID 2993]

A-
OESTROGEN SUX:
Organ development (sex organs)
W
Endocrine: FSH and LH regulation

H
S econdary sex characteristics development

S
Tropic for pregnancy

VI
Receptor synthesis (of progesterone, oestrogen, LH)

Osteoporosis decrease (inhibits bone reabsorption)
R.
Granulosa cell development

D
Endocrine: increases prolactin secretion, but then blocks its effect

Nipple development
S ex drive increase
Uterine contractility increase
oXytocin sensitivity increase
David Colbert UWA Medicine
Oxytocin-producing nucleus of hypothalamus [ID 653]
Paraventricular nucleus--> Parturition (childbirth is oxytocin's most important role).

Usman Ahmad
Pituitary hormones Hi Yield [ID 152]
FLAGTOP:
Follicle stimulating hormone
Lutinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Alternatively: GOAT FLAP with the second 'A' for Anti-diruetic homone/vasopressin
Note: there is also melanocyte secreting homone and Lipotropin, but they are not well understood.
55
Pituitary: anterior hypophysis hormones Hi Yield [ID 380]
FLATPiG:
89
FSH
38
LH
ACTH
9
86
TSH
Prolactin
,9
ignore GH
M
Fropvd
O
.C
Progesterone: actions Hi Yield [ID 647]
PROGESTE: IA
D
Produce cervical mucous
Relax uterine smooth muscle
IN
Oxycotin sensitivity down

@
Gonadotropin [FSH, LH] secretions down

Endometrial spiral arteries and secretions up
G
S ustain pregnancy
IN
Temperature up / Tit development

H
Excitability of myometrium down

AC

CO
Prostaglandins: dilatation abilities [ID 904]

A-
Prospectors keep mineshafts open:

Mineshaft 1: Patent ductus ateriosus.
W
Mineshaft 2: renal afferent arteriole dilatation.

H

Sameul Atom Baek-Kim
S
VI
Skin vasoconstriction and temperature [ID 3285]

R.
When the skin needs to CONServe heat, the

D
blood vessels of the skin CONStrict.

When the skin is COld, the blood
vessels of the skin COnstrict.
Muscle spindle: origin of primary vs. secondary endings [ID 112]
"1 from 1, 2 from 2":
Primary ending is from Group Ia.
Secondary ending from Group II.
See diagram.
Balance organs [ID 183]
Utricle and S accule keep US balanced.

55
Cochlea: inner vs. outer hair cell function [ID 53]
"Outer cells are Out of the brain. Inner cells are Into the brain":
89
Outer hair cells are motor efferents to amplify signal.
38
Inner hair cells are sensory afferents that actually pick up the sound.
9
86
,9
Electrical conductivity of tissues [ID 3107]
M
"Be Careful To S hock My Best Nerve":
O
In order of least conductive to most conductive:
Bones
.C
Cartilage
Tendon IA
D
S kin
Muscle
IN
Blood
@
Nerve
G
Luz Ann M. Sabado Philippine Physical Therapy Association

IN
H
MAO isoenzyme form locations [ID 1145]

AC
MAO-A in:
Adrenergic peripheral structures
CO
Alimentary mucosa [intestine]

MAO-B in:
A-
Brain
Blood platelets
W

H
Archana
S
VI
Mechanoreceptor types [ID 785]

R.
"Frustated Muscular Mechanics Rub Her P*ssy":

Free nerve endings
D
Meisner's
Merkel's disc
Ruffini's
Hair end organ
Pacinian corpuscle
Usman Ahmad KMC
Nervous stimulus: the 4 ways to classify [ID 109]
"A MILD stimulus":
Modality
Intensity
Location
Duration
Rods vs. cone function [ID 353]
RoD: Dim light.

Cones: Color.
55
Temperature control: cerebral regions [ID 841]
"High Power Air Conditioner":
89
Heating = Posterior hipothalamo [hypothalamus].
38
Anterior hipothalamo [hypothalamus] = Cooling.
9
Gilvano Amorim Oliveira Universidade de Santo Amaro São Paulo/Brasil
86
,9
Urination: autonomic control [ID 618]
M
"When you pee, it's PISs":
O
Parasympathetic Inhibits S ympathetic.
.C
IA
Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO3 [ID 1598]
D
IN
ROME:
Respiratory= Opposite:
@
pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis).

G
pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).

IN
Metabolic= Equal:
pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis).
H
pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis).

AC

CO
Compliance of lungs factors [ID 529]

A-
COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition (fibrosis)
W
Ossification of costal cartilages

H
Major obesity
S
Pulmonary venous congestion

VI
Lung size
R.
Increased expanding pressure

Age
D
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema
All but L/A/E decrease compliance.
V/Q gradient in lung Hi Yield [ID 886]
Infinity, a lung and a zero stack nicely.
V/Q is lowest at bottom, highest at top.
See diagram.
VO2 normal value is 250 mL/min [ID 244]
"V02" is the numbers, just need to rearrange the order.

V is roman numeral for 5, so rearrange to 2V0, or 250 mL/min.
55
LH vs FSH: function in male [ID 1427]
89
LH: Leydig cells stimulated to produce testosterone.
38
FS H: S permatogenesis stimulated.
9
86
,9
Prolactin and oxytocin: functions Hi Yield [ID 3247]
M
PROlactin stimulates the mammary glands to PROduce milk.
O
Oxytocin stimulates the mammary glands to Ooze (release) milk.
.C
IA
Osteoblast vs. osteoclast Hi Yield [ID 2383]
D
IN
OsteoBlast Builds bone.

OsteoClast Consumes bone.
@

G
IN
PODIATRY
H
AC
Blue toe (microembolic toe) Hi Yield [ID 939]

CO
CAVEMAN:
Cholesterol embolizations
Atrial fib with electricity or digitoxin
A-
Valvular problems
W
Endocarditis
H
Mural thrimbosis
Aneurysm/ AV fistula
S
VI
Nothing
R.

D
Peripheral vascular diseases [ID 1004]
ABCDEF:
Atherlsclerosis.
Buerger's disease (TAO)
Cyanosis/ Cold agglutinin/ Connective tissue disease (Raynaud's phenomenon)
Deep vein phlebothrombosis
Embolism
inFlammation of veins
TIA: internal carotid vs. vertebrobasilar Hi Yield [ID 1400]
MD vs. DPM
Internal carotid:
Monocular blindness (amaurox fugax)
Dominant hemisphere (apahsia)
The weakness or numbness is still less in the legs.
Vetebrobasilar:
Diplopia/ Double blindness
Paralysis (quadriplesia)
Motor weakness (ipsilateral)
Ataxia is characteristic in veterbrobasilar lesions.
White toe (arterial insufficiency toe) [ID 938]
55
5 P's:
Pale coloration
89
Pain (excruciating)
38
Paresthesia
Pulselessness
9
Warm compression and vasodilatory Patch to Proximal area
86
,9
M
Diabetic neuropathy types [ID 1407]
O
DPM:
.C
Distal, symmetric, polyneuropathy
Proximal diabetic neuropathy
Mononeuritis muliplex
IA
D
IN

@
Coritcal vs. subcortical brain disease [ID 1346]

G
"MD vs. DPM":

IN
Coritcal brain:
H
Memory
AC
Discrimination (2 point)
Subcortical brain:
CO
Devoid of seizure
Primary sensation through thalamus
Movement disorders (most)
A-
Lower extremities manifestations are characteristic of the subcortical brain lesions.

W

S H
VI
Proprioception and stereognosis deficits: causes [ID 1279]
D.P.M.:
R.
Tabes Dorsalis
D
Pernicious anemia
Mutiple sclerosis
Arthritides: the six classifications [ID 882]
"Round COINS":
Rheumatoid diseases (inflammation of synovium)
Crystal depositions (gout, pseudogout)
Osteoarthritis
Infections
Neuropathy
S LE, mixed scleroderma
Charcot's joints: common disorders Hi Yield [ID 881]
"Come S ee A Handsome DPM":

Congenital insenisitivity to pain
S yringomyelia/ S pina bifida
55
Alcoholism
Hansen's disease
89
Diabetes mellitus
38
Peripheral nerve injury
Menigomyelocele
9
86
Samuel Mae Baek-Kim
,9
Skeletal disease: differential diagnosis [ID 1028]
M
VITAMIN:
O
Vascular disease
.C
Infection
Tumor
Arthritis
IA
D
Metabolic bone disease
IN
Injury
Neurodevelopmental disorders
@

G

IN
PSYCHIATRY
H
AC
Depression [ID 1888]

CO
UNHAPPINESS:
Understandable (such as bereavement, major stresses)
A-
Neurotic (high anxiety personalities, negative parental upbringing

Hypochondriasis
W
Agitation (usually organic causes such as dementia

H
Pseudodementia
S
Pain
VI
Importuniing (whingeing, complaining)

Nihilistic
R.
Endogenous
D
S econdary (ie cancer at the head of the pancreas, bronchogenic cancer)

S yndromal
Peter Loa Medical Student at Adelaide University
Depression criteria/symptoms Hi Yield [ID 2545]
A SAD FACES:
Appetite, weight changes
S leep changes
Anhedonia
Dysphoria (low mood)
Fatigue
Agitation (psychomotor)
Concentration
Esteem
S uicide
The Fifth Year Kids at Wgtn School of Medicine Wgtn School of Med, Univ. of Otago
Depression: major depression criteria Hi Yield [ID 2649]
55
DEAD SWAMP:
Depressed mood most of the day
89
Energy loss or fatigue
38
Anhedonia
Death thoughts (recurrent), suicidal ideation or attempts
9
S leep disturbances (insomnia, hypersomnia)
86
Worthlessness or excessive guilt
,9
Appetite or weight change
Mentation decreased (ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness)
M
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
O
.C
Dr. Mike de Beer GP
Depression: melancholic features (DSM IV)

IA [ID 2003]
D
MELANcholic:
IN
Morning worsening of symptoms/ psychoMotor agitation, retardation/ early Morning wakening

Excessive guilt
@
Loss of emotional reactivity

G
ANorexia/ ANhedonia
IN

Anthony Chan
H
AC
Mania: cardinal symptoms [ID 2456]

CO
DIG FAST:
Distractibility
Indiscretion (DSM-IV's "excessive involvement in pleasurable activities")
A-
Grandiosity
W
Flight of ideas
H
Activity increase
S leep deficit (decreased need for sleep)
S
VI
Talkativeness (pressured speech)

R.
D
Mania: diagnostic criteria Hi Yield [ID 3029]
Must have 3 of MANIAC:

Mouth (pressure of speech)/ Moodl
Activity increased
Naughty (disinhibition)
Insomnia
Attention (distractability)
Confidence (grandiose ideas)
Waqar Ahmed Queens University, Belfast
Schizophrenia: negative features Hi Yield [ID 239]
4 A's:
Ambivalence
Affective incongruence
Associative loosening
Autism
Substance dependence: features (DSM IV) Hi Yield [ID 2004]
"WITHDraw IT":
3 of 7 within 12 month period:
Withdrawal
Interest or Important activities given up or reduced
Tolerance
55
Harm to physical and psychosocial known but continue to use
Desire to cut down, control
89
Intended time, amount exceeded
38
Time spent too much
9
Anthony Chan
86
,9
Biological symptoms in psychiatry [ID 1326]
M
SCALED:
S leep disturbance
O
Concentration
.C
Appetite
Libido
Energy
IA
D
Diurnal mood variation
IN

Diablo Royal Free Hospital Medical School
@
G
Conduct disorder vs. Antisocial personality disorder Hi Yield [ID 1070]

IN
Conduct disorder is seen in Children.

H
Antisocial personality disorder is seen in Adults.

AC
CO
Dementia: main causes [ID 2063]

A-
VITAMIN D VEST:
Vitamin deficiency (B12, folate, thiamine)
W
Intracranial tumour
H
Trauma (head injury)

S
Anoxia
VI
Metabolic (diabetes)
Infection (postencephalitis, HIV)
R.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus

D
Degenerative (Alzheimer's, Huntington's, CJD, etc)

Vascular (multi infarct dementia)
Endocrine (hypothyroid)
S pace occupying lesion (chronic subdural haematoma)
Toxic (alcohol)
Mark P UWCM, UK
Depression: symptoms and signs (DSM-IV criteria) Hi Yield [ID 1136]
AWESOME:
Affect flat
Weight change (loss or gain)
Energy, loss of
S ad feelings/ S uicide thoughts or plans or attempts/ S exual inhibition/ S leep change (loss or excess)/ S ocial withdrawal
Others (guilt, loss of pleasure, hopeless)
Memory loss
Emotional blunting
Muhammad Firdaus, MD Private Practice
Erikson's developmental stages Hi Yield [ID 969]
"The sad tale of Erikson Motors":

The stages in order by age group:
55
Mr. Trust and MsTrust had an auto they were ashamed of. She took the initiative to find the guilty party.
She found the industry was inferior. They were making cars with dents [identity] and rolling fuses [role
89
confusion]. Mr. N.T. Macy [intimacy] isolated the problem, General TVT absorbed the cost. In the end,
38
they found the tires were just gritty and the should have used de- spare!
9
VTF SN, NHCC, Texas
86
,9
Parasomnias: time of onset Hi Yield [ID 1071]
M
SLeep terrors and SLeepwalking occur during SLow-wave sleep (stages 3 & 4).
NightmaRE occurs during REM sleep (and is REMembered).
O
.C
Psychiatric review of symptoms

IA [ID 1839]
D
"Depressed Patients S eem Anxious, S o Claim Psychiatrists":
IN
Depression and other mood disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymia)
@
Personality disorders (primarily borderline personality disorder)

S ubstance abuse disorders
G
Anxiety disorders (panic disorder with agoraphobia, obssessive-compulsive disorder)

IN
S omatization disorder, eating disorders (these two disorders are combined because both involve disorders of bodily perception)
H
Cognitive disorders (dementia, delirium)

AC
Psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, delusional disorder and psychosis accompanying depression, substance abuse or dementia)
CO
RADIOLOGY / ONCOLOGY
A-
W
Esophageal cancer: risk factors [ID 1022]

H
ABCDEF:
S
Achalasia
VI
Barret's esophagus
R.
Corrosive esophagitis
Diverticuliis
D
Esophageal web
Familial
TIGAN (Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride): indication [ID 2652]
TIGAN:
This Is Good Against Nausea
Sabrina
Pituitary endocrine functions often affected by pituitary-associated tumor Hi Yield [ID 332]
"Go Look For the Adenoma Please":
Tropic hormones affected by growth tumor are:
GnRH
LSH
FSH
ACTH
Prolactin function
Anterior mediastinal masses [ID 540]
4 T's:
Teratoma
Thymoma
55
Testicular-type
T-cell / Hodgkin's lymphoma
89
9 38
Head CT scan: evaluation checklist [ID 371]
86
"Blood Can Be Very Bad":
,9
Blood
M
Cistern
Brain
O
Ventricles
.C
Bone
IA
D
IN
MR imaging/ spectroscopy: important metabolites [ID 2093]

@
"Lying Lazy No Good Crooks Collected My insurance":

Lipid: abnormal
G
Lactate: abnormal
IN
NAA
H
Glutamine/glutamate
AC
Creatinine/phosphocreatinine
Choline containing compounds
CO
Myoinositol
Berlin Go
A-
W
Chest radiograph: checklist to examine Hi Yield [ID 1763]

H
ABCDEFGHI:
S
Aorta
VI
Bronchus
Cord, spinal
R.
Diaphragm (look for hyperinflation)

D
Eosphagus (look for foreign body)

Fracture (ribs)
Gas (look for pneumothorax)
Heart (look for cardiomegaly)
Iatrogenic (subclavian line, pacemakers)
Vince Yamashiroya
Dermatomyositis or polymyositis: risk of underlying malignancy [ID 242]
Risk is 30% at age 30.
Risk is 40% at age 40, and so on.
Prognotic factors for cancer: general [ID 1107]
PROGNOSIS:
Presentation (time & course)
Response to treatment
Old (bad prog.)
Good intervention (i.e. early)
Non-compliance with treatment
Order of differentiation (>1 cell type)
S tage of disease
55
Ill health
S pread (diffuse)
89
Cashman, Reidy, Motty, BB University of Queensland, Australia
9 38
T2 vs. T1 MRI scan [ID 1724]
86
"WW 2" (World War II):
,9
Water is White in a T2 scan.
M
Conversely, a T1 scan shows fat as being whiter.
O
Jason Galarneau Flinders University School of Medicine, South Australia
.C
Chest radiograph: checklist to examine IA [ID 605]
D
"Pamela Found Our Rotation Particularly Exciting; Very Highly Commended Mainly 'Cus S he Arouses":
Patient details
IN
Film details
@
Objects (eg. lines, electrodes)

Rotation
G
Penetration
IN
Expansion
H
Vessels
AC
Hila
Costophrenic angles
CO
Mediastinum
Cardiothoracic Ratio
S oft tissues and bones
A-
Air (diaphragm, pneumothorax, subcut. emphysema)

W

Andrew Booshan
S H
VI
Chest X-ray interpretation [ID 2900]
Preliminary is ABCDEF:
R.
AP or PA
D
Body position
Confirm name
Date
Exposure
Films for comparison
Analysis is ABCDEF:
Airways (hilar adenopathy or enlargement)
Breast shadows/ Bones (rib fractures, lytic bone lesions)
Cardiac silhoutte (cardiac enlargement)/ Costophrenic angles (pleural effusions)
Diaphragm (evidence of free air)/ Digestive tract
Edges (apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening or plaques)/ Extrathoracic tissues
Fields (evidence of alveolar filling)/ Failure (alveolar air space disease with prominent vascularity with or without pleural effusions)
Fahed Al-Daour
Chest X-ray: cavitating lesions differential [ID 2626]
"If you see HOLES on chest X-ray, they are WEIRD":

Wegener's syndrome
Embolic (pulmonary, septic)
Infection (anaerobes, pneumocystis, TB)
Rheumatoid (necrobiotic nodules)
Developmental cysts (sequestration)
Histiocytosis
Oncological
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Environmental, occupational
S arcoid
55
Alternatively: L=Left atrial myxoma
89
LW Mason, and Anonymous Contributor 4th Year Medical Student and Not Specified
38
Chest x-ray: differential diagnoses of shadow on the upper zones of lung fields [ID 2398]
9
86
5 Ts:
Thymoma
,9
Thyroid (retrosternal)
M
Tuberculosis
Terrible lymphoma
O
Teratoma
.C
Kok Fai Kong Final Year Medical Student, University of Auckland, New Zealand IA
D
Lung cancer: main sites for distant metastases Hi Yield [ID 1906]
IN
BLAB:
@
Bone
Liver
G
Adrenals
IN
Brain
H

Ian Silver Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
AC
Lung cancer: notorious consequences Hi Yield [ID 2256]

CO
SPEECH:
A-
S uperior vena cava syndrome

Paralysis of diaphragm (Phrenic nerve)
W
Ectopic hormones
H
Eaton-Lambert syndrome
S
Clubbing
VI
Horner syndrome/ Hoarseness

R.
Rinku Uberoi
D
Upper lobe shadowing: causes Hi Yield [ID 931]
BREASTS:
Beryllium
Radiation
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
S arcoidosis
TB
S iliconiosis
A Bywaters
Elbow ossification centers, in sequence [ID 1750]
CRITOE:
Capitellum
Radial head
Internal epicondyle
Trochlea
Olecranon
External epicondyle
In order: appear at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 years; each closes 2 years later.
Vince Yamashiroya
Mole: signs of trouble Hi Yield [ID 225]
ABCDE:
55
Asymmetry
Border irregular
89
Colour irregular
38
Diameter usually > 0.5cm
Elevation irregular
9
86
Oisin University College Cork
,9
M
Neck sagittal x-ray: examination checklist [ID 118]
O
ABCD:
Anterior: look for swelling
.C
Bones: examine each bone for fractures
Cartilage: look for slipped discs IA
D
Dark spots: ensure not abnormally big, or could mean excess blood
IN

@
Osteoarthritis: x-ray signs Hi Yield [ID 1916]

G
IN
LOSS:
Loss of joint space
H
Osteopyhtes
AC
S ubcondral sclerosis
S ubchondral cysts
CO

A-
RHEUMATOLOGY / ALLERGY
W
H
SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis (ARA criteria) [ID 2820]

S
VI
DAMP AS RHINO:
Discoid rash
R.
ANA (+)
D
Malar rash
Photosensitivity
Arthritis
S erositis (pleural, pericardial)
Renal involvement
Hematologic abnormality
Immunologic abnormality
Neurologic abnormality (seizures, psychosis)
Oral / nasal ulcer, Observed
Thomas K. Vaughan MD Madigan Army Medical Center, Washington
SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis Hi Yield [ID 382]
"MD SOAP 'N HAIR":
Malar rash
Discoid rash
S erositis
Oral ulcer
Arthritis
Photosensitivity
Neurologic abnormality
Hematologic abnormality
ANA (+)
Immunologic abnormality
Renal involvement
55
Felty's syndrome: components Hi Yield [ID 1864]
89
SANTA:
38
S plenomegaly
Anaemia
9
Neutropenia
86
Thrombocytopenia
,9
Arthritis (rheumatoid)
M
O
.C
Carpal tunnel syndrome Hi Yield [ID 2275]
TINel's sign:
TINgling sensation after
IA
D
Tapping on
IN
Traumatized nerve in carpal

Tunnel syndrome
@

G
IN
Henoch schonlein purpura: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1765]

H
AC
NAPA:
Nephritis
CO
Arthritis, arthralgias
Purpura, palpable (especially on buttocks and lower extremities)
Abdominal pain (need to rule out intussusception)
A-

W
Vince Yamashiroya
H
Asthma: treatment Hi Yield [ID 514]

S
VI
ASTHMA:
Adrenergics
R.
S teroids
D
Theophylline
Hydration
Mask [O2 at 24%]
Antibiotics
Ankylosing spondylitis: extra-articular manifestations [ID 2917]
6 A's:
Atlanto-axial subluxation
Anterior uveitis
Apical lung fibrosis
Aortic incompetence
Amyloidosis (kidneys)
Autoimmune bowel disease (UC)
Matt Smith Birmingham Medical School
Arthritis: juvenile idiopathic: differential [ID 1777]
ARTHRITIS:
Anxiety
Rickets and metabolic
55
Tumor
Hematological
89
Reactive arthritis
38
Immunological (SLE)
Trauma
9
Injury
86
S epsis
,9
Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Pakistan
M
O
Arthritis: seronegative spondyloarthropathies Hi Yield [ID 2292]
.C
PEAR:
Psoriatic arthritis
Enteropathic arthritis
IA
D
Ankylosing sponylitis
IN
Reiter's/ Reactive
@
Dave Hassan
G
IN
Gout: drugs and foods raising uric acid levels [ID 3126]
H
Drugs are FACT:

AC
Frusemide
Aspirin/ Alcohol
CO
Cytotoxic drugs
Thiazide diuretics
Foods are SALTS:
A-
S hellfish
W
Anchovies
H
Liver and kidney

Turkey
S
VI
S ardines
R.
Sushant Varma Junior Doctor

D
Joint pain causes [ID 236]
SOFTER TISSUE:
S epsis
Osteoarthritis
Fractures
Tendon/muscle
Epiphyseal
Referred
Tumor
Ischaemia
S eropositive arthritides
S eronegative arthritides
Urate
Extra-articular rheumatism (such as polymylagia)
Osteoporosis risk factors Hi Yield [ID 1115]
ACCESS:
Alcohol
Corticosteroid
Calcium low
Estrogen low
S moking
S edentary lifestyle
Lum
55
89
SURGERY
38
Fistulas: conditions preventing closure Hi Yield [ID 1664]
9
86
FRIEND:
Foreign body
,9
Radiation
M
Infection/ Inflammation (Crohn)
O
Epithelialization
Neoplasia
.C
Distal obstruction
Knowledge Level 4, System: Alimentary IA
Danny Rosin and Adam W. Beck, M.D. Unspecified and UT-Southwestern Hospital Systems
D
IN
Oesophageal cancer risk factors Hi Yield [ID 2085]

@
PC BASTARDS:
G
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
IN
Coeliac disease
Barrett's
H
Alcohol
AC
S moking
Tylosis
CO
Achalasia
Russia (geographical distribution)
A-
Diet
S tricture
W

H
Dr. John Holme

S
VI
Pancreatitis: treatment [ID 3125]

R.
MACHINES:
Monitor vital signs
D
Analgesia/ Antibiotics
Calcium gluconate (if deemed necessary)
H2 receptor antagonist
IV access/ IV fluids
Nil by mouth
Empty gastric contents
S urgery if required/ S enior review
Sushant Varma Junior Doctor
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: genetic component [ID 2293]
AAA (3 A's) is sometimes due to a defect in the gene encoding for type III procollagen.
GI bleeding: causes Hi Yield [ID 1021]
ABCDEFGHI:
Angiodysplasia
Bowel cancer
Colitis
Diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer
Epitaxis/ Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices)
Fistula (anal, aortaenteric)
Gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastritis)
Hemorrhoids
55
Infectious diarrhoea/ IBD/ Ischemic bowel
89
38
Haematocele: etiology [ID 2793]
9
86
3T's and 2 H's:
Tumor
,9
Torsion
M
Trauma
Hydrocele as a complication
O
Haemophilia (blood diseases)
.C
IA
Zeinab Abd El Shafy Aboud 6th year medical student, University of Alexandria, Egypt
D
Varicose veins: symptoms Hi Yield [ID 3080]
IN
AEIOU:
@
Aching
Eczema
G
Itching
IN
Oedema
H
Ulceration/ Ugly (LDS, haemosiderin, varicosities)

AC

CO
Melanoma sites Hi Yield [ID 1262]

A-
"Mel SEA" (Pronounced "Mel C" from the Spice Girls)

Melanoma sites, in order of frequency:
W
S kin
H
Eyes
S
Anus
VI

R.
D
Ulcers: edge types [ID 3083]
F PURE:
Flat (eg venous)
Punched-out (eg trophic, arterial)
Undetermined (eg pressure, TB)
Rolled (eg BCC)
Everted (eg SCC)
Post-operative fever causes Hi Yield [ID 41]
Six W's:
Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first 48 hours, may have pneumonia
Wound: infection at surgical site
Water: check IV for phlebitis
Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or restricted mobility related to pain and fatigue
Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization
Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever
Abdomen: inspection [ID 3077]
5 S's:
S ize
S hape
55
S cars
S kin lesions
89
S toma
38
9
86
Appendicectomy: complications Hi Yield [ID 1880]
,9
WRAP IF HOT:
M
Wound infection
Respiratory (atelectasis, pneumonia)
O
Abscess (pelvic)
.C
Portal pyemia
Ileus (paralytic)
Fecal fistula
IA
D
Hernia (r. inguinal)
IN
Obstruction (intestinal due to adhesions)

Thrombus (DVT)
@

G
Sami Almusawa JUST

IN
Disease description: organization of answer [ID 2502]

H
AC
"In A S urgeon's Gown, Physicians May Make S ome Clinical Progress":

Incidence
CO
Age
S ex
Geography
A-
Predisposing factors
W
Macroscopic appearance
H
Microscopic appearance
S pread
S
VI
Clinical features
Prognosis
R.

D
Fistulas: conditions preventing closure [ID 538]
FETID:
Foreign body
Epithelialization
Tumor
Infection
Distal obstruction
Inguinal mass: differential [ID 2537]
"Hernias Very Much Like To S well":
Hernias (inguinal, femoral)
Vascular (femoral aneurysm, sapheno varyx)
Muscle (psoas abscess)
Lymph nodes
Testicle (ectopic, undescended)
S permatic cord (lipoma, hydrocoele)
Josh Brostoff University of Birmingham Med School, UK
Oedema causes: generalised [ID 868]
"HILARI IS SAVE" (Hilary):

Heart failure
Iatrogenic
55
Liver causes
Aldosterone increased/ ADH increased
89
Renal cause
38
Inadequate protein in blood (hypoalbuminaemia)
Causes for the inadequate protein in blood are:
9
Intake Inadequate (Kwashiorkor)
86
S ecretion fro pancreas decreased (pancreatitis)
,9
S ynthesis decreased (liver failure)
Absorption decreased (Crohn's disease)
M
Vomit (pyloric stenosis)
O
Excretion increased (nephrotic)
.C
IA
D
Oedema causes: localised [ID 869]
IN
ALIVE:
Allergic (angio-oedema)
@
Lymphatic (elephantiasis)
G
Inflammatory (infection, injury)

IN
VEnous (DVT, chronic venous insufficiency)

H
AC
Post-operative complications (immediate) Hi Yield [ID 350]

CO
"Post-op PROBS":
Pain
A-
Primary haemorrhage
W
Reactionary haemorrhage
H
Oliguria
Basal atelectasis
S
VI
S hock/ S epsis
R.
Jacob George University of Sheffield, UK

D
Swollen leg: unilateral swelling causes Hi Yield [ID 3081]
TV BAIL:
Trauma
Venous (varicose veins, DVT, venous insufficiency)
Baker’s cyst
Allergy
Inflammation (cellulitis)
Lymphoedema
Scrotum: scrotum swelling differential Hi Yield [ID 2651]
THE THEATRES:
Torsion
Hernia
Epididymytis, orchitis
Trauma
Hydrocoele, varicocele, hematoma
Edema
Appendix testes (torsion, hemorrhage)
Tumour
Recurrent leukemia
Epididymal cyst
S yphilis, TB
Noam Kurtis Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv
55
Compartment syndrome: signs and symptoms Hi Yield [ID 2014]
89
5 P's:
38
Pain
Palor
9
P ulseless
86
Paresethesia
,9
Pressure (increased)
M
Michelle Zetoony Medical Student 2003, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
O
.C
UROLOGY / NEPHROLOGY
IA
Dialysis: indications Hi Yield [ID 1702]
D
IN
AEIOU:
Acid-base problems (severe acidosis or alkalosis)
@
Electrolyte problems (hyperkalemia)

G
Intoxications
IN
Overload, fluid
Uremic symptoms
H

AC
Malvinder S. Parmar, MD, FRCPC, FACP Timmins & District Hospital, Timmins, ON, Canada
CO
Enlarged kidneys: causes Hi Yield [ID 1838]
SHAPE:
A-
S clerderma
HIV nephropathy
W
Amyloidosis
H
Polycystic kidney disease

S
Endocrinophathy (diabetes)
VI

Dino Santoro University of Manitoba
R.
D
Glomerular disease with a reduced complement level [ID 2126]
PELICAN:
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Endocarditis (sub-acute)
Lupus erythematosus
Idiopatic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Cryoglobulinemia
Abscess (visceral)
Nephritis
Alexandre de Freitas Miranda Federal University of Rio de Janeiro -Brazil -RJ
Hematuria: differential Hi Yield [ID 198]
"S#!T":
S tones/ S ystemic disease (SLE)/ S tructural lesions (UPJ obstruction)
Hematologic disease (sickle cell, coagulopathy)/ Hypercalciuria/ Hereditary (Alport nephritis)/ HSP/ HUS
Infectious and Immunologic (PSGN)/ IgA nephropathy (Berger nephritis)/ Interstitial disease (interstitial nephritis)/ Idiopathic conditions (thin
glomerular basement membrane disease or benign familial hematuria)
Trauma/ Tumor/ TB/ Toxins
Vince Yamashiroya
Hydronephrosis: differential Hi Yield [ID 1611]
Unilateral is PACT:
Pelvic-uteric obstruction (congenital or acquired)
Aberrant renal vessels
55
Calculi
Tumours of renal pelvis
89
Bilateral is SUPER:
38
S tenosis of the urethra
Urethral valve
9
86
Prostatic enlargement
Extensive bladder tumour
,9
Retro-peritoneal fibrosis
M
O
.C
Metabolic waste products retention: clinical features [ID 3204]
ABCDEFGHI: IA
D
Apathy/ Anorexia/ Anemia
Bleeding
IN
Confusion/ Coma
@
Dizziness
Emesis/ Edema of the lung
G
Fits
IN
Gastrointestinal bleeding
H
Hiccups
AC
Infection
Seyi Kayode College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Osun State, Nigeria
CO
Nephrotic syndrome: causes for secondary nephrotic syndrome [ID 233]

A-
DAVID:
W
Diabetes mellitus
H
Amyloidosis
S
Vasculitis
VI
Infections
Drugs
R.

D
Polycystic kidney: genetic marker Hi Yield [ID 1892]
"P" is the 16th letter of the alphabet.

Autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease is associated with abberation on the 16th chromosome.
Thomas B. Edmunds, Jr, MD Chief Resident at SUNY Stony Brook
Prostatism: initial symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1850]
"Prostatism is initially FUN":
Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia
Peter L University of Queensland Medical School
Pyelonephritis (acute): predisposing factors [ID 489]
SCARRIN' UP:
S ex (females <40, males >40)
Catheterization
Age (infant, elderly)
Renal lesions
Reflux (vesciouteral)
55
Immunodeficienct
NIDDM, IDDM
89
Urinary obstuction
38
Pregnant
Acute pyelonephritis heals by scarrin' up the area (pyelonephritic scar).
9
86
Yazeed A.Oqaili King Saud University Medical College
,9
Renal Cell Cancer (RCC): genetic marker Hi Yield [ID 1891]
M
"RCC" equals three. Or, "C" is the third letter of the alphabet.
O
RCC is associated with genetic abberations on the third chromosome (VHL gene)
.C
Thomas B. Edmunds, Jr, MD Chief Resident at SUNY Stony Brook IA
D
Renal failure: symptoms/signs Hi Yield [ID 1084]
IN
"My Big Nob Vibrates Gently In Her Purulent Pelvis":

@
Malaise
Breathlessness
G
Nausea
IN
Vomiting
H
GI motility
AC
Headache
Pruritis
CO
Pigmentation
A-
W
Renal tubular acidosis: type with common nephrocalcinosis [ID 3101]

H
The stONE (nephrocalcinosis) is common in type ONE.

S

VI
Dr. Sharad Chandra Pediatrics

R.
Urinary incontinence: causes of acute and reversible Hi Yield [ID 134]

D
DRIP:
Delirium
Restricted mobility/ Retention
Inflammation / Infection/ Impaction [fecal]
Pharmaceuticals / Polyuria
"Drip" is convenient since it is urinary incontinence, so urine only drips out.
Urinary incontinence: differential [ID 3000]
DIAPERS:
Delirium
Infection
Atrophic urethritis and vaginitis
Pharmaceuticals/ Psychologic
Excessive urine output
Restricted mobility
S tool impaction
Cheah Soon Keat 4th year medical student, UNIMAS, Malaysia
Epididmyitis: bacterial causes [ID 1511]
CENT:
Chlamydia trachomatis
55
E. coli
Nisseria gonorrhoeae
89
Tuberculos bacteria
38
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujrnwala
9
86
Testicular atrophy: differential [ID 1620]
,9
TESTES SHRINK:
M
Trauma
Exhaustional atrophy
O
S equelae
.C
Too little food
Elderly
S emen obstruction
IA
D
S ex hormone therapy
IN
Hypopituitarism
Radiation
@
Inflammatory orchitis
G
Not descended
IN
Kleinfelter's
H

AC
CO
A-
W
S H
VI
R.
D

1600 Menmonics in Medical Study

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1600 Menmonics in Medical Study

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

ANATOMY

Bowel components [ID 189]

"Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing S tock Report":

Diaphragm apertures [ID 272]

"3 holes, each with 3 things going through it":

Esophageal hiatus: esophagus, vagal trunks, left gastric vessels.

Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels Hi Yield [ID 3225]

Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12

Vena cava = 8 letters = T8

Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary

Oriade Adeoye Dept. of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, OAU, Ile-Ife

Duodenum: lengths of parts [ID 58]

"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered":

Meckel's diverticulum details Hi Yield [ID 72]

Aorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right. IA

Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Aortic arch: major branch order [ID 29]

"Know your ABC'S":

left Common Carotid

Atrioventricular valves Hi Yield [ID 2681]

Left Atrium: Bicuspid

Right Atrium: Tricuspid

Amir A. Ghaferi Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

Axillary artery branches [ID 663]

"S end The Lord to S ay A Prayer":

"S uzy Thompkins Loves S ex, Alcohol, and Pot":

Axillary artery branches [ID 1208]

"S crew The Lawyer S ave A Patient":

Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches [ID 608]

"I Am Pretty S exy"

Alternatively: "I Am Pretty S mart".

Knowledge Level 5, System: Cardiovascular

Branches of Internal Iliac Artery [ID 3160]

"I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear":

Gluteal (superior and inferior)

Inferior vesicle (uterine in females)

Cardiac valves: order in circuit [ID 2895]

"TRI berore you BI":

Carotid sheath contents [ID 669]

Cavernous sinus contents Hi Yield [ID 1094]

Dr. Harsh Sharma

Descending abdominal aorta branches from diaphragm to iliacs [ID 613]

Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular

Descending abdominal aorta: seven divisions [ID 448]

"S ometimes Intestines Get Really S tretched Causing Leakage":

External carotid artery branches [ID 291]

External carotid artery branches [ID 404]

"S ome Angry Lady Figured Out PMS":

Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular

External carotid artery branches [ID 831]

External maxillary (facial)

External carotid artery branches [ID 842]

External carotid artery branches [ID 1030]

Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular

External carotid artery branches [ID 1256]

"S ally Ate Lots Of Fresh Produce March Through S eptember":

Occipital (O before F is an extremely common variation)

External carotid artery branches [ID 1558]

External carotid artery branches [ID 1799]

Anterior jugular vein

Transverse cervical vein

Knowledge Level 3, System: Cardiovascular

Dalia Rashdan Ain Shams University School of Dentistry

Female pelvic organs' blood supply [ID 267]