Upper flammable limit Maximum vapor concentration supporting combustion

Combustible gas indicator Operates with a catalytic sensor and Wheatstone bridge

Requires oxygen to operate properly

Some use infrared technology

Hazardous area classification Flammable liquids; vapors and gases are likely to be present

Class I

Hazardous area classification Combustible dusts are likely to be present

Class II

Hazardous area classification Easily ignitable fibers are likely to be present

Class III
Sprinklers NFPA 13 Wet Pipe: water in system at all times and water releases
when sprinkler head is heated.
Wet pipe and dry pipe system
Dry-pipe system:

Pipe filled with compressed air

Water released when air pressure drops after opening at
sprinkler head
Used where freezing may be a problem
Main valve must be in heated enclosure

Sprinklers NFPA 13 Deluge system:

Deluge system and Halon (FM-200) (NFPA 12A)  Wets down entire area by admitting water to
sprinklers open at all times
 Used in high hazard areas
 Sprinkler heads are maximum 15 feet apart
Halon (FM-200) (NFPA 12A

 Displaces oxygen
 Used to protect computer rooms, sensitive expensive
equipment

Fire Extinguishment CO2 (NFPA 12)

 Oxygen dilution

Standpipes and hose systems (NFPA 14)

Portable fire extinguishers Rated based on fire class for extinguishment

 Class A-water
 Class B-foam or chemical agent
 Class C-foam or chemical agent
 Class D-dry powder
Portable fire extinguishers Rated on floor area to cover 11,250ftsquared

 75 feet max travel distance to class A, D

 50 feet max travel distance for class B fire

Employees must be trained in use of extinguishers

Sprinkler Head Placement (NFPA 13)
 Maximum allowed protection area per sprinkler not
to be exceeded
 Maximum spacing of 15 feet
 18 inches clearing underneath and around sprinkler
heads

Smoke detectors Respond to particles passing through a light beam

 Beam photoelectric detectors-opacity of smoke
 Reflected beam-detector senses light reflected from
particles
Ionization detectors
 Earliest practical detection
 Particles intercept ionized air (from radiation source)
causing a change in electrical current
May be place in HVAV

MEANS OF EGRESS  exit access-path leading to exit

 exit-protected space separated from other parts of
building
 exit discharge-last segment between exit and land
outside (door)

Exits  must be clearly marked

 exit doors must be at least 32 inches wide after 1994
and 28 inches wide before 1994
 stairway downward should allow 45 persons/minute
per 22 inches of width
 exit doors must open in the direction of travel
 pull stations located within 5 feet of exit and exit
discharge
NFPA 70 Live Work Determine shock hazard boundaries

 Only qualified persons can enter the restricted

approach boundary. Entering the prohibited
approach boundary is considered the same as
touching live parts. These boundaries are for shock
protection only; they determine when electrical
workers must use voltage-rated (rubber) gloves and
voltage rated (fiberglass) tools.

NFPA 70 Live Work Determine flash protection boundary

 The default flash protection boundary for systems

operating at 600 volts is 48 inches. Qualified person
who works closer than 48 inches to live parts must
wear PPE clothing including flame resistant clothing.
This PPE is for arc-flash and arch-blast protection, not
protection against electric shock.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter  Detects difference between 2 conductors

 Shuts off circuit if there is a difference-as low as 2 ma
and as quickly as .02 seconds
 Used in bathrooms; kitchens and outdoor circuits

Static electricity NFPA 77  Electrical charges build up on the surface of materials

 Charge is discharged as arc through the air
 Builds up in dry air
 Moving fluids, belts and sliding materials build up
static charges
 Static charges are controlled through grounding and
bonding

Grounding and bonding  Grounding: electrically connecting a piece of

equipment to ground (earth)
 Bonding: electrically connecting two (or more) pieces
of equipment together. This prevents a static charge
buildup between the pieces.
Safety charter  It is essential that safety function be implemented as
line responsibility
 Safety organizational element is a staff function that
provides advice and assistance to the line in effort to
comply with safety

Safety policy Broad statement outlining organizational commitment to

safety

Administration Function of planning; organizing; coordination and

measuring performance and providing the data to the
organization

Management Function of planning; organizing; coordination and

measuring information and using that data to persuade an
organization to move in a specific direction.

Gantt chart Bar chart illustrating a project schedule. It uses a work

breakdown structure to detail the start and finish dates of
terminal elements.
CEO; plant manager and department head Sets tone for safety; leads by example