The Complete School MEGAMATH Poster

Algebra Introduction Trigonometry Simple Interest Finance Present and Future Values Differentiation Rules Differentiation
Example
Variables or Pronumerals Multiplying and dividing variables Naming the Sides Using Trigonometry to work out side lengths Principal: Note this is the principal, not the Future values are simply how much an amount of 1. For any xb, its derivative is simply b × xb–1. Chain Rule
Hy

Opposite
po
ten principle (which is a rule or law). The principal Jason has borrowed $4000 from the bank to help money now will be worth in a certain number of
The first and biggest thing to understand is what a variable is in algebra. Say I wanted to multiply ‘x’ by ‘y’. I’d write this as: us There are three different names for the three A pay for a new car. The bank loaned him the The derivative of x 5 is 5x 4 . dy dy du
Say I have the following equation: e
different sides of a right-angled triangle.
A
us
e is the amount of money that has been lent or years. = ×
xy ten borrowed. $4000 at an interest rate of 7% per annum, with 2. For any axb its derivative is b × axb–1. The power is put out in dx du dx

opposite
po 8 We can solve for the future value of $2000 in ten
x+7 =9 The hypotenuse is always the longest side. 8 hy b an 18 month term. How much interest will he front of the expression, and then the power is reduced by 1.
When you’re multiplying variables together, often the multiplication symbol A b Interest rate: The interest rate tells you what years time at 13% per annum by using the In words, this says the derivative of y with respect to x is equal to the
If you read this new equation out aloud, you should say something like: “x isn’t written. The last expression is exactly the same as: The other two names, opposite and adjacent, have to pay back to the bank over the 18 months? Remember anything to the power 1 is just itself, and anything to derivative of y with respect to u times the derivative of u with respect to
Adjacent percentage of the amount borrowed (the compound interest formula:
depend on which angle you’re currently looking the power 0 is 1.
plus seven equals nine”. ‘x’ is what we call a variable, or pronumeral. x× y 40° principal) needs to be paid at regular time How many years is 18 months? It’s 1.5 years. x. Note if you cancel out the ‘du’s on the right hand side, you are left
A = P(1 + i )
40° n
at in the triangle. a
Variables are used to represent numbers. B a intervals. Often the time interval is a year – so So our term length is 1.5 years: The derivative of 3x4 is 12x3. with the left hand side.
A = 2000(1 + 0.13)
except it doesn’t have the multiplication symbol. adjacent
you pay back interest once a year.
4(3 x + 4 )
Hy 10
Coefficients of variables The opposite side is the side opposite the angle $4000 × 7 ×1.5 The derivative of 3x–4 is –12x–5 5

Adjacent
po
You can also divide variables by other variables: ten Say we want to find how long side ‘a’ is. What we can simple interest paid =
A coefficient is the number in front of a variable. Look at the following
us
e we’re looking at. do is write a trigonometric ratio which has ‘a’ in it. We Term length: The term length is how long the 100 A = $6789.13
3. When you have terms separated by ‘+’s or ‘–’s you can find the dy du
expression: x The adjacent side is the side of the triangle that only know one side length – we know the hypotenuse is person who has borrowed the money has to pay simple interest paid = $420 = 20u 4 and =3
or x or x y or x ÷ y interest for.
The future value is $6789.13. derivative of each term then add them together to find the
du dx
y y touches the angle we’re looking at, but which is 8 long. What we want is a trigonometric ratio that derivative of the whole function.
5x Compound Interest Say you want to have a certain amount of money
Opposite not the hypotenuse. involves both the side we’re trying to work out (side a) Per annum: This just means, “per year.” So we can use our differentiation rules to calculate that
Expressions, equations and terms Atotal = P(1 + i ) in 10 years time. The present value of that The derivative of 2x4 + 3x2 – 3x + 2 is 8x3 + 6x – 3
n
The number in front of the ‘x’ is its coefficient: 5. What about: and the side we already know.
The simple interest formula money is the amount of money you must invest dy
− 4x + 3 y A term is part of an equation which has one or more variables or Side Ratios So since we’re using the 40° angle, we want a ratio Note that the 2 just disappears. All constants (numbers by themselves = 20u 4 × 3 = 60u 4 .
You use this to work out how much interest needs Atotal = final amount at end including principal, i now to get that desired amount in 10 years time. without algebraic symbols) disappear when you find the derivative. dx
pronumerals in it, but no ‘+’ signs or ‘–’ signs in it. For instance: which involves the adjacent side and the hypotenuse.
The coefficient of ‘x’ is ‘–4’ and the coefficient of y is ‘3’. Trigonometry is all about the ratio of the side Check with Pythagoras’ Theorem to be payed, if you know the principal, the = interest rate, n = number of ‘rests’ - the times FV We can then substitute in for what u is and give the answer as
42 x 2 y 3 lengths in the triangle. For the triangle with angle A: You can check side length answers with Let’s go through our SOH CAH TOA: PV = 4. The derivative of sin x is cos x
Addition and Subtraction • is also a term because it has the two pronumerals x and y in it,
(S)in is the (O)pposite over the (H)ypotenuse, so it won’t
interest rate, and the term length. when you stop to calculate interest. (1 + i )n 5. The derivative of cos x is –sin x (note the change in sign). 60(3x + 4)4
43 xy Length of adjacent side Pythagoras’ Theorem: Here’s the formula: Growth Factor: The growth factor is the ratio of
3x + 4 x cosine A = cos A = work. Example Product Rule
but no ‘+’ or ‘–’ signs in it. Length of hypotenuse side Hypotenuse2 = opposite 2 + adjacent 2 ??? the final amount to the principal. 6. The derivative of ex is ex.
( )( )
PRT
I can read this equation as “Three lots of x plus four lots of x”. What
• (4 x + 3 y ) is not a term because it has a ‘+’ sign in it. In fact, it is made (C)os is the (A)djacent over the (H)ypotenuse – bingo, simple interest paid = I want to have $6000 in 10 years time. The y = 3x + 2 x 2 x 4 − 5
2
Length of opposite side Example 7. The derivative of ln x is 1/x, for x > 0. There is no ln x when x ≤
happens when I have 3 of something, and I add another 4 of the same thing? sine A = sin A = Say the hypotenuse is 8, and you work that’s what we want. 100 current compound yearly interest rate is 5% with
Simple – I end up with 7 of that thing. So in this case, I can rewrite this up of two terms, ‘4x’ and ‘3y’. Length of hypotenuse side out the adjacent side is 6.128 and the Sally puts $800 in her savings account at 6% 0 (ln is the natural logarithm) The product rule simply states that if the function can be split up into a
So we can write a trigonometric ratio using cosine: P = principal, R = % rate, T = term length yearly rests. What is the present value of that
expression: An expression is a group of terms connected by ‘+’ or ‘–’ signs. There can Length of opposite side opposite side is 5.142. yearly interest, compounding daily. How much $6000? Note that the derivative can be written a few different ways: sub-function multiplied by another sub-function, then:
tangent A = tan A = adjacent a Only one important thing to remember with this does she have after 1 year?
⇒ 3x + 4 x be as many terms as you want, as long as there is at least 1. For instance, Length of adjacent side 82 = 5.142 2 + 6.1282 ??? cos 40° = = formula. The units of time you used for the FV • If you have f ( x) = ... , then the derivative can be written y ' = u ' v + uv ' or
dy du
= v+u
dv
hypotenuse 8 PV =
= 7x 3 x 2 + 2 x − 15.5 There’s an easy way to remember what all these 64 = 26.44 + 37.55 ???
a
interest rate and the term length have to be the Note – to get ‘i’ you need to divide the yearly
interest rate (as a decimal) by the number of rests
(1 + i )n f ' ( x) = ... dx dx dx
ratios are – SOH CAH TOA 64 = 63.99 ??? cos 40° = same. Say I have an interest rate of 5% every six Let u = 3x + 2x which means that u ' = 6 x + 2
2
What about if I have something like: is an expression, because it contains three terms, which are joined together
8 months. I would have to write down the term per year. PV =
6000 • If you have y = ... , then the derivative can be written y ' = ...
6x + 3y
by a ‘+’ and a ‘–’ sign. SOH = (S)in : (O)pposite over (H)ypotenuse 64 ≈ 63.99 a = 8 cos 40° length in terms of blocks of six months. So if the 365 (1 + 0.05)10 • Let v = 2x4 – 5 which means that v' = 8 x 3
⎛ 0.06 ⎞ If you have a function with ‘x’ as the variable being
An equation is made up of two expressions with an ‘=’ sign between them. CAH = (C)os : (A)djacent over (H)ypotenuse The sides match up so you’ve probably a ≈ 6.1 term length was one year, I’d write it down in the Atotal = 800⎜1 + ⎟ PV = $3683.48
Can I add these two together? The answer is NO. I can only add together
variables that are the same. ‘x’ and ‘y’ are different variables, so I can’t add
One expression is on the left of the ‘=’ sign, and the other expression is on
TOA = (T)an : (O)pposite over (A)djacent got the right answer. formula as ‘2’ – since there are two six month ⎝ 365 ⎠
So if I want to have $6000 in 10 years time, I
differentiated, the derivative can be written as: dy
dx
( ) (
= (6 x + 2 ) 2 x 4 − 5 + 3 x 2 + 2 x 8 x 3 )
the right of the ‘=’ sign. Here’s one example of an equation: blocks in one year. Atotal = $849.47 d
(something )
them together. must invest $3683.48 now – this is the present
3x + 4 = 5 x − 2 849.47 value of $6000 in 10 years time.
dx = 36 x 5 + 20 x 4 − 30 x − 10
Growth factor = = 1.06
800 ‘Something’ is the function which has ‘x’ in it.
1 4 Definite Integrals Quadrilaterals Regular polygons
More Differentiation Integration Integrate the letter normally – it becomes a +b. More Integration We’re interested in how far the truck has 2D Shapes
Integration can be thought of as the reverse of 4
∫ (2 x + 3)dx
Quotient Rule moved between the start time and the end Quadrilaterals are shapes with exactly four • All their sides are the same length
differentiation. It is like doing differentiation in First integrate 6x 2 to get 2 x 3 + a . ‘b’ is the constant of integration. Then divide it by The rhombus
Handy Hint - Writing letters in calculus Some Physical Meanings of Integration time. So the numbers to put in are the straight sides. They also have exactly four
This rule is for when you can split your function into one sub-function reverse. the derivative of the function a with respect to x. time when the truck starts moving, and • All their interior angles are the same
divided by another sub-function. If the two sub- functions are u and v: Be careful when you write ‘u’ and ‘v’ – it is easy to mix them up! Then integrate 5x 4 to get x 5 + b . The mathematical expression above is called an There are three things that can describe a body’s position corners. The interior angles of any quadrilateral
The constant of integration The derivative of function ‘a’ with respect to ‘x’ is the time at the end. It starts at time = 0 add up to 360°. Irregular polygons
You could use the letters ‘a’ and ‘b’ just as easily, ‘u’ and ‘v’ are indefinite integral. There is also a definite and movement; position, velocity and acceleration.
u Note I have used a different letter to ‘c’ for the calculated like this: and finishes at time = 10. Now we can
y= integral. The definite integral is like an indefinite
used here because many textbooks use them. Whenever you integrate something, you always constant of integration. Also note that I have •
Parallelograms • Has at least two sides of different length
v have something called the constant of integration a = 3x − 4 integral except two numbers are specified Position is where the body is located. write the definite integral:
Handy Hint - Starting the question used a different letter in each one – they do not • Has at least two different sized interior angles
in your answer. This is a letter, usually a ‘c’, that da between which to integrate. An example of a • Velocity is how fast the body is moving, and in 10

∫ (5t )dt
Then: necessarily have the same constant of integration =3 A rhombus is like a square except that the interior
When you get a derivative question, your first decision should be represents a number. definite integral is: which direction. angles can be any value at all, not just 90°. The Concave polygons
u ' v − uv' value. dx
y' =
0
which rule to use. You can then write your ‘u’s etc. out so they are So if we divide our integral by ‘3’ we get: 4 square is a special type of rhombus.
Integration Rules •
∫ (2 x + 3)dx
v2 Add the results together: Acceleration is a measure of whether the body’s
easy to use: Note how now it is a ‘dt’ at the end Reflex
a 1 4 velocity is getting faster or slower, and how quickly Polygons
Example: u = ... 1. If I integrate ax n , I get x n +1 + c => 2 x 3 + a + x 5 + b a +b 1
(this is a simplified definition).
instead of a ‘dx’. In general, you write A parallelogram is a quadrilateral – it has four
Angle
n +1 => 4 ‘d_’ and put whatever in the function is
= x 5 + 2 x 3 + (a + b )
The two numbers specified are 1 and 4. To sides and four corners. Each side is parallel with There is a general name for any plane shape
Find the derivative of y =
5x u ' = ... 3 evaluate what this definite integral is equal to, If you know one of these three things, you can obtain changing – in this case ‘t’, in previous Cave
For example: the side opposite it. Also, the lengths of opposite which has straight sides and is a closed shape – a
(6 x 2 + 2 x ) v = ... = x5 + 2 x3 + c 1 4 b information about the other two using differentiation and cases it was ‘x’.
= a + you do the following: sides in a parallelogram are the same. ‘polygon’.
Function Integrated 12 3 integration.
Firstly: v' = ... The ‘c’ in the final answer represents ‘a + b’. Step 1 – Just integrate the function we have been Integrating we get: The rectangle
Since ‘a’ is just a number, and ‘b’ is just another =
1 4
a +c doing – we get the answer x 2 + 3 x + c . • You can get velocity by differentiating the body’s
Let u = 5x Handy Hint - Product or quotient rule 4x3 x4 + c 2.5t 2 + c Polygon Names Concave polygons have at least one interior angle
number, when they are added together they just 12 position function. that is larger than 180°.
Let v = 6x2 + 2x. Any quotient rule problem can be turned into a product rule represent yet another number. To make it easier b Step 2 – Evaluate what this answer equals when we We now have an expression for the
5 5x + c Since ‘b’ is just a number, we can rewrite ‘ ’ as substitute the top number in (the 4): • You can get acceleration by differentiating the Number of Sides Name
Convex polygons
Which gives: problem. For example: to read, we can just call this number ‘c’. 3 truck’s position after ‘t’ seconds.
body’s velocity function.
–3x-2 3x-1 + c 5. The integral of cos x is sin x + c . ‘c’ to make the equation easier to read. => 4 2 + (3 × 4 ) + c 3 Triangle
u' = 5 5x So now we work out what this expression
y= = 16 + 12 + c
Likewise, you can use integration to go in reverse:
equals for 10 seconds (the top number):
v ' = 12 x + 2 (6 x + 2 x )
2
6. The integral of sin x is − cos x + c (note the The last step is to substitute in what ‘a’ represents: A rectangle is a type of parallelogram, with all 4 Quadrilateral
•
Then: (
= (5 x ) × 6 x 2 + 2 x )
−1
2. Rule 1 holds for just about everything
except when you have something to the power
negative sign). 1
(3x − 4)4 + c = 28 + c You can get velocity by integrating the body’s
acceleration function. (
=> 2.5 × 10 2 + c ) the interior angles exactly 90°.
Convex
12 Step 3 – Evaluate what this answer equals when we = 250 + c The square 5 Pentagon Polygon
‘–1’, i.e. ‘ x −1 ’, or ‘ 1 x ’ (these are the same 7. If you have a linear function raised to a
y' =
5 × (6 x + 2 x) − 5 x × (12 x + 2)
2
(6 x 2
) ( 2
)
1
+ 2 x is really 6 x + 2 x . When we change it from dividing to power, you can integrate it. By linear function,
Integration Symbol substitute the bottom number in (1): • You can get position by integrating the body’s
Then we work out what this expression
(6 x )
thing). In a special case like this, the integral velocity function. 6 Hexagon
=> 12 + (3 × 1) + c
2
2
+ 2x multiplying, we change its power from 1 to –1. In effect we are of ‘ 1 x ’ is ‘ ln x + c ’. ‘ ln ’ is the natural log.
I mean that there are not any squared terms or There is a mathematical symbol that stands for the equals for 0 seconds (the bottom
moving it from the denominator to the numerator – the sign of the higher powers in it. verb integrate. Say I want to integrate ‘2x + 3’. I Another way of visualising this is:
30 x 2 + 10 x − 60 x 2 − 10 x = 1+ 3 + c number): 7 Heptagon
= 3. The integral of e x is e x + c . can rewrite this without using words as:
(
6x2 + 2x 6x2 + 2x )( ) power always changes when we do this. For instance:
= 4+c Differentiation: position ⎯
⎯→ velocity ⎯
⎯→ acceleration (2.5 × 0 ) + c = c2
None of the interior angles in a convex polygon
∫ (2 x + 3)dx 8 Octagon are larger than 180°.
4. Integration can be done in bits. Say I have Integrate (3 x − 4 )
3
− 30 x 2
Step 4 – Subtract step 3 from step 2: Integration: acceleration ⎯
⎯→ velocity ⎯
⎯→ position
= 6 x 2 + 5 x 4 and I want to integrate it. I can The integrate symbol is ‘ ∫ ’. I also need to say
Then we subtract the second result from A square is an even more specialised type of Sum of the angles inside a polygon
x 2 (6 x + 2 )(6 x + 2 ) What you can do is represent the function in the => (28 + c ) − (4 + c ) the first: parallelogram than the rectangle. A square has 9 Nonagon
integrate each term separately, then add the Example: Sum of interior angles = (n − 2) × 180°
− 30 results: brackets by a letter, say the letter ‘a’. We can what variable I am integrating with respect to. This
= 24 + c − c (250 + c ) − c = 250m all the properties of a rectangle, but on top of
= A truck’s velocity is (5t) m/s, where t is the time in seconds 10 Decagon
(6 x + 2)2 then rewrite what we have to integrate as a 3 . is what the ‘dx’ does – ‘dx’ means the change in
‘x’. It tells me that the variable I’m integrating is = 24 since it started moving. After 10 seconds, how far has it
these, all the sides of a square are the same
length:
where n is the number of sides.
moved from where it started? 12 Dodecagon
the one which is changing – ‘x’. Note how the constant of integration cancels out.

Perimeters Perimeters of 2D Shapes Length of an arc Recording Data – Tally Table Statistics Column Graph
Line Graphs
More Statistics For the following section, the ages of 13 students Even More Statistics 1st Quartile 3rd Quartile
If yu rotate around a circle completely, you will in a class are used:
Running Track Perimeter Question A sector is a chunk of a circle like a wedge of Example: Election votes The graph has two axes. The horizontal axis shows
have rotated through 360°. We need to draw • Used a lot to show how something is changing over time, and Trends Create a frequency table for the original 13 ages:
L cake. The sector in the diagram has a sector the different categories in the statistical problem – in 15, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 15, 14, 15, 15, 15 4, 8, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 23, 27, 31
100 m Candidate Tally of votes Total
angle of about 95°. The curvy bit of the sector is
wedges representing the fraction of votes each our case, the different candidates people could vote can even be used to predict the future (carefully). • Trends are overall characteristics of which ‘way’ the data is heading – for instance Student Number of students with that
candidate got. Mean
called the arc length. for. The vertical axis shows the quantities of the • Can also show trends. A trend is the general direction in whether the quantities are in general increasing or decreasing. age age
Bob 23 Smallest Largest
The mean is the average of all the data. There is
63.7 m

L Square L Perimeter = 4L Candidate Wedge Angle things we’re counting or surveying – in this case, the which something is heading or tending towards. For instance, Extrapolating 14 3 Value Median Value
votes for each of the candidates. the population of the world has a trend – it is increasing. a special symbol for the mean of a set of numbers
Jane 17 23
× 360° = 142.8° • Extrapolation is used to try and predict data outside of the data you’re given. – it’s an ‘x’ with a horizontal line above it: x . 15 9 • Short horizontal lines for minimum and
Bob 25
• Usually have two axes - horizontal axis which shows
58
L Sector
Angle
Arc
Sally 13
categories or time, vertical axis which usually shows a • Extrapolating a line graph is what happens when you extend the line graph in either
x=
∑x where ∑ x = sum of all numbers
16 1 maximum.
You can work out the whole perimeter by doing a Length 17 20 direction, to the left or to the right. • Long horizontal lines for 1st and 3rd quartiles
Jane × 360° = 105.5° quantity. n The mode is 15.

Number of Votes
sort of sum of shape perimeters like this:
L
58
• Adjacent (next to each other) categories on the horizontal axis • Which way you pick to extend the line when you extrapolate isn’t as important as For the class:
and median, with two vertical lines making
Tom 5 15
Mean Versus Median the ‘box’.
13 have to be somehow linked to each other. justifying why you extended it in that way.
Sally × 360° = 80.7° ∑x
+
Perimeter = 2(L + W) 35
W Rectangle
+ The fraction that the sector angle is of 360°, is
The pie chart / sector graph 58 10
• This table shows some data about how long a student Jason 10 10
x=
n
The mean generally seems to take into account all
the values in a data set, which means that one Max

Minutes in Bed After Alarm

Minutes in Bed After Alarm
also the fraction that the arc length is of the full To draw the pie chart, you need to know what 5 has stayed in bed after his alarm has gone off over the course 9 9 Extended 15 + 14 + 14 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 16 + 15 + 14 + 15 + 15 + 15 30
x= outlier (an outlier is a value that is significantly
× 360° = 31.0°
5 8 Extended 8 part
circumference. In mathematical terms this is: fraction of the total votes each candidate got. To Tom of a week. 7 part 7
13
Which, since the two half circles make a whole 58 6 6 different to most of the other values) can
work this out, you need to work out how many 5 5 x = 14.85 25
3rd quartile
circle, is the same as: Sector angle 0
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 4 significantly change the mean.
Arc length = × πD votes were collected in total for all the 3 3
Number of Votes Obtained Bob Jane Sally Tom 2 2 Mean
360° candidates: By Each Candidate Candidate 1 1 The median is much better at effectively ignoring 20
median
Using π Minutes in 0 0
The median value is the middle value in the list outliers.
L L
Total votes = 23 + 17 + 13 + 5 Percentage of Total Vote Obtained Bar Graph 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Equilateral
Triangle
Perimeter = 3L
+ Pi is a special number because you can keep
writing down digits to the right of the decimal
Total votes = 58
Tom
5
By Each Candidate
A bar graph’s basically the same as a column
bed after
alarm
2 4 5 3 6 8 9
st
Day Number

1 graph: Based on the trend from days 4 to 7, which indicates that Jason’s stay in bed
Day Number once you’ve ordered them:
14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16
Because of the median’s ability to ignore outlying
values, it is often regarded as a more robust
15

10
1st quartile
50

*
Tom graph, except that it has its two axes swapped 45
Candidate Fraction of Total Votes Sally Bob 9% time is increasing, but increasing by a smaller amount each day, the line was extended in measure, because it is focused around the middle
L Perimeter of circle = πD
place forever: over, which means that the columns become 15 is the median value. If you have an even
13 23 10 this way.
π =3.14159265358979323846264338327950288
5
values and ignores extreme values on either side. 40

Minutes in Bed After Alarm

23 horizontal bars. Here’s what a bar graph 9 number of values, you take the average of the Min
Perimeter of circle = 3.14 × 63.7 m Bob = 0.40 = 40% Sally Bob nd
2 graph: Based on the overall trend in the graph, which is an increasing trend, the line
4197169399375820996 … and so on and so on… 58 Jane 22% 40% would look like for the vote data: 8 middle two numbers. So if there were only 12 Median and mean are used a lot in real estate. 0 35
Circle Perimeter of circle = 200.0m 17 7 was extended in an increasing manner corresponding with the average increase of the ages:
Perimeter = πD Total perimeter = circle perimeter + straight bits length
Now when you’re doing an exam, you’ve got two
Jane
17
= 0.29 = 29%
Jane Tom 6 existing line.
14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16
Box and Whisker Plots 30
Max
choices. You can either use a memorised version 58 29% 5
Start with data: 11, 23, 14, 27, 8, 4, 31, 22, 17, 19
Total perimeter = 200.0m + 200.0m of pi to do your calculations – most maths
31.0°
4 Pictographs Outliers can be 25
The median is the average of the two middle 3rd quartile
Candidates

Or Total perimeter = 400.0m teachers are happy if you use “pi to two decimal 13 Tom Sally 3
•
120 - 130 cm Order it: 4, 8, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 23, 27, 31 represented by an ‘*’.
= 0.22 = 22%
Diame ter, D
Sally Pictographs use pictures to represent information. values 15 and 15. So the median is 15. 20
places” – 3.14 in other words. The other option is 2 Here a data value of median
58 80.7° • Each stick figure represents ten school students 130 - 140 cm The median is the middle value - the average of
R

Bob 142.8° 1 Mode ‘49’ is represented as an

ius,

to use the pi button on your calculator – when Sally Jane

• 17 and 19 – 18.
2πR Half a stick figure represents five students
Ce ntre 15
5 0
Rad

Perimeter = you press the pi button, it’s as if you’d entered pi Tom = 0.086 = 8.6% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 • Pictographs can reduce accuracy, but are often
140 - 150 cm The mode is the most commonly occurring st
outlier. 1st quartile
to about 8 or 10 decimal places yourself. 58 number in the entire list. Can be more than one The 1 quartile value is the median value out of 10
Bob
Jane Day Number more visually attractive 150 - 160 cm the lower half of the data, the 3rd quartile value
mode.
• Reinforce what the data is about – in this case the is the median value out of the upper half of the 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 160 - 170 cm Min
105.5° number of students (hence stick figures) data:
Number of Vote s 0

Bearings are a way of talking about directions Bearings and Azimuths Using Your Protractor Unknowns Simultaneous Equations Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations (2 x + 2)(x + 2) Accuracy and Precision
Errors and Measurement Relative Error
using angles. This is very useful for people in Accuracy is all about how close to what you’re
To work out the unique values of the unknowns The Elimination Method Quadratic equations are second degree equations Quadratic Formula = 2x2 + 4x + 2x + 4 Error The relative error gives you an idea of how large the
ships or planes, because you can use bearings to Example Measuring 45º east of north: aiming for you get. For instance, in archery,
in equations, you need at least as many different Replace this x (in other words, which always have a variable raised to the power = 2x2 + 6x + 4 error is, given how big the thing you’re measuring is.
tell them the direction they need to travel in. The elimination method is all about getting rid of you’re trying to get as close to a bullseye as
N substitute for x)... ‘2’. − b ± b 2 − 4ac Whenever you measure something, you can’t To calculate it divide the error you have by the true
There are two main ways to describe the pieces of information as there are unknown one of the unknowns in the equations, by adding x= If not, try different combinations of numbers. possible (an arrow hitting the circular target measure it exactly, there’s always some amount value of the thing you’re measuring.
direction. values. or subtracting the equations. x = 4 is a quadratic equation, because ‘x’ is a
2 2a exactly in the centre).
x + 2y = 5
of error in your measurement. The error is just
41° Picking The Correct Solution Error
Azimuths The substitution method 3a + 2b = 3 variable and it’s raised to the power ‘2’. It could Use it to solve: x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0 the difference between what you measure and Relative error =
also be written x − 4 = 0 .
2 Now say you’ve just solved a quadratic equation what it should be exactly: True value
Azimuths describe a direction as being W E x + 2y = 5 2a + b = 1 For this equation, a = 1, b = 3 and c = 2. So:
...with what we know and you’ve got two answers, t = 5, –1. For this Percentage Error
somewhere between 0 and 360 degrees. 0 2 x − 3 y = −4 Measurement error = measured value – correct
x = −2 +
3
y x is equal to To get rid of one of the unknowns, you need to x + 2 x − 5.5 = 0 is also a quadratic equation,
2
− 3 ± 32 − 4 × 1 × 2 particular problem pretend that the solutions
degrees is the direction north, which is usually 2 x= value 100
change one of the equations so that it has exactly represent how long in seconds it takes a rocket to
‘up’ when you draw it on a piece of paper. The To use this method, just pick one of the because ‘x’ is a variable, and it’s raised to the 2 ×1 Percentage error = Relative error × %
the same unknown term in it as the other. Can reach a certain height. The solution t = 5 is fine, So say I measured something to be 299.8 metres 1
angles increase as you travel in a clockwise S equations: x + 2 y = 5 . To get this: − 2 +
3
y + 2y = 5
power ‘2’. This equation however also has a term
−3± 1
multiply the 2nd equation by 2: but what does the solution t = –1 mean? This long, and it was actually 300 metres long:
direction from north. 2 where ‘x’ is raised to the power ‘1’. It’s still a x= Adding and subtracting numbers with errors
It’s obviously in the top half, so we’ll be Pick one of the two unknowns and substitute suggests that the rocket reaches a certain height
2a + b = 1 quadratic equation though. 2 Error = 299.8 m - 300 m
describing how far away from north it is. So something else for it. before it is launched! A very accurate shot A not so accurate shot Just add the errors (you add the errors regardless of
N, 0°
Now we’ve only got one unknown in this x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5 = 0 is not a quadratic equation, −3+ 1 −3− 1 Error = −0.2 m
we can write something like: × 2 x= , Precision on the other hand is all about how close whether the numbers are being added or subtracted):
Say we pick ‘x’. We want to replace the ‘x’ with equation, so we can solve for the value of y: 2 2 Obviously this cannot be true, so only the
Bearing is … degrees …. of north
Measuring both an azimuth angle and a bearing what it is equal to. 4a + 2b = 2 because it has a variable raised to a power higher
than ‘2’. x = −1, − 2 solution t = 5 should be used. This can happen repeated shots are to each other. Precision has Absolute Error (4.0 m ± 0.01 m ) + (1.00 m ± 0.005 m )
azimuth 3
It’s in the left half, so we’ll be using west: from the ‘Start’ location to the ‘Finish’ location: We can rearrange our second equation, so that it − 2 + y + 2y = 5 quite often – you must pick the ‘sensible’ nothing to do however with how close you are to The absolute error is just the absolute value of = 5 m ± 0.015 m
W, 270° E, 90° 2 Now subtract the 2nd equation from the first: General Form Note how a ‘±’ sign means that there are actually solutions. (t = –1 is a mathematical solution that your desired goal. the error. So in the last calculation, the error
Bearing is … degrees west of north is in the form of “x = …”: Multiplication or division by an exact number
1 3a + 2b = 3 two solutions, one for when it is a ‘+’, and one doesn’t make any sense when you use it in a real was negative 0.2 metres. The absolute error is
2 x − 3 y = −4 −2+3 y = 5 The general form of a quadratic equation is:
So now all we’ve got to do is provide the 2 for when it is a ‘–’. life application). just the positive version of this: Just multiply/divide both the number and the error by
number of degrees. Well, if we start at north, 2 x − 3 y + 3 y = −4 + 3 y – 4a + 2b = 2 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 the exact number. For instance:
1 Solving By Factorising Only one answer to the square root of a Absolute Error = - 0.2 m
3 y=7
S, 180° and rotate towards west until we reach our 2 x = −4 + 3 y 2 − a =1 The letters a, b, and c are just simply numbers. number by itself ⇒ (4 ± 0.5) × 5
direction, how many degrees have we rotated? 2x + 6x + 4 = 0
2
Absolute Error = 0.2 m
− 4 + 3y 7 They can be fractions or decimals, negative or
Bearings
y=7 There is only one answer when you take the = 20 ± 2.5
Luckily, it’s already marked on the diagram - x= If –a is equal to 1, this must mean a = –1. Now positive numbers. Any equation that fits this a = 2, b = 6 and c = 4. Think of ways to get 2x 2 : The two vertical lines either side of the ‘0.2 m’
Bearings use a combination of angles and 41°. So we can write: 2 2 easy to solve for the value of ‘b’ using the first square root of a number just by itself:
general form or can be rearranged to fit this mean ‘take the absolute of’. Multiplication of numbers with small errors
compass directions to describe a direction. A 3 7 y = 14 equation: (2x + …) (x + …)
Bearing is 41° degrees west of north x = −2 + y general form is a quadratic equation. 4 = 2 only Precision and Precision but bad Greatest possible error Error ≈ first number × error in second number +
direction is described by how far towards east 2 y=2 3a + 2b = 3 Think of two numbers that multiply together to
or west it is from north or south. Clockwise and anti-clockwise For instance, the following is a quadratic
give c (which is 4): You only get the two ‘plus’ and ‘minus’ answers accuracy accuracy
The largest error you can make doing a second number × error in first number
So now we have an expression that says what x is Use our x = equation from earlier: 3 × −1 + 2b = 3 equation: Precision in Numbers
N N 12
equal to. We can substitute this into our first 2 and 2, –2 and –2, 1 and 4, –1 and –4
when you’ve got the square of a variable measurement is exactly one half of the precision (4 ± 0.05)× (7 ± 0.1) = 28 ± 0.75
11 1
3 − 3 + 2b = 3 x2 = 4 involved, and you need to take the square root of 300 m - since two zeroes have been written down of that measurement.
2 Direction equation: x = −2 + y both sides, like this: in the ‘10’s and ‘1’s part of the number, I would Division of numbers with small errors
2b = 6 Let’s try 2 and 2:
10
Top Half Clock Hands 2 It doesn’t look the same simply because this 1
Right Half
Left Half

read this number as being 300 metres with a

(2 x + 2)(x + 2)
Anti-Clockwise 9 3 Greatest Possible Error = of the precision
x =4
Travel In - 2
W EW E Clockwise
3
x = −2 + × 2 b=3 equation has ‘b’ being 0. It is really: precision of 1 metre. If I wanted to tell the reader 2 The relative error in the result of a division is the
relative error in the numerator plus the relative error in
(1× x ) + (0 × x ) − 4 = 0
4
8 2 2 x=± 4 the measurement was 300 metres with a precision
Bottom Half To check whether you have a correct guess, For 300 metres to a precision of 1 metre: the denominator.
7 5 Azimuth = 110º. x = −2 + 3
6
multiply the brackets out: x = ±2 of 100 metres, I would write:
Value = 300 m ± 0.5 m
Bearing = 70 degrees east of south. x =1
S S
3×10 2 m

Get better grades with a Complete School study aid from www.CompleteSchool.com.au
Want more posters? Get them from www.CompleteSchool.com.au. All content Copyright Michael Milford.
 The Complete School MEGAMATH Poster
Curved Lines A proportional or direct relationship is one where From an Equation Spotting Them In Tables
Visually Finding a Line of Best Fit Lines of Best Fit the value of one variable is directly related to the Proportional or direct relationships Inverse relationships are all about one thing doing Inverse Relationships What is a Matrix Matrices The next step in the calculation is to stick with
Sometimes you’re better off using a curved line Get the equation into a form where there’s one the opposite of the other. When one variable gets If there is a power 1 inverse relationship Adding and subtracting matrices the same row in the first matrix, but multiply it by
• Draw a vertical line that splits the points up to represent the data. For this data: value of another. For instance, a very simple Direct Linear Variation
variable on each side of the equals sign. Then, if both bigger, the other gets smaller, and vice versa. Spotting Them In Graphs ⎛ 1⎞ A simple matrix is a two-dimensional clump of the elements in the second column of the second
⎜ y ∝ ⎟ , then the product xy will be constant.
16
into two equal sized groups. If there are an direct relationship is: numbers. It has a length and a height. For You can only add or subtract one matrix matrix, like this:
14 10 When one variable is proportional to some variables are raised to the power ‘1’, and you’ve got Here’s the graph of a typical inverse relationship • In the area of the graph to the right of the y- ⎝ x⎠
odd number of points (for instance 5), just y = 2x instance, this is a two by three matrix: with/from another if they have the same order –
12 Middle of group 9 constant times the other variable, this is known as no other terms, then you’ve got yourself a linear between x and y: axis, does one variable increase as the other the same number of rows and the same number of
split the groups slightly unevenly (3 in one, 2 ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡1 × 7 + 2 × 9 1 × 8 + 2 × 10⎤
8
vertically If there is a power 2 inverse relationship − 5⎤
10 direct linear variation. relationship: ⎡4 17
variable decreases? The area of the graph to ⎢3 4 ⎥ × ⎡ 7 8 ⎤ = ⎢
7 y
in the other). Constant or Proportionality ⎛ 1 ⎞ columns. To actually do the calculation, all you ⎥
8 6
⎜ y ∝ 2 ⎟ , then the product x y will be constant. ⎢22 − 12 7 ⎥⎦ ? ?
⎥ ⎢⎣9 10⎥⎦ ⎢
2
Graphs of a direct linear relationship have these the left of the y-axis is a bit tricky – for ⎣ ⎢ ⎥
6
5 Direct linear Not a direct linear do is perform the addition or subtraction on each
6 In order for a relationship to be proportional, you ⎝ x ⎠
characteristics: 1 ⎣⎢5 6 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
16 relationship relationship ? ?
4
pair of corresponding elements (the elements in
14
4
Middle of group 3 need to be able to write it in this general form: 5
y = , as x decreases (goes more negative), y The first dimension mentioned is the number of
vertically
• The line is a straight one a = 5b 7 x x 1 2 4 8 the same position as each other):
x=
2
y = kx rows – two. The second dimension mentioned is
2
12 4
Now we’ve finished with the first row in both our
t = 7 .5 s gets larger (becomes less negative).
1
0 0 • This straight line always passes through the y y 64 16 4 1 the number of columns – three. ⎡ 2 7 ⎤ ⎡ − 5 14 ⎤ first matrix and our answer matrix. We move on
⎥+⎢
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
‘k’ is called the constant of proportionality, and origin of the graph (the 0, 0 point where the c b = a2
3 1
However, for y = 2 , as x decreases, y xy ⎢ ⎥
8 u= 1
64 32 16 8 The order of a matrix ⎣− 15 4⎦ ⎣− 7 − 8⎦ to the second row of our first matrix. The first
• Draw a cross or marker at the midpoint of Notice how the curved line seems to fit the data can be any value you need apart from zero. axes usually intersect) 23 e= f 2 y= x
x2 y 64 64 64 64 step is to multiply it by the first column of the
⎡ 2 + −5 7 + 14 ⎤
6 x
each of the two groups. The midpoint is the decreases too. You always describe the number of rows first,
4 points a lot better than the straight line. You can also have direct relationships where one Direct linear relationship =⎢ ⎥ second matrix:
− + − + −
1
location found in steps 2 and 3. From a Table • Is the graph undefined at x = 0 (where the y- The xy row doesn’t have constant values along then the number of columns. This matrix has two ⎣ 15 7 4 8 ⎦
2 Getting a Line Equation variable varies as the square of the other variable,
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡1 × 7 + 2 × 9 1 × 8 + 2 × 10⎤
y y
rows and three columns, which is why it’s
like this one for instance: It’s pretty easy to tell if there is a direct linear x axis usually is)? This should happen it, but the x 2 y row does. This means that the ⎡ −3 21 ⎤
0
0
⎢3 ⎡7 8 ⎤ ⎢
4⎥ × ⎢ ⎥
16
described as a two by three matrix. This is often =⎢
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

= 3× 7 + 4 × 9
− 4⎥⎦
regardless of what type of inverse relationship ?
relationship in a table of data. Just assume that there ⎥ ⎣9 10⎥⎦ ⎢
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stretch, (cm)
⎣− 22 ⎢ ⎥
14
run = 10 - 0 y = kx 2
x x
relationship is an inverse squared relationship, y called the order of the matrix – the number of
⎛ 1 ⎞
6
12 Midpoint of is one, and work out the value of the proportionality it is, because there’s a divide by ‘x’ or divide is inversely proportional to x2: ⎢⎣5 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
• Find the middle of each group in the right group 5
run = 10
You can get inverse square ⎜ y ∝ 2 ⎟ or inverse by ‘x2’ or something similar. Since x is zero, rows by the number of columns. ? ?
In this case we’d say that y varies directly as x2.
10
constant from that. Then use the formula to check the Multiplying matrices
horizontal direction. 8
4
⎝ x ⎠ 1
other values in the data set. dividing by ‘0’ gets you an undefined y∝ Two rows Three columns ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡1× 7 + 2 × 9 1× 8 + 2 × 10 ⎤
rise = 4.95 - 0
⎛ 1 ⎞
3
The Proportional Sign y y
To do multiplication, you start at the top row of
⎢3 4⎥ × ⎡7 8 ⎤ = ⎢3 × 7 + 4 × 9 3 × 8 + 4 ×10⎥
6
16 Midpoint of 2 rise = 4.95
cubic ⎜ y ∝ 3 ⎟ relationships too. number. The value of ‘y’ near x = 0 should x2
the first matrix, and multiply each of these
− 5⎤ ⎥ ⎢9 10⎥ ⎢
4
14
Middle of group
2
left group 1 intercept = 0 When one variable is directly related to another, x x x 2 3 4 5 ⎝ x ⎠ be either a very large positive number or a Joint Variation ⎡4 17 − 5⎤ ⎡4 17 ⎢
⎣ ⎦ ⎢5 × 7 + 6 × 9 5 × 8 + 6 ×10⎥
⎥
elements by the ones down the first column of the
⎢22 7 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢5 6⎦⎥
horizontally 0 Weight, (kg) you can use the proportionality symbol to very large negative number. ⎢22 − 12 7 ⎥⎦ − 12 ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎣
12 0
The most well known formula in the
describe the relationship. The symbol is a ‘ ∝ ’.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 5 7.5 10 12 y second matrix.
10
field of electricity is this simple one: ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡25 28 ⎤
8
• Draw a line between these two midpoints. Normally straight line is y = mx + c . But instead So if we write something like… y = kx
6
y=
1
In a two by three matrix, there are six elements – ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡1 × 7 + 2 × 9 ?⎤ ⎢3 4⎥ × ⎡7 8 ⎤ = ⎢57 64 ⎥
x2 Not inverse relationships V = IR ⎢3 ⎡7 8 ⎤ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢9 10⎥ ⎢ ⎥
a∝b 4⎥ × ⎢ ?⎥
6 Middle of group of ‘x’ we have the weight, ‘w’. Instead of ‘y’ we 5 = k ×2 cells or places where a value is. = ? ⎢⎣5 6⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢89 100⎥
Not a direct linear relationship ⎢ ⎥ ⎣9 10⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
y y y y
y = 2.5 x ⎣ ⎦
4
4 horizontally 16
so
have the stretch length, we’ll call ‘s’: Now, neither ‘V’, ‘I’ or ‘R’ are
2 14 …what we mean is that the value of ‘a’ is y y k = 5÷2 1 constants, they are all variables which
Describing an element ⎣⎢5 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ? ?⎦⎥
12 s = mw + c proportional to the value of ‘b’, and that we can y= 2 Multiplying and dividing by a scalar
k = 2 .5
0
x2 x x x x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 y=
1 can change their value. We would say The 22 could be described in this way: ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡1× 7 + 2 × 9 1× 8 + 2 × 10⎤
write a quantitative (one involving actual ⎢3 4⎥ × ⎡7 8 ⎤ = ⎢3 × 7 + 4 × 9
x x

8
The intercept, ‘c’, is going to equal ‘0’
Then use this equation to check the other values in the
x that V varies directly as ‘I’ and A21 = 22 ⎥ A scalar is a single number, rather than a group of
⎥ ⎢9 10⎥ ⎢ ?
x
⎢ ⎥
0
numbers and values) relationship using just a directly as ‘R’. numbers like in a matrix. All you do is perform
⎢⎣5 6⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢
6 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
• rise table. For x = 3, 4, 5: ⎥⎦
m=
y y y
Find the middle of each group in the vertical 4 constant of proportionality, like this: 1
y
This says that the value in row 2, column 1 of ⎣ ? ? the multiplication / division individually on each
y= -2 We could of course rearrange this
direction. 2 run
a = kb
y y
y = 2.5 × 3 y = 2.5 × 4 y = 2.5 × 5 x matrix A is equal to 22. To talk about the ‘–5’ element in the matrix.
4.95 s = 0.495w + 0 equation to make ‘R’ the subject for The number of rows in your new matrix will be
y = 7.5 y = 10 y = 12.5
0 x x x x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 m= So: Same goes for ‘proportional to the square’ -4
instance: element we’d say:
equal to the number of rows in your first matrix. ⎡14 19⎤ ⎡14 × 4 19 × 4⎤ ⎡56 76⎤
s = 0.495w ⎢ 7 6 ⎥ × 4 == ⎢ 7 × 4 6 × 4 ⎥ = ⎢28
x x
10
cm relationships, for instance for y = kx 2 : 12.5 does not agree with the y value of ‘12’ in the V A13 = −5 The number of columns in your new matrix will ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 24⎥⎦
m = 0.495 table - the data in the table is not part of a direct linear
-6
R= be equal to the number of columns in your second
kg y∝x 2 I matrix. So its order will be 3× 2 .
relationship.

Identity Matrix More Matrices Inverse of A is: The basic part of logic in mathematics is quite Logic t⇔r More Truth Tables More Logic Analysing Logic Circuits Adding indices when you multiply Index and Log Laws Natural logarithms
Finding the matrix inverse −1 simple. It is all built around simple binary Logic Circuits and Symbols When you multiply together two identical
The term ‘identity matrix’ is used to describe any 1 ⎡ 4 − 5⎤ 1 ⎡ 4 − 5⎤ IMPLIES connector NOT connector AND Work your way bit by bit through each part of the 1 1 These all have the special number ‘e’ as a base,
A−1 = = × statements or propositions. These statements are numbers or pronumerals that are both raised to a x −a = 2 −1 =
⎡a b⎤ det( A) ⎢⎣− 2 3 ⎥⎦ 2 ⎢⎣− 2 3 ⎥⎦
square matrix (same number of rows as columns) circuit: which is equal to about 2.718. Natural logarithms
A=⎢ ones that can either be true or false. Here’s an Jason goes to primary school – this implies he is The logic symbol for this NOT connector is ‘~’. A B A∧ B A logic circuit is sort of like an electrical diagram, xa 2
d ⎥⎦
which has ones down its primary diagonal, and power, you can combine them together by just are also expressed using ln instead of log.
⎣c less than 15 years old So if I start with a statement like: which you can follow along by hand from one side to the ~x
zeros everywhere else. The primary diagonal ⎡ 2 − 2.5⎤ example of a proposition: True True True
other. There are three main symbols you need to know.
x adding the indices together: Indices and exponents that are fractions
A−1 = ⎢ ⎥ It’s a bit trickier to analyse whether an imply I will play tennis this afternoon ln e e = 1 ln e e 2 = 2
starts at the top left corner of the matrix and We can find the inverse like this: ⎣− 1 1.5 ⎦ My name is Michael True False False They are often called ‘gates’. x a × x b = x a +b The general way to convert from a fractional
continues down to the bottom right corner. For statement is true or false. There are three I can convert this into a mathematical statement power to a root is like this: Logarithm Laws
1 ⎡d − b⎤ This statement can either be true or false. My False True False NOT symbol x
x∨ y∨ z 4 2 × 43 = 4 2+ 3 = 45
instance, these are both identity matrices: A−1 = Check whether when we multiply A by it we possibilities: y ?
ad − bc ⎢⎣− c a ⎥⎦ name can’t ‘sort of’ be Michael, it either is or it is just like this:
really do get the identity matrix: False False False z a 1/ x
=x a 5 1/ 2
= 5 5 1/ 4
=4 5 1. logABC = logAB + logAC
⎡1 0 0⎤ not. Here’s an example of a statement which • The first part of the statement is true, and the t x ~x Subtracting indices when you divide
⎡1 0 ⎤ ⇒ A × A−1 log26 = log23 + log22 since 2 × 3 = 6
I2 = ⎢ ⎢ 0⎥⎥
The ‘ad – bc’ part in the denominator of the isn’t a binary statement: second part is true as well. In that case the Fractional indices with numerators larger
⎥ , I 3 = ⎢0 1 If I put a NOT symbol in front of this, I reverse x When you divide identical numbers or
fraction is called the determinant of the matrix A, implication is true. IMPLIES This looks like a triangle with a small circle at the tip. than one 2. logA(B/C) = logAB – logAC
⎡3 5⎤ ⎡ 2 − 2.5⎤
x
⎣0 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎦⎥ How many names do I have? the statement: x∧x∧z pronumerals each raised to a power, you need to
0 and is often written as det( A) or A : =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ • A B A⇒ B When you put a statement like ‘x’ into it, you come out z
subtract the indices from each other instead of 1 / 3+1 / 3
⎣2 4⎦ ⎣− 1 1.5 ⎦ This statement is a question. It can’t be true or
The first part of the statement is true, but the
~t 2 2/3
=2 log3(3) = log36 – log32 since 6/2 = 3
second part is false. In that case the with the opposite of that statement. So true becomes Use letters first – keep ‘x’, ‘y’, and ‘z’ in the adding them together.
The subscript of an I (a little number to the right True True True
2 2 / 3 = 21/ 3 × 21/ 3
1 ⎡d − b⎤ ⎡ 3 × 2 + 5 × −1 3 × −2.5 + 5 × 1.5 ⎤ false, it needs a quantitative answer (i.e. the false, and false becomes true. Notice that there’s only calculations. 3. logA(B)D = D × logA(B)
and below the ‘I’) is used to describe how large A−1 = =⎢ implication is false. This reverses the statement so it is now: x a ÷ x b = x a −b
det( A) ⎢⎣− c a ⎥⎦ ⎥ number of names I have). True False False one input.
the identity matrix is. ⎣2 × 2 + 4 × −1 2 × −2.5 + 4 × 1.5⎦ • The first part of the statement is false. In this I will not play tennis this afternoon Use brackets to keep each of the inputs separate 22 / 3 = 3 2 × 3 2 log416 = log442 = 2 × log4(4) since 16 = 42
False True True 2 5 ÷ 2 3 = 2 5−3 = 2 2
Any matrix you multiply by an identity matrix, det( A) = ad − bc ⎡1 0 ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
Logic Connectors
There are five major connectors that you can use
case, the implication is always true. This is Truth Tables False False True
OR symbol in the expression for the output for the rightmost
AND gate: Raising powers to powers
22 / 3 = ( 2)
3
2
4. logsome number (same number) = 1
you just get the original matrix again as your sometimes confusing for people. Whether the
Work out determinant for the original A matrix: ⎣0 1 ⎦ x x∨y log5757 = 1
answer. in logic to write logic sentences. second part of the statement is true can only Truth tables are a way of writing down all the
y (~ x ) ∧ (x ∨ y ∨ z ) ∧ (x ∧ x ∧ z ) When you raise a power to another power, you
Common cube roots
⎡3 5⎤ Equations into Matrices be judged when the first part is true – the possible combinations of statements and saying Change of Base Theorem
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ A=⎢ ⎥
OR connector
whether the whole combined statement is true or
EQUIVALENCE
Work through until you get a final expression:
can rewrite the whole expression, combining the 3
1 = 1, 3
8 = 2, 3
27 = 3, 3
64 = 4, 3
125 = 5
⇒⎢ ⎥×⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2 4⎦ 3 x + 5 y = 31 ⎡3 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 31⎤
second part leads on from the first part. So
A⇔ B
This is like a triangle but with all the sides curved. Also two indices or powers by multiplying them log A C
The ∨ symbol is the ‘OR’ symbol – it means at A B
log B C =
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
det( A) = ad − bc 2 x + 4 y = 24
becomes ⎢2
⎣
=
4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣24⎥⎦ least one of the two things on either side of it will
the convention is that when the first part is
false, we just say that the whole meaningless
false.
True True True
notice how it has two inputs. You can actually have
more than two inputs as well, for instance, if you have x,
[(~ x ) ∧ (x ∨ y ∨ z ) ∧ (x ∧ x ∧ z )] ∨ [x ∧ x ∧ z ] together: Log Laws
log A B
⎡1× 1 + 2 × 0 1× 0 + 2 × 1⎤
=⎢ ⎥ a=3 b=5 c=2 d =4 happen. Remember the ‘or both’ part – it’s implication is true. OR
True False False y and z as inputs then it would look like this: Evaluate by substituting in the values: (x ) = x
a b a×b If we have:
Example: To calculate what log 2 17 is:
⎣3 ×1 + 4 × 0 3 × 0 + 4 × 1⎦ det( A) = 3 × 4 − 5 × 2
Multiplying both sides by the inverse of the first commonly forgotten. ac = b
A∨ B
⎡1 2⎤ det( A) = 2
matrix gives you a very useful result.
This afternoon I will play tennis OR I will read
The mathematical symbol for IMPLIES is an
arrow with two lines – ⇒ . If we use ‘PS’ for
A B False True False x x = true, y = false, z = true
(4 ) = (4 ) = 4
2 3 2×3 6 B=2 C = 17
=⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 2 − 2.5⎤ ⎡3 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 − 2.5⎤ ⎡ 31⎤ (or both) False False True y x∨y∨z => [ false ∧ true ∧ true] ∨ [true] The log statement is:
A = 10 since calculators have base 10 on them:
⎣3 4⎦ ⎢− 1 1.5 ⎥ × ⎢2 = × primary school and ‘K’ for kid under 15 years True True True z
4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 1 1.5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣24⎥⎦ = [ false ] ∨ [true]
The zero index or exponent log a b = c
Swap around and change signs of the elements in ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ old, the mathematical way to write the last
If I used ‘t’ to describe tennis, and ‘r’ to describe log10 17
The Inverse of a Matrix matrix A: True False True AND symbol When you raise anything to the power zero, you log 2 17 =
⎡ 2 × 3 − 2.5 × 2 2 × 5 − 2.5 × 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 × 31 − 2.5 × 24 ⎤ reading, then I could rewrite this statement: statement is:
NOT = true This statement says that the base a to the power c
= end up with the number 1: log10 2
⎡3 5⎤ Sign change ⎢ − 1× 5 + 1.5 × 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 1× 31 + 1.5 × 24⎥⎦ t∨r PS ⇒ K x equals b.
A=⎢ ⎣− 1× 3 + 1.5 × 2 False True True
≈ 4.09
⎣2 4⎥⎦ A ~A y x∧y∧z Anything0 = 1
⎡3 5⎤ ⎡ 4 − 5⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡2⎤ AND connector EQUIVALENCE connector z Common logarithms
⎢0 = False False False Answer check: 17 is only a bit more than 16,
⎢2 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣5⎥⎦
4⎦⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎦⎥
The inverse of this matrix is the matrix you need ⎣ True False Negative indices or exponents
⎣− 2
These all have a base of 10. For instance:
⎣ This afternoon I will play tennis AND I will read I will play tennis this afternoon if I read a book,
The AND symbol is like a bit of a rectangle with a which we know is 2 to the power 4. An answer of
to multiply it by to get the identity matrix. and I’ll read a book if I play tennis. When you raise a number to a negative power,
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡2⎤ x=2 The mathematical symbol for ‘AND’ is ∧ : False True semicircle attached to one end. It can also have more log10 10 = 1 , log10 100 = 2 , log10 1000 = 3 4.09 makes sense.
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
Sign change so it’s equivalent to the inverse of that number
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣5 ⎦ y=5 t∧r
The mathematical symbol for EQUIVALENCE is than 2 inputs, like in this particular case. raised to the positive of that power:
a double headed arrow – ⇔ .
Addition with fractions Circle If both sets of opposite angles in a quadrilateral Certainties and impossibilities
Writing fractions Fractions Use the GCF to divide both the numerator and More Fractions and Decimals Rounding to a number of decimal places Circles Probability Terminology Probability
denominator of the fraction: To add together two fractions, you have to make are supplementary, then you can draw a single A certainty is something that has a 100 % chance
Fractions can be written in lots of different ways:
7 sure that they have a common denominator. 3. Simplify the fraction you get from the
Write the number down, but only to one less than
Arc angle circle that goes through all four corners of the Example: Bob is picking a single marble out of a P (E ) of happening – it will happen for sure:
⇒ Here' s the original improper fraction 63 7 the asked for number of decimal places. Arc length = × 2πR bag without looking. There are 10 marbles in the
With a slanting line 3/8 5 ⇒ ÷ 4 17
multiplication.
Diameter, D 360° quadrilateral. If they aren’t supplementary, then This simple statement just says something like P(certainty ) = 1 or 100%
5+2 98 7 Example: Add together and 4 9 4 × 9 36
Now find the ‘special’ digit. The ‘special’ digit is you can’t draw a single circle through all four bag – 4 red ones, 3 blue ones, 2 pink ones and 1
“The probability (P) of event E occurring.”
= Let' s split up the numerator 9 7 21 × = = the digit located one more decimal place to the Triangles inside circles corners. white one.

s, R
5 = Impossibilities are the opposite of certainties.
With a different slanting line 3 7 5 7 × 5 35 The probability of an event happening is

diu
8 5 2 right than the number of decimal places you’ve Centre
P(impossibility ) = 0 or 0%
14 First find lowest common multiple (LCM) of A triangle drawn inside a circle with one side as Trial / experiment
= + Rectangles are cyclic quadrilaterals because all

Ra
Let' s split it up into two separate fractions been asked for. So say you’ve been asked for 3 calculated in this way:
5 5 denominators: In improper fraction form this is: the diameter of the circle and all corners touching the angles inside a rectangle are 90°. Opposite
2 5 Talking About Fractions decimal places, look at the value of the digit in This is all about the thing that is happening – in
How some calculators display fractions 3 8 = 1+ is the same as 1 7: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70 … 36 1 the circumference has a special property. The angles obviously add up to 180° then. A P(E ) = Event probability =
Number of outcomes of that event Set Language
Fraction Decimal =1 the 4th decimal place – this is the ‘special’ digit. Chords and segments this case the trial or experiment is Bob picking a
n(E )
5 5 angle in the triangle opposite the diameter side is square is a cyclic quadrilateral too for the same Total number of outcomes
Word
Pr (E ) =
2 in Word Percentage form 21: 21, 42, 63, 84, 105 35 35 marble out of the bag.
The general form of a fraction is: =1 If the ‘special’ digit is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, then just A chord is a straight line that joins any two points always 90°:
n( A)
There is no need to write the plus sign form reason. Probability of picking a pink marble:
5 number form 1 form Dividing with fractions Outcome
Numerator 2 LCM is 21. Rewrite both fractions with 21 as write your last decimal place in as it is. on the boundary of a circle. When you draw a
form
P(E ) =
2 1
Denominator Reciprocals One One 50 percent 0.5 denominator (2nd fraction done already): Same as for multiplication but with one extra step If the ‘special’ digit is a 5 or larger, you need to
chord, you divide the circle into two areas. These This is the result of what happens when we do the = = 0.2 = 20% • Number of outcomes of that event = n(E )
areas are called segments. The smaller area is 10 5
at the beginning: trial or experiment. In this case, the outcome of
Total number of outcomes = n( A)
1/2 half on 4 3 12 add one to your last decimal place.
Proper fractions To find the reciprocal of a fraction, all you have
two × = called a minor segment. The larger area is called Bob picking a marble is that he will get a marble Handy hint – don’t double count •
to do is swap the numerator and the denominator. 7 3 21 Step 0: Swap the numerator (top) and 0.777777777 to 3 decimal places becomes 0.778 a major segment.
Proper fractions are fractions where the One One 33 percent 0.33 Diameter with a certain colour. Subsets
denominator (bottom) of the fraction doing the If you pick a card at random from a normal 52
numerator is smaller than the denominator. 7 1/3 third on Now do calculation: Rounding to a number of significant figures side
Find the reciprocal of three dividing, and change it into a multiplication. Outcome space card pack, what is the chance that you will pick a E⊂A
9 4 17 A digit is counted as a significant digit except in red card or ace from the pack?
The ⊂ symbol means “is a subset of”. This
1 5 7 3523 One One 25 percent 0.25 ⇒ + 12 3 The outcome space is an imaginary space that
, , , Swap the numerator and the denominator 1/4 quarter on 7 21 Example: ÷ the case of zeros directly after a decimal point for Major
P(E ) =
3 27 57 764442 5 2 Segment contains all the possible outcomes that you could 28 7 means that the set E is a subset (smaller part of)
9 7 four 12 17 a number that is smaller than 1. For instance, = = 0.5385 ≈ 54%
get from an experiment. An outcome in this
Equivalent fractions is the reciprocal of One One 20 percent 0.20 = + Step 0: Swap the 3 and 2 and change it to a look at the following numbers: Cyclic quadrilaterals 52 13 the set A.
7 9 21 21 Chord Parallelograms and trapeziums are not cyclic experiment is Bob picking a marble of a certain
The same fraction can be written using different 1/5 fifth on multiply: You can fit four-sided shapes inside a circle – There are 26 outcomes that result in a red card ‘Not’ sets
When you multiply a fraction by its reciprocal 12 + 17 427 has 3 significant digits, 0.5234 has 4 Minor
quadrilaterals because their opposite angles colour. Well, what colours could he get? He
numbers. five = 12 3 12 2 significant digits, 0.000023 only has 2 significant Segment quadrilaterals. Not all quadrilaterals will have all could get red, blue, pink and white. being picked, and a further two outcomes that
Using proper mathematical notation, we can write
you get 1. One One 17 percent 0.17 21 ÷ = × don’t add to 180°. The only exception for result in an ace – two of the aces have already
1/6 digits. four corners touching the circumference of the “Not E” as:
1 10 2 sixth on six 29 5 2 5 3 parallelograms is when they are a rectangle. Event
= = 7 9 7 × 9 63 = Arcs circle. Quadrilaterals that do however are known been counted in the red cards. Don’t double count
2 20 4 × = = =1 24 8 Rounding is same process as for decimal the red aces. E'
9 7 9 × 7 63 Fractions as percentages 21 = = rounding, but start from the leftmost significant An arc is the part of the circle’s circumference
as cyclic quadrilaterals. Opposite angles in cyclic Event is used to describe something that happens
Improper fractions 8 15 5 quadrilaterals are supplementary (add to 180°). which you might be interested in. For instance, Complementary sets
Simplifying fractions • Divide 100% by the denominator =1 figure. taken up by the sector: These angles
as are
Not Probabilities
21 3 are supplementary you might be interested in when Bob picks out a
Improper fractions have numerators that are • Multiply that by the numerator =1 B these What is a ‘not’ probability? It’s the chance of a The probability of event E occurring and the
To simplify a fraction, you need to find the 5 1652 to two significant figures: blue marble. The event you’re interested in is,
larger than or equal to the denominator. Subtraction with fractions certain event not happening. The probability of probability of it not occurring adds up to 1, or
greatest common factor (GCF) for the numerator C “Bob picking out a blue marble.”
3
: 100% ÷ 8 × 3 = 37.5% Decimal Numbers • The special digit is a ‘5’. Because 5 is larger the event happening plus the probability of the 100%. We can talk about these as two sets. Set E
17 4 37 645 and denominator. For 63 : Same process as for addition. Area of Circle
, , , 98 8 than 4, we need to add one to the last Probability of an event occurring event not happening adds together to give 1: contains all the outcomes that result in E
5 2 22 276 All decimal numbers have a decimal point in Sector/arc
63 has factors 1, 3, 7, 9, 21
Multiplication with fractions
them which separates the part of the number
significant digit – the 6 becomes 7. Angle
Arc Circle area = πr 2 We can use the letter ‘P’ to indicate “probability P(E ) + P(not E ) = 1
happening. The other set, E ' , contains all the
Mixed numbers 1. Multiply the tops of the fraction, in other which is larger than one from the part that is • Answer is 1.7 ×103 . We don’t write 1700, D of”, and then inside some brackets after the ‘P’ outcomes that don’t result in E happening.
98 has factors 1, 2, 7 Circumference of Circle
Improper fractions can also be written as mixed words the numerators. smaller than one. since that tells the reader it is accurate to 4 Sector write what event we’re calculating the probability For example, tomorrow’s weather: These are ‘complementary’ sets. They
A Circumference = 2πR
P(rain ) + P(no rain ) = 1
numbers. Mixed numbers mix both whole The largest common factor is 7. The GCF is 7. significant figures. for. The event is usually represented by the letter complement each other to make up a total
2. Multiply the bottoms of the fractions, in other 215.678 = 200.0 + 10.0 + 5.0 + 0.6 + 0.07 + 0.08
numbers and fractions. ‘E’. probability of 1.
words the denominators.
Scalars Multiplying a vector by a scalar The Cosine Rule Problems with the Sine Rule
Vectors B
Cosine and Sine Rule 3D Solids Imperial to Metric Units Pressure
Scalars are things which just have a value – for If you want to change the magnitude but not the CUBE
B Length Weight 1 bar = 0.9869 atmospheres
instance ‘5’ is a scalar quantity – all it has is a Vector magnitudes direction of a vector, you can multiply it by a c
The Sine Rule
20 Vcube = L3 RECTANGULAR PRISM 1 pascal = 0.000 009 869 atmospheres
value of ‘5’, it doesn’t have any other scalar. Any scalar larger than 1 will make the 20
15 km a C Vrect . prism = L × H × W 1 inch = 25.4 mm 1 ounce = 28.35 g 1 psi = 0.068 045 957 atmospheres
characteristics or properties. vector longer, any scalar smaller than 1 will make SAcube = 6L2 1 foot = 304.8 mm 1 pound = 0.4536 kg
A A 13° SArect . prism = 2( LW + LH + HW ) 1 psi = 6.895 kilopascals
Vectors ~ it shorter. For instance: b 6 surfaces, 6 faces 1 yard = 914.4 mm 1 metric tonne = 1000 kg
13°
b
C
a
39 12 edges, 8 vertices 6 surfaces, 6 faces 1 mile = 1.609 km 1 US short ton = 907.2 kg
Vectors have both a magnitude value and a Metric Length to Length
To talk just about the magnitude of this vector,
A
12 edges, 8 vertices 1 international nautical mile = 1.853 km 1 stone = 6.350 kg
direction. An everyday example of a vector The cosine rule says that: If you used the sine rule to solve for the unknown
quantity is if you are describing the movement of
but not the direction, what you can do is write the
vector letter down and put a pair of vertical lines
A
~ 3 ×2 = 2A
~ 6 B c angle in this triangle, you’d get:
1 league (land) = 4.828 km 10 mm = 1 cm
1000 mm = 1 m
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 × b × c × cos A 1 league (nautical) = 5.556 km Temperature
a ship or plane. You might say something like, around it: The sine rule states that: 20 39 1 astronomical unit = 149 597 871 km 100 cm = 1 m
= 5
“the plane travelled 2000 km north.” You could
represent this movement on a diagram by an A = 15 km Adding vectors
In words, this means that, “a squared is equal to
a b c sin 13° sin B GENERAL PRISM 1 light year = 9 454 254 955 488 km Degrees Celsius = (degrees Fahrenheit - 32) 1000 m = 1 km
the sum of the squares of the other two sides in = = 9
~ sin 13° sin B SPHERE V prism = L × base area
1 parsec = 30 856 774 878 505 km
arrow, like this: To add two vectors together, start by drawing the the triangle, minus two times the product of the sin A sin B sin C = 0 °F = –17.78 °C Metric Area to Area
When we talk about the entire vector, then it other two sides times cos of the angle opposite 20 39 4 3 SAprism = 2 × base area + L × base perimeter 32 °F = 0 °C
first one. Then, beginning at the arrowhead of πr
Vsphere = Area 100 mm2 = 1 cm2
39 × (sin 13°)
N The triangle does not have to have a right angle
would look something like this: a.” 3 50 °F = 10 °C
the first vector, start drawing your second vector. in it for this rule to work. = sin B Surfaces: 2 + number of base sides 1 square inch = 6.452 cm2 10 000 cm2 = 1 m2
A = 15 km west 20 SAsphere = 4πr 2 70 °F = 21.11 °C
2000 km

The answer is the vector from the start of your The cosine rule does not need a right angle in Faces: 2 + number of base sides 1 square foot = 929.0 cm2 1 000 000 m2 = 1 km2
~ first vector to the end of your second vector. the triangle to work. 100° ⎡ 39 × sin 13° ⎤ 1 surface, 0 faces Edges: 3 × number of base sides
90 °F = 32.22 °C
B = sin −1 ⎢ 1 square yard = 0.8361 m2
Equal vectors ⎣ ⎥⎦ 0 edges, 0 vertices Vertices: 2 × number of base sides
110 °F = 43.33 °C
Metric Volume to Volume
B 12
20 20 1 acre = 4047 m2
~
For vectors to be equal, they have to have the 3 a B = 26° 1 hectare = 10000 m2 Degrees Celsius = degrees Kelvin – 273.15 1000mm3 = 1 cm3
This is a vector quantity because it has a same magnitude and the same direction: 30°
26 degrees seems way too small an angle – and it PYRAMID 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
A 50
magnitude (2000 km) as well as a direction ~
4 C
~
14
is. There is a flaw in the sine rule based around 1
Volume 273.15 K = 0 °C 1 000 000 000 m3 = 1 km3
CONE V pyramid = × base area × height
≠
(north). There are two main ways to talk about a A Let a = the side of length 50 1 cubic inch = 16.39 cm3
A A A ~ a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 × b × c × cos A the fact that: 3
vector: ~ 4
= ~ 4 ~ 4 4

a 2 = 12 2 + 14 2 − 2 ×12 ×14 × cos 30°

Let A = the angle opposite ‘a’ (100°) sin (180° − θ ) = sin θ
1
Vcone = πr 2 h SApyramid = base area + triangular side areas 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m3 Speed Cooking
Subtracting Vectors 3 1 cubic yard = 0.7646 m3 1 metric cup = 250 mL
B
Let b = the side of length 20 CYLINDER SAcone = πr (r + s ) Surfaces: 1 + number of base sides 1 mile/hour = 1.609 km/hr
Do an addition but reverse the vector being a = ± 49.02 Whenever you get an angle using the sine rule, Mach 1 = 1225 km/hr 1 dash = 0.6161 mL
A Taking the negative of a vector Vcylinder = πr h 2 Faces: 1 + number of base sides
~ subtracted first: a = (about) 7 units Let B = the angle opposite ‘b’ you must check to see whether it makes physical 2 surfaces, 1 face Fluid Volume 1 knot = 1.852 km/hr 1 drop = 0.05134 mL
Edges: 2 × number of base sides
If you put a negative sign in front of a vector, you sense – if it doesn’t then you must use the above SAcylinder = 2πr (r + h) 0 edges, 1 vertex Speed of light (in air) = 299 792 km/s 1 fifth = 757.1 mL
a b Vertices: 1 + number of base sides 1 fluid ounce (US) = 29.57 mL
A reverse its direction. It keeps the same magnitude Don’t forget to take the square root! Note that I =
In this case, we can If we just name the however. So the negative of: _ B have only taken the positive answer, as a negative sin A sin B
20 ×
(sin 100°) = sin B rule to find the other possible answer: 3 surfaces, 2 faces 1 pint (US) = 0.4731 L Speed of sound (in air) = 1225 km/hr (Mach 1) 1 US liquid ounce = 29.57 mL
sin (180° − 26°) = sin 26°
~ 0 edges, 0 vertices 1 pint (UK) = 0.5683 L 1 pinch = 0.3081 mL
describe this vector as whole vector using one A 4 3 side length does not make sense in this situation. 50 20 50
~ = 1 gallon (UK) = 4.546 L Energy 1 quart (US) = 946.4 mL
AB or AB . The arrow letter, then we can sin 100° sin B sin B = 0.3939 So sin 154° = sin 26° 1 shot = 29.57 mL
~
above the AB or the
describe it using the A
~
−A
~
In general the cos rule is used to find the length
of one side, when you know: Invert both sides B ≈ 23.2° An angle of 154 degrees is much more reasonable
1 gallon (US) = 3.785 L
1 barrel (petroleum) = 159.0 L
1 calorie (food) = 4.187 kJ
1 ton explosive = 4 184 000 kJ
1 metric tablespoon = 15 mL
letter with a tilde sign 1 metric teaspoon = 5 mL
tilde sign below the _
B sin 100° sin B for angle B. It also means the sum of angles
underneath it to tell us ~ • the length of the two other sides in the =
AB tells us that it’s a
it’s a vector, like is A
~
4 + 3
triangle, and 50 20 inside the triangle is 180°, so it looks like the
vector. correct answer.
this: A .
~ • the angle between these two other sides.

Get better grades with a Complete School study aid from www.CompleteSchool.com.au
Want more posters? Get them from www.CompleteSchool.com.au. All content Copyright Michael Milford.