Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No.

3
Laboratory Manual

Name: CASOCOT, ARIEL JOHN C. Rating:

Course and Year: BSCE – 4
Subject: CE 411BL
Schedule: M 1:30 P.M. – 4:30 P.M. Instructor: Engr. Alex H. Melchor

Experiment No. 3

WATER JET IMPINGING ON A BLADE

I. Objectives

 To investigate the reaction forces produced by the change in

momentum of fluid flow.
 To determine the force produced by a jet of water on various surfaces.

II. Equipment/Apparatus and Materials

a) The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench, for measurement flow by timed volume collection.
b) The F1-16 Impact of a Jet Apparatus, including four flow deflectors with deflection
angles of 30, 90,120 and 180 degrees.
c) A stopwatch for determining the flow rate of water.

III. Theory

Newton’s Law – The rate change of momentum of a body is proportional to the

force acting upon the body, and is in the direction of that force. In equation form,

∑𝐹 = 𝜌𝒬(--𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
.
In this experiment, water is hitting the deflector surface. The change in
momentum can be investigated by investigating the reaction force it produces from the
target. The reaction force is measured by recording the applied weight required to counter
it.

Force on a horizontal vane

A force on a deflector vane is equal to the rate of change of momentum of jet.
In equation form,

𝐹 = 𝜌𝒬∆𝑉
= mass of fluid striking vane per second x
change in velocity normal to the vane
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 3
Laboratory Manual

Consider the figure below, a jet of water impinges on the horizontal vane deflects at 90˚
with the surface of the vane. The vane is assumed to be stationary or little rebound from
the plate and so there is a force exerted by the water on the vane. That force can be
determined using the equation above.

The change in velocity, ∆𝑉 = 𝑉1 − 0 (𝑉2 has no vertical component).

Forces on an inclined vane

Water is flowing across the face of the vane exert a force that is normal to the inclined
surface. The reaction of the vane is equal to that force but of opposite direction. Refer to
the figure below.

The force to the surface is equal to the rate of change of momentum in a direction normal
to the surface.
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 3
Laboratory Manual

Force on a hemispherical vane

If the cup is completely hemispherical, the flow will be completely reversed; also if
there are no friction losses, the exit velocity will be equal to the inlet velocity as indicated
in the figure.

It is assumed that the magnitude of the velocity (i.e. speed) does not change as fluid
flows around the deflector, and that only its direction changes.

For static equilibrium, F (refer to figure below) is balanced by the applied force, W
hence,
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 3
Laboratory Manual

−𝐹 = 𝜌𝒬[𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠(180 − 𝛼) − 𝑉]
−𝐹 = 𝜌𝒬(−𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑉)
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 1)
𝐹
= 𝜌𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 1)
𝑉2
𝐹
= 𝑆 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 1) – Theoretical slope
𝑉2

Experimental slope can be determined by graphing the weight applied to pan balance as
ordinate against 𝑉 2 . The slope of the line is 𝑊/𝑉 2 .

IV. Equipment Description

The rig is designed to be

positioned in the bed of the hydraulics
bench top channel. The inlet pope should
be connected to the bench supply. Water
issues from the nozzle, and after striking
the target plate leaves through the outlet
holes in the base. An air vent is provided
so that the remains at atmospheric
pressure. The vertical force on the target
plate is measure by adding weights to the
weight pan until the mark on the weight pan corresponds with the level gauge. to change
the target plate, undo the knurled screws on the top plate, and remove this and the
transparent tank.

V. Experimental Procedure
The parameter to be measured is the discharge. The cross-sectional area
of the jet can be determined from the given diameter of the jet which is 8 mm.
The mass of the weights placed corresponding to the discharge must be recorded.

1. The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench was set up with the F1-16 Impact of a Jet Apparatus
placed on top of it.
2. The Impact of a Jet Apparatus was leveled by using the air bubble on the jet
apparatus.
3. The 30 degrees flow reflector was screwed to the target plane.
4. The level gauge is leveled on the middle line of the weight pan.
5. A weight is placed on top of the weight pan.
 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 3
Laboratory Manual

6. The pump was turned on so water came out through the nozzle, the discharge of the
pump was adjusted through the valve until the weight pan leveled again with the
level gauge.
7. The change of volume was taken through the scale of the volume in liters located
beside the hydraulic bench and the time was taken during the change of volume.
8. Three trials were performed for each flow deflector with increasing weight placed on
the weight pan per trial.
9. Repeat step 3 to 7 using 90,120 and 180 degrees flow deflectors at a time

VI. Presentation of Results/Calculations

Table A: Theoretical Slope and Experimental Slope

Calculated
Nozzle Deflector Volume Time to Velocit Velocity Applied
Trial Applied Mass, Flow Rate Q slope from Theoretical
diameter d types Collected Vol Collect yV Squared Force, W
No. m (kg) (m³/s) the Slope
(m) (Degrees) (m³) t (sec) (m/s) V² (m/s)² (N)
experiment

5.332x
1 51.05 20x 10−3 1.043x 10−4 2.075 4.306 0.196 0.028 0.007
10−3
30 5.332x
2 28.21 40x 10−3 1.887x 10−4 3.754 14.093 0.392 0.028 0.007
10−3
5.332x
3 25.34 60x 10−3 2.100x 10−4 4.177 17.447 0.589 0.028 0.007
10−3
1 6x10−3 35.22 50x 10−3 1.704x 10−4 3.390 11.492 0.491 0.0346 0.050
90 2 6x10−3 24.90 100x 10−3 2.410x 10−4 4.794 22.982 0.981 0.0346 0.050
8 𝑥 10−3
3 6x10−3 18.98 150x 10−3 3.161x 10−4 6.288 39.539 1.472 0.0346 0.050
1 6x10−3 39.75 50x 10−3 1.509x 10−4 3.00 9.000 0.491 0.066 0.075
120 2 6x10−3 30.28 100x 10−3 1.982x 10−4 3.943 15.545 0.981 0.066 0.075
3 6x10−3 24.47 150x 10−3 2.452x 10−4 4.878 23.792 1.472 0.066 0.075
1 6x10−3 49.53 50x 10−3 1.211x 10−4 2.410 5.807 0.491 0.086 0.100
180 2 6x10−3 33.88 100x 10−3 1.771x 10−4 3.523 12.411 0.981 0.086 0.100
3 6x10−3 28.17 150x 10−3 2.130 10−4 4.237 17.951 1.472 0.086 0.100

For Trial 1-30° Q 1.043x 10−4

𝑉= = = 2.075
Diameter of the Water Bath = 18.5cm A π (8 𝑥 10−3 )²
Height of the Water Bath= 19.8 cm 4
Volume Collected 𝑉² = 2.075²= 4.306
𝜋(0.185)2 (0.198)
= = 5.332x 10−3 m3 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 20x 10−3 (9.81) = 0.196
4

𝑆 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 1)
𝑉 5.332x 10−3 π
𝑄= = = 1.043x 10−4 𝑆 = 1000( )(8 𝑥 10−3 )²(𝑐𝑜𝑠150 + 1)
𝑡 51.05 4
𝑆 = 0.007
 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 2
Laboratory Manual

GRAPH FOR 30° GRAPH FOR 90°

Velocity² (m/s) vs Weight (N) Velocity² (m/s) vs Weight (N)

Weight Weight
0.7 y = 0.0277x + 0.0616 1.6 y = 0.0346x + 0.1277
0.6 R² = 0.9253 1.4 R² = 0.9894
0.5 1.2
Applied Force, 1 Applied Force,
0.4
W (N) 0.8 W (N)
0.3
Linear (Applied 0.6 Linear (Applied
0.2 Force, W (N)) 0.4 Force, W (N))
0.1 0.2
0 Velocity 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60 Velocity

GRAPH FOR 120° GRAPH FOR 180°

Velocity² (m/s) vs Weight (N) Velocity² (m/s) vs Weight (N)

Weight Weight
1.6 1.6
y = 0.066x - 0.0826 y = 0.0806x + 0.0099
1.4 R² = 0.9957 1.4 R² = 0.9974
1.2 1.2
1 Applied Force, 1 Applied Force,
0.8 W (N) 0.8 W (N)
0.6 Linear (Applied 0.6 Linear (Applied
Force, W (N)) Force, W (N))
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 10 20 30
Velocity 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity

Table B: Percentage Error

Calculated
Percentage Error
slope from the Theoretical Slope
(%)
experiment
0.028 0.007 300
0.0346 0.050 30.8
0.066 0.075 12
0.086 0.100 14
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 2
Laboratory Manual

VII. Discussion of Results

From Table A, the angle of deflection and the theoretical slope/experimental slope
has a direct relationship. Also, for every trial of every deflector, the discharge was
increased to align the marker to the weighted pan with silver line. Therefore, the velocity
of the fluid increases as the discharge increases. When the weight on the weight pan was
increased, the discharge was also increased. The weight applied and discharge of the fluid
is directly proportional. The percent error of the trials for the 30 degree deflector was
huge due to the fact that the apparatus used was faulty and the discharge of the fluid was
inconsistent. The spring for the weight pan was hard and has a higher stiffness. Also the
way the discharge was experimentally done was inaccurate for a water bath was used and
a stopwatch (it is better to use the built-in volume apparatus on the hydraulic bench). The
pump used was also faulty. The graph for the 30 degree deflector shows that there was a
sudden change of values from a line to a curve.

For the deflectors other than the 30 degree deflector, the percent errors were small
for we opted to use another efficient and working apparatus. The apparatus worked well
and its spring was working properly. The graph for the other deflectors except the 30
degree deflector was nearly linear and has lesser errors.

VIII. Conclusions and Recommendations

For this experiment, the reaction force for the jet was experimentally done
through placing weights into the weight pan to know the value of the discharge in a
certain reaction force and to compute for the value of the slope of F/V2. The experiment
showed the relationship between the velocity of the jet and the force reacted on to
different surfaces. It showed a direct relationship. When the velocity is increased, the
reacting force also increased.

The experiment also portrayed the relationship between different angled surfaces
and the slope of F/V2. It was a direct relationship. When the degree of the deflector is
small, the slope is also small, vice versa. The total reaction force was induced through the
180 deflector for its reaction counterparts the 100% force applied by the fluid.
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 2
Laboratory Manual

IX. Documentation

Installing the apparatus Aligning the Silver Line on 30° Deflected Jet
the marker

Changing the discharge Recording the Parameters

for discharge