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Seabird Systematics
and Distribution

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Aves

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Birds
Birds evolved from reptiles
(dinosaurs) approximately
150-200 million years ago
during the Jurassic period

Evolution
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio336/Bio336/Lectures/Lecture5/dinobird.jpg http://www.phyletisches-museum.uni-jena.de/images/archaeopteryx_berlin_1864.jpg

Modern birds are characterized by feathers, the laying of

hard shelled eggs, and a lightweight, but strong skeleton

External Anatomy 1.
2.
Beak (paruh)
Crown (mahkota/jambul)
3. Iris (mata)
of a Bird 4.
5.
Pupil (kelopak)
Mantle (punggung)
6. Lesser Coverts (bulu
bawah)
7. Scapulars (tulang)
8. Coverts (Feathers) (bulu)
9. Tertials
10. Rump (pantat)
11. Tail Feathers (buntut)
12. Vent (lubang angina)
13. Thigh (paha)
14. Knee (lutut)
15. Tarsus (tungkai)
16. Feet (kaki)
17. Tibia (tulang kering/paha)
18. Belly (perut)
19. Flanks (panggul)
20. Breast (dada)
21. Throat (tenggorokan)
22. Wattle (janggut/jengger)

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Class Aves
Characteristics
• Warm blooded
• Feathers and wings (bulu dan sayap)
• Light, Hollow bones (for efficient flight)
• Horny bill (paruh tanduk)
• Lungs have air sacks (paru-paru berongga
udara)
• Hard egg shell (telur berkulit keras)

Marine Birds
• Only 3% of all bird species
• About 280 species
• Evolved from different groups
of land birds
• Spend significant part of life at
sea
• Feed on marine organisms

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Marine Birds

• Harus
bersarang
di darat

Marine Birds
• Kelenjar pembuangan
garam – agar garam dari
makanan mereka dapat
keluar lewat paruhnya

• Kaki berselaput
untuk berenang
(tidak semua –
hanya seabird
sejati)

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Marine Birds

• Bulu padat tahan

air (except
commorants and
some terns)

Marine Birds

• Migrations (not all)

• Arctic tern -
24,000 mi
roundtrip between
Arctic and
Antarctica
• Sooty shearwaters
- 40,000 mi/yr

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Kingdom Animalia
Classification of Sea Birds
Phylum Chordata
Sphenisciformes Subphylum Vertebrata
* Spheniscidae- penguins
Procellariiformes Class Aves
* Diomedeidae- albatrosses
* Procellariidae- fulmars, prions, shearwaters, gadfly and other petrels
* Pelacanoididae- diving-petrels
* Hydrobatidae- storm-petrels
Pelecaniformes
* Pelecanidae- pelicans
Orders * Sulidae- gannets and boobies
Families * Phalacrocoracidae- cormorants
* Fregatidae- frigatebirds
* Phaethontidae- tropicbirds
Charadriiformes
* Stercorariidae- skuas
* Laridae- gulls
* Sternidae- terns
* Rhynchopidae- skimmers
* Alcidae- auks

Four Main Groups

 Tubenoses
 Pelicans And Their Relatives
 Gulls
 Penguins

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Marine Birds
Of all the seabirds, penguins and tubenoses
are the best adapted to the pelagic realm

Penguins (Sphenisciformes (ordo), Spheniscidae (family))

• 17 species found in southern hemisphere

• Colonial nesters
• Spends 75% of lifetime in water
Penguin Anatomy
1. Mostly black backed
and white breasted
2. Large birds:
Emperor penguin up
to 45 kilograms and
3.7 feet tall
3. Dense, waterproof
feathers trap air
that, warmed by
their body heat,
protects against the
Fairy (aka Little blue) penguins
– up to 16 in cold
Emperor penguins - up to 45 in (recovering from oil spill)

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Penguins
• Southern hemisphere only (Galapagos
south to Antarctica)
• Believed to consume ~86% of all food
taken by birds in the Southern Hemisphere!

Penguin

• Don’t fly in air, but

swim very well (fly
through the water)
• Wings act as flippers
King penguin

Adelie penguins Emperor penguins

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Penguin Nesting
Gentoo penguin

Magellanic penguins

King penguin

Penguins

Rockhopper penguin

Macaroni penguins

Yellow eyed penguins

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Altruism

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Marine Birds
Tubenoses (Procellariiformes)
• Albatrosses (elang laut), shearwaters
(mutton/penciduk), and petrels (petrel)
• Ninety-six species
• Cool waters globally (shearwaters also found in the
tropics)
• Spend months or ofter years at sea
Tubenose Anatomy
1. Well-developed external Albatross – longest wingspan
tube-like nostrils detect
odors and determine air
speed
2. The large albatross (4
meter wingspan) can soar
on the wind and spend
months at sea
3. Some of the Petrels are
among the smallest
seabirds Shearwater Storm petrel
4. Salt glands empty into the nostrils to get rid of excess salts

Tubenoses
Tubenoses possess a tubular
nasal passage allows them
to smell and locate patchily-
distributed food at sea, and
to help locate their own nests

Southern fulmar

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Distribusi Tubenoses

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Marine Birds
Pelicans and web-footed birds (Pelecaniformes)
– Fifty-five species, e.g: Cormorants
(pecuk), frigates (bajak laut/cikalang),
gannets (rudal)
– Warm waters globally
– Colonial nesters
NOAA

Pelican-like Anatomy
1. Gular pouch (kantong di paruh) developed
for fishing or for breeding displays
2. Large birds: pelicans weigh up to 11
kilograms and frigatebirds have wing spans
up to 2.5 meters

Marine Birds
Pelicans and web-footed birds (Pelecaniformes)
 Cormorants, frigates, gannets

Brown Cormorant
pelican

NOAA

Gannet
Frigate

NOAA

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Marine Birds
Gulls (Charadriiformes)
Gull-like Birds
1. One hundred fourteen species: e.g., gulls, skuas, terns, skimmers
and alcids
2. Global distribution but more abundant and diverse in the northern
hemisphere
3. Colonial nesters
Gull-like Anatomy
1. Mostly gray or brown and white with straight bills
2. Medium sized birds

Alcids
1. e.g., puffins, razorbills, guillemots, murres
2. Inhabit cold and cool waters of the northern hemisphere
3. Swim underwater with wings
4. Most are poor flyers

Marine Birds
Gulls (Charadriiformes)
• Jaegers/skuas (perompak), terns
(camar kecil), puffins, razorbills (betet
laut)

Herring gull

Least tern Horned puffin

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Marine Birds
Shorebirds
• Sandpipers, plovers, coots

Godwit

Sandpiper
Hawaiian coot Shorebirds are not Seabirds
1. Shorebirds use the ocean on a part time
basis for a food source
2. Reproduce and spend summers inland
on freshwater and winter on the
seashore
3. e.g., ducks, grebes, loons, herons,
egrets, sandpipers, plovers

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Pacific Golden Plovers

Marine Birds
Shorebirds
• Herons, egrets (bangau/kuntul)

Great blue heron Black-crowned night heron Great egret

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Marine Birds
Shorebirds
• Swans, geese, loons (angsa)
• Ducks, coots, grebes, mergansers
(bebek)
Common
merganser

Wood duck

Mute swans

Marine Birds
Birds of prey
• Eagles, ospreys
(elang)

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