February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 4

P.P.4.1
i2 6Ω

i1
+
iS 2Ω vo 4Ω
−

2 1
By current division, i 2 = is = is
2+6+4 6
2
v 0 = 4i 2 = i s
3
2
When is = 15A, v 0 = (15) = 10V
3
2
When is = 30A, v 0 = (30) = 20V
3

P.P.4.2
v1 12 Ω

+
+ 5Ω 8Ω
VS = 10 V vo
−
−

1 1
Let v0 = 1. Then i = and v 1 = (12 + 8) = 2.5
8 8
giving vs = 2.5V.

If vs = 10V, then v0 = 4V
P.P.4.3 Let v0 = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are contributions to the 20-V and 8-A
sources respectively.

3Ω i 5Ω

+
v1 2Ω + 20 V
−
−

(a)

3Ω i2 i1 5Ω

+
8A
v2 2Ω
−

(b)

To get v1, consider the curcuit in Fig. (a).

(2 + 3 + 5)i = 20 i = 20/(10) = 2A
v1 = 2i = 4V

To get v2, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

i1 = i2 = 4A, v2 = 2i2 = 8V

Thus,
v = v1 + v2 = 4 + 8 = 12V
P.P.4.4 Let vx = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are due to the 10-V and 2-A sources
respectively.

20 Ω v1

+ 4Ω 0.1v1
10 V
−

(a)
20 Ω v2

2A
4Ω 0.1v2

(b)

To obtain v1, consider Fig. (a).

10 − v1 v1
0.1v1 + = v1 = 2.5
20 4

For v2, consider Fig. (b).

0 − v2 v2
2 + 0.1v2 + = v2 = 10
20 4

vx = v1 + v2 = 12.5V
P.P.4.5 Let i = i1 + i2 + i3

where i1, i2, and i3 are contributions due to the 16-V, 4-A, and 12-V sources respectively.

2Ω
6Ω 2Ω 8Ω 6Ω 8Ω
4A
i1
+ i2
16V
−

(a) (b)
6Ω 2Ω 8Ω

i3
+
12V
−

(c)

16
For i1, consider Fig. (a), i1 = = 1A
6+2+8
2
For i2, consider Fig. (b). By current division, i 2 = ( 4 ) = 0 .5
2 + 14

− 12
For i3, consider Fig. (c), i 3 = = −0.75A
16
Thus, i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 1 + 0.5 - 0.75 = 750mA

6x3
P.P.4.6 Combining the 6-Ω and 3-Ω resistors in parallel gives 6 3 = = 2Ω .
9
Adding the 1-Ω and 4-Ω resistors in series gives 1 + 4 = 5Ω. Transforming the left
current source in parallel with the 2-Ω resistor gives the equivalent circuit as shown in
Fig. (a).
 5V
2Ω
− +
io

+ 7Ω 5Ω
10V 3A
−

(a)

io

7.5A 2Ω 7Ω 5Ω 3A

(b)

io

10.5A (10/7) Ω 7Ω

(c)

Adding the 10-V and 5-V voltage sources gives a 15-V voltage source. Transforming the
15-V voltage source in series with the 2-Ω resistor gives the equivalent circuit in Fig. (b).
Combining the two current sources and the 2-Ω and 5-Ω resistors leads to the circuit in
Fig. (c). Using circuit division,

10
i o = 7 (10.5) = 1.78 A
10
+7
7
P.P.4.7 We transform the dependent voltage source as shown in Fig. (a). We combine
the two current sources in Fig. (a) to obtain Fig. (b). By the current division principle,

ix =
5
(4 − 0.4i x ) ix = 1.176A
15

ix

4A 10 Ω 5Ω 0.4ix

(a)

ix

4 – 0.4ix A 10 Ω 5Ω

(b)

P.P.4.8 To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

6Ω 6Ω

4Ω RTh

(a)

6Ω

+
2A 6Ω 2A 4Ω VTh
−

(b)
12 x 4
R Th = (6 + 6) 4 = = 3Ω
18
To find VTh, we use source transformations as shown in Fig. (b) and (c).

6Ω 6Ω

+
4Ω
+ VTh
24 V
−
−

(c)

Using current division in Fig. (c),

4
VTh = (24) = 6V
4 + 12

VTh 6
i= = = 1.5A
R Th + 1 3 + 1

P.P.4.9 To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

5Ω Ix 3Ω a

+
+ i2
6V i1 4Ω VTh
−
1.5Ix −
i1 i2
o
b
(a)

0.5Ix 3Ω Ix a
i

5Ω 1.5Ix 4Ω + 1V
−

b
(b)
Ix = i2
i2 - i1 = 1.5Ix = 1.5i2 i2 = -2i1 (1)

For the supermesh, -6 + 5i1 + 7i2 = 0 (2)

From (1) and (2), i2 = 4/(3)A

VTh = 4i2 = 5.333V

To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Applying KVL around the outer loop,

5(0.5I x ) − 1 − 3I x = 0 Ix = -2
1
i = − I x = 2.25
4
1 1
R Th = = = 444.4 mΩ
i 2.25

P.P.4.10 Since there are no independent sources, VTh = 0

4vx
10 Ω
+ −
+ +
vx 5Ω 15 Ω vo
io
− −

(a)

4vx
10 Ω 15 Ω
+ −
+ +
vx 5Ω i vo +
– 15io
− −

(b)

To find RTh, consider Fig.(a). Using source transformation, the circuit is transformed to
that in Fig. (b). Applying KVL, ).
But vx = -5i. Hence, 30i - 20i + 15io = 0 10i = -15io
vo = (15i + 15io) = 15(-1.5io + io) = -7.5io
RTh = vo/(io) = –7.5Ω

P.P.4.11

3Ω 3Ω

6Ω RN

(a)

3Ω

5A 3Ω 4A IN

(b)

From Fig. (a), RN = (3 + 3) 6 = 3 Ω

1
From Fig. (b), IN = (5 + 4) = 4.5A
2
P.P.4.12 2vx
i
+ −
+ +
6Ω 2Ω +
vx ix vx 1V
−
− −

(a)

2vx

+ −
+
6Ω 2Ω Isc
10 A vx
−

(b)

To get RN consider the circuit in Fig. (a). Applying KVL, 6 i x − 2 v x − 1 = 0

But vx = 1, 6ix = 3 ix = 0.5
v
i = i x + x = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1
2
1
R N = R Th = = 1Ω
i

To find IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Because the 2Ω resistor is shorted, vx = 0 and
the dependent source is inactive. Hence, IN = isc = 10A.

P.P.4.13 We first need to find RTh and VTh. To find RTh, we consider the circuit in
Fig. (a).
 − v0 4 Ω 4Ω
vx vx
+ + −
2Ω i 2Ω
1Ω +
1Ω
+ 1V + 9V io VTh
− −
+ + −
− −
3vx 3vx

(a) (b)
Applying KCL at the top node gives

1 − v o 3v x − v o v o
+ =
4 1 2

But vx = -vo. Hence

1 − vo v
− 4v o = o vo = 1/(19)
4 2
1
1−
1 − vo 19 = 9
i= =
4 4 38
RTh = 1/i = 38/(9) = 4.222Ω

To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b),

-9 + 2io + io + 3vx = 0

But vx = 2io. Hence,

9 = 3io + 6io = 9io io = 1A

VTh = 9 - 2io = 7V

RL = RTh = 4.222Ω

2
v Th 49
Pmax = = = 2.901W
4R L 4(4.222)
P.P.4.14 We will use PSpice to find Voc and Isc which then can be used to
find VTh and Rth.

Clearly Isc = 12 A

Clearly VTh = Ioc = 5.333 volts. RTh = Voc/Isc = 5.333/12 = 444.4 m-ohms.
P.P.4.15 The schematic is the same as that in Fig. 4.56 except that the 1-kΩ resistor is
replaced by 2-kΩ resistor. The plot of the power absorbed by RL is shown in the figure
below. From the plot, it is clear that the maximum power occurs when RL = 2kΩ and it is
125μW.

RL
VTh = 9V, R Th = (v oc − VL )
20
P.P.4.16 = (9 − 1) = 2.5Ω
VL 8

2.5 Ω

+
+
9V VL 10 Ω
−
−

10
VL = (9) = 7.2V
10 + 2.5
P.P.4.17 R1 = R3 = 1kΩ, R2 = 3.2kΩ
R
R x = 3 R 2 = R 2 = 3.2kΩ
R1

P.P.4.18 We first find RTh and VTh. To get RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

20 x 30 60 x 40
R Th = 20 30 + 60 40 = +
50 100
= 12 + 24 = 36Ω

20 Ω 30 Ω 20 Ω − 30 Ω
a a +
v2
+
VTh
RTh
+ v
b 1
b −
60 Ω 40 Ω 60 Ω − 40 Ω

10 V
+ −

(a) (b)

To find VTh, we use Fig. (b). Using voltage division,

60 20
v1 = (16) = 9.6, v2 = (16) = 6.4
100 50

But − v 1 + v 2 + v Th = 0 vTh = v1 - v2 = 9.6 - 6.4 = 32V

VTh 3.2
IG = = = 64mA
R Th + R m 3.6 + 1.4