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b. generative grammar
c. tree diagram
d. movement rules
11. The semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves to (ie. The
boy walked to THE WINDOW).
a. goal
b. theme
c. agent
d. source
12. Showing consideration/awareness for someone else's face
a. negative face
b. positive face
c. politeness
d. pragmatics.
13. Co-text surrounding words and phrases is called
a. physical context
b. positive face
c. negative context
d. linguistic context
14. The main reason why speakers use indirect speech acts is
a. to be polite
b. to be on record
c. to be clear
d. to be impolite
15. A sound change involving the addition of a sound to the beginning of a word (e.g.
spiritus --> espı´ritu).
a. metathesis
b. epenthesis
c. prosthesis
d. sound loss
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Q. 3. Answer either A or B.
A. What are the functional and lexical morphemes in the following sentence?
When he arrived in the morning, the old man had an umbrella and a large plastic bag
full of books.
B. In what ways are these expressions structurally ambiguous?
1. Small boys and girls are playing hide and seek .
2.The parents of the bride and groom were waiting outside.
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Q.4. Are these underlined words best described as examples of polysemy or
metonymy?
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1. I had to park on the shoulder of the road.
2. Yes, I love those. I ate a whole box on Sunday!
3. The bookstore has some new titles in linguistics.
4. Computer chips created an important new technology.
5. I’m going to sue your ass!
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Q.5. What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says:
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Q.9. Show the basic difference between five of the following:
ANSWERS
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Q. 1. Below are incorrect statements. Provide the correct ones as you have
studied in the course of linguistics:
1. Complementizer
2. Synonymy.
3. Face.
4. Cohesion
5. Content
6. A preposition plus a noun phrase.
7. Gradable antonyms.
8. Modern English
9. Natural development principle
10. Diachronic variation
11. A tree diagram
12. Conceptual meaning.
13. Positive face.
14. Manner maxim.
15. Natural principle.
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Q.2. Choose the most suitable answer to the following:
1. a. surface structure
2. c. semantic features
3. c. corpus linguistics
4. c. schema
5. d. natural class
6. c. movement rules
7. c. reversives
8. d. source
9. a. physical context
10. b. generative grammar
11. a. goal
12. c. politeness
13. d. linguistic context
14. a. to be polite
15. c. prosthesis
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Q. 3. Answer either A or B.
A.
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When he arrived in the morning, the old man had an umbrella and a large plastic bag
full of books.
1. Functional morphemes: When, he, ed, in, the, the, an, and, a, of.
2. Lexical morphemes: arrive, morning, old, man, had, umbrella, large, plastic, bag,
full, books.
B.
1. Small boys and girls are playing hide and seek .
This sentence is structurally ambiguous because it can have two deep structures:
a. The small boy and small girls are playing hide and seek.
b. The small boys and all the girls are playing hide and seek.
2. The parents of the bride and groom were waiting outside.
This sentence is structurally ambiguous because it can have two deep structures:
a. The parents of the bride and the parents of the groom were waiting outside.
b. The parents of the bride and the groom (without his parents) were waiting
outside.
Q.8. A.
Caregiver speech is characterized by the following:
.1 Frequent use of questions
.2 Simplified lexicon
.3 Phonological reduction
.4 Higher pitch- extra loudness
.5 Stressed intonation
.6 Simple sentences
7. A lot of repetition
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Q.8. B. 1.
B. 2.
1. Grammatical Competence is the accurate use of words and structures.
2. Sociolinguistic Competence is the ability to use appropriate language.
3. Strategic Competence is the ability to organize a message effectively
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Q.9.
1. Foreign language VS Second Language
Foreign language is a language that is not generally spoken in the
surrounding community.
Second language is a language that is spoken in the surrounding
community.
2. Learning VS Acquisition
Acquisition is defined as the gradual development of ability in a language
by using it naturally in communicative situations.
Learning is a more conscious process of accumulating knowledge of the
features of a language in an institutional setting.
3. Positive transfer VS Negative transfer
- Positive transfer means benefitting from an L1 rule in L2 which has it.
- Negative transfer (interference) means using an L1 rule in L2 that isn’t found
in it.
4. Cohesion VS Coherence
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* Cohesion is the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different
elements of a text.
* Coherence is the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse or
of the sentences in a text.
5. Physical Context VS Linguistics context
* Free morphemes are the morphemes that can stand alone with meaning.
* Bound morphemes are the morphemes that cannot stand alone unless attached to
another morpheme.
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Q.10.
1. Cooing
Children start in the first weeks cooing and gurgling, playing with sounds. Their
abilities are constrained by physiological limitations. They start Producing sequences of
vowel-like sounds- high vowels [i] and [u].
2. Babbling
This stages starts with acquiring different vowels and consonants ba-ba-ba and
ga-ga-ga, at the age 9-10 months- intonation patterns and combination of ba-ba-ba-
da-da, nasal sounds also appear ma-ma-ma and so on.
‘
5. Telegraphic speech
This begins at two and a half years. The child produces „multiple-word‟ speech.
The child has already developed sentence-building capacity & can get the word order
correct („cat drink milk‟, „daddy go bye-bye’)A number of grammatical inflections begin
to appear. Simple prepositions (in, on) are also used ad vocabulary is expanding
rapidly.
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Semantics, pragmatics and discourse analysis all deal with the study of meaning of
language. These three subfields of linguistics investigate the meaning differently. Semantics
studies the conceptual meaning inside a given language. Pragmatics, on the other hand, is
concerned with meaning when a context is involved. Discourse analysis analyzes meaning
beyond the level of the sentence.
Semantics is the study of meaning represented by the conceptual meaning inside the
language. This meaning could be analyzed through literal meaning of concept, through the
semantic roles of words, through features that stipulate the use of a given word or through
the lexical relations among words such as synonymy, metonymy and so on.
Therefore, all of the three linguistic subfields are concerned with meaning of the
language. However, semantics studies the meaning of single words, phrase and sentences
inside the language and co-text. Pragmatics deals with meaning when the speaker wants to
convey some message through the context of situation at the level of single utterances.
Discourse analysis deals with both semantic and pragmatic domains of meaning but beyond
the level of single sentence or utterances.
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Q. 12. Discourse Analysis is defined as the analysis of meaning beyond the level
of the sentence in the written and spoken language. In a five paragraph essay, explain
in what way discourse analysis deals with written and spoken versions of language.
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Cohesion is the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different
elements of a text. The text is to be connected by cohesive ties for example, referring
to the noun father as he whenever it comes after the first mention. The second
aspect is coherence; it is the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a
discourse or of the sentences in a text. There are certainly no cohesive ties within
this fragment of discourse. Cohesion helps to create coherence but does not entail
coherence. Nevertheless, coherence can be made with/out cohesive ties/ devises.
Speech events include interactions such as a conversation at a party or ordering a
meal. Any speech event comprises several components: Speech genre, interlocutors,
the social distance, topic of a conversation and Setting.
The basic structure of a conversation is composed of turns which mean that the
speaker and the hearer take TURNs when talking. One person speaks at one time,
and the other listens, and then they switch roles. Interlocutors take the turn through
the end of a phrase, clause, or sentence, a falling in intonation or a perceivable pause.
Interlocutors are cooperative in constructing a conversation. This is conveyed by
“Gricean Maxims”, which are: the Quantity maxim: Make your contribution as
informative as is required, but not more, or less, than is required, the Quality maxim:
do not say that which u believe to be false or for which u lack adequate evidence, the
relation maxim: Be relevant and the Manner maxim: Be clear, brief and orderly.
Hedges, implicature, background knowledge, schemas and scripts can affect the
discourse. Hedges be defined as words or phrases used to indicate that we are not
really sure that what we are saying is sufficiently correct or complete. Implicature is
an additional meaning conveyed by a speaker adhering to the cooperative principle.
Background knowledge is information that is not in a text, but is used from memory
by a reader to understand the text. Schema is a conventional knowledge which exists
in memory. Script is essentially a dynamic schema in which conventional actions take
place.
All in all, discourse can analyze written texts with special devices that are
related to written text and can analyze conversational with special conversational
devices. These two types of texts sometimes overlap to the extent that devices from
both types can be used to analyze the overlapping discourse.
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Q.13. You have studied semantics as a linguistic subfield which deals with
meaning. In a five paragraph essay, explain in what way semantics studies
meaning.
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