DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHORT COLUMNS AND LONG COLUMNS

∆
 Consideration of P-∆ Effect
 Timber Column
fc fb
  1.0
Fc Fb  Jf c
 Steel Column
fa C mx f bx C my f by
   1.0
Fa  fa   fa 
 1    Fbx  1   Fby
 Fex 
 F 
ey 
 Concrete Column
use of Moment Magnification Factor Method
 #1. Problem
A 300mm x 350mm RC column braced against sidesway
has an effective length kLu = 4.2m. The cross-section
supports a factored axial dead load of 408 kN and a factored
axial live load of 660 kN as well as factored end moments of
60 kN-m and 80 kN-m about the stronger axis of the column
section. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
 1. Show that effects of slenderness have to be considered.

406.2.5 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to 406.2.5.1 The radius of gyration, r,

be neglected if (a) or (b) is satisfied: shall be permitted to be calculated by
(a), (b), or (c):
a. For columns not braced against sidesway
k a. Ig
u/r < 22 (406.2.5a) r
Ag (406.2.5.1)
b. For columns braced against sidesway
k u/r < 34+12M1/M2 (406.2.5b) b. 0.30 times the dimension in the
direction stability is being considered
and k u/r < 40 (406.2.5c) for rectangular columns;

where Ml /M2 is negative if the column is bent in c. 0.25 times the diameter of circular
single curvature, and positive for double curvature. columns.
 #1. Problem
A 300mm x 350mm RC column braced against sidesway
has an effective length kLu = 4.2m. The cross-section
supports a factored axial dead load of 408 kN and a factored
axial live load of 660 kN as well as factored end moments of
60 kN-m and 80 kN-m about the stronger axis of the column
section. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
 2. Calculate the effective flexural rigidity (EI)eff of the
column section.
406.6.4.4.4 For non-composite columns, (EI)eff shall be calculated in accordance with
(a), (b), or (c):
a. 𝟎. 𝟒𝑬𝒄 𝑰g
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (406.6.4.4.4a)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
b. 𝟎. 𝟐𝑬𝒄 𝑰g + 𝑬𝒔 𝑰𝒔𝒆
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (406.6.4.4.4b)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
c. 𝑬𝒄 𝑰
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (406.6.4.4.4c)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
where βdns shall be the ratio of maximum factored sustained axial load to maximum factored axial
load associated with the same load combination and I in Eq. 406.6.4.4.4c is calculated according
to Table 406.6.3.1.1(b) for columns and walls.
 #1. Problem
A 300mm x 350mm RC column braced against sidesway
has an effective length kLu = 4.2m. The cross-section
supports a factored axial dead load of 408 kN and a factored
axial live load of 660 kN as well as factored end moments of
60 kN-m and 80 kN-m about the stronger axis of the column
section. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
 3. Determine the Euler’s Buckling load Pc.

406.6.4.4.2 The critical buckling load, Pc, shall be calculated by:

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰 𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝑷𝒄 = 𝟐
(406.6.4.4.2)
𝒌𝓵𝒖
406.6.4.4.3 The effective length factor k shall be calculated
using Ec in accordance with Section 419.2.2 and I in accordance
with Section 406.6.3.1.1. For nonsway members, k shall be
permitted to be taken as 1.0, and for sway members, k shall be
at least 1.0.
Eu·ler (oi′lər; Ger., Swed. oi′ləR), n.
1. Le·on·hard (Ger. lē′ôn häRt′), 1707–83, Swiss mathematician.
 #1. Problem
A 300mm x 350mm RC column braced against sidesway
has an effective length kLu = 4.2m. The cross-section
supports a factored axial dead load of 408 kN and a factored
axial live load of 660 kN as well as factored end moments of
60 kN-m and 80 kN-m about the stronger axis of the column
section. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
 4. Solve for the moment magnification factor .
406.6.4.5.2 Magnification factor 𝜹 shall 406.6.4.5.3 Cm shall be in accordance with (a) or
be calculated by: (b):
a. For columns without transverse loads applied
𝑪𝒎 between supports:
𝜹= ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎 𝑴𝟏
𝑷𝒖
𝟏− (406.6.4.5.2) 𝑪𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟒 (406.6.4.5.3a)
𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑷𝒄 𝑴𝟐
where M1/M2 is negative if the column is bent in
single curvature, and positive if bent in double
curvature;
b. For columns with transverse loads applied
between supports.
𝑪𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎 (406.6.4.5.3b)
 #1. Problem
A 300mm x 350mm RC column braced against sidesway
has an effective length kLu = 4.2m. The cross-section
supports a factored axial dead load of 408 kN and a factored
axial live load of 660 kN as well as factored end moments of
60 kN-m and 80 kN-m about the stronger axis of the column
section. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
 5. Find the magnified factored moment Mc .

406.6.4.5 Moment Magnification Method:

Nonsway Frames
406.6.4.5.1 The factored moment used for design
of columns and walls, Mc , shall be the first-order
factored moment M2 amplified for the effects of
member curvature.

𝑴𝒄 = 𝜹𝑴𝟐 (406.6.4.5.1)
 #2. Problem
The 300mm x 350mm RC column in the
previous problem is to be reinforced with 4
steel bars, one on each corner with an effective
cover of 70 mm. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415
MPa.
 1. Calculate the effective eccentricity of
loading.
 2. Determine the required size of
reinforcement.
0.484

0.151
 #2. Problem
The 300mm x 350mm RC column in the
previous problem is to be reinforced with 4 steel
bars, one on each corner with an effective cover of
70 mm. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
 3. Solve for the value of (EI)eff using (406.6.4.4.4b).

406.6.4.4.4 For non-composite columns, (EI)eff shall be calculated in accordance with

(a), (b), or (c):
a. 𝟎. 𝟒𝑬𝒄 𝑰g
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (406.6.4.4.4a)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
b. 𝟎. 𝟐𝑬𝒄 𝑰g + 𝑬𝒔 𝑰𝒔𝒆
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (406.6.4.4.4b)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
c. 𝑬𝒄 𝑰
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (406.6.4.4.4c)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
where βdns shall be the ratio of maximum factored sustained axial load to maximum factored axial
load associated with the same load combination and I in Eq. 406.6.4.4.4c is calculated according
to Table 406.6.3.1.1(b) for columns and walls.
Effective Length Factor, K
Effective Length Factor, K
Effective Length Factor, K
Effective Length Factor, K
 #3. Problem
For the frame shown below, assume
the beams are 300mm x 450mm and that
the columns are 300mm x 300mm. Use
gross moments of inertia of columns and
half gross moments of inertia of beams.
Assume A and C =10.
 1. Using an alignment
chart, determine the E
10m
effective length factor 4.5m
for column CD.
B D
 2. Determine the effective 10m

length of column DE 4.5m

with the aid of the A C
alignment chart.
 0.92

0.84

Alignment charts for effective length factor for columns in continuous frames where   EI / L for columns
EI / L for beams
END of LECTURE