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K. Gayatri, Kothagudem
Q: Sir, what is meant by Metaphor and simile? Please explain in Telugu
and give some examples for them.
A: Simile and metaphor are both figures of speech. Simile is a direct
998 comparison between two objects, whereas Metaphor is implied
comparison. Simile ÍÙç˶ ·ôÙè[ª ÷ú£ªh÷±õ ÷ªëÅ]u ð¼LÚÛìª cö°Þ¥, ÷öËμ,e
She is over the moon as she has bought ö°Ùæ¨ í£ë¯õêÁ êμõí£è[Ù. eg: ÍêŸè[ª óŸ³ë]ÌÄ ô¢ÙÞœÙö˺ ú‡ÙÙö° ÑÙæ°è[ª.
a new car Metaphor ÍÙç˶ ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷±ìª ÏÙÚÁ ÷ú£ªh÷±êÁ ú£÷«ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙë]E àμí£pè[Ù.
Ñë¯: ÍêŸè[ª ú‡Ù. n ÏC Metaphor.
þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net
D. Durga, Bhadrachalam
or a lot of things to be dealt with.
eg: a) Because of heavy rains, the whole city
VOCABULARY Writer
Q: Sir, Once in a blue moon, To shoot the was inundated. - M. Suresan
moon, Over the moon, Cast beyond the b) The government office was inundated with
moon - Oæ¨Ú¨ êμõªÞœªö˺ Íô¦–õª êμLí‡, Ô complaints from the public.
eg: His father is very miserly and hesitates to
ú£Ùë]ô¢(ÄÙö˺ î¦è[ê¦ôÁ N÷JÙàŸÞœõô¢ª. 2. Sedentary = Spending a lot of time, seated
A: 1) Once in a blue moon = very rarely spend money on his children’s education.
without moving.
(à¦ö° Íô¢ªë]ªÞ¥). eg: He visits me once H Miserly X He is very liberal in spending
eg: A clerk’s job in an office is sedentary.
in a blue moon. money for the sake of helping others.
H Sedentary X Mobile (Moving).
2) Shoot for the moon = To ask for the best 5. Plush = Expensive, comfortable and high
eg: A salesman’s job is mobile as he has to quality.
or the most you could (ÖÚÛJE ÷ªìÚÛª ÍêŸuÙêŸ travel from place to place.
ví‡óŸªîμªiì ë¯EÚÁú£Ù Íè[ÞœåÙ.). eg: You could eg: My friend who I met after a long time, took
3. Justification = A good reason or a good me to a plush restaurant where we had an
as well shoot for the moon and ask him for
explanation for an action. eg: It can be said excellent dinner.
a promotion in your job as well as a rise in
with justification that she is a great actress.
your salary (ìª÷yêŸé¨o H Plush X Frugal.
H Justification X Opposition. 4. Miserly = Behaving like a miser (A miser is
ú£«æ¨Þ¥û¶ F
one who does not spend money even on eg: My host, being poor gave me a frugal
eg: There is an opposition to his claim that he
ÑëÁuÞœÙö˺ šíj ˺ë¯ÚÛ«, @êŸÙ šíÙí£±ìÚÛª
Íè[Þœ÷àŸªa). necessities). meal.
3) Over the moon = To be very pleased / is a great player of hockey.
extremely happy (à¦ö° Exercise
no superlative degree. (·ôÙè…æ¨û¶
ú£ÙêÁù£ÙÞ¥
ÑÙè[åÙ). eg: She is over the moon as she
has bought a new car (Ú•êŸh Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ìåÙêÁ,
Grammar & Usage superlative degree ÑÙè[ë]ª)
ð¼Laìí£±pè[ª
1) New York is the largest city in the world.
Îîμª à¦ö° ú£ÙêÁù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.). Model - 4: 2) He is one of the strongest boys in the class.
In the last lesson we have seen the
Comparative: Anita is taller than Ambika. 3) Kolkata is at least as large as Mumbai.
4) Cast beyond the moon – this phrasal verb degrees of comparison. Some are regular and
has no meaning – this is not at all used. (ÍEêŸ ÍÙGÚÛ ÚÛÙç˶ ð»è[ªÞœª) 4) Vijayawada is not the biggest city in the
the others are irregular comparisons. Now let south.
Kantipudi Kameswara Rao us see how we can change a sentence from one Positive: Ambika is not as / so tall as Anita.
5) Visakhapatnam is larger than Vijayawada.
Q: Sir, what is the difference between the degree to another. When three things are com- 6) Krishna is at least as tall as Bhagavan.
sÍÙGÚÛ ÍEêŸ ÍÙêŸ ð»è[ªÞœª Ú¥ë]ªz
following? Vacation, Holidays pared we have all the three degrees; the posi- Model - 5: 7) He is not the greatest of writers.
A: Vacation is American, whereas Holiday is tive, the comparative and the superlative. Comparative: Ambika is not taller than Anita. 8) She is more beautiful than Sita.
British. Both mean almost the same Positive: Anita is at least as tall as Ambika.
Model -1: 9) This box is heavier than all other boxes in
thing. Perhaps vacation is longer than ÏO ÏÙTxùÃö˺ êŸô¢êŸ÷ª òÅ˶ë¯õìª àŸ«›í degrees of
Sitaram is the tallest boy in the class sêŸô¢ÞœAö˺ the shop.
holiday. Whatever it is, the British usage comparison. Oæ¨E à¦ö° â°vÞœêŸhÞ¥ ÍòÅ¡uú‡Ùà¦L.
ÍÙë]J ÚÛÙç˶ úˆê¦ô¦Ù ð»è[ªÞœªz. The adjective here, 10) They know English better than some other
is holiday, and the American usage is
‘tallest’ is in the superlative degree. Let us see boys in the class.
vacation.
Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ÍòÅ°uþ§Eo þ§ëÅ]ì à¶óŸªÙè….
how we can change it into the other degrees:
Jagannath S S. No Superlative Comparative Positive
Comparative: Sitaram is taller than any other
Q: Sir, what is the correct pronunciation of
boy / all other boys in the class. súˆê¦ô¦Ù êŸì 1. New York is the largest New York is larger than No other city in the world
WEDNESDAY? I heard that some body
city in the world. any other city in the world. is as large as New York.
even from elite group pronounce it as "
êŸô¢ÞœAö˺ Ô ÏêŸô¢ ò°õªè…ÚÛû¦o ð»è[ªÞœªz
WEDNESDAY" as it is and some people Positive: No other boy in the class is as / so tall 2. He is one of the strongest He is stronger than most Very few boys in the class
pronounce it" WENZDAY". Which one as Sitaram. sÎ êŸô¢ÞœAö˺ ÏÙ¸Ú ÏêŸô¢ ò°õªè[« other boys in the class. is as strong as he.
boys in the class.
is correct? úˆê¦ô¦Ù ÍÙêŸ ð»è[ªÞœª Ú¥ë]ªz
3.
This is the first model. ÏC Mumbai is not larger as Kolkata is at least as large
A: The correct pronunciation is, ‘WenzdeI’. îμ³ë]æ¨ ì÷´û¦.
as Mumbai.
Kolkata.
It is never pronounced as Wednesday. Model 2:
4. Vijayawada is not the Some cities in the south are Some cities in the south
Surya Superlative: Sitaram is one of the tallest boys
Q: ú£ôÂ, û¶ìª îμ³ë]æ¨ ìªÙ# êμõªÞœª Oªè…óŸªÙ in the class. súˆê¦ô¦Ù êŸì êŸô¢ÞœAö˺ ð»è[ª·Þjì biggest city in the south. bigger than Vijayawada. are at least as big as
Në¯uJ–E. ÏÙTxùà àŸë]÷Þœõìª Ú¥F ÷«æ°xè[ö˶ìª. ò°õªô¢ö˺ ÖÚÛè[ªz Vijayawada.
ÏÙTxùÃö˺ î¶ÞœÙÞ¥ ÷«æ°xè[æ°EÚ¨ ÔÙ à¶óŸ«L? Comparative: Sitaram is taller than most other 5. Visakhapatnam is larger Vijayawada is not as large
A: Read the English newspaper for at least boys in the class. súˆê¦ô¦Ù êŸì êŸô¢ÞœAö˺ à¦ö° than Vijayawada. as/ so large as Visakhapatnam.
half an hour every day. Listen to English ÷ªÙC ò°õªô¢ ÚÛÙç˶ ð»è[ªÞœªz
news bulletins on the TV. Read short Positive: Very few boys in the class are as tall 6. Bhagavan is not taller than Krishna is at least as tall
story books in English – those prescribed as Sitaram. sÎ êŸô¢ÞœAö˺ à¦ö° êŸÚÛª\÷÷ªÙC Krishna. as Bhagavan.
for elementary classes, and then pass on ò°õªô¢ª úˆê¦ô¦Ù ÍÙêŸ ð»è[ªÞœªz 7. He is not the greatest of He is greater than some Some writers are at least as
to big novels. Speak in English to those
who know English. This is the best
Model -3: writers. other writers great as he.
method to improve your English conver- Superlative: Sitaram is not the tallest boy in 8. She is more beautiful than Sita is not so beautiful as
sation. the class. súˆê¦ô¦Ù êŸì êŸô¢ÞœAö˺ ÍÙë]Jö˺ ð»è[ª·Þjì Sita. she.
î¦è[ª Ú¥ë]ªz
Oª ví£øŒoõª í£Ùð§Lqì #ô¢ªû¦÷«... Comparative: Sitaram is not taller than some 9. This box is the heaviest This box is heavier than all No other box in the shop is
other boys in the class. súˆê¦ô¦Ù êŸì êŸô¢ÞœAö˺ other / any other boxes in as heavy as this box.
of all boxes in the shop.
the shop.
þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡ NòÅ°ÞœÙ, Ú•ÙêŸ ÷ªÙC ò°õªô¢ ÚÛÙç˶ ð»è[ª·Þjì î¦è[ª Ú¥ë]ªz
Positive: Some boys in the class are at least as
Ðû¦è[ª Ú¥ô¦uõóŸªÙ, ô¦îμ«@ íƇöËÀt ú‡æ©,
Íû¦âËÀí£²ôÂ, ô¢ÙÞ¥·ôè…“ >ö°x. tall as Sitaram. sÚ•ÙêŸ÷ªÙC ò°õªô¢ª Î êŸô¢ÞœAö˺ 10. They know English better Some other boys in the
Email your questions to: ÚÛFú£Ù úˆê¦ô¦Ù ÍÙêŸ ð»è[ªÞœªz than some other boys in the class do not know English
pratibhadesk@eenadu.net H When only two things are compared there is class. as well as they.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 8 VöËμj 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2
M. Ramesh Babu, Anantapuramu M. Santosh
Q: Sir we cannot form passive voice to Q: Sir what are the meanings of the following expressions
future continuous tense, future perfect 1) Blazing light of truth
continuous tense, past perfect continuous 2) Wounded justice
tense and present perfect continuous 3) Majestic scorn
tense. What is the reason? Could you A: 1) Truth which burns like a fierce fire. sÚÛéÚÛé ÷ªÙè˶ Eí£±pö°Ùæ¨C
explain clearly? EáÙz.
A: The reason is that it is very difficult to do 2) Justice which is not correct / unjust (Íû¦uóŸªîμªiì Bô¢ªp)
so, eg: I have been eating it. The passive 3) Making fun of somebody, seeming to admire and respect them. (à¦ö°
voice for it: it has been being eaten by me ÞœÙHÅô¢ÙÞ¥ ÖÚÛJE Í÷÷«EÙàŸåÙ) þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net
– this is very inconvenient, so this is the
reason why these four tenses do not have
VOCABULARY
J. Satya 6) Conjunction: A conjunction is a word
Q: Respected sir, I request you to kindly which joins two or more words. And, but,
explain briefly about parts of speech so, etc., are examples of conjunctions.
and its uses. 7) Preposition: Prepositions are words which
A: 1) Noun is the name of a person, place, are used before / after a noun or pronoun to 1. Replete = a) full especially with food (EÙè… 4. Prerogative = A privilege or right (-ví£-ê¶uÚÛ
thing or animal. eg: man, woman, show the position of the noun or the pro- Ñìo, ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Î-ô¢Ù-êÁ-). eg: After eating ÚÛª\/- þ¿ÚÛ-ô¢uÙ-). eg: The MPs and MLAs in
brother, lion, tiger, etc. noun. He sat on a stool. Here ‘on’ is a at the marriage party, Ram was replete, and India enjoy a lot of prerogatives
2) A pronoun is used in the place of a noun. preposition. It shows the relationship wanted no more to eat. Prerogative X Duty or obligation (-ëÅ]ô¢tÙ/- NCÅ-).
eg: Gopal came here last night. He was between ‘sat’ and ‘stool’. Other examples Replete X starved or starving (-í£ú£ªh í£è[ª-ÚÛª-ìo-). eg: He had the duty of attending on the minis-
very tired. Here, ‘he’ is a pronoun. Other of preposition are in, into, about, etc. b) Full or well supplied with something (-EÙè… ter.
pronouns are: I, we, you, they, he, she, it, 8) The last part of speech is interjection – the Ñìo/- ë¶E-êÁ-ûμjû¦ ò°Þ¥ EÙè… Ñìo-). 5. Profane = Crude / vulgar (-îμ«-åªÞ¥, Íú£-
this, that, these, those, etc. interjection expresses surprise or a sudden eg: Modern day Telugu movies are replete òÅ¡uÙÞ¥/- ñ«êŸª-
3) Adjective talks about the quality of a per- feeling. eg: Alas, oh, ah, etc. with sex, dances and stunts õêÁ Ñìo-)
son, place, thing, or animal. The tiger is a Replete X empty (-Ý°-SÞ¥ Ñìo-). eg: He
Veda, ZPHS, Marrigudem
cruel animal. Here, cruel is an adjective. eg: The vessel is empty. (Î ð§vêŸ Ý°SÞ¥ ÑÙC-) always
He is a kind man – here kind is the adjec- Q: Sir please translate the Telugu word 2. Concede = Agree or accept (-Ö-í£±p-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù/- speaks
tive. The place is suitable for cultivation. ñæ©dí£ådè[Ù into English. Is by-heart suit- úˆyÚÛ-JÙ-àŸ-è[Ù-). eg: At last he conceded to my profane lan-
lu l
Here suitable is an adjective. able word for that? request of helping my brother guage and lacks cul-
4) Verb – A verb talks about the state of being A: Mug up. The proper word for it is, not by- Concede X Reject or refuse (-A-ô¢-ú£\-JÙ-àŸ-è[Ù-). ture
of the subject, or the work the subject heart, but get by heart something. eg: He refused to help me and turned me Profane X Decent /
does. eg: is, was, have been, and has been away. refined (-ú£Ù-þ§\-ô¢-÷Ù-
etc. Go, come, sing, walk etc.
Oª ví£øŒoõª í£Ùð§Lqì #ô¢ªû¦÷«... 3. Unpalatable = Unpleasant / difficult to êŸ-îμªi-ì).
5) Adverb: The adverb qualifies (tells us) the accept (-Í-û¦-x-ë]-ÚÛ-ô¢ÙÞ¥ Ñìo/- úˆyÚÛ-JÙ-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨ eg: His lan-
quality of a verb, adjective, or another
þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡ NòÅ°ÞœÙ,
Oö˶xE-). eg: My offer was unpalatable to him guage is
adverb. Eg: He walked slowly. ‘Slowly’ Ðû¦è[ª Ú¥ô¦uõóŸªÙ, ô¦îμ«@ íƇöËÀt ú‡æ©,
and he asked for even more. decent
here is an adverb. He sang very well.
Unpalatable X Palatable = Pleasant. and he
Íû¦âËÀí£²ôÂ, ô¢ÙÞ¥·ôè…“ >ö°x.
Here the adverb, very, modifies the other Email your questions to: eg: My statement was very palatable to him. never hurts
adverb, well. He is a slow walker. Slow
pratibhadesk@eenadu.net (Palate = the hard roof of the mouth) others.
here modifies the noun walker.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 22 VöËμj 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2
Exercise 9) How does he sing?
Point out the verbs in the following 10) Where can you find him?
sentences: 11) He will come tomorrow
1) He comes here every day. 12) They can sing very well
2) They are discussing the matter seriously 13) He should do it immediately
3) What does he know? 14) They may come tomorrow
4) Where did they go yesterday? 15) They must go there immediately.
5) Do you know English? áî¦ñªõª ÷à¶aî¦ô¢Ù
6) He shall do it immediately
7) Nobody has an idea where he is now Writer:
8) I do not know what has happened to him. - M. Suresan
îμ³ë]æ¨ ð§ôÈ¢Ù ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ví£àŸªJêŸîμªiì þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè…...
www.eenadupratibha.net
FF FF FF
A: 1) The words of the great
1001 2) Good words 3) Ash worn on the face
Get a raw deal ÍÙç˶...? 4) Trickster 5) Example
6) Spread all over 7) Arrogance / Cause fear
FF 8) Monstrosity / devilishness
welfare. 9) Contractor 10) Pitiably
Q: Ú¨ÙC â°BóŸ«õÚÛª êμõªÞœªö˺ Íô¦–õª êμõí£Ùè….
vÞ¥÷«-EÚ¨ ú£yóŸªÙ ú£Ùú‡-ë]ÌÄêŸ ÑÙè¯-õE Íìª-ÚÁ-ñ-
R. Gopi, Konakandla 6) He was to be examined medically è[ª-꟪ÙC.
7) Health can’t bestowed, it has to be 6) ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ îμjë]u í£K¤Û à¶ô³Ù-à¦L. 1) Read between the lines
Q: Sir, please translate the following sen-
won. 7) ÎôÁÞœuÙ Íû¶C ÖÚÛ ÷ô¢Ù Ú¥ë]ª. ë¯Eo ÷ªìÙ 2) Put in a nut shell
tences into Telugu.
A: 1) àŸådÙ EñÙ-ëÅ]-ìõ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÔC 3) Give a piece of mind
1) Justice was to be given in accordance with ·Þõª-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L, ÍÙç˶, ÷ªìÙ ÷ªì ÎôÁÞœuÙ
the provisions of law. û¦uóŸªîμ« Íö°¸Þ Bô¢ªp Ïî¦yL Nù£óŸªÙ â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L ÍE. 4) Get a raw deal
2) Case in which capital punishment was like- 2) Ð ¸Úú£ªö˺ ÷ªô¢-é-P¤Û NCÅÙ-àŸ-÷àŸªa A: 1) í£ÙÚÛªhõ ÷ªëÅ]u ÑÙè˶ òÅ°î¦Eo Íô¢–Ù à¶ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù.
G. Siva reddy, Thimmanacheruvu
ly to be awarded. 3) Þœ«èÅ[-à¦-ô¢ªõ þ§óŸªÙêÁ ÚÛìª-ÚÛª\û¶ ¸Úú£ªõª Q: ú£ôÂ,
ÍÙç˶ ô¦ú‡ì ÷uÚÛªhõ ÷ªûÁòÅ°î¦Eo, î¦üŒ‰x
3) Cases which are likely to be detected with
Ú¨ÙC í£ë¯õìª ÎÙÞœxÙö˺ Ô÷ªÙæ°ôÁ àμí£pÚÛªÙè¯û¶ í£ú‡Þœç˶dóŸªè[Ù
2) ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ àμð§põÙç˶
n Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ í£²Jh Ú¥ö˶ë]ª
the aid and assistance of spies.
êμõªí£Þœõô¢ª.
4) NªÞœê¦ ÏêŸô¢ ¸Úú£ª-õFo ÚÛ«è¯ ëÅ]ô¢t-ú‡–óŸª 1) ÷ªï£°FóŸ³õ ÷«åõª 2) ÷ªÙ# ÷«åõª
4) All other cases not to be discussed by 3) ÷ªì ÷ªìú£ªö˺ ÑÙè˶ òÅ°î¦Eo ñóŸªæ¨Ú¨
sÐ ÷«å û¦ÚÛª Íô¢–Ù Ú¥ö˶ë]ª. Oª 3) NòÅ¡«C 4) Ú¨ö°è…
Dharmasthiya Eô•t÷«åÙÞ¥ àμí£pè[Ù
Ñë¶ÌøŒÙ ›íô¦?z àŸJaÙ-àŸ-ë]-T-ìN Ú¥ë]ª 5) Eë]ô¢)ìÙ 6) Íõª÷³ÚÁ÷è[Ù 7) ë¯ùˆdÚÛÙ 4) ÏÙæ¨Ú•#aì î¦üŒxìª ú£JÞ¥ àŸ«è[ÚÛð¼÷è[Ù n î¦üŒxìª
5) Each village was supposed to be self suffi- 5) ô¢¤Ûé, þ§ÙíƇªÚÛ ú£Ù¸¤÷ªÙ ö°Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸ«ö˺x ví£A 8) šíjø‹#ÚÛÙ 9) Þœªê¶hë¯ô¢ª 10) DìÙÞ¥
cient even in matters like defence and social Í÷ªô¦uë]ÚÛô¢ÙÞ¥ àŸ«è[åÙ
FF FF FF
Should have known, Could have done, etc.
VOCABULARY
Grammar
m Ist Class of Verbs: The ‘be’ forms (be = ÑÙ-
è[åÙ – Ð be forms N-NëÅ] ô¢Ú¥õ ÑÙè[-æ°Eo êμõª- m Vth Class of Verbs: There are three classes
í£±-ê¦-ô³). These verbs are: of verbs in the V class – they are the Ist
a) am, is, are, (Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ, vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ Doing Word (DW), IInd Doing Word (II
ÑÙè[åÙ, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[åÙ), was and were DW) and the Past Doing Word (PDW):
Sentence s-î¦-ÚÛuÙ-z Look at the following examples:
(ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-åÙ-.)
A sentence is a group of words with complete
b) All verb forms ending in ‘-be’: Shall be, Ist DW (used II DW Past Doing
meaning. eg: a) These girls are students.
will be (-òÅ¡-N-ù£u-êÂö˺ ÑÙè[-åÙ-), should be with I, We, (used with Word (used with
b) My uncle is coming tonight, etc. (ÑÙè¯L-), would be (-ÑÙ-è[-åÙ-), can be (-ÑÙ-è[-Þœ-õ- You, They) He, She, It) all subjects)
A sentence always has a subject (ÚÛô¢h). The Þœ-è[Ù-), could be (Þœ-êŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-Þœ-õ-Þœ-è[Ù-), may be 1. Come Comes Came
subject of a sentence is, what the sentence (-ÑÙ-è[-÷àŸªa, Ïí£±pè[ª Þ¥F/- òÅ¡N-ù£u-êÂö˺ Þ¥F-),
talks about (-î¦ÚÛuÙ ë¶E ÞœªJÙ-àμjê¶ ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪ÙëÁ 2. Sing Sings Sang
might be (-Þœ-êŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa n- DEÚ¨ ÏêŸô¢ Ñí£-
ÍC ë¯E- subject). Sentence (a) talks about óμ«-Þ¥õª ÚÛ«è¯ Ñû¦o-ô³-), must be, have to be, 3. Fight Fights Fought
girls, so the subject of the sentence is ‘These has to be (-O-å-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ Íô¢–Ù n- ÑÙè¯-L-), had to be 4. Try Tries Tried
girls.’ Sentence (b) talks about ‘my uncle’, so (-Þœ-êŸÙö˺ ÑÙè¯-L-), ought to be (-ûμj-A-ÚÛÙÞ¥
‘My uncle’ is the subject of the sentence. Important: When the first doing word (I DW) 1. Flair = Natural ability/ talent/ knack
ÑÙè¯L), dare to be (-ëÅμj-ô¢uÙêÁ ÑÙè[-åÙ-), need to (ví£AòÅ¡). eg: My friend Ram has the flair
The next is ‘the verb’: The verb talks about be (Í-÷-ú£-ô¢ÙêÁ ÑÙè[-åÙ-). is used with not or in the question, it becomes,
the state of being of the subject (Subject -N-NëÅ] Do + I DW; When the second doing word (II acting any role in any drama.
c) All verb forms ending in ‘been’: have been,
ô¢Ú¥õ ÑÙè[-æ°Eo ÞœªJÙ-#), or the action done by DW) is used with not or in the question, it xz Flair X Inability (-ví£-AòÅ¡ ö˶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷-è[Ù-). eg: He
has been (-ÞœêŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙè[-åÙ-),
the subject (subject ඛú í£EE ÞœªJÙ# àμñª-꟪Ù-C-) becomes Does + Ist Doing Word, and when the has the inability to do the right thing at the
had been (-Þœ-êŸÙö˺ Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ ÑÙè[-åÙ-), shall
– -DEo Verb ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.- Past Doing Word is used with not or in the right time.
have been (-òÅ¡-N-ù£u-êÂö˺ ÑÙè[-åÙ-) should have
eg: a) He is in the class. Here ‘is’ is the verb been, will have been, would have been, may question, it becomes, Did + I DW. This is very 2. Genial = Kindly, sociable and friendly
here because it talks about the ‘being’ of the have been, might have been, must have important. (ë]óŸª Þœõ, ›úo-í£²-ô¢y-ÚÛ-îμªi-ì-). eg: She is quite
subject (Subject Ú¥x-ú£ªö˺ ÑÙè[-æ°Eo êμõª-í£±-꟪Ù-C-.) been, ought to have been, dare to have been. eg: a) They go there every day X They do not genial and mixes with every one of her
b) She plays hockey very well. Here ‘plays’ is go there every day (With ‘not) classmates without hesitation.
m IInd Class of Verbs: This class of verbs is
the verb, because it talks about the action of Question: Do they go there every day? / When xz Genial X Unfriendly (-Nª-vêŸ-òÅ°÷Ù ö˶E-). eg: He
in the form of ‘be’ form + ing form: These
the subject. (-Ï-ÚÛ\è[ plays Îè[ª-꟪ÙC ÍE àμ›íp talk about actions of the subject. (-ÏN subject do they go there every day? / Why do they go is quite unfriendly and suspects every one.
í£ë]Ù, ÍÙç˶ subject ඛú í£E ÞœªJÙ# àμñªêŸªÙC) ඛú í£ìª-õìª êμõª-í£±-ê¦-ô³.) there, etc. 3. Spouse = Husband or wife (-òÅ¡-ô¢hÚÛª òÅ°ô¢u,
It is very important to know the subject and eg: Am going, Has been dancing, Will be b) She sings well X She does not sing well òÅ°ô¢uÚÛª òÅ¡ô¢h-). eg: If spouses are both
the verb in a sentence. singing, Had been walking, etc. These (With ‘not’) employees, they have to pay income tax.
There are six classes of verbs in English verbs can be formed by joining, any ‘be’ Question: Does she sing well?/ How does she xz Spouse X Enemy (-øŒ-v꟪-÷±-). eg: The husband
(ÎÙ-ÞœxÙö˺ verbs (vÚ¨-óŸªõª) 6 ô¢Ú¥-õªÞ¥ ÑÙæ°ô³.- ÍN:- form with any ‘-ing’ form. sing? When does she sing?, etc. and wife no longer live together, as they
m IIIrd Class of Verbs: ‘Be ‘form + Past par- c) He acted well yesterday X He did not act have become enemies.
ticiple (V3). Verbs of this class are PAS- well yesterday (With ‘not) 4. Scam = A dishonest scheme / swindle (-
SIVE VOICE verbs. (Ð ô¢ÚÛÙ verb passive Question: Did he act well yesterday? / How ví£áõ/ ví£òÅ¡ªêŸy è[ñª( Ú¥â˶-óŸª-è[Ù-) eg: Most
voice ö˺ ÑÙåªÙ-C-) eg: Is done (-à¶-óŸª-ñ-è[ª- did he act? / When did he act?, etc. ministers in India are involved in scams.
꟪ÙC), Are seen (-àŸ«-è[-ñ-诓ô¢ª/- àŸ«è[-ñ-诓-ô³-), The VIth Class of Verbs (The last class): xz Scam X Honesty (-E-â°-óŸª-B-). eg: A few
Have been sent (-í£Ù-í£-ñ-诓ô¢ª/- í£Ùí£-ñ-诓-ô³-), They are: Shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ chief ministers in India have honesty.
Has been done (-à¶-óŸª-ñ-è…Ù-C-), Will have been could/ may/ might/ must/ need/ ought/ dare 5. Meltdown = Disaster / Collapse (-šíë]Ì
taken (-B-ú£ª-ÚÁ-ñ-è…Ù-C-), etc. etc. + Ist Doing Word. eg: shall go, should Îí£ë]/- ÚÛ«L-ð¼-÷-è[Ù-) eg: The Tokyo melt-
m IVth Class of Verbs: Have/ has/ had/ will come, will do, would sing, may go, might do, down could trigger a meltdown in the
have/ shall have/ would have/ should have need come, etc. world economy
etc. + Past Participle (V3). Well, these are the six classes of verbs. Learn xz Meltdown X Prosperity (-îμj-òÅ¡-÷Ù-). eg:
eg: Will have gone, Shall have observed, them thoroughly. America and Japan enjoy a lot of prosperity.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 29 VöËμj 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2
jadanaveen4@gmail.com should/ have been with examples?
Q: Sir, explain what is the difference of A: Could have been = capable of doing some-
1) I would play cricket in my schooldays thing, but did not do it (à¶óŸª-Þœ-LU à¶óŸª-ö˶-ÚÛ-ð¼-
2) I used to play cricket in my schooldays ÷è[Ù). He could have been the chief min-
A: I would play cricket in my school days = I ister, if he had wanted, but he did not
liked to play and played cricket in my become.
school days and played. Would have been = There was a possibility of
H I used to play cricket in my school days = his being the Secretary, but he did not become
I was a regular player of cricket in my (ÍêŸè[ª šúvÚÛ-åK Íó¶ªu Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ Ñû¦o Î í£E à¶óŸª-
school days. ö˶ë]ª). Should have been = He should have
murali.chityala@gmail.com been here at 10 O’clock. (but he was not here îμ³ë]æ¨ ð§ôÈ¢Ù ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ví£àŸªJêŸîμªiì þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè…...
Q: Sir, could you explain could/ would/ – í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L, Ú¥F ö˶è[ª)
www.eenadupratibha.net
Grammar
Conditionals & Imaginary Past: A condi-
has the possibility of happening now. eg: If he
comes here, we shall all be happy. (His com-
ing is possible, and we all feeling happy is
question of our discussing it).
H Imaginary past: This is past and there is
no question of it happening again. eg: If he
12) can sing
14) may come
13) should do
15) must go
tional clause is a clause (a group of words also possible) had come home, his mother would have
with a verb) expressing a condition. There are H Improbable present: This is something been happy. Writer:
three conditional clauses: 1) Probable present which will not happen. eg: If he were here Well, these are the conditional clauses.
2) Improbable present and 3) Imaginary past. now, we would discuss the matter with him. - M. Suresan
More in the next lesson.