Soil Earthquake

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Earthquake Structure

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Last Updated:
26/9/2009
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begining, please
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 To re

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
 Dr. Ferhat Özçep

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the letters !
 Bearing Capacity for Pile Foundations
To return "main options" , click the cell !
For Coarse Grained Soils

Pile Data
D Pile Radius 0.65 m
L Pile Length 20.00 m

Soil Data
f Angle of Shearing Resistance ( f ) 0
cu Cohesion 5.00 ton/m2 #DIV/0!
Soil ( g ) Unit Weigth 1.85 ton/m 3

Nq Coefficient 1.0
Nc Coefficient 9.0 If Angle of Shearing Resitance (f) is
Ng Coefficient 0.0 equal to 0, then Nq is equal to 1

Ap Area of pile point 0.33 m2

As Surface area of pile shaft 40.82 m2
a Adhesion Coeficient 0.9
fsi Skin Friction Resistance 4.5 4.50 ton/m2
Load carried by pile point
Qp Pile Tip / Base Resistance 14.92 ton
Qs Pile Skin Friction Resistance 183.69 ton

Qult Ultimate Pile Load 198.61 ton

FS Safety Factor 2.5
Qallow Allowable Pile Capacity 79.45 ton

QB Building of Structural Load per Pile 75 ton

Safety
Load carried by pile shaft
 Parameter Estimation
cu Cohesion 5.00 ton/m2
a Adhesion Coeficient 0.90 0.90
Yüksek Yerdeğiştirmeli Kazıklar

SPT Blow Count 30 Düşük Yerdeğiştirmeli Kazıklar

fsi Skin Friction resistance 4.91 ton/m2
fsi Skin Friction resistance 2.45 ton/m2

Figure. Undrained shear strength (cu) and adhesion cofficient ( a) relationships (Tomlinson, 1980)
 Bearing Capacity for Pile Foundations
For Fine Grained Soils

Pile Data
D Pile Radius 0.65 m
L Pile Length 20.00 m

If internal firction angel (f) is

Soil Data
equal 0, then Nq is equal 1
cu Cohesion 5 ton/m2
Nc Coefficient 9
a Adhesion Coeficient 0.9
fsi Friction resistance 4.5 4.50 ton/m2

Ap Area of pile point 0.33 m2

As Surface area of pile shaft 40.82 m2
Load carried by pile point
Qp Pile Tip / base resistance 14.92 ton
Qs Pile Skin Friction Resistance 183.69 ton

ried by pile point Qult Ultimate Pile Load 198.61 ton

FS Safety Factor 2.5
Qallow Allowable Pile Capacity 79.45 ton

QB Building of Structural Load per Pile 75 ton

Safety

Load carried by pile shaft

ek Yerdeğiştirmeli Kazıklar

ük Yerdeğiştirmeli Kazıklar

Figure. For Piled foundations, Angle of Shearing Resistance (f) and Nq relationships.
f internal firction angel (f) is
qual 0, then Nq is equal 1

ad carried by pile point

relationships.
SEISMIC REFRACTION STUDIES
To return the " main
options", click cell!

S Revers (travel time), msn

P Revers (travel time), msn

P normal (travel time), msn
2 Layer State Distance (m)
0 0
2 6.5 118 36
4 13.6 109.5 34
6 19 101 32
8 20.5 92.5 30
10 22 84 28
12 24 75.5 26
14 26 67 24
16 28 58.5 22
18 30 50 20.5
20 32 41.5 19
22 34 28.5 13.6
obtain from graph !
24 36 13.5 6.5
0 0 0

Profile 1. Layer 2. Layer t1 (msn)

VP normal (m/sn) 282 1000 12.7
VP revers (m/sn) 282 1000 12.7
VS (m/sn) 133 235 16
282 1000

Shot Offset 2 10 10
Geophone Space (m) 2 1.87 1.87
Number of Geophone 12

TICKNESS (VP normal) h1 1.87 m 1.87

TICKNESS (VP revers) h'1 1.87 m
 Last h 10 10 Last h'
h4 h4'
h3 h3'
h2 h2'
h1 1.9 1.9 h1'

Geophysical Soil Section

15.73% 15.73%
Surface

Seismic Line Serim

84.27%
0.00% 84.27%
0.00%

Dept
 S Revers (travel time), msn

P revers (travel time), msn

S Revers (travel time), msn

P Revers (travel time), msn

0 0
3 Layer State 2 6.5 91 45
4 15 87 44
6 24 83 43
8 28 79 42
10 32 75 41
12 36 71 40
14 40 67 36
16 41 58.5 32
18 42 50 28
obtain from graph ! 20 43 41.5 24
22 44 28.5 15
24 45 13.5 6.5
0 0 0

Profile 1. Layer 2. Layer 3. layer t2 (msn) t3 (msn)

VP normal (m/sn) 235 500 2000 12 33
VP revers (m/sn) 235 500 2000 12 33
VS (m/sn) 150 275 500
Average Vp (m/sn) 235 500 2000

Shot Offset 2
Geophone Space (m) 2
Number of Geophone 12

TICKNESS (VP normal) h1 1.6 m h2 1.2 m

TICKNESS (VP revers) h'1 1.6 m h'2 1.2 m

h1 ort. 1.6 m
h2 ort. 1.2 m
eturn the " main
ons", click cell! SEISMIC TIME- DISTANCE GRAPH (2 LAYER MODEL)

140 140

120 120
S revers
Atış

Time (ms)
100 100

80 80

ell
60 P revers Atış P normal 60
Atış
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0
Distance (m)
 SEISMIC TIME- DISTANCE GRAPH (3 LAYER MODEL)

140 140

120 120
S revers

100 100

80 80

60 P revers P normal 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0
Dr. Ferhat Özçep
Presentation and Evaluation of Electrical (Resitivity) Data To
op
AB/2 Apparent Resistivity Evaluation Results
3 25.2 Layers Ticknes True Resistivity
4 20 h1 10 25
5 16 h2 10 8
7 12 h3 15 7
10 9.9 h4 20 100
15 8.5 h5
20 6.8 h6
25 6.1 h7
30 6.6 h8
35 5.95 h9 20 6
40 6.28
50 6.7
60 6.45
70 6.7
80 6.43
90 6.38
100 5.3 Dr. Ferhat Özçep
120 5.5

100
Resistivity (ohm.m)

10

1
1 10 100 1000

Electrod Space (AB/2)

Steven D. Sheriff Approach

 Steven D. Sheriff Approach

TREE LAYERS RESISTIVITY MODELLING

Model Parameters

Resistivity (ohm-m) Ticknes of Layers (m)

Rho1 25 d1 2.5
Rho2 8 d2 9
Rho3 6 d3 infinite

100
Apprent Resistivity

10

Electrod Space
Model Curve Field Data
 To return the "main Point 1 Point 2
option", click cell! h1 10 10
h2 10 10
h3 15 15
h4 20 20
h5 0 0
h6 0 0
h7 0 0
h8 0 0
h9 20 20

GeophysicalS
oil Section

13.33% 13.33%

Electric Array Surface

13.33% 13.33%

20.00% 20.00%
Dept

GWL

26.67% 26.67%

26.67%
0.00% 26.67%
0.00%
Dr. Ferhat Özçep

Three layer resistivity example. Depth and

in meters, resistivity is in ohm-meters. App
resistivity is for the Schlumberger electrode

Layer resistivities and thickness, from top t

seed: 2.556757 includes phase shift for O'Neill's

Xinc: -0.166667 to get 6 samples per integer po

n L Ld2>230?tanh(Ld2)
1 ### ### ###
2 ### ### ###
3 ### ### ###
4 ### ### ###
5 ### ### ###
6 ### ### ###
7 ### ### ###
8 ### ### ###
9 ### ### ###
10 ### ### ###
11 ### ### ###
12 ### ### ###
13 ### ### ###
14 ### ### ###
15 ### ### ###
16 ### ### ###
17 ### ### ###
18 ### ### ###
19 ### ### ###
20 ### ### ###
21 0.11396 ### ###
22 ### ### ###
23 ### ### ###
24 ### ### ###
25 ### ### ###
26 ### ### ###
27 0.01140 ### ###
28 ### ### ###
29 ### ### ###
30 ### ### ###
31 ### ### ###
32 ### ### ###
33 0.00114 ### ###
34 ### ### ###
35 ### ### ###
36 ### ### ###
37 ### ### ###
38 ### ### ###
er resistivity example. Depth and distance are
resistivity is in ohm-meters. Apparent
is for the Schlumberger electrode arrangement.

stivities and thickness, from top to bottom:

includes phase shift for O'Neill's coefficients

to get 6 samples per integer power of ten

T2 Ld1>230?tanh(Ld1) T1 b O'Neill convolve x = 1/L

### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ### 14 -0.0003 ### 1.000000 98
### ### ### ### 13 0.00207 ### 1.467799
### ### ### ### 12 -0.005 ### 2.154434
### ### ### ### 11 0.01125 ### 3.162277 102
### ### ### ### 10 -0.0252 ### 4.641587
### ### ### ### 9 0.05812 ### 6.812919
7.71143 ### ### ### 8 -0.1436 ### 9.999997 83
### ### ### ### 7 0.393 8.408953 ###
### ### ### ### 6 -1.1324 7.468465 ###
### ### ### ### 5 2.7044 6.825966 ### 34
### ### ### ### 4 -3.4507 6.413380 ###
### ### ### ### 3 0.4248 6.194637 ### 30
### ### ### ### 2 1.1817 6.091567 ### 51
### ### ### ### 1 0.6194 6.044524 ###
### ### ### ### 0 0.2374 6.022995 ### 89
6.11079 ### ### ### -1 0.08688 6.012963 ### 140
### ### ### ### -2 0.0235 6.007991 ### 175
### ### ### ### -3 0.01284 6.005229 ###
### ### ### ### -4 -0.0012 6.003545 ###
### ### ### ### -5 0.00304
### ### ### ###
6.01132 ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
### ### ### ###
 BOREHOLE BOREHOLE METHOD BORING NO:1
Istanbul University LOG
AND
Department of Geophysics SPT
TEST
BOREHOLE DEPT:18 m BX..................m HX..................m
BOREHOLE SITE: İSTANBUL (Avcılar) external radiusInternal Radiuexternal r Internal R external r Internal Radius
GROUND WATER LEVEL (GWL) : 3m
DATE: 3-4 MAY 2004 73 mm 65.0mm 88.9mm 80.9mm 114.3mm 104.7mm
SPT TEST
ENGINEER: Ferhat Özçep FORMATION PROPERTIES Blow count
SAMPLE TYPE and NO

SPT (N) & Depth

FIELD RECORDS
(Definition, Graph

SOIL PROFILE
Color, Density,
CAROTE %

Texture, Ground

SPT(N) 30
DEPT (m)

15-30cm

30-45cm
waater situation

0-15 cm
RQD %

etc.) 0 10 20 30 40 50
\10 \20 \30 \40 \50

1 m
SPT1 8 7 7 14
2 m

3 m SPT2 5 8 7 15

4 m
SPT3 10 21 18 39
5 m

6 m SPT4 3 4 7 11

7 m
SPT5 8 12 11 23
8 m

9 m SPT6 8 20 20 40

10 m
SPT7 6 10 12 22
11 m

12 m SPT8 15 15 16 31

13 m
SPT9 6 6 13 19
14 m

15 m SPT10 5 9 12 21

16 m
SPT11 19 22 23 45
17 m

18 m SPT13 17 17 30 47
 Table 1.
SPT (N) Angle of Shearing Resistance (f)
Peck (1974) Meyerhof (1956)
<4 <29 <30
(4 - 10) 29-30 30-35
(10 -30) 30-36 35-40
al Radius (30-50) 36-41 40-45
>50 >41 >45

To return "main
options", click cell ! Dr. Ferhat Özçep

To draw SPT (N) & Depth graph, erase the

blow table "No Data or UD" !

Table for Depth and SPT (N) Graph

Derinlik (m) SPT (N)
14 -1.5 14
15 -3 15
39 -4.5 39
11 -6 11
23 -7.5 23
40 -9 40
22 -10.5 22
31 -12 31
19 -13.5 19
21 -15 21
45 -16.5 45
47 -18 47

Table 2
SPT (N) qu, kg/cm2
2 0.25
4 0.5
8 1
15 2
30 4

Estimation of Boring Depth for Site Investigation

Store Number 3 m
Boring Depth (Db) 6.5 m
Boring Depth (Db) 12.9 m

(Sowers ve Sowers, 1970)

(Sowers ve Sowers, 1970)
 SPT CORRECTIONS

Dr. Ferhat Özçep

GWL (m) 1

Energy Level
70
AD SPT (Field) g (gr/cm3) CN CB CS CR SPT(correc N55 N1(60) N (X)
1.8 15 1.8 1,7 1.0 1.0 0.80 #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE!
3.3 15 1.8 1.67 1.0 1.0 0.80 20.1 16.4 15.1 12.9
4.8 15 1.8 1.45 1.0 1.0 0.80 17.4 14.2 13.1 11.20
6.3 15 1.8 1.30 1.0 1.0 0.80 15.6 12.8 11.7 10.0
7.8 15 1.8 1.19 1.0 1.0 0.80 14.2 11.7 10.7 9.2
9.3 15 1.8 1.10 1.0 1.0 0.80 13.2 10.8 9.9 8.5
10.8 15 1.8 1.05 1.0 1.0 0.80 12.6 10.3 9.5 8.1
12.3 15 1.8 0.97 1.0 1.0 0.80 11.6 9.5 8.7 7.5
13.8 15 1.8 0.92 1.0 1.0 0.80 11.0 9.0 8.3 7.1
15.3 15 1.8 0.89 1.0 1.0 0.80 10.7 8.8 8.0 6.9
16.8 15 1.8 0.84 1.0 1.0 0.80 10.1 8.2 7.6 6.5
18.3 15 1.8 0.81 1.0 1.0 0.80 9.7 7.9 7.3 6.2
19.8 15 1.8 0.78 1.0 1.0 0.80 9.3 7.6 7.0 6.0
21.3 15 1.8 0.75 1.0 1.0 0.80 9.0 7.4 6.8 5.8

SPT(corr.)
15.6
14.2 Estimation of Aveage SPT Value
13.2
Data Number = 3
SPT (Average) = 14.3
CN for SPT(N), effective overburden presure correction factor
CS sampling = 1
CB Bore radius correction. If bore radius is betwen 65 and 115 mm, then CB is 1
If it has 150 mm radius, then CB is 1,05, and if it has 200 mm radius, then CB is 1,15.
Energy Level

örtü gerile efektf örtü geril suiçeren tabaka kaslınlCN katsatyıtabak aklınlığı
31.8 23.9 0.80 0.80 2.0440 1.8
58.3 35.7 2.30 2.30 1.6735 1.5
84.8 47.5 3.80 3.80 1.4513 1.5
111.2 59.3 5.30 5.30 1.2991 1.5
137.7 71.0 6.80 6.80 1.1866 1.5
164.2 82.8 8.30 8.30 1.0990 1.5
186.3 90.2 9.80 9.80 1.0532 1.5
217.2 106.3 11.30 11.30 0.9697 1.5
243.7 118.1 12.80 12.80 0.9201 1.5
265.8 125.5 14.30 14.30 0.8928 1.5
296.7 141.7 15.80 15.80 0.8402 1.5
323.1 153.4 17.30 17.30 0.8073 1.5
349.6 165.2 18.80 18.80 0.7780 1.5
376.1 177.0 20.30 20.30 0.7517 1.5
 To return "main optio
ESTIMATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FROM GEOPHYSICAL DATAclick
( For 2! L
the cell

Measured Geophysical Parameters SYMBOL UNITE 1.LAYER 2.LAYER

P WAVE VELOCITY Vp m/s 282 1000
S WAVE VELOCITY Vs m/s 133 235
Dr. Fe
DEPTH OF LAYER h m 1.87 ?
RESISTIVITY VALUES r ohm-m 5 22 If you dont have a v
- " ( da

Derived Geotechnical Parameters SYMBOL UNITE 1.LAYER 2.LAYER

For 30m, Avarage S (SHEAR) WAVE VELOCITY Vs (30) m/sn 224
DENSITY (Gardner at al., 1974) g gr/cm3 1.27 1.74
MAX SHEAR MODULUS (Kramer, 1996) Gmax kg/cm 2
224.4 961.2
YOUNG MODULUS (Bowles, 1988) E kg/cm2 608.9 2827.5
POISSON RATIO (Bowles, 1988) n - 0.36 0.47
BULK MODULUS (Bowles, 1988) K kg/cm2 709.5 16124.2
SOIL FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD (Kanai, 1983) To sn 0.9
qa (Uchiyama et al. 1984) qu kg/cm2 0.98 3.55
SOIL AMPLIFICATION (Midorikawa (1987) ZB Relative 2.6
SPT (N) VALUE (Imai and Yoshimura, 1977) SPT(30) Blow Count 5 31
WATER CONTENT (Ozcep et al, 2009) w % 45 34
45 34
 ESTIMATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FROM GEOPHYSICAL DATA
( For 3 Layers)
Measured Geophysical Parameters SYMBOL UNITE 1.LAYER 2.LAYER 3.LAYER
P WAVE VELOCITY Vp m/s 235 500 1500
S WAVE VELOCITY Vs m/s 150 275 500
DEPTH OF LAYER h m 1.6 1.2 ?
If you
RESISTIVITY VALUES r ohm-m - - -

Derived Geotechnical Parameters SYMBOL UNITE 1.LAYER 2.LAYER 3.LAYER

For 30m, Avarage S (SHEAR) WAVE VELOCITY Vs (30) m/sn 433
DENSITY (Gardner at al., 1974) g gr/cm3 1.21 1.46 1.93
MAX SHEAR MODULUS (Kramer, 1996) Gmax kg/cm2 272.7 1106.9 4815.7
YOUNG MODULUS (Bowles, 1988) E kg/cm2 630.5 2840.6 13845.1
POISSON RATIO (Bowles, 1988) n - 0.16 0.28 0.44
BULK MODULUS (Bowles, 1988) K kg/cm2 305.7 2183.3 36920.3
SOIL FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD (Kanai, 1983) To sn 0.4
qa (Uchiyama et al. 1984) qu kg/cm2 1.29 5.07 19.54
SOIL AMPLIFICATION (Midorikawa (1987) ZB Relative 1.8
SPT (N) VALUE (Imai and Yoshimura, 1977) SPT(30) Blow Count 8 49 REFÜ
WATER CONTENT (Ozcep et al., 2009) w % - - -
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
urn "main options" ,
click the cell !

Dr. Ferhat Özçep

stp1 spt2
u dont have a value, please sign " 5 31
- " ( dash) !
If you dont have a value, please
sign " - " ( dash) ! stp1 spt2 spt3
8 49 301
SPT (N) - Vs Velocity Relationships

Imai and Yoshimura (1977)

Sykora and Stokoe (1983)

To return "main options" , click

Ohba andToriumi (1970)

Athanasopoulos (1995)

Athanasopoulos (1995)
Okamoto at al. (1989)
the cell !

Kiku at al. (2001)

Ohta and Goto (1978) Imai (1978) Lee (1990)

İyisan (1994)

Pliestocene
Dr. Ferhat Özçep
Pleistocene Halocene HalocenePleistocene

Gravelly Sand

Gravelly Sand
Coarse Sand

Coarse Sand
Middle Sand

Middle Sand
Fine Sand

Fine Sand
All Soils

All Soils

All Soils

All Soils

All Soils

All Soils
Gravel

Gravel

Sand

Sand

Sand

Sand
Clay

Clay

Clay

Clay

Clay

Clay
Silt
Depth (m)

SPT (N)

Vs (m/s)

1.8 8 151 160 134 147 144 153 155 195 103 112 110 118 119 150 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

3.3 8 151 160 152 165 162 173 174 220 116 127 125 133 134 169 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

4.8 8 151 160 164 178 175 186 188 237 126 137 134 143 144 182 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

6.3 8 151 160 173 188 185 197 199 250 133 144 142 151 152 192 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

7.8 8 151 160 180 196 193 205 207 261 138 151 148 158 159 201 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

9.3 8 151 160 187 203 200 213 215 271 143 156 153 163 165 208 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

10.8 8 151 160 192 210 206 219 221 279 148 161 158 168 170 214 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

12.3 8 151 160 197 215 211 225 227 286 152 165 162 173 174 220 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

13.8 8 151 160 202 220 216 230 232 293 155 169 166 177 178 225 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227
15.3 8 151 160 206 225 221 235 237 299 158 173 169 180 182 229 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

16.8 8 151 160 210 229 225 240 242 305 161 176 173 184 185 234 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

18.3 8 151 160 214 233 229 244 246 310 164 179 176 187 189 238 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

19.8 8 151 160 217 237 232 248 250 315 167 182 178 190 192 242 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

21.3 8 151 160 220 240 236 251 253 319 169 184 181 193 194 245 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

22.8 8 151 160 223 243 239 255 257 324 171 187 183 195 197 249 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

24.3 8 151 160 226 247 242 258 260 328 174 189 186 198 200 252 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

25.8 8 151 160 229 250 245 261 263 332 176 192 188 200 202 255 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

27.3 8 151 160 232 252 248 264 266 336 178 194 190 203 204 258 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

28.8 8 151 160 234 255 250 267 269 339 180 196 192 205 207 260 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227

30.3 8 151 160 236 258 253 270 272 343 181 198 194 207 209 263 151 233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125 193 227
Vs Veleocity - SPT (N) Relationships

Imai and Yoshimura (1977)

Sykora and Stokoe (1983)

Ohba andToriumi (1970)

Athanasopoulos (1995)

Athanasopoulos (1995)
Okamoto at al. (1989)

Kiku at al. (2001)

Ohta and Goto (1978) Imai (1978) Lee (1990)

İyisan (1994)

Pliestocene
Pleistocene Halocene HalocenePleistocene

Gravelly Sand

Gravelly Sand
Coarse Sand

Coarse Sand
Middle Sand

Middle Sand
Fine Sand

Fine Sand
All Soils

All Soils

All Soils

All Soils

All Soils

All Soils
Gravel

Gravel

Sand

Sand

Sand

Sand
Clay

Clay

Clay

Clay

Clay

Clay
Silt
Vs (m/s)
Depth (m)

SPT (N)

1.8 150 8 6 15 9 10 7 7 2 72 44 49 33 32 8 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

3.3 150 8 6 7 5 5 3 3 1 35 21 24 16 16 4 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

4.8 150 8 6 5 3 3 2 2 1 23 14 15 11 10 3 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

6.3 150 8 6 3 2 2 2 2 0 17 10 11 8 7 2 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

7.8 150 8 6 3 2 2 1 1 0 13 8 9 6 6 1 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

9.3 150 8 6 2 1 1 1 1 0 10 6 7 5 5 1 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

10.8 150 8 6 2 1 1 1 1 0 9 5 6 4 4 1 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

12.3 150 8 6 2 1 1 1 1 0 8 5 5 3 3 1 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

13.8 150 8 6 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 4 4 3 3 1 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3
15.3 150 8 6 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 4 4 3 3 1 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

16.8 150 8 6 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 3 4 2 2 1 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

18.3 150 8 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 3 3 2 2 1 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

19.8 150 8 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 3 3 2 2 0 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

21.3 150 8 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 2 3 2 2 0 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

22.8 150 8 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 0 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

24.3 150 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 1 0 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

25.8 150 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 1 0 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

27.3 150 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 1 0 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

28.8 150 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 1 0 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3

30.3 150 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 1 0 8 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2 4 15 5 3
14 4 17 6 31

8 4 9 4 16

6 4 7 3 11

5 4 5 2 8

5 4 4 2 7

4 4 4 2 6

4 4 4 2 5

4 4 3 2 4

4 4 3 1 4
4 4 3 1 4

4 4 3 1 3

4 4 3 1 3

4 4 3 1 3

4 4 2 1 3

3 4 2 1 3

3 4 2 1 3

3 4 2 1 3

3 4 2 1 2

3 4 2 1 2

3 4 2 1 2
 UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION

To return " main opt

Sample 1 Sample 3
Liquit Limid (%) = 75 Liquid Limit (%) = 55
Plastic Limit (%) = 60 Plastic Limit (%) = 20
Plastisity Index (%) = 15 Plastisity Index (%) = 35
Sample 2 Sample 4
Liquid Limit (%) = 45 Liquid Limit (%) = 45
Plastic Limit (%) = 30 Plastic Limit (%) = 20
 Plastisity Index (%) = 15 Plastisity Index (%) = 25

60

Sample 1 Sample 2
50 Sample 3 Sample 4 A Line
Column U
Plastisity Index PI (%)
40
CH

30
MH & OH

20 CL

10 CL&ML ML & OL

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Liquit Limid LL (%)

Figure 1. LL-PI curve

Percentage Fine (%)

100.00

90.00
Sample
80.00 A
70.00 Sample
B
60.00
Sample
50.00 C

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000
Grain Size (mm)

Figure 2. Granulometry Curve

Use Figure 2 !
 Use Figure 2 !

Use Figure 2 !

Use Figure 2 !
D10 (mm) 0.9
D30 (mm) 3
D60 (mm) 7

Cu (uniformity coeficient) 7.78

Cz 1.43

Passed Retained
Sieve No 200 45 55
COARSE GRAINED SOILS
Use the Sieve 4 's Results !
Soil Type is such as:
First and or Second letter GM,GC,SM,SC
G=Gravel
S=Sand
M=Silt COARSE GRAINED SOILS
C=Clay
O=Organic Main Symbol
Pt=Peat
Second Letter Passed Retained
W= well graded Sieve No 4 40 60
P=poorly graded Type GRAVEL
M=Silt Main Symbol G
C=Clay WELL
L= Low Plastisity Sub-Symbol (1) POORLY
H= High Plastisity
Cz 1.43
Grading POORLY
Sub-Symbol P
Soil Symbol
G P

Sub-Symbol (2)

PI 8
LL 25
Soil Sub-Symbol
C

PI 3.5
M C

PI Koşulu
Alt Simge C
A Çizgisi Koşlu
Alt Simge C
To return " main options", click cell !

Dr. Ferhat Özçep

 FINE GRAINED SOIL

PI 32
Main Symbol C C

LL 48
Second Symbol L PI 19.6
M C

Soil Symbol
0
CL C

Unified Soil Classification System

Sample A Sample B Sample C

Grain Grain Grain
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Size Fine (%) Size Fine (%) Size Fine (%)
(mm) (mm) (mm)
37.500 95.00 37.500 85.00 37.500 92.00
20.000 89.60 20.000 85.00 20.000 87.00
14.000 86.40 14.000 75.00 14.000 84.00
10.000 82.90 10.000 65.00 10.000 79.00
6.300 72.30 6.300 55.00 6.300 72.00
3.350 35.70 3.350 45.00 3.350 55.00
1.180 15.400 1.180 14.000 1.180 22.000
0.6 9.60 0.6 5.00 0.6 14.00
0.212 1.2 0.212 4 0.212 4
0.063 0.8 0.063 0.9 0.063 1
Soil Type is such as:
GM,GC,SM,SC
 LL PI
0.0 4.0
25.5 4.0
30.0 7.3
 1000.0 715.4
30.0 7.3

1000.0 892.8

50 0
50.0 1000.0

n System

Sample D Sample E
Grain Grain
Percentage Percentage
Size Fine (%) Size Fine (%)
(mm) (mm)
37.500 98.00 37.500 93.00
20.000 88.00 20.000 88.00
14.000 75.00 14.000 86.40
10.000 74.00 10.000 81.00
6.300 72.30 6.300 73.00
3.350 46.00 3.350 31.00
1.180 19.000 1.180 21.000
0.6 9.00 0.6 13.00
0.212 6 0.212 3
0.063 1 0.063 0.9
 SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
To return "main options" , click Dr. Ferhat Özçep
(STATIC & DYNAMIC) the cell !

Structural Data
Depth of Footing beneath ground surface, m Df 3
Footing Width, m B 4
Footing Length, m L 5
Radius for Circular Foundation, m R 3

Laboratory Data and Coefficients

Cohesion, ton/m2 c 2.1
Unit Weigth of Backfill Soil, ton/m3 g1 1.8
Terzaghi (1943)
g2Foundations 1.8
Unit Weigth of Soil beneath Footing, ton/m3 / Lower Layer from
Meyerhof (1963)
Angle of Shearing Resistance (o) f 30
Foundation Slope from vertical direction (0) q 0 Terzaghi (1948)

Bearing Capacity Coefficients Nq 22.4 Meyerhof (1973)

Bearing Capacity Coefficients Nq 18.3
Vesic (1973)
Bearing Capacity Coefficients Nc 37.0
Bearing Capacity Coefficients Nc 30.0 Meyerhof (1963)
Bearing Capacity Coefficients Ng 22.3
Bearing Capacity Coefficients Ng 15.6
Bearing Capacity Coefficients Kp 2.993 37.0
Shape Coefficients sc 1.479 30.0
Shape Coefficients sq 1.239
Shape Coefficients sg 1.239
Depth Coefficients dc 1.259
Depth Coefficients dq 1.130
Depth Coefficients dg 1.130
Slope Coefficients ic 1.000
Slope Coefficients iq 1.000
Slope Coefficients ig 1.000
If foundation is below the groundwater level, please use the effective unite weigth !
Water Unit Weigth, ton/m3 gw 1.0
Saturate Unit Weigth, ton/m3 gs 1.8
Effective Unit Weigth, ton/m 3 g 0.8 From Laboratory Data

Unit Conversion
1 kg/cm2
10 ton/m2
100 kN/m2 or kPa

Unit Conversion
10 ton/m2
1 kg/cm2
100 kN/m2 or kPa

Unit Conversion
100 kN/m2 or kPa
10 ton/m2
1 kg/cm2 3.0
1.478825
Kanıt (2003)
1.2394124085 1
SPT (N) Value 10 1.2394124085 1
f 30 1.259489
c, ton/m 2 6.54 1.1297446915 1
1.1297446915 1

1 0
Dr. Ferhat Özçep
for Df ≤ B

RESULTS
Safety Factor
From Laboratory Data 3

Terzaghi (1943)'e Göre

Fondation Type qult, ton/m2 qa , kPa
Strip Foundation 278.69 929
Rectengular Foundation 284.50 948
Circular Foundation 257.86 860
Square Foundation 285.95 953

Meyerhof (1963)
qult, ton/m2 qa , kPa
334.46 1115

From in Situ Tests

Avarage Value
from the Footing depth to 2B depth
SPT (corrected) 20

From SPT(N) Data

For Max 25 mm settlement qa , kPa
Bowles (1996) 295
Ground Water Level
Meyerhof (1956) 151

GWL (m) 1
For qa obtained from SPT (N) data,
Df (m) 1.5 grounwater effect correction coefficient. This
B (m) 2 (Cw) value must multyply with qa value !
Cw (water corr. coefficient) 0.8

Craig (1992) With Burland ve Burbridge (1985) Approch

SPT (N) (Uncorrected) 12
B (m) 2
Ic 0.053

qa , kPa
292
 Seismic Soil Bearing Capacity (Richards at al., 1993)

a Horizontal Acceleration kh 0.3

Vertical Acceleration kv 0.2
Acceleration Coefficient q 20.57
Angle of Shearing Resistan f 30
d 0
KpE 2.238

Seismic Bearin Capacity Factors 22.0

NqE 13.7
NcE 22.0
NgE 17.0

Foundation Type qult , ton/m2

Strip Foundation 181.25
Circular Foundation 170.69
Square Foundation 182.90

Laboratory and structural data must be

entered in related section !
Safety Factor
3

qa , kPa
Strip Foundation 604
Circular Foundation 569
Square Foundation 610

For Sandy Soils

With Zeveaert (1983) Approch, variation of Angle of Shearing Resistance with Acceleration

f static 30
Values must be between 25-35
Acceleration (g) 0.2
c (coeficient) 0.6666666667
f dynamic 24

With Okamoto (1984) Approch, variation of Angle of Shearing Resistance with Acceleration

f static 30
Values must be between 5-20
Acceleration (g) 0.2
kh 0.1
SPT(N) 10
f dynamic 26
c*ivvme 0.1333333333
2/3*sinfi 0.3331800684
1-2/2sinfi 0.6668199316
0.1999540311
0.8000459689
0.399839056
 Soil Bearing Capacity (qa)
With Geophysical (Vs velocity ) Data
(Tezcan at al, 2006) Vp Velocity

Vs Velocity
Avarage Value
from the Foundation depth to 2B depth Select from Table 1
Vp 600 m/sn
Vs 400 m/sn
B 1.5 m
Foundation Width

Soil Type 2
gp 18 kN/m3
a 0.97
qa 169 kPa

Unit Weigth from Vp

Soil Bearing Capacity

qa 165 kN/m2
qa 175 kN/m2
qa 184 kN/m2
qa 204 kN/m2

birim hacim Tür 1 17.2 kN/m3

Tür 2 18.2 kN/m3
Tür 3 19.2 kN/m3
Tür 4 21.2 kN/m3

qa 175
ta,
ent. This vs>500 qa #VALUE!
value !
sv #VALUE!

175

alfa1 1
alfa2 0.965
alfa3 0.815 0.71
0.82

alfa
 Vp Velocity

Vs Velocity

Select from Table 1

Table 1.

gp = go + 0.002 vp (kN/m3)

go = 16 for loose sandy, silty and clayey soils (Soil Type1)

go = 17 for dense sand and gravel (Soil Type2)
go = 18 for mudstone, limestone, claystone, conglomerate, etc. (Soil Type 3)
go = 20 for sandstone, tuff, graywacke, schist, etc. (Soil Type 4)

qa = 0.024 g vs a

If Vs>500 m/sn,
qa = 0.024 g vs sv a ≥ 30.6 g

sv = 1 – 3 x 10 -6 ( vs- 500 ) 1.6

If B value is 0 ≤ B ≤ 1,2 m, then a = 1

If B value is 1,2 ≤ B ≤ 3,0 m, then a = (1,13-0,11*B)
If B value is 3,0 ≤ B ≤ 12 m , then a = (0,83 - 0,001*B)
If B value is bigger then 12, then a = 0,71.
oil Type 3)
sptden türeyen vs hızı
sptdüz üst #DIV/0!

#VALUE!
spt
0
yas
0 0
0.00
0.00

294.8814
327.2727

196.0364
151.4357
SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS (Static& Dynamic) To return "main options" , click the cell !

Dr. Ferhat Özçep

Structure Data
Contact Presure, ton /m2 q 100
Depth of Footing, m Df 2
Width of Footing , m B 3
Footing Length, m L 2
Unit Weigth, ton/m3 g 1.8
Net Contact Presure qnet 96.4 ton/m2
945.4 kN/m2 yada kPa

Load
Analysis with Static Loads
Settlement (Immediate, Coarse Grained Soils)
Burland ve Burbrigde (1985) Approach
q 100 ton/m2
L 2 m Ticknes of Layer
B 3 m for Analysis
H 5 m Duration (min 3 years)
t 10 yıl
SPT(N)Correct. 10 Average value for 2B depth
Df 2 m
g 1.8 ton/m3 From Figure 1

Ic 7 Fom Table 1
r 0.2
Fom Table 1
r3 0.3
Z1 2.2 m
-0.7
fs 0.8
fı 1.0
Net Structure Load
ft 1.4

qnet 96.40 ton/m2

945.4 kN/m2

Average (mm)
Si (Settlement 161.2
53.7

Settlemet (Consolidation) II E (kN/m2) 12000

n (poison ratio) 0.3 Francis (1964)
mv (m2/kN) 0.00010000

mv 0.0001 m2/kN
H 3 m
qnet 145 kN/m2

Sc (Settlement) 43.5 mm
Settlement (Clayed Soils) III

g 20 kN/m3 form Figure 3

m0 0.9 Sands (normallly Consalidated)
m1 0.55 form Figure 3

q 240 kN/m2
B 3 m
L 6 m From SPT Value or from
Df 1.5 m Tables
H 3.5 m
Ed 7 MN/m2
qnet 210 kN/m2

Si 44.55 mm

Figure 3. Impact factors for settlements

Settlement IV

q 240 kN/m2
L 6 m
B 3.5 m
from Table 3
Df 2 m
g 20 kN/m3
n 0.5
from SPT Value of Tables
E 7 MN/m2
qnet 200 kN/m2
Is 1.44 Fexible Foundation
Is 1.11 Rigit Foundation

Settlement (Si)
107.9 mm (Flexible Foundation)
83.2 mm (Rigit Foundation)

Simple Approaches (1)

Settlemet (from qa obtained SPT value) V

qnet 240 kN/m2

qa 250 kN/m2

Settlement (Si)
24.0 mm

Simple Approaches (2)

from SPT Value (Meyerhof Approach) VI

qnet 240 kN/m2 25.2

SPT (N) 15 20.3
B 1.5 m

Settlement (Si)
25.2 mm
30.4 mm for Raft Foundations
Simple Approaches (3)
form SPT values (Terzaghi and Peck Approach) VII
qnet 240 kN/m2
SPT (N) 15
B 1.5 m
Df 1.5 m
G.W.L. 3 m
Settlement (Si)
 34.6 mm

Simple Approaches (4)

form SPT value (Bowles, 1977) VIII

SPT 15
B 1.5 m 24
q 240 KN/m2 20.809712
22.998982
Settlement (Si)
23.0 mm

Simple Approaches (5)

from SPT value (Meyerhof, 1974) IX

SPT 15
B 1.5 m
q 240 KN/m2

Settlement (Si)
for Silty Sand 32.7 mm
for Sand and Gravel 16.3 mm

Simple Approaches (6)

form SPT value (Meyerhof 1965) X

SPT 15
B 1.5 m 24
q 240 KN/m2 33.295539
34.498474
Settlement (Si)
34.5 mm
 Dr. Ferhat Özçep

Analysis with Dynamic Loads (1)

Ishihara ve Yoshimine (1992) Approach

For this analysis, you must do soil liquefaction analysis and must find Safety factor (SF) !
Safety factor for soil liquefaction

Corrected SPT60 value

SF 0.45
N1(60) 6 Relative density of soils
Dr 40 tickness of liqeufable layer
h (m) 1
N1 6.6 Settlement 4.2
DH/H % 4.2 cm

From Figure 4; by SF
and N1 (or Dr) value
Analysis with Dynamic Loads (2)

Tokimatsu ve Seed (1984) Approach

For this analysis, you must do soil liquefaction analysis and must find CSR !

Cylic Stress Ratio

CSR 0.4 Corrected SPT60 value

N1(60) 10 tickness of liqeufable layer
h (m) 10
From Figure 5; by CSR and N1 (60) value
DH/H% 2.5
Settlement 25
cm
Analysis with Dynamic Loads (2)
For Dry Sands
Krinitsky et al. (1993) Acceleration of earthquake

Corrected SPT60 value

Acceleration 0.45
N1(60) 9 tickness of sand layer
h (m) 10 From figure 6, by acceleration adn N1 (60) value
DH/H % 0.35
Settlement 3.5
cm
To return "main options" , click the cell !

n 3 years)

Table 1
r 0.2
r3 0.3

Francis (1964)
 Estimation Elastisity Modulus form emprical relations
Estimation of Elastisity Modulus form SPT (N) Value for Sands
SPT (N) Value 5
E
Sands (normallly Consalidated) 9545 kPa 10 MN/m2
21132 kPa 21 MN/m2
Sands (Saturate) 4773 kPa 5 MN/m2
Sands (Overconsolidated) 29250 kPa 29 MN/m2
Gravelly Sand and Gravel 12109 kPa 12 MN/m2
Clayed Sand 6109 kPa 6 MN/m2
Silty Sand 3027 kPa 3 MN/m2

Estimation of Elastisity Modulus form qu value for clays

qu 98 kPa
E
Ip > 30 min 4900 kPa 4.9 MN/m2
max 24500 kPa 24.5 MN/m2
Ip < 30 or Stiff Clay min 24500 kPa 24.5 MN/m2
max 73500 kPa 73.5 MN/m2
Bowles (1988)
Min Max
kPa MN/m2 kPa MN/m2
Normally Consollidated Sensitive Clay 9800 10 24500 25
Normally Consolidated Sensitive
and weak Consolidated Clay 36750 37 58800 59
Strong Overconsolidated Clay 73500 74 98000 98

Table 2 . Elastisity modulus for different type of soils

Soil Types E Value (MN/m2)
Soft Clays 2 ila 5
Stiff Clay 4 ila 8
Firm Clay 7 ila 20
Sandy Clays 30 ila 40
Silty Clays 7 ila 20
Loose Sand 10 ila 25
Dense Sand 50 ila 90
Dense Gravel-Sand 100 ila 200

Table 3. Poison ratio for different types of Soils

Soil Type n (poison Oranı)
Satutated Clay 0,4-0,5
Unsturated Clay
or Sandy Clay 0,2-0,4
Sand (f = 40) 0,3-0,4
Sand (f = 20) 0,1-0,2
Silt 0,3-0,4
 Rock 0,1-0,4

Foundation)

Raft Foundations
 Safety Factor (SF)

Figure 4

1 (60) value

adn N1 (60) value

Figure 1. Estiamtion of Ic coefficient form SPT Values For sands and gravels
(Burland ve Burbrigde (1985).
Estimation of elastisity modulus form SPT value
Webb (1969)
SPT value 5
E Webb (1969)
Sand 9560 kPa 10 MN/m2
Begeman (1974)
Clayed Sand 3187 kPa 3 MN/m2
Silt (with sand) 3237 kPa 4 MN/m2 Begeman (1974)

Gravel (with sand) 2747 kPa 3 MN/m2 Tromifenkov (19

Sand(min) 23999 kPa 24 MN/m2
Sand (max) 34284 kPa 34 MN/m2 Tromifenkov (1

3630 2747
3237 12949
Estimation of elastisity modulus both SPT value and poison ratio

Poison Ratio
SPT value 5 0.3 Farrent (1963)
E
Sand 3908 kPa 4 MN/m2

Bowles (1988)
D H / H (%)

Figure 5
ds and gravels
Webb (1969)

Webb (1969)

Begeman (1974)

Begeman (1974)

Tromifenkov (1974)

Tromifenkov (1974)

Farrent (1963)
 Figure 6

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Acceleration (g)
0
 ESTIMATION OF SUBGRADE REACTION COEFFICIENT
To return "main options"
1. APPROACH Scott (1981)

SPT Data
Scot (1981) Dr. Ferhat Özçep

SPT (N) Value 15

ks 2700 ton/m3
ks 27000 kN/m3

2. APPROACH

From Figure
qu 2.0 kg/cm2
SPT(N) 13

By using qu or SPT(N) values, Angle of Shearing Resistance or qu,

please estimate the subgrade reaction coefficient from following Figure1 !
Figure 1. Estimation od Subgrade Reaction coefficient ffrom SPT, qu and Angle of Shearing Resistance ( f ) (from Şekercioğlu, 2002)
To return "main options" , click the cell !
Bowles (1988) Yaklaşımı
3. APPROCH

Bowles (1988)
qa 110 kN/m2
SF (safety Factor) 4
ks 17600 kN/m3

4. APPROCH
For Clayed Soils

Bowles (1988)
qu 620 kN/m2
ks 24.000-48.000 kN/m3

5. APPROCH

By using the following Table , please select the subgrade reaction coefficient !

Table (Bowles, 1988)

Soil Type (ks), kN/m3
Loose Sand 4.800 - 16.000
Medium Dense Sand 9.600 – 80.000
Dense Sand 64.000 - 128.000
Silty Medium DenseSand 24.000 - 48.000
Clayed Medium Dense Sand 32.000 - 80.000
Clayed Soil (qu ≤ 200 kPa) 12.000 - 24.000
Clayed Soil (200 < qu ≤ 800 kPa) 24.000 - 48.000
Clayed Soil (qu > 800 kPa) >48.000
 Bowles (1988) Yaklaşımı
0

7. YAKLAŞIM

Bowles (1988)Yaklaşımı
S (Oturma) 30 mm
qnet 250 kN/m2
ks 8333 kN/m3
Birim Dönüşümü
1 kg/cm2
10 ton/m2
100 kN/m2 yada kPa

Birim Dönüşümü
10 ton/m2
1 kg/cm2
100 kN/m2 yada kPa

Birim Dönüşümü
100 kN/m2 yada kPa
10 ton/m2
1 kg/cm2
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS ( STATIC AND DYNAMIC)
Dr. Ferhat Özçep

Necessary Data
Slope angel, a 15 To return "main options" , click the cell !

Angle of Shearing Resistance, f 25

Acceleration (g) 0.4
Cohesion, c 3 ton/m2
g (Unit weigth) 1.7 ton/m3

1. Approch : With Static Loads

For Sandy Soils

Slope Angle, a 24
Angle of Shearing Resistance, f 36 Safety Factor

FS 1.6
Figure 1. Slope Parameters

2. Approach: With Dynamic (Earthquake) Loads (Siyahi and Ansal, 1993)

Please select one of the following values , 1g; 0,2g;
Earthquake Acceleration (g) 0.4 0,3g ve 0,4g !
Slope Angle, a 45 0 0.1 0.2
Angle of Shearing Resistance, f 29 Safety Factor 3.90 3.42 2.93
N1(min) 2.17 1.2

FS 1.2
MEDIUM RISK / BSL
Figure 2. Variation of N1(min) values with acceleration and slope angle (Siyahi and Ansal, 1993)

3. Approch: Slope triggered earthquake, and estimation of critical acceleration (ac) (Wilson et al., 1979)
ac = Critical Acceleration

g (gravitation) 980 cm/sn2 ac 0.38 g

c (cohesion) 3 ton/m2 ad (design acceleration)
Slope Angle, a 35
Angle of Shearing Resistance, f 24 ad 0.30 g
g (Unit weigth) 1.7 ton/m3 NO RISK
h ( sliding layer tickness) 3 m
4. Approch: Slices Method (Static State)

FS 1.1

Slice
Angle of
slice length unite angle form cohesion
slice width Shearing
length under weigth vertical (kN/m2) Resistance
GWL
slice
number
b (m) h (m) hw (m) g (kN/m3) a c' f'
1 3.0 1.0 1.0 19 -22.0 12 24
2 2.4 2.5 2.4 19 -18.0 12 24
3 2.4 4.2 4.0 19 -9.0 12 24
4 2.4 5.8 5.4 19 -3.0 18 24
5 2.4 7.0 6.4 19 1.0 12 24
6 2.4 8.0 7.4 19 7.0 12 24
7 2.4 8.9 7.6 19 13.0 18 45
8 2.4 9.4 7.5 19 19.5 12 24
9 2.4 9.6 6.1 19 26.0 12 24
10 2.4 9.5 6.1 19 33.0 12 24
11 2.4 8.8 4.9 19 40.5 12 24
12 2.4 7.1 2.8 19 48.5 12 24
13 1.6 4.5 0.2 19 56.7 12 24
14 1.5 1.6 0.0 19 65.5 12 24
 kh= acceleration coeficient
5. Approch: Slices Method (Dynamic/Earthquake State) (Das, 1993)
kh 0.12 radius (m)
R 22.83

FS 0.8

slice
Angle of
length unite angle form cohesion
slice width slice length Shearing
under weigth vertical (kN/m2) Resistance
GWL
slice number b (m) h (m) hw (m) g (kN/m3) a L c' f'
1 3.0 1.0 1.0 19 -22.0 21 12 24
2 2.4 2.5 2.4 19 -18.0 20 12 24
3 2.4 4.2 4.0 19 -9.0 19 12 24
4 2.4 5.8 5.4 19 -3.0 18 12 24
5 2.4 7.0 6.4 19 1.0 17 12 24
6 2.4 8.0 7.4 19 7.0 16 12 24
7 2.4 8.9 7.6 19 13.0 15 12 24
8 2.4 9.4 7.5 19 19.5 14 12 24
9 2.4 9.6 6.1 19 26.0 13 12 24
10 2.4 9.5 6.1 19 33.0 12 12 24
11 2.4 8.8 4.9 19 40.5 11 12 24
12 2.4 7.1 2.8 19 48.5 10 12 24
13 1.6 4.5 0.2 19 56.7 9 12 24
14 1.5 1.6 0.0 19 65.5 8 12 24
 0
#DIV/0!
Dr. Ferhat Özçep
#DIV/0!
0 #DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

R, Odaktan Uzaklık (km)

#VALUE!
 0.3 0.4
2.52 2.17

Table 1. Risk Levels for Microzonation

SF Risk Level Symbol

<=1 Higher Risk ASL
1< GK <=2 Medium Risk BSL
>2 Lower Risk CSL
Dilim Ağırlığı

wi bi/cosai wi.cosai ui ubi/cosai (7)-(9)

57 3.24 52.85 10 32 21
114 2.52 108.43 24 61 48
192 2.43 189.16 40 97 92
264 2.40 264.12 54 130 134
319 2.40 319.15 64 154 166
365 2.42 362.08 74 179 183
406 2.46 395.45 76 187 208
429 2.55 404.08 75 191 213
438 2.67 393.50 61 163 231
433 2.86 363.38 61 175 189
401 3.16 305.23 49 155 151
324 3.62 214.63 28 101 113
137 2.91 75.16 2 6 69
46 3.61 18.93 0 0 19
S 39.25 1836
Dilim Ağırlığı
wi bi/cosai wi.cosai ui ubi/cosai (7)-(9)
57 3.24 52.85 10 32 21
114 2.52 108.43 24 61 48
192 2.43 189.16 40 97 92
264 2.40 264.12 54 130 134
319 2.40 319.15 64 154 166
365 2.42 362.08 74 179 183
406 2.46 395.45 76 187 208
429 2.55 404.08 75 191 213
438 2.67 393.50 61 163 231
433 2.86 363.38 61 175 189
401 3.16 305.23 49 155 151
324 3.62 214.63 28 101 113
137 2.91 75.16 2 6 69
 46 3.61 18.93 0 0 19
S 39.25 1836
R, Odaktan Uzaklık (km)
wi.sinai tanfi tan fi x 7-9

toplam bi/cosa i * cohesion

-21 0.444974 9.122033 38.8242
-35 0.444974 21.29868 30.28055
-30 0.444974 40.92385 29.15863
-14 0.444974 59.77795 43.25923
6 0.444974 73.65573 28.80438
44 0.444974 81.49757 29.01606
91 0.999204 208.0902 44.33516
143 0.444974 94.84067 30.55058
192 0.444974 102.626 32.03934
236 0.444974 84.03431 34.33355
261 0.444974 67.02298 37.86292
242 0.444974 50.40111 43.44275
114 0.444974 30.85433 34.94454
41 0.444974 8.425168 43.35046
1270 932.5705 500.2023
 tanfi tan fi x 7-9
wi.sinai kh wi (L/R) toplam bi/cosa i * cohesion
-21 6.3 0.444974 9.122033 38.8242
-35 12.0 0.444974 21.29868 30.28055
-30 19.1 0.444974 40.92385 29.15863
-14 25.0 0.444974 59.77795 28.83948
6 28.5 0.444974 73.65573 28.80438
44 30.7 0.444974 81.49757 29.01606
91 32.0 0.444974 92.66854 29.55677
143 31.5 0.444974 94.84067 30.55058
192 29.9 0.444974 102.626 32.03934
236 27.3 0.444974 84.03431 34.33355
261 23.2 0.444974 67.02298 37.86292
242 17.0 0.444974 50.40111 43.44275
114 6.5 0.444974 30.85433 34.94454
 41 1.9 0.444974 8.425168 43.35046
1270 291.0 817.1489 471.0042
 PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS Prapared by :
Year Interval 105 Dr.Ferhat Özçep
(İstanbul University)
Poison Probability Distribution Department of Geophysical Engineering
To return "main options" , click the cell !
Point number for regression 6

Magnitude Intervals 4.5  M <5.0 5.0  M < 5.5 5.5  M <6.0 6.0  M <6.5 6.5  M <7.0
Ni (Occurence Numbers) 28 11 5 1 1

Average Magnitude M or (Xi) 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.2 6.7

SNi (cummulative) 47 19 8 3 2
SNi/t 0.4476190476 0.180952381 0.0761904762 0.0285714286 0.019047619
Log SNi/t yada (Yi) -0.3490914411 -0.7424356981 -1.1180993121 -1.5440680444 -1.7201593034

SXi 35.7000000 a 2.735499955

SYi -7.4950431 b -0.669693076
SXi^2 216.7900000
SXiYi -47.5254136 Log (N) = a - b* M
S(Xi)^2 1274.4900000
Dr. Ferhat Özçep

To draw corectly the Magnitude - Frequency Relation

graph, erase "0" cell !
(Recurrence Relationships)
0
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
FREQUENCY (N)

-0.5 f(x) = - 0.6696930764x + 2.7354999552

R² = 0.9865395651
-1

-1.5
-2

-2.5 MAGNİTUDE
 Poison Probability Distribution

Risk = Rm = 1- e-(N(M) *D) Average

Probability (%) For D (Year) Return Period
N(M) Magnitude 10 50 75 100 (Yıl)
0.2438 5 91.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 4
0.1128 5.5 67.6 99.6 100.0 100.0 9
0.0522 6 40.6 92.6 98.0 99.5 19
0.0241 6.5 21.4 70.1 83.6 91.0 41
0.0112 7 10.6 42.8 56.7 67.2 90
0.0052 7.5 5.0 22.7 32.1 40.3 194

D (year) Probability of Exceedence (%) M (magnitude)

Acceleration values for D (year) and 30 20 7.3
exceedence of probability
Dr. Ferhat Özçep
∆, Epicentral Distance (km) H, Focal depth (km)
25 15 29.2

Esteva (1970) Donavan(1973c) Oliviera (1974) Joyner ve Boore (1981) Campbell (1997)
a (g) 0.14 0.21 0.14 0.37 0.38

-0.2231435513
Joyner ve Boore (1981) Attenuation Relationship -0.0074381184
-4.9011373684
-2.1285369142
90 -4.864036869
Probability of Exceedence (%)

80
70
5 10 20 40 80
60
aşılma olasıbüyüklük
50
0.64 0.49 0.37 0.27 0.18
40
8.2 7.7 30 7.3 6.7 6.0
20
-0.051293 -0.1053605157
10 -0.2231435513 -0.5108256238 -1.6094379124
-0.00171 -0.00351201720 -0.0074381184 -0.0170275208 -0.0536479304
-6.371393 -5.6515647090.10 -4.9011373684
0.20 0.30 -4.0729243738
0.40 0.50 -2.9253123863
0.60 0.70
-2.767061 -2.4544433672 -2.1285369142 -1.7688485807 -1.2704470272
Acceleration (g)
 ### -5.189943322 -4.864036869 Acceleration (g)
-4.504348536 -4.005946982
Figure. Hazard Curve

Spectral Acceleration Attenuation Relationship by Boore et al. (1997)

Moment Magnitude (Mw>=5)
Design Earthquake Magnitude (Mw) 7.3
Rjb 20
closest horizontal distance from the station to a point in km
Vs, 30 800
average shear-wave velocity (m/s) to a depth of 30 m
unspecified faulting mechanism strike-slip fault reverse-slip fault
Period (s) Acceleration (g)
0.0 0.18 0.17 0.20
0.2 0.42 0.38 0.45
1.0 0.17 0.16 0.18

Spectral Acceleration Attenuation Relationship

0.50
0.45
0.40
unspecified
0.35 faulting
Acceleration (g)

0.30 mechanism
0.25 strike-slip
fault
0.20
revers-slip
0.15 fault
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Period (s)

bıss -0.313 0.999 -1.113

bırv -0.117 1.17 -1.009
bıall -0.242 1.089 -1.08
 b2 0.527 0.711 1.036
b3 0 -0.207 -0.032
b5 -0.778 -0.924 -0.798
bv -0.371 -0.292 -0.698
Va 1396 2118 1406
h 5.57 7.02 2.9

-0.1053605157
-0.0021072103
-6.1623903327
-2.6762921168
-4.722921644

10 10 20 40 80
aşılma olasıbüyüklük
0.64 0.64 0.46 0.32 0.20

8.2 8.2 7.7 7.0 6.2

-0.105361 -0.1053605157 -0.2231435513 -0.5108256238 -1.6094379124

-0.002107 -0.0021072103 -0.004462871 -0.0102165125 -0.0321887582
-6.16239 -6.1623903327 -5.4119629922 -4.5837499975 -3.4361380101
-2.676292 -2.6762921168 -2.3503856638 -1.9906973303 -1.4922957768
### -4.722921644 -4.397015191 -4.037326857 -3.538925304
 GUMBEL EXTREME VALUES
Prapared by :
Dr.Ferhat Özçep Seismic Hazard Analysis t (year interval) 70
tanbul University) Prapared by :
of Geophysical Engineering Point Number for Regression 14 Dr.Ferhat Özçep
Yi (Istanbul University)
Magnitude (xi) Occurence Numbers, J J / (t+1) G(M) [-lnG(M)] [log[-lnG(M)]]Department of Geophysical En
4.5 50 0.7042 0.7042 0.3507 -0.4551
7.0  M <7.5 4.6 3 0.0423 0.7465 0.2924 -0.5340
1 4.8 1 0.0141 0.7606 0.2737 -0.5627
5.0 3 0.0423 0.8028 0.2196 -0.6583
7.2 5.1 1 0.0141 0.8169 0.2022 -0.6941
1 5.2 1 0.0141 0.8310 0.1851 -0.7325
0.00952381 5.3 1 0.0141 0.8451 0.1683 -0.7738
-2.0211893 5.4 1 0.0141 0.8592 0.1518 -0.8187
5.5 2 0.0282 0.8873 0.1195 -0.9225
For each year, Select 5.6 3 0.0423 0.9296 0.0730 -1.1365
single extreme ( or
maximum) value for
6.1 1 0.0141 0.9437 0.0580 -1.2367
magnitude in the t 6.4 1 0.0141 0.9577 0.0432 -1.3648
(year interval). If there
is no earthquake data in
6.7 1 0.0141 0.9718 0.0286 -1.5440
any year, designate 4,5 7.4 1 0.0141 0.9859 0.0142 -1.8482
at Özçep value for magnitude for 0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
that year.
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
0.0000 0.9859 0.0142
70
This value must be equal t
(year interval)
 SXi 77.55
MAGNITUDE- FREQUENCY RELATIONS SYi -13.2820501
(Recurrence Relationships) SXi^2 438.6525000
0.0000 SXiYi -78.0680836
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 S(Xi)^2 6014.0025000

-0.5000

FREQUENCY
f(x) = - 0.494996841x + 1.7932110664
R² = 0.9830369721
-1.0000

-1.5000

-2.0000
MAGNITUDE
0.434294482
a 1.793211066 b 1.14
ln b -0.494996841 a 62.12

G (M) = exp (-a D exp (-b M)) PROB= 1 - G(M)

M (MAGNITUDE) D (year)
1 10 25 50 100
5 18.8 87.5 99.4 100.0 100.0
5.5 11.1 69.2 94.7 99.7 100.0
6 6.4 48.6 81.1 96.4 99.9
6.5 3.7 31.4 61.0 84.8 97.7
7 2.1 19.2 41.3 65.5 88.1
7.5 1.2 11.3 26.0 45.2 70.0
Gumbel Extreme Values -0.1053605157
Probability of 5.6538667E-05
D (year) Exceedence (%) M (magnitude) -9.7805857791
30 10 8.6

∆, Epicentral Distance (km) H, Focal depth (km)

50 15 52.2

Esteva (1970) Donavan(1973c) Oliviera (1974) Joyner ve Boore(1981) Campbell (1997)

0.35

P ro b a b ilit y o f E x c e e d e n c e (% )
Acceleration (g) 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.71

5 10 20 40 80
0.50 0.35 0.24 0.16 0.09

Joyner ve Boore (1981) Attenuation Relationship

90
80
70
60
50
-0.0512932944 40 -0.1053605157 -0.2231435513 -0.5108256238 -1.6094379124
2.75250599E-05 5.65386671748E-05
30 0.0001197435 0.0002741198 0.0008636582
20
-10.5004137008 10
-9.7805857791 -9.0301584386 -8.2019454439 -7.0543334565
9.2 0 8.6 7.9 7.2 6.2
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
Acceleration (g)

Figure. Hazard Curve

 Prapared by :
Dr.Ferhat Özçep
(Istanbul University)
ent of Geophysical Engineering

TIME DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES

Frequency
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

4.70 5.2 5.7 6.2 6.7 7.2

47 1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
191913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
81929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
31944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
21959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
11974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
0.4476190 0.1809524 0.0761905 0.0285714 Year 0.0190476 0.0095238
### -0.74243570 -1.118099 -1.54406804 -1.72015930 -2.02118930
Years Numbers of Eartquakes
1900
1901 1
1902
1903 1
1904 7
1905
1906
1907
1908 5
1909 2
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917 1
1918 1
1919 1
1920 1
1921 1
1922
1923
1924 1
1925 1
1926 2
1927 1
1928 3
1929
1930
1931 1
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937 1
1938
1939 2
1940
1941 3
1942 6
1943
1944 3
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949 3
1950 1
1951
1952 3
1953 9
1954 5
1955 4
1956 1
1957 1
1958 1
1959 1
1960 1
1961
1962
1963 1
1964
1965 2
1966 7
1967 1
1968
1969 3
1970 2
1971 1
1972 3
1973 1
1974 1
1975
1976 4
1977 5
1978 1
1979 5
1980 2
1981
1982 1
1983 2
1984 4
1985 3
1986 1
1987 2
1988 2
1989 2
1990 1
1991
1992 3
1993
1994 6
1995
1996 3
1997
1998 1
1999 2
2000 1
2001 2
2002 2
2003 4
2004 1
2005 9
 Gutenberg ve Richter (1956)

Magnitude Number Magnitude Number Realesed Total Energy

2.1 200 5.5 2 7.0159748936574E+022 Erg
2.2 200 5.6 2
2.3 200 5.7 1
2.4 200 5.8 2
2.5 200 5.9 1
2.6 200 6.0 1 Mw
2.7 200 6.1 1 Ms
2.8 200 6.2 1 Moment Magnitude
2.9 200 6.3 1 Ms
Surface Wave Magnitude
3.0 100 6.4 1 Mb
3.1 100 6.5 1 Body Wavde Magnitude
3.2 100 6.6 1 Mw
3.3 100 6.7 1 Duration Magnitude Mb
3.4 100 6.8 1
3.5 100 6.9 1 Ms
3.6 100 7.0 1 Md
3.7 100 7.1 0
3.8 100 7.2 0
3.9 100 7.3 0 Magnitude 7.6
4.0 25 7.4 0 Duration (Eartquake) 31
4.1 25 7.5 0 38
4.2 25 7.6 0 33
4.3 20 7.7 0
4.4 15
4.5 15
4.6 14
4.7 14
4.8 12
4.9 12
5.0 10
5.1 3
5.2 2
5.3 2
5.4 3
MAXIMUM INTENSITY (Io) & MAGNITUDE AND ACCELARATION RELATION

Maximum Intensity (Io) 8

Magnitude (Gutenberg ve Richter, 1956) 6.3
Magnitude (İpek) 6.4
Magnitude (Tabban ve Gençoğlu) 6.3
Magnitude (Bath, 1973) 6.3
Magnitude (Karnik) 6.3
Magnitude (Ansal, 1997) 6.1

Maximum Intensity (Io) 8

Accel. (Gutenberg ve Richter, 1956) 0.15
Accel. (Bath, 1973) 0.15
Accel. (Wang ve Law, 1994) 0.26
Accel. (Wald ve diğ., 1999) 0.43
Accel. (Hessberger, 1956) 0.34
Accel. (Murphy, 1997) 0.18
 FAULT RAPTURE & MAGNITUDE RELATION

Enerji Toplam E Enerji Fault Rapture (km)

8.91251E+14 1.7825E+17 8.9E+14 110
1.25893E+15 2.51785E+17 1.3E+15
1.77828E+15 3.55656E+17 1.8E+15 Researcher Ms (magnitude) Conditions
2.51189E+15 5.02377E+17 2.5E+15 Abraseys ve Zatopek (1968) 7.4 between 5,8 and 8.0
7 4.2 3.54813E+15 7.09627E+17 3.5E+15 Bolinger (1968) 7.7 between 5,8 and 8.0 (shallow
6.9 3.8 5.01187E+15 1.00237E+18 5E+15 Bolinger (1968) 7.5 between 5,8 and 8.0 (deep earthqaukes)
Bath (1973)
7.07946E+15 1.41589E+18 7.1E+15 Douglas ve Ryall (1975) 7.5 bigger than 6,4
6.9 3.8 1E+016 2E+018 1E+016 Ezen (1981) 7.3 6 ile 8
6.8 5 1.41254E+16 2.82508E+18 1.4E+16 Matsuda (1975) 8.2 -
1.99526E+16 1.99526E+18 2E+16 Patwardan ve diğ. (1975) 8.4 smaller than 6
7 4.2 2.81838E+16 2.81838E+18 2.8E+16 Patwardan ve diğ. (1975) 7.4 bigger than 6
6.8 5 3.98107E+16 3.98107E+18 4E+16 Tocher (1958) 7.6 smaller than 6
Ulusay et al. (2004)
5.62341E+16 5.62341E+18 5.6E+16 Toksöz ve diğ. (1979) 7.3 between 5,9 and 7,9
6.9 6.9 7.94328E+16 7.94328E+18 7.9E+16 Gündoğdu (1986) 7.4 -
6.9 6.9 1.12202E+17 1.12202E+19 1.1E+17 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 7.4 (Strike Slipe)
1.58489E+17 1.58489E+19 1.6E+17 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 7.5 (Reverse)
3.8 6.9 2.23872E+17 2.23872E+19 2.2E+17 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 7.6 (Normal)
Hausner 3.16228E+17 3.16228E+19 3.2E+17 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 7.4 (All Fault Types)
sn 4.46684E+17 4.46684E+19 4.5E+17
Watanabe (1977)
sn 6.30957E+17 1.57739E+19 6.3E+17 Ms (Magnitude)
sn Donovan (1973)
8.91251E+17 2.22813E+19 8.9E+17 7.6
1.25893E+18 3.14731E+19 1.3E+18
1.77828E+18 3.55656E+19 1.8E+18 Researcher Fault Rapture ( Conditions
2.51189E+18 3.76783E+19 2.5E+18 Abraseys ve Zatopek (1968) 176.8 between 5,8 and 8.0
3.54813E+18 5.3222E+19 3.5E+18 Bolinger (1968) 94.3 between 5,8 and 8.0 (shallow
5.01187E+18 7.01662E+19 5E+18 Bolinger (1968) 134.9 between 5,8 and 8.0 (deep earthqaukes)
7.07946E+18 9.91124E+19 7.1E+18 Douglas ve Ryall (1975) 162.2 bigger than 6,4
1E+019 1.2E+020 1E+019 Ezen (1981) 156.7 6 ile 8
1.41254E+19 1.69505E+20 1.4E+19 Matsuda (1975) 45.7 -
1.99526E+19 1.99526E+20 2E+19 Patwardan ve diğ. (1975) 56.0 smaller than 6
2.81838E+19 8.45515E+19 2.8E+19 Patwardan ve diğ. (1975) 168.0 bigger than 6
3.98107E+19 7.96214E+19 4E+19 Tocher (1958) 98.2 smaller than 6
5.62341E+19 1.12468E+20 5.6E+19 Toksöz ve diğ. (1979) 203.2 between 5,9 and 7,9
7.94328E+19 2.38298E+20 7.9E+19 Gündoğdu (1986) 161.1 -
1.12202E+20 2.24404E+20 1.1E+20 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 118.6 (Strike Slipe)
1.58489E+20 3.16979E+20 1.6E+20 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 84.7 (Reverse)
2.23872E+20 2.23872E+20 2.2E+20 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 61.7 (Normal)
3.16228E+20 6.32456E+20 3.2E+20 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 105.7 (All Fault Types)
 4.46684E+20 4.46684E+20 4.5E+20
6.30957E+20 6.30957E+20 6.3E+20 DISPLACEMENT (max) & MAGNITUDE RELATION
8.91251E+20 8.91251E+20 8.9E+20
ON RELATION 1.25893E+21 1.25893E+21 1.3E+21 Ms (Magnitude)
1.77828E+21 1.77828E+21 1.8E+21 7.6
2.51189E+21 2.51189E+21 2.5E+21
3.54813E+21 3.54813E+21 3.5E+21 Displacement
5.01187E+21 5.01187E+21 5E+21 Researcher (m) Conditions
7.07946E+21 7.07946E+21 7.1E+21 Chinery (1969) 3.4 between 3,4 and 8,3
1E+22 1E+22 1E+22 Chinery (1969) 3.4 bigger than 6,4
1.41254E+22 1.41254E+22 1.4E+22 Ezen (1981) 3.2 6 and 8
1.99526E+22 1.99526E+22 2E+22 Matsuda (1975) 3.6 -
0 0 2.8E+22 Nikonow (1978) 2.6 6 and 8,5
0 0 4E+22 Gündoğdu (1986) 3.3 -
g 0 0 5.6E+22 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 6.3 (Strike Slipe)
g 0 0 7.9E+22 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 2.3 (Reverse)
g 0 0 1.1E+23 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 7.3 (Normal)
g 0 0 1.6E+23 1.45E+23 Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 5.9 (All Fault Types)
g 0 0 2.2E+23
g Displacement
(m)
5

Researcher Magnitude Conditions

Chinery (1969) 7.8 between 3,4 and 8,3
Chinery (1969) 7.8 bigger than 6,4
Ezen (1981) 7.9 6 and 8
Matsuda (1975) 7.8 -
Nikonow (1978) 7.9 6 and 8,5
Gündoğdu (1986) 7.9 -
Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 7.4 (Strike Slipe)
Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 6.8 (Reverse)
Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 7.1 (Normal)
Wells ve Coppersmith (1994) 7.2 (All Fault Types)
 Region Magnitude Type
Turkey Ms
World Ms
World Ms
Nevada Ms
North Anatolia Ms
Japan Ms
- Ms
- Ms
- Ms
North Anatolia Ms
Turkey Ms
World Mw
World Mw
World Mw
World Mw

Mw (Magnitude)
7.6

Region Magnitude Type

Turkey Ms
World Ms
World Ms
Nevada Ms
North Anatolia Ms
Japan Ms
- Ms
- Ms
- Ms
North Anatolia Ms
Turkey Ms
World Mw
World Mw
World Mw
World Mw
Mw (Magnitude)
7.6

Region Magnitude Type

- Ms
- Ms
North Anatolia Ms
Japan Ms
Asia Ms
Turkey Ms
World Mw
World Mw
World Mw
World Mw

Region Magnitude Type

- Ms
- Ms
North Anatolia Ms
Japan Ms
Asia Ms
Turkey Ms
World Mw
World Mw
World Mw
World Mw
 ACCELERATION ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIPS To return "main options" , click
∆, Epicentral Distance Uzaklık (km)

Esteva and Villaverde (1973)

Orphal and Lahoud (1974)

Joyner and Boore (1981)

Esteva et al. (1978)
H, focal depth (km)

Campbell (1981b)
Campbell (1981a)
Shah et al. (1973)
Davenport (1972)

Donovan (1973a)

Donavan(1973b)

Donavan(1973c)

McGuier (1974)

Oliviera (1974)
M (magnitude)

Esteva (1970)

Katayama
7.3 25 15 0.15 0.38 0.30 0.41 0.20 0.22 0.29 0.72 0.37 0.15 0.26 0.22 0.38 0.16 0.16
7.3 30 15 0.13 0.30 0.26 0.36 0.18 0.20 0.26 0.60 0.32 0.13 0.23 0.17 0.31 0.15 0.14
7.3 35 15 0.11 0.25 0.23 0.32 0.16 0.18 0.23 0.51 0.29 0.11 0.21 0.13 0.26 0.13 0.13
7.3 40 15 0.09 0.20 0.21 0.29 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.44 0.26 0.09 0.19 0.10 0.22 0.12 0.11
7.3 45 15 0.08 0.17 0.19 0.26 0.13 0.15 0.20 0.38 0.23 0.08 0.17 0.09 0.19 0.11 0.10
7.3 50 15 0.07 0.15 0.17 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.34 0.21 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.17 0.10 0.09
7.3 55 15 0.06 0.13 0.15 0.21 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.30 0.19 0.06 0.14 0.06 0.15 0.09 0.08
7.3 60 15 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.19 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.27 0.17 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.13 0.09 0.08
7.3 65 15 0.05 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.12 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.07
7.3 70 15 0.05 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.23 0.14 0.05 0.11 0.04 0.11 0.07 0.06
7.3 75 15 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.21 0.13 0.04 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.07 0.06
7.3 80 15 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.19 0.12 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.07 0.05
7.3 85 15 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.18 0.11 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.05
7.3 90 15 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.16 0.10 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.05
7.3 95 15 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.09 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.04
7.3 100 15 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.04
7.3 105 15 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.08 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.04
7.3 110 15 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.04
7.3 115 15 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03
7.3 120 15 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.03
7.3 125 15 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03
7.3 130 15 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03
7.3 135 15 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.03
7.3 140 15 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.03
7.3 145 15 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.02
7.3 150 15 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.02
7.3 155 15 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02
7.3 160 15 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02
7.3 165 15 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02
7.3 170 15 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
7.3 175 15 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
7.3 180 15 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
7.3 185 15 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
7.3 190 15 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
7.3 195 15 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
7.3 200 15 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
7.3 205 15 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01
, click the cell !

Abrahamson and Litehiser (1989)

Newmark and Roseblueth (1971)

Esteva and Roseblueth (1964)

Dr. Ferhat Özçep

Fukishima et al. (1988)

R, Odaktan Uzaklık (km)

Campbel (1997)
Kanai (1966)

Average

0.24 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.39 0.29 29.2

0.20 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.35 0.25 33.5
0.16 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.32 0.22 38.1
0.14 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.29 0.19 42.7
0.12 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.27 0.17 47.4
0.10 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.25 0.15 52.2
0.09 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.23 0.14 57.0
0.08 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.22 0.12 61.8
0.07 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.20 0.11 66.7 1.20

Acceleration (g)
0.06 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.10 71.6
0.05 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.18 0.10 76.5
1.00
0.05 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.09 81.4
0.04 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.17 0.08 86.3
0.04 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.16 0.08 91.2 0.80
0.04 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.15 0.07 96.2
0.03 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.15 0.07 101.1
0.03 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.60
0.14 106.1
0.03 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.14 0.06 111.0
0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.06 116.0 0.40
0.02 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.05 120.9
0.02 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.05 125.9
0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.05 130.9 0.20
0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.05 135.8
0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.04 140.8
0.00
0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.04 145.8
2
0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.04 150.7 5
0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.04 155.7
0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.04 160.7
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.04 165.7
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.03 170.7
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.03 175.6
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.03 180.6
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.03 185.6
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.03 190.6
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.03 195.6
0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.03 200.6
0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.03 205.5
 M (magnitude) 7.3

Esteva (1970)
Davenport (1972)
0
Donovan (1973a)
Esteva and Villaverde (1973)

0 Donavan(1973b)
Donavan(1973c)
McGuier (1974)
0 Orphal and Lahoud (1974)
Shah et al. (1973)
Oliviera (1974)
0
Katayama
Esteva et al. (1978)

0 Joyner and Boore (1981)

Campbell (1981a)
Campbell (1981b)
0 Newmark ve Roseblueth (1971)
Kanai (1966)
Esteva ve Roseblueth (1964)
0
Fukishima et al. (1988)
2334455667788991111111111111111111122
Abrahamson ve Liehiser (1989)
5050505050505050011223344556677889900
0505050505050505050505 Campbell (1997)

Epicentral Distance (km)

ACCELERATION / VELEOCITY / DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA
To return "main options" , click the cel

M 7.4 7.4 Earthquake & Soil Interaction

D 25 25 T Accel. (cm/sn2) Displace. (cm) Vel.(cm/sn)
h1 15 Epicentral 0.1 2391 0.60 38
Distance (km)
h2 35 0.15 1629 0.92 39
g1 1.8 0.2 1265 1.27 40
VS1 300 0.25 1071 1.68 42
g2 2.1 0.3 979 2.21 47
VS2 600 0.35 989 3.04 55
a 0.43 0.43 0.4 1171 4.70 74
To 0.43 0.43 0.45 1103 5.61 79
0.5 679 4.26 54
A (Acustic Empedence): 0.55 493 3.74 43
(g1 x VS1) / (g2 xVS2)
0.6 398 3.60 38
0.65 339 3.60 35
Soil Fundemantal Period: 0.7 299 3.68 33
4h/VS
0.75 269 3.79 32
0.8 245 3.93 31
0.85 225 4.09 30
Kanai (1961) Approach 0.9 209 4.26 30
0.95 195 4.43 29
1 184 4.61 29
1.05 173 4.80 29
1.1 164 4.98 29
1.15 156 5.18 28
1.2 148 5.37 28
1.25 142 5.57 28
1.3 136 5.76 28
1.35 130 5.96 28
1.4 125 6.16 28
1.45 120 6.36 28
1.5 116 6.56 28
1.55 112 6.77 28
1.6 108 6.97 27
1.65 105 7.17 27
1.7 102 7.38 27
1.75 99 7.58 27
1.8 96 7.79 27
1.85 93 7.99 27
1.9 90 8.20 27
1.95 88 8.40 27
2 86 8.61 27
2.05 84 8.82 27
2.1 81 9.02 27
2.15 80 9.23 27
2.2 78 9.44 27
2.25 76 9.65 27
2.3 74 9.85 27
2.35 73 10.06 27
2.4 71 10.27 27
2.45 69 10.48 27
 2.5 68 10.69 27

II. Approach
Kawashima et al. (1984) Appraoch Stiff Soil Medium Soil Loose Soil

M Epicentral Distance Period Accl. (SS Accl. (MS) Accl. (LS)

7.5 25 0.1 804 668 434
7.5 25 0.15 950 832 529
7.5 25 0.2 841 1035 529
7.5 25 0.3 538 995 499
7.5 25 0.5 333 759 646
7.5 25 0.7 229 605 820
7.5 25 1 126 589 734
7.5 25 1.5 105 338 530
7.5 25 2 72 195 328
7.5 25 3 42 85 145

Acceleration Spectra for different kind of Soils

1200

1000 Acceleration (Stiff Soil)

Acceleration (cm/sn2)

Acceleration (Medium
800 Soil)
Acceleration (Loose
600 Soil)

400

200

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Period (s)
III. Approach

Acceleration Estimation by Boore et al. (1997) Approach

Mw 7.3
Rjb 25
Vs, 30 250

Mechanism Strike
Uncertain Slipe Fault Reverse Fault
Period Acceleration (g)
0.0 0.24 0.22 0.27
0.2 0.49 0.44 0.53
1.0 0.31 0.30 0.34

Acceleration Spectrum

0.60

0.50
Mechamism
Uncertain
Acceleration (g)

0.40
Strike Slipe
0.30 Fault

0.20 Reverse
Fault
0.10

0.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Period (s)

bıss -0.313 0.999 -1.113

bırv -0.117 1.17 -1.009
bıall -0.242 1.089 -1.08
b2 0.527 0.711 1.036
b3 0 -0.207 -0.032
b5 -0.778 -0.924 -0.798
bv -0.371 -0.292 -0.698
Va 1396 2118 1406
h 5.57 7.02 2.9
click the cell ! Dr. Ferhat Özçep

Soil Acceleraton Spectrum

3000

2500

2000
Acceleration (cm/sn2)

1500

1000

500

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Period (sn)

Soil Displacement Spectrum

12.00

10.00

8.00
Displacement (cm)

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

T period (sn)
 0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

T period (sn)

Çizelge. Kawashima ve diğ. (1984) Yaklaşımı için katsayılar

c Sert Zemin Orta Zemin Yumuşak Zemin

a b a b a b
-1.18 2420 0.21 848 0.26 1307 0.21
-1.18 2407 0.22 629 0.29 948 0.24
-1.18 1269 0.25 466 0.32 1128 0.23
-1.18 575 0.27 267 0.35 1263 0.22
-1.18 212 0.3 102 0.39 581 0.28
-1.18 103 0.32 34.3 0.44 65.7 0.42
-1.18 40.1 0.34 5 0.55 7.4 0.54
-1.18 7.1 0.43 0.72 0.63 0.8 0.65
-1.18 5.8 0.42 0.35 0.64 0.35 0.67
-1.18 1.7 0.46 0.36 0.59 0.26 0.64
 Soil Velocity Spectrum

90

80

70

60
Velocity (m/sn)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Period (sn)
SOIL AMPLIFICATION ANALYSIS
To return "main options" ,
click the cell !
Amplification Analysis (Relative) I Amplification
Amplification
Midorikawa (1987) A 2.8 Average horizontal spectral
amplification between 0,4and
Joyner and Fumal (1984) A 2.1 2,0 s periods
Borcherdt et al. (1991) Weak Motion AHSA 3.5
Strong Motion AHSA 3.0 Average horizontal spectral
amplification between 0,4and
2,0 s periods
Shear Wave Velocity
Depth (m) Tickness (m) Vs Velocity, (m/s)
1.8 1.8 200 Vs, 30 (m/s)
3.3 1.5 200 200.0
4.8 1.5 200
6.3 1.5 200
7.8 1.5 200
9.3 1.5 200
10.8 1.5 200
12.3 1.5 200 Dr. Ferhat Özçep
13.8 1.5 200
15.3 1.5 200
16.8 1.5 200
18.3 1.5 200
19.8 1.5 200
21.3 1.5 200
22.8 1.5 200
24.3 1.5 200
25.8 1.5 200
27.3 1.5 200
28.8 1.5 200
30 1.2 200
Amplification Analysis (for two layers) II
h1 30
Bu Program iki tabakalı zemin koşuları
vs1 140 için BÜYÜTME hesabı yapar.
r1 1.7
vs2 600 Hazırlayan:
Dr. Ferhat Özçep
r2 2.1
İ.Ü. Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh. Böl.
To 0.86
p 3.14
a 0.19

r1 : density for 1st layer (gr/cm3)

r2 : density for 2nd layer (gr/cm3)
VS1 : Shear wave velocity for 1st layer (m/s)
VS2 : Shear wave velocity for 2st layer (m/s)
h1: tickness of layer (m)

Period Relative Amplification

0.1 1.55
0.2 1.10
0.3 3.44
0.4 1.02
0.5 1.11
0.6 1.56
0.7 2.58
0.8 4.58
0.9 4.93
1 3.46
1.1 2.60
1.2 2.14
1.3 1.87
1.4 1.69
1.5 1.56
1.6 1.47
1.7 1.40
1.8 1.34
1.9 1.30
2 1.26
2.1 1.24
2.2 1.21
2.3 1.19
2.4 1.17
2.5 1.16

Amplification Spectrum (Two Layers)

Relative Amplification

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period (sn)
 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Rel
Period (sn)

Amplification Analysis (Damped Soil) III

h1 30
vs1 140 Bu Program Rijit anakaya üzerinde
üniform sönümlü zemin koşuları için
Damping 0.2 BÜYÜTME hesabı yapar.
p 3.14
To 0.86 Hazırlayan:
Dr. Ferhat Özçep
İ.Ü. Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh. Böl.

Period Relative Amplification

VS1 : Shear wave velocity for 1st layer (m/s)
0.1 0.36 h1: tickness of layer (m)
0.2 0.62
0.3 1.08
0.4 0.84
0.5 0.95
0.6 1.30
0.7 1.94
0.8 2.82
0.9 3.24
1 2.86
1.1 2.39
1.2 2.05
1.3 1.82
1.4 1.66
1.5 1.54
1.6 1.45
1.7 1.39
1.8 1.34
1.9 1.29
2 1.26
2.1 1.23
2.2 1.21
2.3 1.19
2.4 1.17
2.5 1.16

Amplification Spectrum (Damped Soil)

Relative Amplification

4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period (s)
 0.00

Relat
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period (s)

Amplification (Undamped Soil) IV

h1 30
vs1 140
Tz 0.86
p 3.14 Rijit Anakaya
üzerinde sönümsüz
bir zemin için
Büyütme'nin
hesaplanması

Period Relative Amplification Hazırlayan:

Dr.Ferhat Özçep
0.1 1.59 İ.Ü. Müh. Fak.
0.2 1.11 Jeofizik Müh. Böl.
0.3 4.45
0.4 1.03
0.5 1.11
0.6 1.61
0.7 2.90
0.8 9.00
0.9 13.25
1 4.48
1.1 2.94
1.2 2.30 VS1 : Shear wave velocity for 1st layer (m/s)
1.3 1.96 h1: tickness of layer (m)
1.4 1.75
1.5 1.60
1.6 1.50
1.7 1.42
1.8 1.36
1.9 1.32
2 1.28
2.1 1.25
2.2 1.22
2.3 1.20
2.4 1.18
2.5 1.16

Amplification Spectrum (Undamped Soil)

14.00
Relative Amplification

12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period (s)
 2.00

Rel
0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period (s)
fication

Shear Modulus, Gmax (kg/cm2)

izontal spectral
between 0,4and
periods 755 760 765 770 775 780 785 790 795 800 805
0
orizontal spectral
on between 0,4and
0 s periods
5

10
Depth (m)

15

20

25

30

35
 Shear Wave (Vs) Velocity, m/s
150 200 250 (m/sn)300 350 400
0

10
Depth (m)

15

20

25

30

35
Depth (m) Gmax Sear Wave Velocity (m Density (gr/cm3)

1.8 760 200 1.9

3.3 760 200 1.9
4.8 760 200 1.9
6.3 760 200 1.9
7.8 760 200 1.9
9.3 760 200 1.9
10.8 760 200 1.9
12.3 760 200 1.9
13.8 760 200 1.9
15.3 760 200 1.9
16.8 760 200 1.9
18.3 760 200 1.9
19.8 760 200 1.9
21.3 760 200 1.9
22.8 800 200 2.0
24.3 800 200 2.0
25.8 800 200 2.0
27.3 800 200 2.0
28.8 800 200 2.0
30 800 200 2.0
Soil Liquefaction Analysis To return "main options" , click the cell !

Ground Water Level

G.W.L 1 Magnitude 7.2

Data MSF 1.11016017 Acceleration, a (g) 0.4

FN=Fine Content

sv' (kPa)
sv (kPa)
g (gr/cm3)

CSR (E)
Depth

WT (m)

rd
1.8 1.7 4 30.0 22.2 0.80 0.9881470 0.348
3.3 1.8 4 56.5 33.9 2.30 0.9773893 0.423
4.8 1.8 4 83.0 45.7 3.80 0.9669309 0.456
6.3 1.8 4 109.5 57.5 5.30 0.9551352 0.473
7.8 1.8 4 136.0 69.3 6.80 0.9397014 0.480
9.3 1.8 4 162.5 81.0 8.30 0.9179441 0.478
10.8 1.8 4 188.9 92.8 9.80 0.8875651 0.470
12.3 1.8 4 215.4 104.6 11.30 0.8478937 0.454
13.8 1.8 4 241.9 116.3 12.80 0.8008678 0.433
15.3 1.8 4 268.4 128.1 14.30 0.7507104 0.409
16.8 1.8 4 294.9 139.9 15.80 0.7022129 0.385
18.3 1.8 4 321.4 151.7 17.30 0.6589112 0.363
19.8 1.8 4 347.9 163.4 18.80 0.6223666 0.344
21.3 1.8 4 374.3 175.2 20.30 0.5925368 0.329

Dr. Ferhat Özçep

to continue
the analysis
I
I
I
V
 the analysis
I
I
I
V

Liquefaction Anaysis by Shear Wave Velocity

Seismic Site Yalova
Seismic Point: SK1
If VS1>VS1c, then "SY"
Safety Factor
Vs (field) m/s

Lp (Vs1'den)

SıvılaşmaDüzeyi
Lp Grubu
Vs1, m/s

CRR (S)
Depth

Vs1c
CV

SF
1.8 120 1.46 174.88 220 0.1195 0.3434 11.2869 BL SV
3.3 120 1.31 157.22 220 0.0937 0.2215 23.5720 AL SV
4.8 120 1.22 145.94 220 0.0799 0.1750 34.8471 AL SV
6.3 120 1.15 137.81 220 0.0709 0.1498 45.1239 AL SV
7.8 120 1.10 131.54 220 0.0644 0.1342 54.3619 AL SV
9.3 120 1.05 126.48 220 0.0594 0.1242 62.5137 AL SV
10.8 120 1.02 122.26 220 0.0555 0.1181 69.5326 AL SV
12.3 120 0.99 118.67 220 0.0522 0.1150 75.3839 AL SV
13.8 120 0.96 115.54 220 0.0495 0.1143 80.0586 AL SV
15.3 120 0.94 112.79 220 0.0471 0.1153 83.5837 AL SV
16.8 120 0.92 110.34 220 0.0451 0.1172 86.0171 AL SV
18.3 120 0.90 108.13 220 0.0433 0.1194 87.4270 AL SV
19.8 120 0.88 106.13 220 0.0417 0.1212 87.8700 AL SV
21.3 120 0.87 104.30 220 0.0403 0.1225 87.3782 AL SV Figure 1. CSR - Vs Relationships (Andrus and Stokoe, 2001)

To continue
the analyis
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 To continue
the analyis
I
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Probability
Liquefaction Analysis by SPT Data Liquefaction
Boring Site Yalova Liao et al. (1988)
If SPT (field) value is bigger than If N1(60) value is bigger Safety Factor
Boring Point S1 50, then write "SY" than 30, then write "SY"
SPT (field)

CRR (Z)

PL (%)
N1(60)
Depth

CN

CB

CR
CS

SF
1.8 20 1.70 1.0 1.0 0.80 20.4 0.24473 0.70353 82
3.3 20 1.70 1.0 1.0 0.80 20.4 0.24473 0.5785 94
4.8 20 1.48 1.0 1.0 0.80 17.7 0.20983 0.45974 99
6.3 20 1.32 1.0 1.0 0.80 15.8 0.18703 0.39547 100
7.8 20 1.20 1.0 1.0 0.80 14.4 0.17127 0.35708 100
9.3 20 1.11 1.0 1.0 0.80 13.3 0.15953 0.33341 100
10.8 20 1.04 1.0 1.0 0.80 12.5 0.15035 0.32001 100
12.3 20 0.98 1.0 1.0 0.80 11.7 0.14291 0.31469 100
13.8 20 0.93 1.0 1.0 0.80 11.1 0.13674 0.31583 100
15.3 20 0.88 1.0 1.0 0.80 10.6 0.13151 0.32162 100
16.8 20 0.85 1.0 1.0 0.80 10.1 0.12701 0.33001 100
18.3 20 0.81 1.0 1.0 0.80 9.7 0.12308 0.33905 100
19.8 20 0.78 1.0 1.0 0.80 9.4 0.11962 0.34732 100
21.3 20 0.76 1.0 1.0 0.80 9.1 0.11654 0.35405 100

Figure 2. CRR - N1 (60) Relationships

to continue
the analyis
I
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 to continue
the analyis
I
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Iwasaki et al. (1978) Approach

D50, Fine Content (FC), SPT (N) value

Before the analysis,

please enter the data Before the analysis, please enter the
related cell ! data related cell !
R2 R3
SPT (field)

Factors R1 R2 (a) R2(b) R2( c ) R2 R3(a) R3(b) R3

Soil Earthq. 0.41085 0.19 0.12241531 -0.05 0.12242 0 0 0.000
Depth D50 R L GK 0.38689 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
FN

1.8 0.1 4 20 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.36668 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
3.3 0.5 4 20 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.34934 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
4.8 0.5 4 20 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.33425 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
6.3 0.5 4 20 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.32096 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
7.8 0.5 4 20 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.30914 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
9.3 0.5 4 20 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.29853 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
10.8 0.5 4 20 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.28895 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
12.3 0.5 4 20 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.28023 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
13.8 0.5 4 20 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.27226 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
15.3 0.5 4 20 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.26493 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
16.8 0.5 4 20 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.25817 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
18.3 0.5 4 20 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.25189 0.19 -0.0348529 -0.05 -0.03485 0 0 0.000
19.8 0.5 4 20 0.2 0.5 0.4
21.3 0.5 4 20 0.2 0.5 0.4

M 7.2
Before the analysis, please enter the data related
cell !
 Before the analysis, please enter the data related
İvme, a (g olarak) 0.40 cell !

Before the analysis, please enter the data related

cell !

LIQUEFACTION ANALYSIS BY RELATIVE DENSITY

Acceleration - Relative Density (%) Relationships

1

0.9 (No Risk)

0.8 (Medium Risk)

0.7
Dr (Relative Density) %
Sample 1
Accl. (g) 0.2 0.6
Dr (%) 0.5
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2 (Higher Risk)

0.1

0
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3

Acceleration (g)

Figure 3. Liquefaction risk by relative density and acceleration(Tezcan ve Teri, 1996)

 Table . Corrections to SPT as listed by Robertson & Wride (1998)(after Youd et al., 2001).

Liquefaction possibility of Silty and clayed sands (Andrews ve Martin, 2000)

Clay Content %
4

LL<32 İSE SIVILAŞMAYA HASSAS, LL>=32 İSE AYRINTI ÇALIŞMALAR GEREKİR

VARIATION OF SAFETY FACTOR (SF) WITH DEPTH To daw the graph, please erease To daw the graph, please er
the "VeriYok" !!! the "VeriYok" !!!

Safety Factor (SF) & Depth SPT Vs SPT Vs

SF
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
0

Depth (m)

SF

SF
SF

SF
1.8 0.70 0.70
-5 3.3 0.58 0.22 0.58 0.22
4.8 0.46 0.18 0.46 0.18
6.3 0.40 0.15 0.40 0.15
7.8 0.36 0.13 0.36 0.13
-10 9.3 0.33 0.12 0.33 0.12
Depth (m)

10.8 0.32 0.12 0.32 0.12

12.3 0.31 0.11 0.31 0.11
13.8 0.32 0.11 0.32 0.11
15.3 0.32 0.12 0.32 0.12
-15 16.8 0.33 0.12 0.33 0.12
18.3 0.34 0.12 0.34 0.12
19.8 0.35 0.12 0.35 0.12
21.3 0.35 0.12 0.35 0.12
-20
SPT Data
Safety Factor Boundary
Vs Data

-25
 Andrus andStokoe (1999) Corrected SPT Value

(N1)60
10
Vs1 159 m/s

Corrected Shear Wave

Velocityı (m/s)

Vs1
159 m/sn
(N1)60 10

e, 2001)
Estimation of treshold acceleration by shear wave velocity by Dobry ve diğ. (1981) approach

Vs 200 m/sn Shear wave velocity

z 3 m
G/Gmax 0.8
Ticknes of soil layer
Unite Shear Deformation 0.0001
Treshold Acceleration Value (at) 0.11 g
Design Acceleration (ad) 0.18 g
Expected Acceleration (amax) 0.30 g estimate from seismic
hazard analysis and
atenuation relationships
SF 0.6
Liquafaction
 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION & LIQUEFACTION

Weig ht P ercen tan ge (% )

Sample A

Grain Percentange
Size (mm) Finer (%)

100

100

100

100
100
37.500 95.00 100
20.000 89.60
14.000 86.40 Liquafection lower
80 limit
10.000 82.90
Liquefaction upper
6.300 72.30 limit
60 Sample A Critical
3.350 35.70 Zone
1.180 15.400
0.6 9.60 40

0.212 1.2
20

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Grain Size (mm)

Figure. Liquefaction supectibility & grain size relationships (Finn, 1972)

 EVALUATION OF MAXIMUM AREA FOR LIQUEFACTION
Kuribayashi ve Tatsuoka (1975)
A) Earthquake magnitude (Mj) & maximum epicentral distance of liquefation

Mj 6.5
R (km) 25.4 Wakamatsu (1991)
R (km) 108.8 Ambraseys (1988)
R (km) 52.5 Wakamatsu (1993)

B) Epicentral/Fault distance & triggering of liquefacion by earthquake magnitude (Mw)

Epicentral distance (km)
Re (km) 50.0 Mw 6.5
Rf (km) 50.0 Mw 6.7 Ambraseys (1988)

Epicentral distance (km)

Faydan Uzaklık

C) For Turkey, Earthquake magnitude (Ms) that trigger the liquefation (Ulusay et al. (2000)

Focal depth (km) D (km) 25

h (km) 10 Yüzey Dalgası Magnitüdü

R (km) 26.9 Ms 5.2 Lower Limit

Ms 6.3 Medium
Hipocetral distance (km) Ms 7.4 Upper Limit

Ms 7.4

R (km) 106.4 Upper Limit

66.4 Medium
 26.4 Lower Limit

Symbols/ Abreviations
sv =overburden presure
sv' =efective overburden presure
SITK = tickness of saturated soil layer (m)
D = Depth of Analysis (m)
FC =Fine Content
G.W.L.= Ground Water Level (m)
g = Unit weigth
M = Magnitude of design earthquake
Acceleration (a) = acceleration of design earthquake (g)
SPT fields = SPT(N) value in the field
N1(60) = corrected SPT (N) value
Vs (field)= shear wave velocity in the field
Vs1 = overburden stress corrected shear wave velocity
rd=Stres reduction factor
CN ve CV = for SPT(N) and Vs, efective presure correction facotor
CB, CS and CRfor SPTN (N), respectively Borehole Diameter, Sampling Method and Road Length correction factors
CSR and CRR = Cyclic Stress Ratio and Cyclic Resistance Ratio

MSF= Magnitude Scaling Factor

Dr (%) = Relative density (%)
Rf= Distance from active fault (km)
Re= Epicentral or hipocentral distance (km)
Mw= Moment magnitude
MJ=Japon Meteorology Agancy Magnitude Scale
SY = No Liquefaction, SO= Liquefaction Possible and SV=Liquefaction
Lp = Liquefaction Potential
PL = Liquefaction Probality

Not: Bu programda (1) eğer su içeren tabaka kalınlığı sıfırsa sıvılaşma olmayacağından otomatik olarak GK=2 alınmaktadır.
(2) Teorik olarak N1(60) değeri 30'dan, SPT (Arazi) değeri 50'den ve Vs1 değeri de vs1c (maksimum 220 m/sn)den büyük değerlerde sıvılaşma beklenmez
Program bu değerden büyük değerler için, SY (Sıvılaşma Yok) ifadesi vermektedir.
he graph, please erease
he "VeriYok" !!!
ection factors
These programs were prepared by Dr Ferhat OZCEP
E mail : ferozcep@istanbul.edu.tr
Web page: www.istanbul.edu.tr/eng2/jfm/ozcep

Attention !!!
Data must enter only via red colored cell/letters

To return begining, please clic