How To Design Concrete Structures EC2

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A J Bond F:FL\=B<Ia=FB<><>g` A J Harris ;L\FL\=B<FB<><>g`?@L R M Moss;L\Ia==B<<>g`FB<>FBLmkn\m>
O Brooker ;>g`<>g`FB<>FBLmkn\m> T Harrison ;L\Ia=<>g`FB<>?B<M R S Narayanan?K>g`
A S Fraser ;>gÌa=<>g`FB<>FBLmkn\m> A E K Jones ;>gÌa=<>g`?B<> R Webster<>g`?BLmkn\m>
Foreword
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Acknowledgements
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Published by The Concrete Centre

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54/,3/53,1K,
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54/,3/53,1K,
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54/,3/53,1K,
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15 !
:
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54/,3/53,1K,
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- ! %&

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& - " #
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/ =5! 5A 5KK25! K )

#
%3
"**> ;>#-
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17 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*220%>nkh\h]^03@^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g';LB!+iZkml"'
. 54/,3/53,1K,
18 ,%%!

- ": #
P>;LM>K%K;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3?hng]Zmbhgl!M<<(),(+*"'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
0
1954/,3/53,1K, ' ! " #$%&' (4 " #
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204/55K,! /A 5KK25! K )
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*

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4*K,*5K*G *' $

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4

$! <
25 MA><HG<K>M>LHMR'<L*.+3GZmbhgZelmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^li^\bË\Zmbhg_hk[nbe]bg`\hglmkn\mbhg%mabk]^]bmbhg'Ma^Lh\b^mr%+))-'
8
!BJGB78F<:A6BA6E8G8FGEH6GHE8FHF<A:HEB6B78

8GG<A:FG4EG87
O Brooker A: A: %" %"*GEH6G
The design process

+;<F6;4CG8E<F<AG8A787GB4FF<FGG;878F<:A8E78G8E@<A84??G;878F<:A
<A9BE@4G<BAE8DH<E87CE<BEGB8@54E><A:BA78G4<?878?8@8AG78F<:A
"G
6BI8EF78F<:A?<98 46G<BAFBAFGEH6GHE8F ?B474EE4A:8@8AGF 6B@5<A4G<BAF
B946G<BAF @8G;B7B94A4?LF<F @4G8E<4?CEBC8EG<8F FG45<?<GL4A7
<@C8E986G<BAF @<A<@H@6BA6E8G86BI8E4A7@4K<@H@6E46>J<7G;F
+;8CEB68FFB978F<:A<A:8?8@8AGFJ<??ABG58E8IB?HG<BA<F874F4E8FH?G
B9HF<A:HEB6B781 4?G;BH:;@H6;B9G;878G4<?@4L6;4A:8Q4F
78F6E<587<AFH5F8DH8AG6;4CG8EF
*<@<?4E?L G;8CEB68FFB978G4<?<A:J<??ABGI4ELF<:A<9<64AG?L9EB@6HEE8AG
CE46G<68
H<74A6864A589BHA7<A;4CG8E BE<A/*!-!)"/%+!+#
!"/&(&*$ 2
.<G;E8:4E7GBFC86<9<64G<BA 47I<6864A589BHA7<A;4CG8E
BE<:<A4??LCH5?<F;874F*/-+!0 /&+*/+0-+ +!".3
BA68CG78F<:AF
CE8C4E874FFH@<A:G;4G78G4<?8778F<:AJBH?758GB* @4L58
6BAG<AH87G;EBH:;GB78G4<?8778F<:AHF<A:HEB6B78
"AG;8?BA: G8E@<G<F4AG<6<C4G87G;4GHEB6B78J<???847GB@BE8
86BAB@<6FGEH6GHE8F
Design life
+;878F<:A?<989BE4FGEH6GHE8<F:<I8A<AHEB6B78 .&.+#./-0 /0-(
!".&$* 4
+;8,#&4G<BA4?AA8K&GBHEB6B78CE8F8AGF,#I4?H8F
9BE78F<:A?<98 G;8F84E8:<I8A<A+45?8 BI8E?849
+;8F8F;BH?758HF87
GB78G8E@<A8G;87HE45<?<GLE8DH<E8@8AGF9BEG;878F<:AB9E8<A9BE687
6BA6E8G8FGEH6GHE8F
Actions on structures
HEB6B78 /&+*.+*./-0 /0-".5 6BAF<FGFB9 C4EGF:<I<A:78G4<?FB9
4J<78I4E<8GLB946G<BAF
HEG;8E<A9BE@4G<BABAG;8<A7<I<7H4?6B78F
64A589BHA7<A;4CG8E
HEB6B78 (4EG Q "*"-( /&+*.5
"*.&/&".."(#2"&$%/&),+."!(+!.#+-0&(!&*$.6 :<I8FG;878AF<G<8F4A7
F8?9 J8<:;GFB95H<?7<A:@4G8E<4?FF88+45?8BI8E?849
+;8>8L6;4A:8GB6HEE8AGCE46G<68<FG;4GG;85H?>78AF<GLB9E8<A9BE687
6BA6E8G8;4F588A<A6E84F87GB>&@3
+;87E49G&4G<BA4?AA8KGB
G;<FHEB6B78:<I8FG;8<@CBF87?B47F9BE,#5H<?7<A:F4A74F8?86G<BA<F
Table 1
Indicative design working life (from UK National Annex to Eurocode) E8CEB7H687<A+45?8
"GF;BH?758ABG87G;4GG;8E8<FAB47I<68:<I8A
9BEC?4AGEBB@F
Design life (years) Examples

+8@CBE4ELFGEH6GHE8F
Q )8C?46845?8FGEH6GHE4?C4EGF GG;8G<@8B9JE<G<A:ABG4??G;8C4EGFB9HEB6B78 4A7G;8<E&4G<BA4?
Q :E<6H?GHE4?4A7F<@<?4EFGEH6GHE8F AA8K8F4E84I4<?45?8 <G<F47I<F87G;4G8K<FG<A:FG4A74E7F4E86BAF<78E87
H<?7<A:F4A7BG;8E6B@@BAFGEH6GHE8F 9BEHF8J;8E8HEBC84AFG4A74E7F;4I8ABGL8G588A<FFH87
%BAH@8AG4?5H<?7<A:F 5E<7:8F4A7BG;8E6<I<?
8A:<A88E<A:FGEH6GHE8F
Load arrangements
Table 2
Selected bulk density of materials (from Eurocode 1, Part 1–1) +;8G8E@?B474EE4A:8@8AGFE898EFGBG;84EE4A:<A:B9I4E<45?846G<BAF
8
:
<@CBF874A7J<A7?B47FGB:<I8G;8@BFGBA8EBHF9BE68F<A4
Material Bulk density (kN/m3)
@8@58EBEFGEH6GHE84A74E8:<I8A<AHEB6B784A7<GF,#&
&BE@4?J8<:;G6BA6E8G8

)8<A9BE687ABE@4?J8<:;G6BA6E8G8

.8GABE@4?J8<:;GE8<A9BE6876BA6E8G8
BE5H<?7<A:FGEH6GHE8F G;8,#&GBHEB6B78 (4EG Q 4??BJF4AL
B9G;89B??BJ<A:F8GFB9?B474EE4A:8@8AGFGB58HF879BE5BG;G;8
H?G<@4G8?<@<GFG4G84A7F8EI<6845<?<GL?<@<GFG4G8
Figure 1
Alternate spans loaded
Load set 1. Alternate or adjacent spans loaded
+;878F<:AI4?H8FF;BH?758B5G4<A879EB@G;8@BE86E<G<64?B9
?G8EA4G8FC4AF64EEL<A:G;878F<:AI4E<45?84A7C8E@4A8AG?B47F
J<G;BG;8EFC4AF?B4787J<G; BA?LG;878F<:AC8E@4A8AG?B47F88
<:HE8
+;8I4?H8B9 g F;BH?758G;8F4@8G;EBH:;BHG
ALGJB47=468AGFC4AF64EEL<A:G;878F<:AI4E<45?84A7
C8E@4A8AG?B47FJ<G;BG;8EFC4AF?B4787J<G;BA?LG;878F<:A
C8E@4A8AG?B47F88<:HE8
+;8I4?H8B9 g F;BH?758G;8
F4@8G;EBH:;BHG
Load set 2. All or alternate spans loaded

Figure 2 +;878F<:AI4?H8FF;BH?758B5G4<A879EB@G;8@BE86E<G<64?B9
Adjacent spans loaded ??FC4AF64EEL<A:G;878F<:AI4E<45?84A7C8E@4A8AG?B47F
F88<:HE8
?G8EA4G8FC4AF64EEL<A:G;878F<:AI4E<45?84A7C8E@4A8AG?B47F
J<G;BG;8EFC4AF?B4787J<G;BA?LG;878F<:AC8E@4A8AG?B47F88
<:HE8
+;8I4?H8B9g F;BH?758G;8F4@8G;EBH:;BHG
8A8E4??L ?B47F8GJ<??58HF879BE584@F4A7F?45F<AG;8,#4F<G
E8DH<E8FG;E88?B474EE4A:8@8AGFGB586BAF<78E87 J;<?8?B47F8G
J<??B9G8AE8DH<E8@BE8G;4AG;E884EE4A:8@8AGFGB584FF8FF87
?G8EA4G<I8?L G;8,#&@4>8FG;89B??BJ<A:CEBI<F<BA9BEF?45F
Load set 3. Simplified arrangements for slabs

+;8?B474EE4A:8@8AGF64A58F<@C?<9<879BEF?45FJ;8E8<G<FBA?L
A868FF4ELGB6BAF<78EG;84??FC4AF?B47874EE4A:8@8AGF88<:HE8
CEBI<787G;89B??BJ<A:6BA7<G<BAF4E8@8G
"A4BA8 J4LFC4AA<A:F?45G;84E84B9846;54L8K6887F@2
Figure 3
All spans loaded 454L@84AF4FGE<C46EBFFG;89H??J<7G;B94FGEH6GHE85BHA787
BAG;8BG;8EF<78F5L?<A8FB9FHCCBEG
+;8E4G<BB9G;8I4E<45?846G<BAF>GBG;8C8E@4A8AG46G<BAF>
7B8FABG8K6887

+;8@4:A<GH78B9G;8I4E<45?846G<BAF8K6?H7<A:C4EG<G<BAF7B8FABG
8K6887>&@2
10
+'@^mmbg`lmZkm^]
Combination of actions 58FC86<9<87466BE7<A:GB* +* -"/"5 +),(")"*/-4-&/&.%

/*!-!/+ 57 8
:
9BE6?4FF6BA6E8G8G;86L?<A78E
+;8G8E@6B@5<A4G<BAB946G<BAFE898EFGBG;8I4?H8B946G<BAFGB58 FGE8A:G;<F%(4 J;8E84FG;86H58FGE8A:G;<F%(4
+LC<64?
HF87J;8A4?<@<GFG4G8<FHA78EG;8<A9?H8A68B97<998E8AG46G<BAF
6BA6E8G8CEBC8EG<8F4E8:<I8A<A+45?8
+;8AH@8E<64?I4?H8FB9G;8C4EG<4?946GBEF9BEG;8,$*6B@5<A4G<BA64A BA6E8G8HCGB6?4FF 64A5878F<:A87HF<A:HEB6B78
58B5G4<A875LE898EE<A:GBHEB6B78 .&.+#./-0 /0-(!".&$*BEGB BE6?4FF8F45BI8 ;BJ8I8E G;8E84E8477<G<BA4?EH?8F4A7

;4CG8E
I4E<4G<BAF
BEG;<FE84FBA G;878F<:AB9G;8F8;<:;8E6?4FF8F<FABG
6BAF<78E87<AG;<FCH5?<64G<BA
For members supporting one variable action the ULS combination
1.25 Gk + 1.5 Qk (derived from Exp. (6.10b), Eurocode) Reinforcing steel

can be used provided the permanent actions are not greater than Reinforcing steel
HEB6B7864A58HF87J<G;E8<A9BE68@8AGB96;4E46G8E<FG<6
4.5 times the variable actions (except for storage loads). HEB6B7864A58HF87J<G;E8<A9BE68@8AGB96;4E46G8E<FG<6
FGE8A:G;FE4A:<A:9EB@GB%(4
+;8CEBC8EG<8FB9FG88?
FGE8A:G;FE4A:<A:9EB@GB%(4
+;8CEBC8EG<8FB9FG88?
E8<A9BE68@8AG<AG;8,#9BEHF8J<G;HEB6B784E8:<I8A<A
+;8E84E8G;E88*$*6B@5<A4G<BAFB946G<BAFQ6;4E46G8E<FG<6 9E8DH8AG E8<A9BE68@8AG<AG;8,#9BEHF8J<G;HEB6B784E8:<I8A<A
* ," &#& /&+*#+- -+*./""(-.#+-/%"
4A7DH4F< C8E@4A8AG
+;8AH@8E<64?I4?H8F4E8:<I8A<AHEB6B78 .&. *
-"&*#+- ")"*/+# ," 8 4A74E8FH@@4E<F87<A+45?8BAC4:8
&#& /&+*#+-
+* -"/" -+*./""(-.#+-/%"
+#./-0 /0-(!".&$*
8
-"&*#+- ")"*/+# +* -"/" 4A74E8FH@@4E<F87<A+45?8BAC4:8
6;4E46G8E<FG<6L<8?7FGE8A:G;B9%(4;4F588A47BCG875LG;8
6;4E46G8E<FG<6L<8?7FGE8A:G;B9%(4;4F588A47BCG875LG;8
,#E8<A9BE68@8AG<A7HFGEL
,#E8<A9BE68@8AG<A7HFGEL
Material properties +;8E84E8G;E886?4FF8FB9E8<A9BE68@8AG 4A7 J;<6;CEBI<78

+;8E84E8G;E886?4FF8FB9E8<A9BE68@8AG
<A6E84F<A:7H6G<?<GL
4A7 J;<6;CEBI<78
?4FF<FABGFH<G45?8J;8E8E87<FGE<5HG<BAB9
Concrete <A6E84F<A:7H6G<?<GL
?4FF<FABGFH<G45?8J;8E8E87<FGE<5HG<BAB9
4A745BI8;4F588A4FFH@87<AG;878F<:A
+;8E8<FAB
"AHEB6B78G;878F<:AB9E8<A9BE6876BA6E8G8<F54F87BAG;8 4A745BI8;4F588A4FFH@87<AG;878F<:A
+;8E8<FAB 5HG
CEBI<F<BA9BEG;8HF8B9C?4<A54EBE@<?7FG88?E8<A9BE68@8AG
6;4E46G8E<FG<66L?<A78EFGE8A:G;E4G;8EG;4A6H58FGE8A:G;4A7F;BH?7 CEBI<F<BA9BEG;8HF8B9C?4<A54EBE@<?7FG88?E8<A9BE68@8AG 5HG9
:H<74A68<F:<I8A<AG;8546>:EBHA7C4C8EGBG;8&4G<BA4?AA8K
:H<74A68<F:<I8A<AG;8546>:EBHA7C4C8EGBG;8&4G<BA4?AA8K9
Table 3
Selected imposed loads for buildings (from draft UK National Annex to Eurocode 1, Part 1–1)
Category Example use qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)

??HF8FJ<G;<AF8?9 6BAG4<A877J8??<A:HA<GF

87EBB@F4A77BE@<GBE<8F

87EBB@F<A;BG8?F4A7@BG8?F ;BFC<G4?J4E7F4A7GB<?8GF

4?6BA<8F<AF<A:?894@<?L7J8??<A:HA<GF

4?6BA<8F<A;BG8?F4A7@BG8?F
@<A

4GBHG8E87:8
'99<68F9BE:8A8E4?HF8

FF8@5?L4E84J<G;BHG9<K87F84G<A: 6BA68EG;4??F 54EF C?468FB9JBEF;<C

*;BCC<A:4E84F

8A8E4?FGBE4:8
C8E@;8<:;G

8AF8@B5<?8FG46><A:<AJ4E8;BHF8F
C8E@;8<:;G@<A

EBFFI8;<6?8J8<:;GO>&

Table 4
Selected concrete properties based on Table 3.1 of Eurocode 2, Part 1–1
Symbol Description Properties

#6> %(4 ;4E46G8E<FG<66L?<A78EFGE8A:G; 4 4
#6>6H58 %(4 ;4E46G8E<FG<66H58FGE8A:G;
#6@ %(4 %84A6L?<A78EFGE8A:G;
#6G@ %(4 %84AG8AF<?8FGE8A:G;

5
6@ (4 *864AG@B7H?HFB98?4FG<6<GL
Key
a BA6E8G86?4FFABG6<G87<A+45?8
HEB6B78 (4EG Q
b %84AF864AG@B7H?HFB98?4FG<6<GL4G74LF9BE6BA6E8G8J<G;DH4EGM<G84::E8:4G8F
BE6BA6E8G8FJ<G;BG;8E4::E8:4G8FE898EGB?

11
Table 5
Characteristic tensile properties of reinforcement Structural analysis
Class (BS 4449) and designation (BS 8666) A B C
+;8CE<@4ELCHECBF8B9FGEH6GHE4?4A4?LF<F<A5H<?7<A:FGEH6GHE8F<FGB
;4E46G8E<FG<6L<8?7FGE8A:G;#L> BE#
> %(4
8FG45?<F;G;87<FGE<5HG<BAB9<AG8EA4?9BE68F4A7@B@8AGFBI8EG;8
%<A<@H@I4?H8B9' #G #L > P
P
P

J;B?8BEC4EGB94FGEH6GHE84A7GB<78AG<9LG;86E<G<64?78F<:A
;4E46G8E<FG<6FGE4<A4G@4K<@H@9BE68 e H> P
P
P

6BA7<G<BAF4G4??F86G<BAF
+;8:8B@8GEL<F6B@@BA?L<784?<F875L
Notes
1 +45?878E<I879EB@*& Q Q AA8K * 4A7*&
6BAF<78E<A:G;8FGEH6GHE8GB58@478HCB9?<A84E8?8@8AGF4A7C?4A8
2 +;8AB@8A6?4GHE8HF87<A* 7<998EF9EB@G;4GHF87<A*& Q Q GJB 7<@8AF<BA4?8?8@8AGF
AA8K4A7HF87;8E8
3 "A466BE74A68J<G;* \eZllAfZr[^li^\bË^]%bgpab\a\Zl^\eZll:%;hk<
6?4FF!58FC86<9<87 <AJ;<6;64F86?4FF BE
*+ff%hma^kpbl^\eZll^l;hk<fnlm[^lniieb^]'
@4L58FHCC?<87J;8A54E7<4@8G8EO @@ BG;8EJ<F86?4FF8FBE@HFG58FHCC?<87
+;8GLC8B94A4?LF<FF;BH?7584CCEBCE<4G8GBG;8CEB5?8@58<A:
6BAF<78E87
+;89B??BJ<A:@4L58HF87 ?<A84E8?4FG<64A4?LF<F ?<A84E
Table 6 8?4FG<64A4?LF<FJ<G;?<@<G87E87<FGE<5HG<BA 4A7C?4FG<64A4?LF<F
$<A84E
Bending moment and shear co-efficients for beams 8?4FG<64A4?LF<F@4L5864EE<87BHG4FFH@<A:6EBFFF86G<BAF4E8
Moment Shear HA6E46>87<
8
6BA6E8G8F86G<BACEBC8EG<8F HF<A:?<A84EFGE8FF FGE4<A
'HG8EFHCCBEG B9FC4A@B@8AG )'-.!@

]$J
]" E8?4G<BAF;<CF 4A74FFH@<A:@84AI4?H8FB98?4FG<6@B7H?HF
&84E@<77?8B98A7FC4A )')2)@ e$)'*))J

(]
( ] e
G9<EFG<AG8E<BEFHCCBEG ¾)')2-!@ $J
Q
] ]( "e )'/,!@ ]4"Z
$J

] BEG;8H?G<@4G8?<@<GFG4G8BA?L G;8@B@8AGF78E<I879EB@8?4FG<6
G@<77?8B9<AG8E<BEFC4AF )')//@

e$)')1/J
(]
( ] e 4A4?LF<F@4L58E87<FGE<5HG87HCGB4@4K<@H@B9CEBI<787
G<AG8E<BEFHCCBEGF ¾)')0.!@ $J
Q
] ]("e )'.)!@ $J

] ]" G;4GG;8E8FH?G<A:7<FGE<5HG<BAB9@B@8AGFE8@4<AF<A8DH<?<5E<H@J<G;
Key G;84CC?<87?B47F4A7FH5=86GGB68EG4<A?<@<GF4A778F<:A6E<G8E<48
:

]$J
a )'..!@ @4L58HF8747=468AGGBG;8<AG8E<BEFC4A
]"fZr[^nl^]Z]cZ\^gmmhma^bgm^kbhkliZg ?<@<G4G<BAFB978CG;GBA8HGE4?4K<F
Notes
1 )87<FGE<5HG<BAB9FHCCBEG@B@8AGF5L ;4F588A<A6?H787
2 CC?<645?8GBBE@BE8FC4AFBA?L4A7J;8E8> O >

)8:4E7?8FFB9G;8@8G;B7B94A4?LF<FHF87 G;89B??BJ<A:CE<A6<C?8F4CC?L
3 %<A<@H@FC4AP
?BA:8FGFC4A
4 eblma^liZg%@ .;8E84584@BEF?45<F@BAB?<G;<6J<G;<GFFHCCBEGF G;86E<G<64?

]blma^]^lb`goZen^h_i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl!ZmNEL"Zg]J
( <FG;889986G<I8?8A:G; ]blma^]^lb`g
<FG;8GBG4?B9G;8,$*C8E@4A8AG46G<BAF <FG;8GBG4?
B9G;8,$*I4E<45?846G<BAF
oZen^h_oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl!ZmNEL"' 78F<:A;B::<A:@B@8AG@4L58G4>8A4FG;4G4GG;89468B9G;8
FHCCBEG 5HGF;BH?7ABG58G4>8A4F?8FFG;4A
G<@8FG;89H??
Table 7 9<K878A7@B@8AG
Exposure classes .;8E84584@BEF?45<F6BAG<AHBHFBI8E4FHCCBEGG;4G@4L58

Class Description 6BAF<78E87ABGGBCEBI<78EBG4G<BA4?E8FGE4<AG G;8@B@8AG
No risk of corrosion or attack 64?6H?4G874GG;868AGE8?<A8B9G;8FHCCBEG@4L58E87H6875L
/ BE6BA6E8G8J<G;BHGE8<A9BE68@8AGBE8@587787@8G4?J;8E8G;8E8 7FHC / J;8E87FHC <FG;8FHCCBEGE846G<BA4A7/ <FG;85E847G;
<FABF<:A<9<64AG9E88M8G;4J 45E4F<BABE6;8@<64?4GG46>
B9G;8FHCCBEG
Corrosion induced by carbonation BEG;878F<:AB96B?H@AFG;88?4FG<6@B@8AGF9EB@G;89E4@8

/ ELBEC8E@4A8AG?LJ8G 46G<BAF;BH?758HF87J<G;BHG4ALE87<FGE<5HG<BA
/ .8G E4E8?L7EL

/ %B78E4G8;H@<7<GLBE6L6?<6J8G4A77EL 8A7<A:@B@8AG4A7F;84E9BE686B 899<6<8AGF9BE584@F4E8:<I8A<A
+45?8 G;8F84E8FH<G45?8J;8E8FC4AF4E8B9F<@<?4E?8A:G;4A7G;8
Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from seawater
BG;8EABG8FGBG;8G45?84E8B5F8EI87
/ %B78E4G8;H@<7<GL
/ .8G E4E8?L7EL
/ L6?<6J8G4A77EL
Corrosion induced by chlorides from seawater
Minimum concrete cover
/* KCBF87GB4<E5BEA8F4?G5HGABG<A7<E86G6BAG46GJ<G;F84J4G8E +;8AB@<A4?6BI8E64A584FF8FF874F9B??BJF
/* (8E@4A8AG?LFH5@8E:87
AB@ @<A D 78I KC

/* +<74? FC?4F;4A7FCE4LMBA8F
Freeze/thaw with or without de-icing agents .;8E8 @<A F;BH?758F8GGBF4G<F9LG;8E8DH<E8@8AGF58?BJ
/ %B78E4G8J4G8EF4GHE4G<BAJ<G;BHG78 <6<A:4:8AG F498GE4AF@<FF<BAB95BA79BE68F
7HE45<?<GL
/ %B78E4G8J4G8EF4GHE4G<BAJ<G;78 <6<A:4:8AG
9<E8E8F<FG4A68
/ !<:;J4G8EF4GHE4G<BAJ<G;BHG78 <6<A:4:8AG
4A7D 78I <F4A4??BJ4A68J;<6;F;BH?758@478<AG;878F<:A9BE
/ !<:;J4G8EF4GHE4G<BAJ<G;78 <6<A:4:8AGBEF84J4G8E
78I<4G<BAF9EB@G;8@<A<@H@6BI8E
"GF;BH?758G4>8A4F @@
Chemical attack (ACEC classes)
HA?8FF945E<64G<BA<
8
6BAFGEH6G<BA<FFH5=86G87GB4DH4?<GL4FFHE4A68
)898EGB*Q 4A7*C86<4?<:8FG FLFG8@ <AJ;<6;64F8<G<FC8E@<GG87GBE87H68D 78I GB@@
12
+'@^mmbg`lmZkm^]
Figure 4
Sections through structural members, showing nominal axis distance, a 4CC?<87G;EBH:;G;86B@C?8@8AG4ELFG4A74E7*
+;<F
F<:A<9<64AG?L@B7<9<8FG;84CCEB46;G4>8A<AHEB6B78
*J4F
!G"!;L"h_ma^NDG:blghehg`^koZeb]'
E8I<F87<A4A7+45?8
A*B9G;8,#&<FAB?BA:8EI4?<7
+))/
+;8I4E<BHF8KCBFHE86?4FF8F9EB@*4E8:<I8A<A+45?8
*8?86G87
E86B@@8A74G<BAF4E8:<I8A<A+45?8BAC4:89BEG;86BA6E8G8
FGE8A:G; @<A<@H@68@8AGE4G8A9EB@;4CG8E BE<:<A4??LCH5?<F;874F
+2/+0."
2&/%
13
Design for fire resistance

Table 9 HEB6B78(4EG Q /-0 /0-(#&-"!".&$*14 :<I8FF8I8E4?@8G;B7F
Minimum column dimensions and axis distances for columns with
9BE78G8E@<A<A:G;89<E8E8F<FG4A68B96BA6E8G88?8@8AGF 9HEG;8E
rectangular or circular section – method A
:H<74A6864A58B5G4<A879EB@FC86<4?<FG?<G8E4GHE8
8F<:A9BE
Standard fire Minimum dimensions (mm)
resistance Column width ( bmin)/axis distance (a) of the main bars
9<E8E8F<FG4A68@4LFG<??5864EE<87BHG5LE898EE<A:GBG45?8FGB
Column exposed on more Exposed on one side
78G8E@<A8G;8@<A<@H@6BI8E4A77<@8AF<BAF9BEI4E<BHF8?8@8AGF
than one side ( m f i = 0.7) ( m f i = 0.7) 4FF8GBHG58?BJ
)
)4G;8EG;4A:<I<A:G;8@<A<@H@6BI8E G;8G45H?4E@8G;B7<F54F87
) BAAB@<A4?4K<F7<FG4A68 F88<:HE8
+;<F<FG;87<FG4A689EB@G;8

68AGE8B9G;8@4<AE8<A9BE6<A:54EGBG;8FHE9468B9G;8@8@58E
"G<F
) N
4AB@<A4?ABG@<A<@H@7<@8AF<BA
+;878F<:A8EF;BH?78AFHE8G;4G
Notes
≥ AB@ f ?<A> f 54E
1 )898EGB*& Q Q9BE78F<:A?<@<G4G<BAF
2 m 9< <FG;8E4G<BB9G;878F<:A4K<4??B47HA78E9<E86BA7<G<BAFGBG;878F<:AE8F<FG4A68
B9G;86B?H@A4GABE@4?G8@C8E4GHE86BA7<G<BAF
BAF8EI4G<I8?Lm 9< @4L58G4>8A
4F

+;8E84E8G;E88FG4A74E79<E88KCBFHE86BA7<G<BAFG;4G@4L58F4G<F9<87
* %<A<@H@54EF R %86;4A<64?E8F<FG4A689BE?B47584E<A:
† %8G;B7<A7<64G8F9BE)4A7m 9<
4A7@4L58HF87
E "AG8:E<GLB9F8C4E4G<BA
*88& Q Q+45?8
5
I "AFH?4G<BA
Minimum cover for bond +45?8F4A7 :<I8G;8@<A<@H@7<@8AF<BAF9BE6B?H@AF4A7F?45F

+;8@<A<@H@6BI8EGB8AFHE8478DH4G85BA7F;BH?7ABG58?8FFG;4A GB@88GG;845BI86BA7<G<BAF
+;8G45?8FB998E@BE89?8K<5<?<GLG;4A
G;854E7<4@8G8E BE8DH<I4?8AG54E7<4@8G8E9BE5HA7?8754EF HA?8FF * <AG;4GG;8E84E8BCG<BAF4I4<?45?8GBG;878F<:A8E8
:
F86G<BA
G;84::E8:4G8F<M8<FBI8E@@
F<M8F64A58E87H6875L<A6E84F<A:G;84K<F7<FG4A68
HEG;8E<A9BE@4G<BA
<F:<I8A<AHEB6B784A7FH5F8DH8AG6;4CG8EF <A6?H7<A:78F<:A
Minimum cover for durability ?<@<G4G<BAF4A774G49BEJ4??F4A7584@F
+;8E86B@@8A74G<BAF9BE7HE45<?<GL<AHEB6B784E854F87BA
*&Q 12
"AG;8,#G;8E8DH<E8@8AGFB9*&Q 4E8
Table 10
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs
Standard Minimum dimensions (mm)

fire One-way Two-way spanning slab Flat slab Ribs in a two-way spanning ribbed slab
resistance spanning slab l y /l x ≤ 1.5 1.5 < l y /l x ≤ 2 (bmin is the width of the rib)
)" %F @<A P

)" %F @<A P

)" %F @<A QQQ

Notes
1 )898EGB*& Q Q9BE78F<:A?<@<G4G<BAF
2 <FG;84K<F7<FG4A68F88<:HE8
3 % F <FG;8F?45G;<6>A8FF <A6?H7<A:4ALABA 6B@5HFG<5?89?BBE<A:
13
Table 8
Selected 4 recommendations for normal-weight reinforced concrete quality for combined exposure classes and cover to reinforcement for at least a 50-
year intended working life and 20 mm maximum aggregate size
Exposure conditions Cement/ Strength classc, maximum w/c ratio, minimum cement or combination
combination content (kg/m3), and equivalent designated concrete (where applicable)
combination
designationsb
Typical example Primary Secondary Nominal cover to reinforcementd
15 + D c dev 20 + D c dev 25 + D c dev 30 + D c dev 35 + D c dev 40 + D c dev 45 + D c dev 50 + D c dev
"AG8EA4?@4FF
X0
333 ?? )86B@@8A787G;4GG;<F8KCBFHE8<FABG4CC?<87GBE8<A9BE6876BA6E8G8
6BA6E8G8
"AG8EA4?8?8@8AGF
8K68CG;H@<7 XC1
333 ??
BE
?B64G<BAF )
HE<876BA6E8G8
<A :EBHA7 XC2 AC-1 ?? 333 333
BE
6BA7<G<BAF 8 )
-8EG<64?FHE9468
CEBG86G879EB@ 333 ??8K68CG 333
BE

BE
BE
"- -
7<E86GE4<A94?? ) BE) ) )

KCBF87I8EG<64?
XF1
??8K68CG 333
BE

BE
FHE9468F "- -
XC3 ) BE) )

XC4 XF3
??8K68CG 333 : BE
"- -
)/:
KCBF87;BE<MBAG4?
FHE9468F

XF3 4<E ??8K68CG 333 333

8AGE4<A87 "- - C?HF4<E :; C?HF4<E : ; =
C?HF4<E :;
BE(- BE(-
?8@8AGFFH5=86G
GB4<E5BEA8 XD19
333 ?? 333 333

6;?BE<78F
"" - """ 333 333 333 333 333

4EC4E>786>F4A7
4E84FFH5=86GGB 333 %" "" 333 333 333 333 333 *88
"" * *)( *

78 <6<A:FCE4L
""" "- - 333 333 333 333 333

"" - """ 333 333 333 333 333

-8EG<64?8?8@8AGF XD39
FH5=86GGB78 <6<A: XF2
%" "" 333 333 333 333 333 *88
"" * *)( *

FCE4L4A79E88M<A:
""" "- - 333 333 333 333 333

4EC4E>786>F XF4
%" "" 333 333 333 333 333 *88

E4@CF4A78KG8EA4? "" * *)( *
:
4E84FFH5=86GGB
9E88M<A:4A7 XF4 4<E 333 333 333 333 333
"" - """ """
: ;
: ;
: ;
78 <6<A:F4?GF 8AGE4<A87
%" "" 333 333 333 *88

"" * *)( *

XF1
KCBF87I8EG<64?
"" - """ 333 333 333 *88

FHE9468FA84E6B4FG *

XS19
- """ 333 333 333

KCBF87;BE<MBAG4? XF3 or %" "" 333 333 333 *88

FHE9468FA84E6B4FG XF4 "" * *)( *
:
Key d D 6 78I <F4A4??BJ4A689BE78I<4G<BAF
333 &BGE86B@@8A787
a +;<FG45?86B@CE<F8F4F8?86G<BAB96B@@BA8KCBFHE86?4FF6B@5<A4G<BAF
e BEF86G<BAF?8FFG;4A @@G;<6>E898EGB*
)8DH<E8@8AGF9BEBG;8EF8GFB98KCBFHE86?4FF8F 8
:
/ /*4A7/*F;BH?7 f ?FB478DH4G89BE8KCBFHE86?4FF/
"A7<64G8FG;4G6BA6E8G8
5878E<I879EB@* AA8K
g E88M8G;4JE8F<FG<A:4::E8:4G8FF;BH?758FC86<9<87
DH4?<GL<A68??GBG;8?89G
b *88* +45?8
%"<F(BEG?4A768@8AG ""GB"-4E868@8AG6B@5<A4G<BAF
h <E8AGE4<A876BA6E8G8<FE8DH<E87
F;BH?7ABG58E87H687
c BECE8FGE8FF876BA6E8G8G;8@<A<@H@FGE8A:G;6?4FFF;BH?758
j +;<FBCG<BA@4LABG58FH<G45?89BE4E84FFH5=86GGB
F8I8E845E4F<BA
14
+'@^mmbg`lmZkm^]
Stability and imperfections Crack control

+;889986GFB9:8B@8GE<6<@C8E986G<BAFF;BH?7586BAF<78E87<A E46>J<7G;FF;BH?758?<@<G87GB8AFHE84CC84E4A684A77HE45<?<GL
6B@5<A4G<BAJ<G;G;889986GFB9J<A7?B47F<
8
ABG4F4A4?G8EA4G<I8 4E8F4G<F946GBEL
"AG;845F8A68B9FC86<9<67HE45<?<GLE8DH<E8@8AGF
?B476B@5<A4G<BA
BE:?B54?4A4?LF<F G;8<@C8E986G<BAF@4L58 8
:
J4G8EG<:;GA8FFG;86E46>J<7G;F@4L58?<@<G87GB
@@<A
E8CE8F8AG875L4A<A6?<A4G<BAy <
4??8KCBFHE86?4FF8FHA78EG;8DH4F< C8E@4A8AG6B@5<A4G<BA
"AG;8
45F8A68B9E8DH<E8@8AGF9BE4CC84E4A68 G;<F?<@<G@4L58E8?4K87GB
y < Ka ; Ka @ F4L
@@9BE8KCBFHE86?4FF8F/4A7/ E898EGB+45?8
+;8
J;8E8 G;8BE8G<64?F<M8B9G;86E46>64A5864?6H?4G87HF<A:G;88KCE8FF<BAF
a ; R( GB58G4>8A4FABG?8FFG;4AABE:E84G8EG;4A
:<I8A<A?

9EB@HEB6B78Q Q BE9EB@G;8R788@87GBF4G<F9LS
a @ 1
)20.5 E8DH<E8@8AGFG;4G64A58B5G4<A879EB@+45?8 J;<6;<F54F87BA
( <FG;8;8<:;GB9G;85H<?7<A:<A@8GE8F G45?8F
&4A7
&B9G;8HEB6B78
+;8?<@<GF4CC?LGB8<G;8EG;8
) <FG;8AH@58EB9I8EG<64?@8@58EF6BAGE<5HG<A:GBG;8;BE<MBAG4? 54EF<M8BEG;854EFC46<A: ABG5BG;
9BE68<AG;85E46<A:FLFG8@
Figure 5
+;889986GB9G;8<A6?<A4G<BA@4L58E8CE8F8AG875LGE4AFI8EF89BE68F4G Examples of the effect of geometric imperfections
846;?8I8?4A7<A6?H787<AG;84A4?LF<F4?BA:J<G;BG;8E46G<BAFF88
<:HE8
9986GBA5E46<A:FLFG8@ < y < 5 Q 4

9986GBA9?BBE7<4C;E4:@ < y < 5 4
9986GBAEBB97<4C;E4:@ < y < 4
J;8E84 4A75 4E8?BA:<GH7<A4?9BE68F6BAGE<5HG<A:GB<
"A@BFG64F8F 4A4??BJ4A689BE<@C8E986G<BAF<F@478<AG;8C4EG<4?
946GBEFHF87<AG;878F<:AB98?8@8AGF
!BJ8I8E9BE6B?H@AF G;889986G a) Bracing system b) Floor diaphragm c) Roof diaphragm
B9<@C8E986G<BAF J;<6;<FF<@<?4E<ACE<A6<C?8GBG;845BI8 @HFG58
6BAF<78E87F88;4CG8E BE<:<A4??LCH5?<F;874F +(0)*.15
Figure 6
Determination of steel stress for crack width control
Table 11
Maximum bar size or spacing to limit crack width
Approximate steel stress at SLS for As, req, ssu
Steel wmax = 0.4 mm wmax = 0.3 mm

stress
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
(s s)MPa bar bar bar bar
size (mm) spacing (mm) size (mm) spacing (mm)

OR OR

Note
+;8FG88?FGE8FF@4L588FG<@4G879EB@G;88KCE8FF<BA58?BJBEF88<:HE8
sF #L> ) FE8D
gF * FCEBI d
J;8E8
#L> 6;4E46G8E<FG<6E8<A9BE68@8AGL<8?7FGE8FF
gF C4EG<4?946GBE9BEE8<A9BE6<A:FG88?
) GBG4??B479EB@DH4F< C8E@4A8AG6B@5<A4G<BA
* GBG4??B479EB@,$*6B@5<A4G<BA To determine stress in the reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio Gk/Qk,
FE8D 4E84B9E8<A9BE68@8AG4GG;8,$* read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu .
FCEBI 4E84B9E8<A9BE68@8AGCEBI<787 As,req 1
d E4G<BB9E87<FGE<5HG87@B@8AGGB8?4FG<6@B@8AG
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu
As,prov d ( )( )
15
+'@^mmbg`lmZkm^]
References
1 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
*& HEB6B78 ".&$*+# +* -"/"./-0 /0-".
*"C4EGF
2 "&*+"+,+"'&'*+),+,)$& "&)*+!'&)+*'"+0

/*!-!)"/%+!+#!"/&(&*$
"**

3 &)0&& )*)''#) '

+2/+!".&$* +* -"/"./-0 /0-".0.&*$0-+ +!" */-+!0 /&+*/+0-+ +!". +
+;8BA6E8G88AGE8
4 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
*& HEB6B78 .&.+#./-0 /0-(!".&$*
*"
5 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
*& HEB6B78 /&+*.+*./-0 /0-".
*" C4EGF
6 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
*& HEB6B78 /&+*.+*./-0 /0-". -/5 "*"-( /&+*.5"*.&/&". ."(#2"&$%/ &),+."!(+!.
#+-0&(!&*$.
*"
7 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
*Q +* -"/"5+),(")"*/-4-&/&.%/*!-!/+ 55-/ "/%+!+#.," &#4&*$*!
$0&!* "#+-/%".," &#&"-
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8 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
* ," &#& /&+*#+- -+*./""(-.#+-/%"-"&*#+- ")"*/+# +* -"/" *"
9 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
'$-+0*!,,"-/+/%"/&+*( **"3/+55 *"
10 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
*& /""(#+-/%"-"&*#+- ")"*/+# +* -"/"5"(!("-"&*#+- &*$./""(5"*"-(
*"
11 ,"$"& )*)!*+$"*!%&+
*C86<4? <:8FG +* -"/"&*$$-"..&1"$-+0*! )
12 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
*&Q +* -"/"5-/ ," &#& /&+* ,"-#+-)* " ,-+!0 /&+**! +*#+-)&/4 *"
13 !))"*'& +)''#) '

+2/+0."
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+
+;8BA6E8G88AGE8
14 )"+"*!*+&)*"&*+"+,+"'&
*& Q Q HEB6B78 ".&$*+# +* -"/"./-0 /0-". "*"-(-0(".5./-0 /0-(#&-"!".&$* *"
15 %'** )%)''#) '

+2/+!".&$* +* -"/"./-0 /0-".0.&*$0-+ +!" +(0)*. + +;8BA6E8G88AGE8
16
!@HE@56D:8?4@?4C6E6DECF4EFC6DFD:?8FC@4@56
*=23D
266 *4 (9 " ?8 %" %"*ECF4E 522.(5 ?8 ?8 %" %"*ECF4E
,90.404.:5;85*5+,
+9:D492AE6C4@G6CDE962?2=JD:D2?556D:8?@7D=23DE@FC@4@56 1 H9:49:D
6DD6?E:2==JE96D2>62DH:E9*2 !@H6G6C E96=2J@FE2?54@?E6?E@7
FC@4@56 >2J2AA62CF?FDF2=E@56D:8?6CD72>:=:2CH:E9* FC@4@56
5@6D?@E4@?E2:?E9656C:G657@C>F=26@CDA64:7:48F:52?46@?56E6C>:?:?8
>@>6?ED2?5D962C7@C46D +9:D92D2C:D6?3642FD6:E92D366?FC@A62?
AC24E:46E@8:G6AC:?4:A=6D:?E964@56D2?57@CE9656E2:=652AA=:42E:@?E@
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Table 1
Beam design procedure
Step Task Further guidance

Chapter in this publication Standard
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oZen^h_oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl!ZmNEL"'
G85B5
1<3E<1D5D5>C9?>B59>6?B35=5>D
Table 4
Values for K ’
B5AE9B546B?=
C

C3
1 HN4
H 2 I4
I4
% redistribution d (redistribution ratio) K ’
) *')) )'+)1Z 1<3E<1D5D5>C9?>
853;=9>9=E=B59>6?B35=5>D
B59>6?B35=5>DB5AE9B546B?=
*) )'2) )'*1+Z B5AE9B5=5>DCC55*12<5

3D= D P C3
*. )'1. )'*/1 C=9> G85B53; M C C
I; I4 I4
+) )'1) )'*.,
+. )'0. )'*,0
,) )'0) )'*+) 853;=1H9=E=B59>6?B35=5>DB5AE9B5=5>DCC=1H

3
6?BD5>C9?>?B3?=@B5CC9?>B59>6?B35=5>D?EDC945<1@<?31D9?>C
Key
a Bmblh_m^gk^\hff^g]^]bgma^NDmaZmDÃlahne][êbfbm^]mh)'*/1mh^glnk^]n\mbe^_Zbenk^'
Bmblh_m^gk^\hf^g]^]bgma^NDmaZm D£lahne][êbfbm^]mh)'*/1mh^glnk^]n\mbe^_Zbenk^'
Table 5 Table 6
z/d for singly reinforced rectangular sections Minimum percentage of required reinforcement
K z/d K z/d fck fctm Minimum percentage (0.26 fctm / fyka)

©)'). )' 2.) Z )'*, )'1/1 +. +'/ )'*,
)')/ )'2-- )'*- )'1./ +1 +'1 )'*-
)')0 )'2,- )'*. )'1-, ,) +'2 )'*.
)')1 )'2+- )'*/ )'1,) ,+ ,') )'*/
)')2 )'2*, )'*0 )'1*/ ,. ,'+ )'*0
)'*) )'2)+ )'*1 )'1)+ -) ,'. )'*1
)'** )'12* )'*2 )'010 -. ,'1 )'+)
)'*+ )'11) )'+) )'00* .) -'* )'+*
Key Key
a Ebfbmbg`s mh)'2.] blghmZk^jnbk^f^gmh_>nkh\h]^+% [nmbl\hglb]^k^]mh[^`hh]ikZ\mb\^' a :llnfbg`_rd 6 .))FIZ
27
,*74(
!6476,0&.,0$6,10/(6+1' GDA5A67 A887DEH3D;AGE?7F:A6E8AD67F7D?;@;@9F:7EFD7EEEFD3;@
D7>3F;A@E:;BA85A@5D7F7 ADE;?B>;5;FK3@683?;>;3D;FKF:7?7F:A6
?>3B5D5CDBED9>3?=@B5CC9?>
BD7E7@F76:7D7;EF:7E;?B>;8;76D75F3@9G>3DEFD7EE4>A5= I:;5:;E
E;?;>3DFAF:3F8AG@6;@+E77;9GD7
GDA5A67 9;H7ED75A??7@63F;A@E8ADF:767E;9@A85A@5D7F7GBFA
y
5>3EE
!AI7H7D 8AD5A@5D7F79D73F7DF:3@5>3EE
F:7
EFD7EE4>A5=;E?A6;8;76 "F;E;?BADF3@FFA@AF7F:3F5A@5D7F7EFD7@9F:
;E43E76A@F:75K>;@67DEFD7@9F:3@6@AFF:75G47EFD7@9F:; 7 8AD
5>3EE
F:75K>;@67DEFD7@9F: 5= ;E%(3 I:7D73EF:75G47
#?>79DE49>1< ,5BD931<C851B EFD7@9F:;E%(3
B59>6?B35=5>D9>D5>C9?> B59>6?B35=5>D
,5BD931<C851B
,*74(
41&('74()14'(6(4/,0,0*8(46,&$.5+($44(,0)14&(/(06 GDA5A67 ;@FDA6G57EF:7EFDGF;@5>;@3F;A@?7F:A68ADE:73D53B35;FK
5:75=E "@F:;E?7F:A6F:7E:73D;ED7E;EF764K5A@5D7F7EFDGFE35F;@9;@
START 5A?BD7EE;A@3@6E:73DD7;@8AD57?7@F35F;@9;@F7@E;A@
Determine vEd where ,:73@9>7A8F:75A@5D7F7EFDGFH3D;7E 67B7@6;@9A@F:7E:73D8AD57

vEd = design shear stress [ vEd = VEd /(bwz) = VEd /(0 9. bwd)] 3BB>;76E77;9GD7 ,:7BDA576GD78AD67F7D?;@;@9F:7E:73D53B35;FK
A83E75F;A@;EE:AI@;@;9GD7I:;5:;@5>G67E-#&H3>G7E3@6;E
Determine the concrete strut capacity v Rd, max cot y = 2.5
;@F7D?EA8E:73DEFD7EE;@F:7H7DF;53>B>3@7D3F:7DF:3@3H7DF;53>8AD57
from Table 7 3E9;H7@;@GDA5A67 /:7D7E:73DD7;@8AD57?7@F;ED7CG;D76 F:7@
F:73@9>7A8F:75A@5D7F7EFDGFE:AG>64753>5G>3F76 AD?3@KFKB;53>
473?EF:7?;@;?G?3@9>7A8EFDGFI;>>3BB>KI:7@5AFy ADy
Is Is
Q; 7 8AD5>3EE
5A@5D7F7F:7EFDGF3@9>77J5776E Q A@>K
No No Redesign
vEd < vRd,max coty = 2.5? v Ed < v Rd,max cot y = 1.0?
section I:7@F:7E:73DEFD7EE;E9D73F7DF:3@ &
??2 D787DFA,34>7
(see Table 7)
EI;F:+ F:7D7;E3?3J;?G?B7D?;FF76E:73D 53B35;FK +*6?3J
I:7@5AFy AD y Q 4GFF:;E;E@AFD7EFD;5F76FA%(33E;@
Yes (cot y = 2.5) Yes
+
Determine y from:
y = 0.5 sin -1T vEd

0.20 fck (1 – fck /250) V Deflection
Calculate area of shear reinforcement: >nkh\h]^+aZlmphZem^kgZmbo^f^mah]l_hk\a^\dbg`]^_e^\mbhg%
Asw vEd bw
= ^bma^kZebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]îmakZmbhfZr[^nl^]hkma^ma^hk^mb\Ze
s fywd cot y
]^_e^\mbhg\Zg[^Zll^ll^]nlbg`ma^^qik^llbhgl`bo^gbgma^<h]^'
MaêZmm^kbl]^Zempbmabg]^mZbebg<aZim^k1%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement: '/
=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl•'
s l, max = 0.75 d
Ma^liZg&mh&]îmakZmbhllahne]^glnk^maZm]^_e^\mbhgblebfbm^]mh
liZg(+.)Zg]mablblmaîkh\^]nkîk^l^gm^]bg?b`nk^/'
"$%.(
,0,/7/$0'/$:,/7/&10&4(6(56476&$2$&,6;,06(4/51)564(55
f&-

v '/$: &16 y

v '/$: &16 y

Flanged beams

?eZg`^][^Zfl\Zg[^mk^Zm^]bgfn\ama^lZf^pZrZlbg;L1**)'
Ma^fZbg]b__^k^g\^l\hfiZk^]pbma;L1**)Zk^maZmma^Zll^llf^gm
h_ma^_eZg`^pb]mablfhk^lhiablmb\Zm^]!l^^?b`nk^l2Zg]*)"Zg]

maZm>nkh\h]^+\hgmZbglZ\a^\dmh\hg_bkfmaZmma^la^Zklmk^llZm

<hgmbgn^liZ`^,*

28
-';^Zfl
,*74( ,*74(
41&('74()14$55(55,0*'().(&6,10 (6(4/,0$6,101)56((.564(55
)*(*
CEs,req,ssu
5D5B=9>521C93 1>4 6B?=97EB5
steel stress at SLS for A

+>=?496954CD55<CDB5CCs

5D5B=9>513D?B
?BB92254?BG166<5C<12C
For flanged sections
N
6 GNM
K
6 9C6<1>752B514D81>4G 9CB922B514D8

&D85BG9C5

5D5B=9>513D?B
Approximate
Where the beam span exceeds 7 m and it supports
-85B5D85C<12C@1>5H3554C=1>49DCE@@?BDC
2B9DD<5@1BD9D9?>C 566 L

&D85BG9C5
5D5B=9>513D?B

sC
-85B5sC )DB5CC9>B59>6?B35=5>D1DC5BF935129<9DI (1D9?; ;
<9=9DCD1D5C5597EB5
sC =1I1CCE=54D?25
$'195

c
g c
g
%?D5 C@B?F LCB5AP4 +"%1D9?>1<>>5H !>3B51C5
C@B?F c
g c
g
c
g c
g
!C21C93 H HHH M3DE1< c
g
%?
.5C
*?45D5B=9>5CDB5CC9>D85B59>6?B35=5>Ds C 31<3E<1D5D85B1D9?
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio
853;3?=@<5D5 ; ; B514E@D857B1@8D?D851@@B?@B91D53EBF51>4B51413B?CC
D?45D5B=9>5sCE
K *85EB?3?459C1=297E?ECB571B49>7<9>51B9>D5B@?<1D9?> !D9CE>45BCD??4D81D
CB5A
9DG1CD859>D5>D9?>?6D854B16D9>73?==9DD55D81D<9>51B9>D5B@?<1D9?>25EC54
1>4D89C9C9><9>5G9D83EBB5>D+"@B13D935
sC 31>2531<3E<1D546B?=D855H@B5CC9?> sC sCE
C@B?F d

Figure 7
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
36
Notes
34 1 Mabl`kZiaZllnf^llbfierlniihkm^]liZg\hg]bmbhg
!D 6*')"'
fck = 50 D 6*'._hkbgm^kbhkliZg\hg]bmbhg
32
fck = 45 D 6*',_hk^g]liZg\hg]bmbhg
D 6)'-_hk\Zgmbeô^kl'
30 fck = 40
fck = 35 2 <hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm% rÃ% aZl[^^gmZd^gZl)'
28 fck = 32 3 <nko^l[Zl^]hgma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhgl3
Span to depth ratio (l/d)
fck = 30
*'.
26 fck = 28
fck = 25
e
] T
6D ** $
*'. _\d r )
r
$ ,'+ _\d
! "V
r)
r
¾*
24
fck = 20 pa^k^r ©r )
22
Zg]
20
18
e
] T
6D ** $
*'. _\d r )
! r ¾ r Ã"
$
_\d
*+
rÃ
r) V
pa^k^r 7r ) '
16
14
12
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
Percentageof
Percentage oftension
tensionreinforcement
reinforcement (A s,req/bd)
(As,req’d /bd)
29
,*74(
,*74(
41&('74()14'(6(4/,0,0*).(:74$.&$2$&,6;1)).$0*('%($/5 (),0,6,101)l1 )14&$.&7.$6,101)())(&6,8().$0*(9,'6+
)*(*

1BBI?ED1>1<IC9C?6251=D?45D5B=9>545C97>
=?=5>DC C55*12<5

5D5B=9>5
C5597EB51>4566 6B?=
566 566 566G85B5 ,*74(

566

L

L ))(&6,8().$0*(9,'6+2$4$/(6(45
566

L

L
%?D5 *856<1>75G94D81DD85CE@@?BDG9<<25 566

49665B5>D6B?=D81D1D=94C@1>
566 566
?BCI=2?<CB565BD?97EB5C1>4
G

5D5B=9>5 6B?=
3;
G85B5 G 1DCE@@?BD
566 9>C@1>
,*74(

.$&,0*1)6(05,104(,0)14&(/(06,0).$0*('&41555(&6,10
5D5B=9>5P 6B?=*12<5?B
P

d N
d N
G85B5d L
566
C
1<3E<1D5<5F5B1B=J6B?=

1 N L
2 6
1<3E<1D545@D8D?>5EDB1<1H9C 6B?= 566 G 566

N
%5EDB1<1H9C9>
6<1>75 5C97>
.5C 1CB53D1>7E<1B
!C 6 C53D9?>97EB5
1>4D85>3853;
<?>79DE49>1<C851B
97EB5
%?
,*74(

%5EDB1<1H9C9>G52
1<3E<1D5=?=5>D31@139DI?66<1>756B?=
16$6,105)146+(&100(&6,10%(69((0).$0*($0'9(%
(6
3; 566 NG6 4N
6
N(6 4
1>4 6 y6
3; G
?=@B5CC9F5CDBEDC
4 566
D
C6
6
%?
!C6 L P (545C97>C53D9?> 6
.5C #?>79DE49>1<21B
1>38?B5425I?>4 4 D 4
D89C@B?:53D54@?9>D
1<3E<1D51B51?6B59>6?B35=5>DB5AE9B546B?= 853;<?>79DE49>1<
(6 N(6 C851B 4 D 4
C C5597EB5 G
IG4 –N

fyd (d 0.5 hf6) fIG4
ydzz
30
-';^Zfl
ma^bgm^k_Z\^h_ma^_eZg`^Zg]p^[\Zg[^k^lblm^][rma^mkZglo^kl^ Minimum area of shear reinforcement

k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^_eZg`^' Maîhlbmbhgh_ma^g^nmkZeZqbllahne] Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbg[^Zfl%:lp%fbglahne]
[^]^m^kfbg^]% Zg]ma^gma^ Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^] [^\Ze\neZm^]_khf
]î^g]bg`pa^ma^kbmeb^lbgma^_eZg`^hkp^[!l^^?b`nk^**"' :lp
4 r p%fbg
l[p
:mlniihkmlma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhk^lblmah``bg`fhf^gml pa^k^r p%fbg \Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^2'
lahne][^]blmkb[nm^]Z\khllma^_neepb]mah_ma^^__^\mbo^_eZg`^Zl
lahpgbg?b`nk^*+' Ma^liZg&mh&]îma]^_e^\mbhg\a^\dlnlbg`kZmbhh_
m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^[Zl^]hgZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^Z[ho^ Figure 14
Procedure for determining longitudinal shear capacity of flanged beams
\^gmk^h_m^glbhglm^ê'
Calculate the longitudinal shear stress

Longitudinal shear from: vEd = D Fd/(hf D x)
Ma^la^Zklmk^llbgmaô^kmb\ZeieZg^[^mp^^gma^_eZg`^Zg]p^[lahne] (see Figure 13)
[^Zll^ll^]Z\\hk]bg`mhl^\mbhg/'+'-Zg]?b`nk^/'0h_ma^>nkh\h]^
!kîkh]n\^]a^k^Zl?b`nk^*,"' Ma^\aZg`^bg_hk\^bgma^_eZg`^\Zg
[^Zll^ll^]_khfma^fhf^gmZg]eô^kZkfZmZiZkmb\neZkeh\Zmbhg' Is length of Yes
Determine the concrete
strut capacity from Table 8
Ma^>nkh\h]^lmZm^lmaZmma^fZqbfnfe^g`mamaZm\Zg[^\hglb]^k^] flange under consideration or from:
in tension? vRd = 0.195 fck (1 – fck/250)
_hkma^\aZg`^bg_hk\^blaZe_ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^fZqbfnf
fhf^gmZg]maîhbgmpa^k^ma^fhf^gmbls^kh' <e^Zker% ma^fZqbfnf No
ehg`bmn]bgZe_hk\^pbeeh\\nkpa^k^ma^\aZg`^bgfhf^gm% Zg]
ma^k^_hk^_hk\^% blma^`k^Zm^lm4 _hkZngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]hgZ Determine the concrete strut capacity
from Table 8 or from:
\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfmablpbee[^maê^g`mah_[^Zf\ehl^lmmhma^lniihkm' vRd = 0.160 fck (1 – fck/250)
?b`nk^*-lahplZ_ehp\aZkm_hkZll^llbg`maêhg`bmn]bgZela^Zk
\ZiZ\bmr4 bgfZgr\Zl^lma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^leZ[pbee[^ Determine y f from:
No No
ln__b\b^gmmhk^lblmma^la^Zk_hk\^' Mabl\a^\dblbg\en]^]mh^glnk^maZm
pa^kîZkmb\neZkermabg_eZg`^lZk^nl^]ma^k^blZ]^jnZm^k^bg_hk\^f^gm'
Is v RD > vEd ?
yf = 0.5 sin-1 T vEd
0.2 fck (1 – fck /250) V Is v RD > vEd ?
Maêhg`bmn]bgZela^Zk\ZiZ\bmrbl[Zl^]hgmaôZkbZ[e^lmknmbg\ebgZmbhg Yes (cot y f = 2.0) Yes (cot y f

f^mah]% pab\apZl]^l\kb[^]bgma^l^\mbhghgo^kmb\Zela^Zk' = 1.25)
Calculate area of transverse reinforcement from:
Asf vEd hf
=
Rules for spacing and s fyd cot y f
quantity of reinforcement Table 8

Concrete strut capacity for longitudinal shear in flanged beams
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement fck v Rd,max
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl:l%fbg 6)'+/_\ mf [ m ](_r d [nm Flange in compression Flange in tension
ghme^llmaZg)'))*,[ m]% pa^k^[ m blma^f^Zgpb]mah_ma^m^glbhg +) +'2- ,'.2
shg^!l^^MZ[e^/"' ?hkZM&[^Zfpbmama^_eZg`^bg\hfik^llbhg% hger +. ,'/) -',2
ma^pb]mah_ma^p^[blmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmbg\Ze\neZmbg`maôZen^h_[ +1 ,'21 -'1.
,) -'++ .'*.
,+ -'-/ .'--
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement ,. -'1+ .'10
Ma^fZqbfnfZk^Zh_m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm% hnmlb]^ -) .',1 /'..
eZieh\Zmbhgllahne]ghm^q\^^]:l%fZq 6)')-:\ -. .'2) 0'+)
.) /'-) 0'1)
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
Ma^fbgbfnf\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^g[Zkllahne][^ma^`k^Zm^kh_3 Table 9
;Zk]bZf^m^k Values for r w,min
:``k^`Zm^lbsîenl.ff fck 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50
+)ff r p%fbgq*) &, )'0+ )'1) )'1. )'11 )'2* )'2. *')* *')0 *'*,
31
-';^Zfl
Selected symbols
Symbol Definition Value Symbol Definition Value
:\ <khlll^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^ eh =blmZg\^[^mp^^gihbgmlh_s^khfhf^gm
:l :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^ê e(] LiZg&mh&]îmakZmbh
:l+ :k^Zh_\hfik^llbhglm^ê F =^lb`gfhf^gmZmma^NEL
:l% ikho :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^êikhob]^] q =îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl !]&s"()'-
:l% k^jÃ] :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^êk^jnbk^] qfZq EbfbmbgòZen^_hk]îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl !d ¾)'-"] pa^k^d ©*')
[^__ >__^\mbo^_eZg`^pb]ma s Eô^kZkf
[m F^Zgpb]mah_ma^m^glbhgshg^ a \\ <h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf )'1._hk_e^qnk^Zg]
^__^\mlhg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_ ZqbZeehZ]l
[fbg Pb]mah_[^Zfhkkb[
ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^ *')_hkhma^kia^ghf^gZ
[p Pb]mah_l^\mbhg% hkpb]mah_p^[hg_eZg`^][^Zfl pZrehZ]blZiieb^] !?khfNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q"
] >__^\mbo^]îma d KZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^
]+ >__^\mbo^]îmamh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm êZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm
_\] =^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma a\\ _\d (g\ _hk_\d ©<.)(/) gf IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkfZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l *'*._hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!gl"
*'._hk\hg\k^m^!g\"
_\d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\\rebg]^klmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^
r) K^_^k^g\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh R_\d (*)))
_\mf F^ZgoZen^h_ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`ma )',)_\d!+(," _hk_\d ©<.)(/)
!_khfMZ[e^,'*% >nkh\h]^+" r K^jnbk^]m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmfb]&liZg :l([] !_hkk^\mZg`neZk[^Zfl"
mhk^lblmma^fhf^gm]n^mhma^]^lb`g
a_ ?eZg`^mab\dg^ll ehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbeô^kl"
D ?Z\mhkmhmZd^Z\\hngmh_ma^]b__^k^gm L^^mZ[e^G:'-bg rÃ K^jnbk^]\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZm :l+([]
lmkn\mnkZelrlm^fl NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q fb]&liZgmhk^lblmma^fhf^gm]n^mhma^
e^__ >__^\mbo^liZgh_f^f[^k L^^L^\mbhg.','+'+!*" ]^lb`gehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbeô^kl"
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG' ;L>G*22+¾*¾*% >nkh\h]^+3 =^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾IZkm*¾*@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk
[nbe]bg`l' ;LB% +))-'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG' ;L1**)¾*3 Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾IZkm*% <h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg' ;LB% *220'
3 G:K:R:G:G% KL;KHHD>K% H' Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3 Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l' Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^% +)).'
4 ;KHHD>K% H' Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3 @^mmbg`lmZkm^]' Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^% +)).'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG' ;L>G*22+¾*¾+% >nkh\h]^+3 =^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l' @^g^kZekne^l¾lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g' ;LB% +))-
6 P>;LM>K%K;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3=^Ì^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
6 =>I:KMF>GMH?<HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM' AZg][hhdmh>G&*22+&*&+ ' =<E@%]n^+))/'
7 P>;LM>K% K;KHHD>K% H' Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3 =^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl' Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^% +))/'
32
.'<henfgl
Designing to Eurocode 2
Mabl\aZim^kblbgm^g]^]mhZllblm^g`bg^^klpbmama^]^lb`gh_\henfglZg]
pZeelmh>nkh\h]^+'Bml^mlhnmZ]^lb`gikh\^]nk^mh_heehpZg]`bo^lnl^_ne
\hff^gmZkrhgmaîkhoblbhglpbmabgma^>nkh\h]^'MaêZrhnmZg]\hgm^gm
h_>nkh\h]^+fZrZii^ZkngnlnZemh]^lb`g^kl_ZfbebZkpbma;L1**)'
>nkh\h]^+]h^lghm\hgmZbgma^]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^4mablbl[^\Znl^bmaZl[^^g
>nkhi^ZgikZ\mb\^mh`boîkbg\bie^lZg]`^g^kZeZiieb\Zmbhgkne^lbgma^\h]^l
Zg]_hk]^mZbe^]Ziieb\Zmbhgkne^lmh[îk^l^gm^]bghma^klhnk\^lln\aZl
m^qm[hhdlhk`nb]Zg\^]h\nf^gml'
d^r]b__^k^g\^l[^mp^^g>nkh\h]^+Zg];L1**)%bg\en]bg`m^kfbgheh`r'
Bmlahne]Zelh[^ghm^]maZmoZen^l_khfma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q!G:"aZo^
[^^gnl^]makhnàhnmmablin[eb\Zmbhg%bg\en]bgòZen^lmaZmZk^^f[^]]^]bg
]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^'!=^kboZmbhgl\Zg[^_hng]Zmppp'^nkh\h]^+'bg_h'":_neeeblm
h_lrf[helkêZm^]mh\henfg]^lb`gbl`bo^gZmma^^g]h_mabl\aZim^k'
Design procedure
:ikh\^]nk^_hk\Zkkrbg`hnmma^]^mZbe^]]^lb`gh_[kZ\^]\henfgl!b'^'
\henfglmaZm]hghm\hgmkb[nm^mhk^lblmZg\^h_ahkbshgmZeZ\mbhgl"bllahpg
bgMZ[e^*'MablZllnf^lmaZmma^\henfg]bf^glbhglaZoîkôbhnler[^^g
]^m^kfbg^]]nkbg`\hg\îmnZe]^lb`ghk[rnlbg`jnb\d]^lb`gf^mah]l%_hk
^qZfie^mahlîk^l^gm^]bg>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^ê^f^gml '<henfglbs^l
lahne]ghm[^lb`gb_b\Zgmer]b__^k^gm_khfmahl^h[mZbg^]nlbg`;L1**)'Lmîl
*mh-h_MZ[e^*Zk^\ho^k^][r^Zkeb^k\aZim^klZg]ma^g^qmlmîblma^k^_hk^
mh\hglb]^k_bk^k^lblmZg\^'
Fire resistance
>nkh\h]^+%IZkm*¾+3Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g%`bo^lZ\ahb\^h_Z]oZg\^]%lbfieb_b^]
hkmZ[neZkf^mah]l_hk]^m^kfbgbg`_bk^k^lblmZg\^h_\henfgl'Nlbg`mZ[e^lblma^
_Zlm^lmf^mah]_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^fbgbfnf]bf^glbhglZg]\ho^k_hk\henfgl'
Ma^k^Zk^%ahpô^k%lhf^k^lmkb\mbhglZg]b_ma^l^Ziier_nkma^k`nb]Zg\^\Zg[^
h[mZbg^]_khfli^\bZeblmebm^kZmnk^'Ma^lbfieb_b^]f^mah]fZr`bo^fhk^^\hghfb\
\henfgl%^li^\bZeer_hklfZee\henfglZg](hkabà_bk^k^lblmZg\î^kbh]l'
KZma^kmaZg`bobg`Zfbgbfnf\ho^k%ma^mZ[neZkf^mah]bl[Zl^]hgghfbgZe
Zqbl]blmZg\^%Z!l^^?b`nk^*"'Mablblma^]blmZg\^_khfma^\^gmk^h_ma^fZbg
<hgmbgn^liZ`^,.
Table 1
Column design procedure

Chapter in the publication Standard
* =^m^kfbg^]^lb`geb_^ +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] NDG:mh;L>G*22)MZ[e^G:'+'*
+ :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^\henfg +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] ;L>G*22*!*)iZkml"Zg]NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q^l
, =^m^kfbg^pab\a\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZiier *3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l NDG:mh;L>G*22)MZ[e^lG:':*'*Zg]G:':*'+!;"
- :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] ;L1.))3+))/
. <a^\d\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZiikhikbZm^_bk^k^lblmZg\î^kbh] +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]Zg]MZ[e^+ :iikho^]=h\nf^gm;';L>G*22+¾*¾+
/ <Ze\neZm^fbg'\ho^k_hk]nkZ[bebmr%_bk^Zg][hg]k^jnbk^f^gml +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] ;L>G*22+¾*¾*<e'-'-'*
0 :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^mhh[mZbg\kbmb\Zefhf^gmlZg]ZqbZe +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]Zg]ÂLmkn\mnkZe ;L>G*22+¾*¾*l^\mbhg.

_hk\^l ZgZerlblÃl^\mbhg
1 <a^\dle^g]^kg^ll L^^?b`nk^l+Zg], ;L>G*22+¾*¾*l^\mbhg.'1
2 =^m^kfbg^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^] L^^?b`nk^l+Zg], ;L>G*22+¾*¾*l^\mbhg/'*
*) <a^\dliZ\bg`h_[Zkl ÂKne^l_hkliZ\bg`Ãl^\mbhg ;L>G*22+¾*¾*l^\mbhgl1Zg]2
Note
G:6GZmbhgZe:gg^q'
Table 2 Figure 1
Minimum column dimensions and axis distances for fire resistance Section through structural member, showing nominal axis distance a

resistance
Column width bmin/axis distance, a, of the main
bars
Column exposed on more than Column
one side exposed on
one side
(μfi = 0.7) h≥b
μfi = 0.5 μfi = 0.7
K/) +))(,/ +.)(-/ *..(+.
,))(,* ,.)(-)
a
K2) ,))(-. ,.)(., *..(+.
-))(,1 Z -.)(-) Z
b
K*+) ,.)(-. Z ,.)(.0 Z *0.(,.
-.)(-) Z -.)(.*Z
[
K+-) -.)(0.Z +2.(0) Table 3
Minimum reinforced concrete wall dimensions and axis distances for
load-bearing for fire resistance
Note
Ma^mZ[e^blmZd^g_khf;L>G*22+¾*¾+MZ[e^.'+Z!f^mah]:"Zg]bloZeb]ng]^kma^ Standard Minimum dimensions (mm)
_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhgl3 fire
resistance Wall thickness/axis distance, a, of the main bars
1 Ma^^__^\mboê^g`mah_Z[kZ\^]\henfgng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgleh%_b©,f'MaôZen^h_eh%_b
fZr[^mZd^gZl.)h_ma^Z\mnZee^g`ma_hkbgm^kf^]bZm^_ehhklZg][^mp^^g.) Wall exposed on one side Wall exposed on two
Zg]0)h_ma^Z\mnZee^g`ma_hkma^nii^k_ehhk\henfg' ( μfi = 0.7) sides ( μfi = 0.7)
2 Ma^_bklmhk]^k^\\^gmkb\bmrng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgllahne][^©)'*.[!hka"':em^kgZmboêr K>B/) *,)(*) Z *-)(*) Z
nl^f^mah];!l^^>nkh\h]^+%IZkm*¾+%MZ[e^.'+["'Ma^^\\^gmkb\bmrng]^k_bk^
\hg]bmbhglfZr[^mZd^gZlmaZmnl^]bgghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^]^lb`g' K>B2) *-)(+. *0)(+.
3 Ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZk^Zhnmlb]êZieh\Zmbhgl]h^lghm^q\^^]-h_ma^\hg\k^m^ K>B*+) */)(,. ++)(,.
\khlll^\mbhg'
K>B+-) +0)(/) ,.)(/)
4 ¬
_bblma^kZmbhh_ma^]^lb`gZqbZeehZ]ng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhglmhma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^h_
ma^\henfgZmghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^\hg]bmbhgl'¬_bfZr\hgl^koZmboêr[^mZd^gZl)'0' Notes
Key 1 Ma^mZ[e^blmZd^g_khf;L>G*22+¾*¾+MZ[e^.'-'
a F
bgbfnf1[Zkl 2 L^^ghm^-h_MZ[e^+'
b F^mah];fZr[^nl^]pab\abg]b\Zm^l/))(0)_hkK+-)Zg]¬_b6)'0' Key
L^^;L>G*22+¾*¾+MZ[e^.'+[
a GhkfZeerma^k^jnbk^f^gmlh_;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee]^m^kfbg^ma^\ho^k'
34
.'<henfgl
k^bg_hk\bg`[Zkmhma^lnk_Z\^h_ma^f^f[^k'BmblZghfbgZe!ghm ik^l^gmf^mah]l:Zg];';hmaZk^^jnZeerZiieb\Z[e^%Zemahnà
fbgbfnf"]bf^glbhg%Zg]ma^]^lb`g^klahne]^glnk^maZm3 f^mah]:aZllfZee^kebfbmlhg^\\^gmkb\bmrmaZgf^mah];'F^mah]:
Zª\ghf$f ebgd$f [Zk(+' bllebàmerlbfie^kZg]blik^l^gm^]bgMZ[e^+4ebfbmlh_Ziieb\Z[bebmr
Zk^`bo^gbgma^ghm^l'LbfbeZk]ZmZ_hkehZ]&[^Zkbg`pZeelbl`bo^gbg
?hk\henfglma^k^Zk^mphmZ[e^l`bo^gbg>nkh\h]^+IZkm*¾+maZm MZ[e^,'
Figure 2 ?hk\henfgllniihkmbg`ma^nii^kfhlmlmhk^r%ma^^\\^gmkb\bmrpbee
Flow chart for braced column design h_m^g^q\^^]maêbfbml_hk[hmaf^mah]l:Zg];'BgmabllbmnZmbhg
:gg^q<h_>nkh\h]^+%IZkm*¾+fZr[^nl^]':em^kgZmboêr%
START
\hglb]^kZmbhg\Zg[^`bo^gmhmk^Zmbg`ma^\henfgZlZ[^Zf_hk
]^m^kfbgbg`ma^]^lb`g_bk^k^lblmZg\^'
Initial column size may be determined using quick design

methods or through iteration.
Column design
Determine the actions on the column :_ehp\aZkm_hkma^]^lb`gh_[kZ\^]\henfglbllahpgbg?b`nk^+'?hk
using an appropriate analysis method. le^g]^k\henfgl%?b`nk^,pbeeZelh[^k^jnbk^]'
The ultimate axial load is NEd and the ultimate moments
are Mtop and Mbottom (Moments from analysis)
Structural analysis
Ma^mri^h_ZgZerlbllahne][^ZiikhikbZm^mhmaîkh[e^f[^bg`
Determine the effective length, l0, using either: \hglb]^k^]'Ma^_heehpbg`fZr[^nl^]3ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlbl%ebg^Zk
1. Figure 5
2. Table 4 êZlmb\ZgZerlblpbmaebfbm^]k^]blmkb[nmbhg%ieZlmb\ZgZerlblZg]
3. Expression (5.15) from BS EN 1992–1–1
ghg&ebg^ZkZgZerlbl'Ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^\Zkkb^]hnmZllnfbg`
\khlll^\mbhglZk^ng\kZ\d^]!b'^'\hg\k^m^l^\mbhgikhi^kmb^l"%
nlbgèbg^Zklmk^ll&lmkZbgkêZmbhglabilZg]Zllnfbg`f^ZgoZen^l
Determine first order moments (see Figure 4)
M01 = Min {|Mtop|, |Mbottom|} + ei NEd h_ehg`&m^kfêZlmb\fh]nenl'
M02 = Max {|Mtop|, |Mbottom|} + ei NEd
Where ei = Max {l0/400, h/30, 20} (units to be in millimetres).
M01 and M02 should have the same sign
?hkma^]^lb`gh_\henfglma^êZlmb\fhf^gml_khfma^_kZf^Z\mbhg
if they give tension on the same side. lahne][^nl^]pbmahnmZgrk^]blmkb[nmbhg'?hkle^g]^k\henfglZ
ghg&ebg^ZkZgZerlblfZr[^\Zkkb^]hnmmh]^m^kfbg^ma^l^\hg]hk]^k
fhf^gml4Zem^kgZmboêrnl^ma^fhf^gmfZ`gb_b\Zmbhgf^mah]
Determine slenderness, l, from either:
l = l0/i where i = radius of gyration or
!<e.'1'0',"hkghfbgZe\nkoZmnk^f^mah]!<e.'1'1"ZlbeenlmkZm^]bg
l = 3.46 l0/h for rectangular sections (h = overall depth) or ?b`nk^,'MaêZmm^kbl^qi^\m^]mh[^Z]him^]bgma^ND'
l = 4.0 l0/d for circular sections (d = column diameter)
Design moments
Determine slenderness limit, λlim, from: Ma^]^lb`g[^g]bg`fhf^gmblbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^-Zg]]^_bg^]Zl3
l 15.4C
lim =
√n F>]6FZqtF)+%F)^$F+%F)*$)'.F+v
(See ‘Slenderness’ section on page 5 for explanation.)
pa^k^
F)*6FbgtuFmhiu%uF[hmmhfuv$^bG>]
Yes F)+6FZqtuFmhiu%uF[hmmhfuv$^bG>]
Column is slender
Is l ≥ l lim? (refer to Figure 3).
^b6FZqteh(-))%a(,)%+)v!ngbmlmh[^bgfbeebf^mk^l"'
Fmhi%F[hmmhf6Fhf^gmlZmma^mhiZg][hmmhfh_ma^\henfg
No F)^6)'/F)+$)'-F)*ª)'-F)+
Column is not slender. MEd = M02
F+6G>]^+pa^k^G>]blma^]^lb`gZqbZeehZ]Zg]^+
bl]^_e^\mbhg]n^mhl^\hg]hk]^k^__^\ml
F)*Zg]F)+lahne][îhlbmbo^b_ma^r`bo^m^glbhghgma^lZf^lb]^'
Use column chart (see Figure 9) to find As required for NEd
and MEd. Alternatively, solve by iteration or by using RC
Spreadsheet TCC53 from Spreadsheets for concrete design to :ghg&le^g]^k\henfg\Zg[^]^lb`g^]b`ghkbg`l^\hg]hk]^k^__^\ml
BS 8110 and Eurocode 2 6
Zg]ma^k^_hk^ma^nembfZm^]^lb`gfhf^gm%F>]6F)+'
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_ma^^\\^gmkb\bmr%^+%blghmlbfie^Zg]blebdêrmh
Check rules for spacing and quantity of reinforcement
(see page 7) k^jnbk^lhf^bm^kZmbhgmh]^m^kfbg^ma^]^_e^\mbhgZmZiikhqbfZmêr
fb]&a^bàm%^+'@nb]Zg\^bl`bo^gbg?b`nk^,'
35
Figure 3 Effective length

Flow chart for slender columns (nominal curvature method)
?b`nk^.`bo^l`nb]Zg\^hgma^^__^\mboê^g`mah_ma^\henfg'
Ahpô^k%_hkfhlmk^Zelmkn\mnk^l?b`nk^l._"Zg].`"hgerZk^
From Figure 2 Ziieb\Z[e^%Zg]>nkh\h]^+ikhob]^lmph^qik^llbhglmh\Ze\neZm^ma^
^__^\mboê^g`ma_hkma^l^lbmnZmbhgl'>qik^llbhg!.'*."bl_hk[kZ\^]
Determine Kr from Figure 9 or from f^f[^klZg]>qik^llbhg!.'*/"bl_hkng[kZ\^]f^f[^kl'
Kr = (nu - n) / (nu - nbal) ≤ 1
where
n = NEd / (Ac fcd), relative axial force
Bg[hma^qik^llbhgl%ma^kêZmbo^_e^qb[bebmb^lZm^bma^k^g]%d*Zg]d+%
NEd = the design value of axial force lahne][^\Ze\neZm^]'Ma^^qik^llbhg_hkd`bo^gbgma^>nkh\h]^
nu = 1 + w
nbal = 0.4 bgoheo^l\Ze\neZmbg`ma^khmZmbhgh_ma^k^lmkZbgbg`f^f[^kl%pab\abg
w = As,est fyd / (Ac fcd) ikZ\mb\^k^jnbk^lma^nl^h__kZf^phkdZgZerlbllh_mpZk^':em^kgZmboêr%
As,est = the estimated total area of steel
Ac = the area of concrete I=//103;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZeZgg^q ikhob]^lZ
lbfieb_b\Zmbhg%[Zl^]hgma^lmb__g^llh_ma^[^ZflZmmZ\a^]mh^bma^k
lb]^h_ma^\henfg'MablkêZmbo^lmb__g^ll%d%\Zgma^k^_hk^[^\Ze\neZm^]
Calculate Kh from Kh = 1 + b hef ≥ 1
where Zl_heehpl!ikhob]^]ma^lmb__g^llh_Z]cZ\^gm\henfgl]h^lghmoZkr[r
hef = the effective creep ratio
b = 0.35 + fck/200 – λ/150
fhk^maZg*.h_maâbà^klmb__g^ll"3
l = the slenderness ratio.
2EIb
See section on creep (page 6) k= c
EI
Σ
lc lb
≥ 0.1
Calculate e2 from pa^k^

e2 = 0.1 !
Kh fyd
Kr
0.45d Es
l0
2
" Revise value
of As,est
B\%B[Zk^ma^\henfgZg][^Zfng\kZ\d^]l^\hg]fhf^gmlh_Zk^Z
where e\%e[Zk^ma^\henfgZg][^Zfe^g`mal
Es = elastic modulus of reinforcing steel
(200 GPa)
Hg\^d*Zg]d+aZo^[^^g\Ze\neZm^]%ma^^__^\mboê^g`ma_Z\mhk%?%\Zg
[^^lmZ[ebla^]_khfMZ[e^-_hk[kZ\^]\henfgl'Ma^^__^\mboê^g`mabl
ma^geh6?e'
M0e = 0.6 M02 + 0.4 M01 ≥ 0.4 M02
M2 = NEd e2
MEd = Max {M02, M0e + M2, M01 + 0.5 M2} ?hkZ-))ffljnZk^bgm^kgZe\henfglniihkmbg`Z+.)ffmab\d_eZm
leZ[hgZ0'.f`kb]%maôZen^h_d\hne][^)'**%Zg]ma^k^_hkêh6)'.2e'
Bgma^^]`^\hg]bmbhgdbl^__^\mboêr]hn[e^]Zg]eh6)'/0e'B_ma^bgm^kgZe
Use column chart to find As,req’d for NEd and MEd \henfgaZ]ZghmbhgZeerÂibgg^]ÃlniihkmZmbml[Zl^ma^geh6)'00e'
Alternatively, solve by iteration or by using
RC Spreadsheet6
BmblZelh`^g^kZeerZ\\îm^]maZmMZ[e^,'*2h_;L1**)fZr
\hgl^koZmboêr[^nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^^__^\mboê^g`ma_Z\mhk'Bgma^
ehg`m^kf%>qik^llbhgl!.'*."Zg]!.'*/"pbee[^[^g^_b\bZeZlma^rZk^
No
Is As req’d & As, est? iZkmb\neZkerlnbmZ[e^_hkbg\hkihkZmbhgbgmh]^lb`glh_mpZk^'
Yes Figure 4
Design bending moments
Check detailing requirements
M02
M ei NEd M02
Figure 5
Effective lengths for isolated members
M0e M0e + M2
M2 = NEd e2
+ =
y
y
l
y
M M01 0.5 M2 M01 + 0.5 M2
First order Additional second Total moment
moments for order moments for diagram for
a) l0 = l b) l0 = 2l c) l0 = 0.7l d) l0 = l /2 e) l0 = l f) l/2 < l0 < l g) l0 > 2l ‘stocky’ columns ‘slender’ columns ‘slender’ columns
36
.'<henfgl
Table 4 Slenderness
Effective length factor, F, for braced columns
>nkh\h]^+lmZm^lmaZml^\hg]hk]^k^__^\mlfZr[^b`ghk^]b_ma^r
k2 k1 Zkê^llmaZg*)h_ma^_bklmhk]^k^__^\ml':lZgZem^kgZmbo^%b_ma^
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.70 1.00 2.00 5.00 9.00 Pinned le^g]^kg^ll!l"ble^llmaZgma^le^g]^kg^llebfbm!l ebf"%ma^gl^\hg]
hk]^k^__^\mlfZr[^b`ghk^]'
0.10 0.59 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.77
0.20 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.81 Le^g]^kg^ll%l6eh(bpa^k^b6kZ]bnlh_`rkZmbhgZg]le^g]^kg^llebfbm'
0.30 0.64 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84
20ABC 15.4C
0.40 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.86 l lim = ≤
n n
0.50 0.67 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.86 0.87
pa^k^
0.70 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.89 0.90
:6*(!*$)'+h^_"!b_h^_blghmdghpg%:6)'0fZr[^nl^]"
1.00 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 ;6 !b_ω% k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh%blghmdghpg%
2.00 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 ;6*'*fZr[^nl^]"
5.00 0.75 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.98 <6*'0¾kf!b_kfblghmdghpg%<6)'0fZr[^nl^]¾l^^[êhp"
9.00 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.97 0.98 0.99 g6G>](!:\_\]"
Pinned 0.77 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00 kf6F)*(F)+
F)*%F)+Zk^ma^_bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gml%uF)+uªuF)*u
Figure 6
Calculating factor C B_ma^^g]fhf^gmlF)*Zg]F)+`bo^m^glbhghgma^lZf^lb]^%
kflahne][^mZd^gihlbmbo^'
105 kNm 105 kNm 105 kNm
H_ma^mak^^_Z\mhkl:%;Zg]<%<pbeeaZo^maêZk`^lmbfiZ\mhg
l ebfZg]blma^lbfie^lmmh\Ze\neZm^':gbgbmbZeZll^llf^gmh_l ebf\Zg
ma^k^_hk^[^fZ]^nlbg`ma^]^_ZnemoZen^l_hk:Zg];%[nmbg\en]bg`
Z\Ze\neZmbhg_hk<!l^^?b`nk^/"'<Zk^lahne][^mZd^gbg]^m^kfbgbg`
105 kNm 0 105 kNm
<[^\Znl^ma^lb`gh_ma^fhf^gmlfZd^lZlb`gb_b\Zgm]b__^k^g\^'?hk
rm = 1.0 rm = 0 rm = -1.0
ng[kZ\^]f^f[^kl<lahne]ZepZrl[^mZd^gZl)'0'
a) C = 1.7 - 1 = 0.7 b) C = 1.7 - 0 = 1.7 c) C = 1.7 + 1.0 = 2.7
Column design resistance
?hkikZ\mb\Zeinkihl^lma^k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll[eh\dnl^]_hkma^]^lb`g
Figure 7
Stress block diagram for columns h_[^Zfl!l^^<aZim^k-%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl;^Zfl "fZrZelh[^
nl^]_hkma^]^lb`gh_\henfgl!l^^?b`nk^0"'Ahpô^k%ma^fZqbfnf
f cd d2 \hfik^llbo^lmkZbg_hk\hg\k^m^\eZll^lnimhZg]bg\en]bg`<.)(/)%
ecu 2 s sc
esc As2 pa^gma^pahe^l^\mbhgblbgink^\hfik^llbhg%bl)'))*0.!l^^?b`nk^
dc
x 1Z"'Pa^gma^g^nmkZeZqbl_Zeeloutsidema^l^\mbhg!?b`nk^1["%ma^
h fZqbfnfZeehpZ[e^lmkZbgblZllnf^]mheb^[^mp^^g)'))*0.Zg]
n. axis
d2 )')),.%Zg]fZr[^h[mZbg^][r]kZpbg`Zebg^_khfmaîhbgmh_s^kh
ey As
s st lmkZbgmakhnàma^Âabg`îhbgmÃh_)'))*0.lmkZbgZmfb]&]îmah_ma^
l^\mbhg'Pa^gma^g^nmkZeZqbleb^lwithinma^l^\mbhg]îmama^gma^
a) Strain diagram b) Stress diagram
fZqbfnf\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbl)')),.!l^^?b`nk^1\"'
Figure 8
Strain diagrams for columns
0.00175 0.00175 x / ( x – h /2) 0.0035 max 0.0035 max
x x
h/ 2
hinge hinge
h point h d point
x
ex ex
0.00175 0.00175 min
a) Pure compression b) When x > h c) When x < h d) General relationship
37
Ma^`^g^kZekêZmbhglabibllahpgbg?b`nk^1]"'?hk\hg\k^m^\eZll^l Creep
Z[ho^<.)(/)maîkbg\bie^lZk^ma^lZf^[nmma^fZqbfnflmkZbg =î^g]bg`hgma^Zllnfimbhglnl^]bgma^]^lb`g%bmfZr[^g^\^llZkr
oZen^loZkr' mh]^m^kfbg^ma^^__^\mbo^\k^îkZmbhh^_!k^_'<e','*'-.'1'-"':
ghfh`kZfblikhob]^]bgma^>nkh\h]^!?b`nk^,'*"_hkpab\ama^
Mph^qik^llbhgl\Zg[^]^kbo^]_hkma^Zk^Zh_lm^êk^jnbk^]%![Zl^]hg \^f^gmlmk^g`ma\eZllblk^jnbk^]4ahpô^k%Zmma^]^lb`glmZ`^bmh_m^g
Zk^\mZg`neZklmk^ll[eh\d%l^^?b`nk^0"hg^_hkma^ZqbZeehZ]lZg]ma^ ghm\^kmZbgpab\a\eZllZiieb^l'@^g^kZeer%<eZllKlahne][^Zllnf^]'
hma^k_hkma^fhf^gml3 Pa^k^ma^`khng]`kZgneZm^][eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`!``[l"^q\^^]l,.
:lG (+6!G>]¾_\][]\"(!σl\¾σlm" h_ma^\^f^gm\hf[bgZmbhghkpa^kîneo^kbs^]_nêZla!i_Z"^q\^^]l
pa^k^ +)h_ma^\^f^gm\hf[bgZmbhg%<eZllGfZr[^Zllnf^]'Pa^k^
:lG6:k^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mhk^lblmZqbZeehZ] ``[l^q\^^]l/.hkpa^kî_Z^q\^^]l,.%<eZllLfZr[^Zllnf^]'
G>]6:qbZeehZ]
_\]6=^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma
σl\!σlm"6Lmk^llbg\hfik^llbhg!Zg]m^glbhg"k^bg_hk\^f^gm Biaxial bending
[6;k^Z]mah_l^\mbhg
]\6>__^\mbo^]îmah_\hg\k^m^bg\hfik^llbhg6lq©a Ma^^__^\mlh_[bZqbZe[^g]bg`fZr[^\a^\d^]nlbg`>qik^llbhg!.',2"%
l6)'1_hk©<.)(/) pab\apZl_bklm]ôêhi^][r;k^leZ^k'
q6=îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl a a
a6A^bàmh_l^\mbhg ! " +! " ≤ 1.0

MEdz
MRdz
MEdy
MRdy
:lF (+6TF¾_\][]\!a(+¾]\(+"V(T!a(+¾]+"!σl\$σlm"V pa^k^

pa^k^ F>]s%r6=^lb`gfhf^gmbgma^k^li^\mbo^]bk^\mbhgbg\en]bg`l^\hg]
:lF 6MhmZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mhk^lblmfhf^gm hk]^k^__^\mlbgZle^g]^k\henfg
FK]s%r6Fhf^gmh_k^lblmZg\^bgma^k^li^\mbo^]bk^\mbhg
K^Zeblmb\Zeer%ma^l^\Zghger[^lheo^]bm^kZmboêrZg]ma^k^_hk^^bma^k Z6+_hk\bk\neZkZg]êebimb\Zel^\mbhgl4k^_^kmhMZ[e^._hkk^\mZg`neZk
\hfinm^klh_mpZk^!^'`'K<Lik^Z]la^^mM<<.,_khfLik^Z]la^^ml_hk l^\mbhgl
\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]><+"hk\henfg]^lb`g\aZkml!l^^ GK]6:\_\]$:l_r]
?b`nk^l2Zmh2^"fZr[^nl^]' <hgmbgn^liZ`^-*
Figure 9a
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.05
1.3
Kr = 0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.05
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0 0.4
1.0 0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.6
0.8
0.5 0.6
0.4
N/bhfck
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
2
M/bh fck
38
.'<henfgl
Figure 9b
1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.10
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0 0.4
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.4
N/bhfck
0.3
0.7
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr =1
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
2
M/bh fck
Figure 9c
1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.15
0.3
1.1
Asfyk/bhfck
1.0
1.0 0.9 0.4
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5 0.6
N/bhfck
0.7 0.4
0.3
0.6 0.2 0.7
0.1
0.5 0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr =1
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
2
M/bh fck
39
Figure 9d
1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.20
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9 0.4
0.9 0.8
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
N/bhfck
0.7 0.4
0.3
0.6 0.2 0.7
0.1
0.5
0
0.8
0.4
0.3 0.9
0.2
Kr = 1
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
2
M/bh f ck
Figure 9e
1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.25
1.1 0.3
Asfyk/bhfck
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.4
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6 0.5
0.5
0.7
N/bhfck
0.4
0.3 0.6
0.6
0.2
0.5 0.1
0 0.7
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.1
Kr = 1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
2
M/bh fck
40
.'<henfgl
Table 5 Selected symbols

Value of a for rectangular sections Symbol Definition Value
*(k) K^_^k^g\^\nkoZmnk^ εr](!)'-.]"
NEd /NRd 0.1 0.7 1.0
*(k <nkoZmnk^ DkDh*(k)
Z *') *'. +')
Z :qbl]blmZg\^_hk_bk^k^lblmZg\^
Note
Ebg^Zkbgm^kiheZmbhgfZr[^nl^]' : ?Z\mhk_hk]^m^kfbgbg`le^g]^kg^llebfbm *(!*$)'+h^_"
:\ <khlll^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^ [a
:l :k^Zh_mhmZe\henfgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Unbraced columns ; ?Z\mhk_hk]^m^kfbgbg`le^g]^kg^llebfbm
\ ?Z\mhk]î^g]bg`hg\nkoZmnk^]blmkb[nmbhg *)!_hk\hglmZgm\khll&l^\mbhg"
Ma^k^blgh\hff^gmfZ]^hgma^]^lb`gh_lpZr_kZf^lbg>nkh\h]^+'
< ?Z\mhk_hk]^m^kfbgbg`le^g]^kg^llebfbm *'0¾kf
Ahpô^k%bm`bo^l`nb]Zg\^hgma^^__^\mboê^g`mah_Zgng[kZ\^]
f^f[^kbg>qik^llbhg!.'*/"'MaôZen^_hk<h_)'0lahne]ZepZrl[^ ] >__^\mbo^]îma
nl^]bg>qik^llbhg!.'*,G"'Ma^]^lb`gfhf^gmllahne][^Zll^ll^] ^+ L^\hg]hk]^k^\\^gmkb\bmr !*(k"e)(\
bg\en]bg`l^\hg]hk]^k^__^\ml'Ma^mZ[neZkf^mah]_hk_bk^k^lblmZg\^ ^b >\\^gmkb\bmr]n^mh`^hf^mkb\bfi^k_^\mbhgl

]^lb`g!IZkm*¾+"]h^lghm^qieb\bmer\ho^kng[kZ\^]\henfgl4ahpô^k >l >eZlmb\fh]nenlh_k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê +))@IZ
k^_^k^g\^\Zg[^fZ]^mhma^<aZim^k*+ 2' _\] =^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma α\\_\d(γ\
Walls e <e^Zka^bàmh_\hfik^llbhgf^f[^k[^mp^^g
^g]k^lmkZbgml
e) >__^\mboê^g`ma
Pa^gma^l^\mbhge^g`mah_Zo^kmb\Zeê^f^gmbl_hnkmbf^l`k^Zm^k
Dk <hkk^\mbhg_Z\mhk]î^g]bg`hgZqbZeehZ]
maZgbmlmab\dg^llbmbl]^_bg^]ZlZpZee'Ma^]^lb`gh_pZeel]h^lghm
Dh ?Z\mhkmZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngm\k^î
]b__^klb`gb_b\Zgmer_khfmaZm_hk\henfgl^q\îm_hkma^_heehpbg`3
F)*%F)+ ? bklmhk]^kfhf^gmlbg\en]bg`ma^^__^\mh_
NMa^k^jnbk^f^gml_hk_bk^k^lblmZg\^!l^^MZ[e^,"' `^hf^mkb\bfi^k_^\mbhgluF)+uªuF)*u
N;^g]bg`pbee[^\kbmb\ZeZ[hnmma^p^ZdZqbl'
F+ GhfbgZel^\hg]hk]^kfhf^gm G>]^+
NMa^k^Zk^]b__^k^gmkne^l_hkliZ\bg`Zg]jnZgmbmrh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
F)^ >jnboZe^gm_bklmhk]^kfhf^gm )'/F)+$)'-F)*ª)'-F)+
!l^^[êhp"'
F>] NembfZm^]^lb`gfhf^gm
Ma^k^blghli^\b_b\`nb]Zg\^`bo^g_hk[^g]bg`Z[hnmma^lmkhg`Zqbl F>ji ? bklmhk]^k[^g]bg`fhf^gmng]^k

jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]bg`
_hklmZ[bebmr'Ahpô^k%maîkbg\bie^lh_<BKB:Kîhkm*)1fZr[^
g KêZmbo^ZqbZe_hk\^ G>](!:\_\]"
_heehp^]':em^kgZmboêrma^lmknmZg]mb^f^mah]fZr[^nl^]!l^\mbhg
/'.h_ma^>nkh\h]^"' g[Ze OZen^h_gZmfZqbfnffhf^gmh_k^lblmZg\^ )'-
gn ?Z\mhkmhZeehp_hkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^\henfg *$ω
Rules for spacing and G>]
kf
NembfZm^ZqbZeehZ]
Fhf^gmkZmbh F)*(F)+
quantity of reinforcement q
s
=îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl
Eô^kZkf
!]¾s"()'-
α\\ <h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf^__^\ml )'1._hk_e^qnk^Zg]ZqbZe

Maximum areas of reinforcement hg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_ng_ZohnkZ[e^ ehZ]l'*')_hkhma^k
Bg>nkh\h]^+ma^fZqbfnfghfbgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmZk^Z_hk\henfgl ^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^pZrehZ]blZiieb^] ia^ghf^gZ!?khfNDG:"
Zg]pZeelhnmlb]êZilbl-\hfiZk^]pbma/bg;L1**)'Ahpô^k% β ?Z\mhk )',.$_\d(+))¾λ(*.)

mablZk^Z\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^]ikhob]^]maZmma^\hg\k^m^\Zg[îeZ\^] εr] =^lb`goZen^h_lmkZbgbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm _r](>l
Zg]\hfiZ\m^]ln__b\b^gmer'B_k^jnbk^]lê_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^fZr γf IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkfZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l *'*._hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!γl"
[^nl^]_hkiZkmb\neZker\hg`^lm^]lbmnZmbhgl%pa^k^ma^k^bg_hk\bg`[Zkl *'._hk\hg\k^m^!γ\"
lahne][^liZ\^]mh^glnk^maZmma^\hg\k^m^\Zg_ehpZkhng]ma^f' l Le^g]^kg^ll e)(b

?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^\Zg[^_hng]bgLê_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^' l ebf Le^g]^kg^llebfbm
¬_b =^`k^^h_nmbeblZmbhgbgZ_bk^ G>]%_b (GK]

Minimum reinforcement requirements h^_ >__^\mbo^\k^îkZmbh h!∞%mh"F>ji (F>]
Ma^k^\hff^g]^]fbgbfnf]bZf^m^kh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbg h !∞%m)" ?bgZe\k^î\h&^__b\b^gmmh<e,'*'-
\henfglbl*+ff'Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbg
ω F^\aZgb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh :l_r](!:\_\]"
\henfglbl`bo^g[r3:l%fbg6)'*)G>](_r]ª)'))+:\>qi'!2'*+G"
uqu :[lhenmôZen^h_q
Ma^]bZf^m^kh_ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ghm[ê^llmaZg
FZq'tq%r$svMa^fZqbfnfh_oZen^lqhkr$s
/ffhkhg^jnZkm^kh_ma^fZqbfnf]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zkl'
41
.'<henfgl
Spacing requirements for columns Particular requirements for walls

Ma^fZqbfnfliZ\bg`h_mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gm!b'^'ebgdl"bg Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_o^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmbgpZeelbl`bo^g[r3
\henfgl!<eZnl^2'.',!*""lahne]ghm^q\^^]3
N*+mbf^lma^fbgbfnf]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zkl'
:l%fbg6)'))+:\
N/)h_maê^ll^k]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfg'
AZe_h_mablZk^Zlahne][êh\Zm^]Zm^Z\a_Z\^'Ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^g
N+-)ff'
mphZ]cZ\^gmo^kmb\Ze[Zkllahne]ghm^q\^^]maê^ll^kh_^bma^kmak^^
:mZ]blmZg\^`k^Zm^kmaZgmaêZk`^k]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfgZ[ho^ mbf^lma^pZeemab\dg^llhk-))ff'
hk[êhpZ[^ZfhkleZ[ma^l^liZ\bg`l\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^][rZ_Z\mhk
h_*'/0'Ma^fbgbfnf\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^[Zkllahne][^ma^ Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_ahkbshgmZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbgpZeelblma^`k^Zm^k
`k^Zm^kh_ma^[Zk]bZf^m^k%Z``k^`Zm^lbsîenl.ffhk+)ff' h_^bma^k+.h_o^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmhk)'))*:\'Ahpô^k%pa^k^
Ghehg`bmn]bgZe[Zklahne][^_nkma^kmaZg*.)ff_khfmkZglo^kl^ \kZ\d\hgmkheblbfihkmZgm%^ZkerZ`^ma^kfZeZg]lakbgdZ`^^__^\ml
k^bg_hk\^f^gm!ebgdl"bgma^\hfik^llbhgshg^' lahne][^\hglb]^k^]^qieb\bmer'
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)¾*%Lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾IZkm*%<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg';LB%+))-'
3 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhg'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
4 @HH=<ABE=%<A%>EBHMM%DLP>;LM>K%KF'>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^ê^f^gml'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾+'>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^l¾lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g';LB%+))-'
6 @HH=<ABE=%<AP>;LM>K%KF'Lik^Z]la^^ml_hk\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]>nkh\h]^+%o^klbhg,'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
7 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//10%;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh;L>G*22+¾*¾*Zg];L>G*22+¾*¾+';LB%+))/'
8 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3;^Zfl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
9 ?K:L>K%:LCHG>L:>D'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
10 <BKB:'Kîhkm*)+3=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZee[nbe]bg`l'<BKB:%*21-'
11 MA><HG<K>M>LHMR'M^\agb\ZeKîhkmGh/+3Lê_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^':kôb^p'Ma^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
42
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
R Webster<>g`%?BLmkn\m>O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design

Scope
:ee_hng]Zmbhgllahne][^]^lb`g^]lhmaZmma^lhbelZ_êrk^lblmlma^
Z\mbhglZiieb^]mhma^lmkn\mnk^'Ma^]^lb`gh_Zgr_hng]Zmbhg\hglblmlh_
mph\hfihg^gml4ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gZg]ma^lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`gh_ma^
_hng]Zmbhgbmlê_'Ahpô^k%_hklhf^_hng]Zmbhgl!^'`'_e^qb[e^kZ_ml"ma^^__^\m
h_ma^bgm^kZ\mbhg[^mp^^gma^lhbeZg]lmkn\mnk^fZr[^\kbmb\ZeZg]fnlm
Zelh[^\hglb]^k^]'@^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gbl\ho^k^][r>nkh\h]^0%pab\a
lni^kl^]^llô^kZe\nkk^gm;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]lbg\en]bg`;L.2,)%;L1))+
Zg];L1))-'Ma^g^p>nkh\h]^fZkdlZlb`gb_b\Zgm\aZg`^bg`^hm^\agb\Ze
]^lb`gbgmaZmebfbmlmZmîkbg\bie^lZk^nl^]makhnàhnmZg]mabllahne]
^glnk^\hglblm^g\r[^mp^^gma^>nkh\h]^l'Ma^k^Zk^mphiZkmlmh>nkh\h]^0%
IZkm*3@^g^kZekne^lZg]IZkm+3@khng]bgo^lmb`ZmbhgZg]m^lmbg`'@nb]Zg\^hg
ma^]^lb`gh_k^mZbgbg`pZeel\Zg[^_hng]bg<aZim^k2'
Ma^^ll^gmbZe_^Zmnk^lh_>nkh\h]^0%IZkm*kêZmbg`mh_hng]Zmbhg]^lb`gZk^
]bl\nll^]bgmabl\aZim^k'Bmlahne][^^fiaZlbl^]maZmmablin[eb\Zmbhg\ho^kl
hgerma^]^lb`gh_lbfie^_hng]Zmbhgl%pab\aZk^ZlfZeeiZkmh_ma^l\hi^h_
>nkh\h]^0'Ma^k^_hk^bmlahne]ghm[^kêb^]hg_hk`^g^kZe`nb]Zg\^hgmabl
>nkh\h]^'
Limit states
Ma^_heehpbg`nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l!NEL"lahne][^lZmbl_b^]_hk`^hm^\agb\Ze
]^lb`g4ma^r^Z\aaZo^ma^bkhpg\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgl'!?hkZg^qieZgZmbhg
h_>nkh\h]^m^kfbgheh`rie^Zl^k^_^kmh<aZim^k*%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'"
EQU Ehllh_^jnbeb[kbnfh_ma^lmkn\mnk^'
STR Bgm^kgZe_Zbenk^hk^q\^llbo^]^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^hklmkn\mnkZe
f^f[^k'
GEO ?Zbenk^]n^mh^q\^llbo^]^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^`khng]'
UPL Ehllh_^jnbeb[kbnf]n^mhnieb_m[rpZm^kik^llnk^'
HYD ?Zbenk^\Znl^][rar]kZneb\`kZ]b^gml'
BgZ]]bmbhg%ma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^l!LEL"lahne][^lZmbl_b^]'Bmpbee
nlnZeer[^\e^ZkmaZmhg^h_maêbfbmlmZm^lpbee`ho^kgma^]^lb`gZg]
ma^k^_hk^bmpbeeghm[^g^\^llZkrmh\Zkkrhnm\a^\dl_hkZeeh_ma^f%Zemahnà
bmbl\hglb]^k^]`hh]ikZ\mb\^mhk^\hk]maZmma^raZo^Zee[^^g\hglb]^k^]'
Geotechnical Categories
>nkh\h]^0k^\hff^g]lmak^^@^hm^\agb\Ze<Zm^`hkb^lmhZllblmbg^lmZ[eblabg`
ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZlmkn\mnk^!l^^MZ[e^*"'
BmblZgmb\biZm^]maZmlmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^klpbeemZd^k^lihglb[bebmr_hkma^ mh[^Ziieb^]mhma^Z\mbhgl_hkma^l^\hf[bgZmbhglh_iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl
`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_\Zm^`hkr*lmkn\mnk^l%Zg]maZm`^hm^\agb\Ze Zk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+Zg]maîZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkma^`^hm^\agb\Ze
^g`bg^^klpbeemZd^k^lihglb[bebmr_hk\Zm^`hkr,lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^ fZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^,'<hf[bgZmbhg*pbee`^g^kZeer
`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_\Zm^`hkr+lmkn\mnk^lfZr[^ng]^kmZd^g[r `ho^kgma^lmkn\mnkZek^lblmZg\^%Zg]<hf[bgZmbhg+pbee`^g^kZeer
f^f[^klh_^bma^kikh_^llbhg'Mabl]^\blbhgpbeeo^krfn\a]î^g]hg `ho^kgma^lbsbg`h_ma^_hng]Zmbhgl'
bg]bob]nZe\bk\nflmZg\^l'
MaîZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hklhbek^lblmZg\^mhleb]bg`Zg][^Zkbg`lahne][^
Methods of design and combinations mZd^gZl*')_hk[hma\hf[bgZmbhgl'
Ma^kâZlghm[^^gZ\hgl^glnlZfhg`lm`^hm^\agb\Ze^g`bg^^kl
ho^kma^Ziieb\Zmbhgh_ebfbmlmZmîkbg\bie^lmh`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g' MaîZkmbZe_Z\mhklmh[^Ziieb^]mhma^Z\mbhglZmma^>JNebfbmlmZm^
Ma^k^_hk^%mhZeehp_hkma^l^]b__^k^g\^lh_hibgbhg%>nkh\h]^0 Zk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^-4ma^`^hm^\agb\ZefZm^kbZeiZkmbZe_Z\mhklZk^`bo^g
ikhob]^l_hkmak^^=^lb`g:iikhZ\a^lmh[^nl^]_hkma^NEL'Ma^ bgMZ[e^,'
]^\blbhghgpab\aZiikhZ\amhnl^_hkZiZkmb\neZk\hngmkrbl`bo^g
bgbmlGZmbhgZe:gg^q'Bgma^ND=^lb`g:iikhZ\a*pbee[^li^\b_b^] ?hkma^LEL%>nkh\h]^0]h^lghm`bo^ZgrZ]ob\^hgpa^ma^kma^
bgma^GZmbhgZe:gg^q'?hkmabl=^lb`g:iikhZ\a!^q\en]bgìbe^Zg] \aZkZ\m^kblmb\%_k^jn^gmhkjnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhglahne][^
Zg\ahkZ`^]^lb`g"ma^k^Zk^mphl^mlh_\hf[bgZmbhglmhnl^_hkma^ nl^]'Pa^k^maîk^l\kbimbo^f^mah]blnl^]_hklik^Z]_hng]Zmbhgl
LMKZg]@>HnembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l'MaôZen^l_hkmaîZkmbZe_Z\mhkl !l^îZ`^,"ma^gma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^llahne][^Z]him^]'?hk
Table 1
Geotechnical categories of structures
Category Description Risk of geotechnical failure Examples from Eurocode 7
* LfZeeZg]kêZmboêrlbfie^lmkn\mnk^l G^èb`b[e^ Ghg^`bo^g
+ <hgo^gmbhgZemri^lh_lmkn\mnk^Zg]_hng]Zmbhg Gh^q\îmbhgZekbld Lik^Z]_hng]Zmbhgl

pbmagh]b__b\nem`khng]hkehZ]bg`\hg]bmbhgl
, :eehma^klmkn\mnk^l :[ghkfZekbldl EZk`^hkngnlnZelmkn\mnk^l
>q\îmbhgZe`khng]\hg]bmbhgl
Table 2
Design values of actions derived for UK design, STR/GEO ultimate limit state – persistent and transient design situations
Combination Permanent actions Leading variable Accompanying variable actions

Expression reference action
from BS EN 1990 Unfavourable Favourable Main (if any) Others
Combination 1 (Application of combination 1 (BS EN 1997) to set B (BS EN 1990))
>qi'!/'*)" *',.@dZ *')@dZ *'.[Jd ¾ *'.[ch%b\Jd%b

>qi'!/'*)Z" *',.@dZ *')@dZ ¾ *'.ch%*\Jd *'.[ch%b\Jd%b
>qi'!/'*)[" )'2+.]q*',.@dZ *')@dZ *'.[Jd ¾ *'.[ch%b\Jd%b
Combination 2 (Application of combination 2 (BS EN 1997) to set C (BS EN 1990))
>qi'!/'*)" *')@dZ *')@dZ *',[Jd%* ¾ *',[ch%b \Jd%b
Key
a Pa^k^maôZkbZmbhgbgi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgblghm\hglb]^k^]lb`gb_b\Zgm@d%c%lniZg]@d%c%bg_fZr[^mZd^gZl@d
b Pa^k^ma^Z\mbhgbl_ZohnkZ[e^%gJ%b6)Zg]maôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgllahne][^b`ghk^]
c MaôZen^h_c h\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^G:':*'*h_ma^NDG:mh;L>G*22)!hkl^^MZ[e^,h_<aZim^k*"
d MaôZen^h_jbgma^NDG:mh;L>G*22)bl)'2+.
Table 3
Partial factors for geotechnical material properties
Angle of shearing resistance Effective cohesion Undrained shear Unconfined Bulk density
(apply to tan h) strength strength
Symbol gh gc’ gcu gqu gg

<hf[bgZmbhg* *') *') *') *') *')
<hf[bgZmbhg+ *'+. *'+. *'- *'- *')
>JN *'* *'* *'+ *'+ *')
44
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
]bk^\mf^mah]lh_\Ze\neZmbhgma^_k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhg\Zg[^nl^]
_hklbsbg`h__hng]ZmbhglZg]ma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhg\Zg[^ Spread foundations
nl^]_hkl^mme^f^gm\Ze\neZmbhgl'
Ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_lik^Z]_hng]Zmbhgl!^'`'lmkbiZg]iZ]
?nkma^kbg_hkfZmbhghg]^lb`g\hf[bgZmbhgl\Zg[^_hng]bg<aZim^k*% _hng]Zmbhgl"bl\ho^k^][rl^\mbhg/h_>nkh\h]^0%IZkm*Zg]mabl
hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]ZlBgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l' `bo^lmak^^f^mah]l_hk]^lb`g3
N =bk^\mf^mah]¾\Ze\neZmbhgbl\Zkkb^]hnm_hk^Z\aebfbmlmZm^'
Geotechnical design report N Bg]bk^\mf^mah]¾^qi^kb^g\^Zg]m^lmbg`nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^
:`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gkîhkmlahne][îkh]n\^]_hk^Z\aikhc^\m% l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZmîZkZf^m^klmaZmZelhlZmbl_rZeekêôZgm
ô^gb_bmblhgerZlbgè^la^^m'Ma^kîhkmlahne]\hgmZbg]^mZbelh_ ebfbmlmZm^l!bg\en]^]bg>nkh\h]^0fZbgermhlnbm?k^g\a]^lb`g
ma^lbm^%bgm^kik^mZmbhgh_ma^`khng]bgo^lmb`Zmbhgkîhkm%`^hm^\agb\Ze f^mah]l%Zg]blghm]bl\nll^]_nkma^ka^k^"'
]^lb`gk^\hff^g]ZmbhglZg]Z]ob\^hglni^koblbhg%fhgbmhkbg`Zg] N Ik^l\kbimbo^f^mah]bgpab\aZik^lnf^][^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^blnl^]'
fZbgm^gZg\^h_ma^phkdl'BmblebdêrmaZmmablkîhkmpbeek^jnbk^bginm
_khffhk^maZghg^\hglnemZgm%]î^g]bg`hgpa^ma^kmaîkhc^\mblbg ?hkfhlmlik^Z]_hng]Zmbhglbgma^ND%l^mme^f^gmpbee[^ma^
@^hm^\agb\Ze<Zm^`hkr*%+hk,' `ho^kgbg`\kbm^kbhg4mkZ]bmbhgZeerÂZeehpZ[e^[^Zkbgìk^llnk^lÃaZo^[^^g
nl^]mhebfbml^mme^f^gm'Mabl\hg\îmh_bg\k^Zlbg`ma^_Z\mhkh_lZ_^mr
Ma^_hng]Zmbhg]^lb`gk^\hff^g]Zmbhgllahne]bg\en]^[^Zkbg` hg[^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^lmh\hgmkhel^mme^f^gmfZrlmbee[^nl^]pbmama^
k^lblmZg\^lZg]\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l_hklhbeiZkZf^m^kl'Bmlahne] ik^l\kbimbo^f^mah]'Ma^^q\îmbhgbl_hklh_m\eZrlpa^k^>nkh\h]^0
Zelh\e^ZkerlmZm^pa^ma^kmaôZen^lZk^Ziieb\Z[e^mhLELhkNELZg] k^jnbk^ll^mme^f^gm\Ze\neZmbhglmh[^ng]^kmZd^g'
pa^ma^kma^rZk^_hk<hf[bgZmbhg*hk<hf[bgZmbhg+'
Pa^gnlbg`ma^]bk^\mf^mah]%\Ze\neZmbhglZk^\Zkkb^]hnm_hk^Z\a
ebfbmlmZm^':mma^NEL%ma^[^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^h_ma^lhbelahne][^
Table 4
Design values of actions derived for UK design, EQU ultimate limit \a^\d^]nlbgìZkmbZe_Z\mhklhgma^lhbeikhi^kmb^lZlpêeZlhg
state – persistent and transient design situations ma^Z\mbhgl':mma^LELma^l^mme^f^gmh_ma^_hng]Zmbhgllahne][^
\Ze\neZm^]Zg]\a^\d^]Z`Zbglmi^kfbllb[eêbfbml'
Combination Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable
Expression variable actions
reference action Maîk^l\kbimbo^f^mah]fZr[^nl^]pa^k^\Ze\neZmbhgh_ma^lhbe
Unfavourable Favourable Main Others
(if any) ikhi^kmb^lblghmihllb[e^hkg^\^llZkrZg]\Zg[^nl^]ikhob]^]maZm
>qi'!/'*)" *'*@dZ )'2)@dZ *'.[Jd ¾ *'.[ch%b\Jd%b \hgl^koZmbo^kne^lh_]^lb`gZk^nl^]'Ma^k^_hk^k^_^k^g\^\Zg\hgmbgn^
mh[^fZ]^mhMZ[e^*h_;L1))-!l^^MZ[e^."mh]^m^kfbgîk^lnf^]
Key
a P
a^k^maôZkbZmbhgbgi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgblghm\hglb]^k^]lb`gb_b\Zgm@d%c%lni
!ZeehpZ[e^"[^Zkbgìk^llnk^l_hk\Zm^`hkr*lmkn\mnk^lZg]ikêbfbgZkr
Zg]@d%c%bg_fZr[^mZd^gZl@d \Ze\neZmbhgl_hk\Zm^`hkr+lmkn\mnk^l':em^kgZmboêr%maîk^lnf^]
b Pa^k^ma^Z\mbhgbl_ZohnkZ[e^%gJ%b6)Zg]maôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgllahne][^b`ghk^] [^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^mhZeehp_hkl^mme^f^gm\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^][rma^
c MaôZen^h_ch\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^G:':*'*h_ma^NDG:mh;L>G*22) `^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g^kZg]bg\en]^]bgma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gkîhkm'
Table 5
Presumed allowable bearing values under static loading (from BS 8004)
Category Type of soil Presumed allowable bearing value (kN/m2) Remarks
Ghg& =^gl^`kZoê%hk]^gl^lZg]Zg]`kZoê 7 /)) Pb]mah__hng]Zmbhgghme^llmaZg*f'

\ha^lbo^ @khng]pZm^keôêZllnf^]mh[^[êhpma^[Zl^
lhbel F^]bnf]^gl^`kZoê%hkf^]bnf 5+))mh/)) h_ma^_hng]Zmbhg'
]^gl^lZg]Zg]`kZoê
Ehhl^`kZoê%hkehhl^lZg]Zg]`kZoê 5+))
<hfiZ\mlZg] 7 ,))
F^]bnf]^gl^lZg] *))mh,))
Ehhl^lZg] 5*))
<ha^lbo^ O^krlmb__[hne]^k\eZrZg]aZk]\eZr ,))mh/)) Lnl\îmb[e^mhehg`&m^kf\hglheb]Zmbhgl^mme^f^gm
lhbel
Lmb__\eZr *.)mh,))
?bkf\eZr 0.mh*.)
Lh_m\eZrZg]lbem 50.
O^krlh_m\eZrZg]lbem GhmZiieb\Z[e^
Note
Ma^lôZen^lZk^_hkikêbfbgZkr]^lb`ginkihl^lhger'
45
:_ehp\aZkmlahpbg`ma^]^lb`gikh\^ll_hklaZeehp_hng]Zmbhglbl IZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkma^lhbeiZkZf^m^klnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^k^lblmZg\^l
`bo^gbg?b`nk^*' \Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^,Z[ho^!<hf[bgZmbhg+"'
Pa^k^ma^k^blZfhf^gmZiieb^]mhma^_hng]Zmbhg%ma^>JNebfbm Maîk^llnk^]blmkb[nmbhgng]^kma^[Zl^lahne][^Zll^ll^]mh^glnk^
lmZm^lahne]Zelh[^\a^\d^]':llnfbg`maîhm^gmbZeho^kmnkgbg`h_ maZmma^fZqbfnfik^llnk^]h^lghm^q\^^]ma^[^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^l
ma^[Zl^bl]n^mhmaôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg_khfma^pbg]%ma^_heehpbg` h[mZbg^]_khfma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gkîhkmZm[hma>JNZg]@>H
\hf[bgZmbhglahne][^nl^]!maôZkbZ[e^bfihl^]Z\mbhgblghm nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l!l^^?b`nk^+"'B_ma^^\\^gmkb\bmrbl`k^Zm^kmaZg
\hglb]^k^]mh\hgmkb[nm^mhma^lmZ[bebmrh_ma^lmkn\mnk^"3 E(/ZmLEL%ma^gmaîk^llnk^]blmkb[nmbhgnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^
l^mme^f^gmlahne][^fh]b_b^][^\Znl^m^glbhg\Zgghmh\\nk[^mp^^g
)'2@d$*'.Jd%p >JN\hf[bgZmbhg ma^[Zl^Zg]ma^lhbe'Bgmabl\Zl^ma^]^lb`g^klahne]lZmbl_rabflê_
pa^k^3 maZmma^k^pbee[^ghZ]o^kl^\hgl^jn^g\^l!^'`'^q\^llbo^khmZmbhgh_
@dblma^lmZ[beblbg`\aZkZ\m^kblmb\i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg ma^[Zl^"'Bmlahne]Zelh[^ghm^]maZmma^NELik^llnk^]blmkb[nmbhg
!Nl^*'*@d_hkZ]^lmZ[beblbgì^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg" ]bZ`kZfpbee[^k^\mZg`neZkZg]ghmmkZi^shb]Ze'
Jd%pblma^]^lmZ[beblbg`\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZkbZ[e^pbg]Z\mbhg
Reinforced concrete pads
Figure 1
Procedures for depth of spread foundations Pa^k^maîZ]_hng]Zmbhglk^jnbk^k^bg_hk\^f^gmma^_heehpbg`\a^\dl
lahne][^\Zkkb^]hnmmh^glnk^3
N Ln__b\b^gmk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhk^lblm[^g]bg`fhf^gml'
START
N Ing\abg`la^Zklmk^g`ma'
N ;^Zfla^Zklmk^g`ma'
Obtain soil parameters from Ground Investigation report
Ma^fhf^gmlZg]la^Zk_hk\^llahne][^Zll^ll^]nlbg`ma^LMK
\hf[bgZmbhg3
*',.@d$*'.Jd LMK\hf[bgZmbhg*!>qi'!/'*)""
Design using
Yes No
direct method?
Ahpô^k%ma^k^fZr[^^\hghfb^lmhfZ]^_khfnlbg`>qik^llbhgl
!/'*)Z"hk!/'*)["_khfma^>nkh\h]^'
Size foundation
Use prescriptive method.
(geotechnical design) using
Size foundation Ma^\kbmb\Ze[^g]bg`fhf^gml_hk]^lb`gh_[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gm
the worst of Combinations
(geotechnical design) Zkêh\Zm^]Zmma^\henfg_Z\^l';hma[^Zfla^ZkZg]ing\abg`
1 or 2 (ULS) for actions
using SLS for actions
and geotechnical material la^Zklahne]ma^g[^\a^\d^]Zmmaêh\Zmbhgllahpgbg?b`nk^,'?hk
and presumed
properties. Combination 2
bearing resistance
will usually govern. ing\abg`la^Zkma^`khng]k^Z\mbhgpbmabgmaî^kbf^m^kfZr[^
]^]n\m^]_khfma^\henfgehZ]!>qik^llbhg!/'-1"%>nkh\h]^+¾*¾*"'
BmblghmnlnZe_hkZiZ]_hng]Zmbhgmh\hgmZbgla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%
ma^k^_hk^bmblhgerg^\^llZkrmh^glnk^maZmma^\hg\k^m^la^Zklmk^ll
Check overturning using EQU
Is there an limit state for actions and \ZiZ\bmrpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!oK]%\¾l^^MZ[e^/"bl`k^Zm^kmaZg
overturning moment? GEO Combination 2
Yes Ziieb^]la^Zklmk^ll!o>]6O>](![]""'
for material properties.
No B_ma^[Zlb\la^Zklmk^llbl^q\^^]^]%ma^]^lb`g^kfZrbg\k^Zl^ma^
]îmah_ma^[Zl^':em^kgZmboêr%ma^Zfhngmh_fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Design foundation (structural design) using the worst of
Combinations 1 and 2 (ULS) for actions and geotechnical \hne][^bg\k^Zl^]hk%e^ll]^lbkZ[er%la^Zkebgdl\hne][îkhob]^]'!L^^
material properties.
<aZim^k-%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl;^Zfl_hkZg^qieZgZmbhgh_ahpmh
]^lb`gla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm'"
Figure 2
Pressure distributions for pad foundations
M M M
P 6e
1
L L
P or P P
2P P
1.5 L 3 e L 2e
e e
P P
e = M/ P e
P 6e L = width of base P
1+
L L
SLS pressure distributions ULS pressure distribution
46
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
Design for punching shear Figure 4

Procedure for determining punching shear capacity for pad foundations
>nkh\h]^+ikhob]^lli^\b_b\`nb]Zg\^hgma^]^lb`gh__hng]Zmbhgl_hk
ing\abg`la^Zk%Zg]mabloZkb^l_khfmaZm`bo^g_hkleZ[l'Bg>nkh\h]^+ma^
la^Zki^kbf^m^kaZlkhng]^]\hkg^klZg]ma^_hk\^l]bk^\merk^lblm^][r START
ma^`khng]lahne][^]^]n\m^]!mhZohb]ngg^\^llZkber\hgl^koZmbo^
]^lb`gl"'Ma^\kbmb\Zei^kbf^m^klahne][^_hng]bm^kZmboêr%[nmbmbl
Determine value of factor β
`^g^kZeerZ\\îmZ[e^mh\a^\dZm]Zg]+]':em^kgZmboêr%Zlik^Z]la^^m (β =1.0 when applied moment is zero; refer to Expressions
\hne][^nl^]!^'`'lik^Z]la^^mM<<1*_khfLik^Z]la^^ml_hk\hg\k^m^ (6.38) to (6.42) from BS EN 1992–1–1 for other cases)
]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]>nkh\h]^+ "'Maîkh\^]nk^_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^
ing\abg`la^Zkk^jnbk^f^gmlbllahpgbg?b`nk^-'
Determine value of vEd,max
(design shear stress at face of column) from:
Table 6 vEd,max = β(VEd – DVEd) (from Exp. (6.38))
vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa (u0deff)
rl Effective depth, d (mm) where u0 is perimeter of column
(see Clause 6.4.5 for columns at base edges)
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000a deff = (dy + dz)/2 where dy and dz
are the effective depths in orthogonal directions
0.25% 0.47 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34
0.50% 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.43
Determine value of vRd,max (refer to Table 7)
0.75% 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49
1.00% 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54
1.25% 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.58 No
Is vEd,max < vRd,max? Redesign foundation
1.50% 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62
1.75% 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 Yes
≥2.00% 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68
Determine value of vEd, (design shear stress) from:
k 1.816 1.707 1.632 1.577 1.535 1.500 1.471 1.447 vEd = (VEd – DVEd)
Key (u1deff)
where u1 is length of control perimeter (refer to Figure 5). For
a?hk]îmal`k^Zm^kmaZg*)))\Ze\neZmôK]%\]bk^\mer' eccentrically loaded bases, refer to Exp. (6.51).
Notes The control perimeter will have to be found through iteration;
it will usually be between d and 2d
1MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf3oK]%\6)'*+d!*))r B_\d"!*(,"ª)'),.d*'._\d)'.
pa^k^d6*$√!+))(]"©+Zg]r B6√!rBr$r Bs"©)')+%
r Br6:lr(![]"Zg]r Bs6:ls(![]"
2MablmZ[eâZl[^^gikîZk^]_hk_\d6,)4 Determine concrete punching shear capacity vRd (without
pa^k^r e^q\^^])'-)ma^_heehpbg`_Z\mhklfZr[^nl^]3 shear reinforcement) from 2dvRd,c/a (Refer to Table 6 for vRd,c)
f\d 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
Factor )'2- )'21 *')+ *'). *'*) *'*- *'*2 Either increase main
steel, or provide
Is vEd < vRd at No punching shear
critical perimeter? reinforcement required.
(Not recommended
Figure 3 for foundations.)
Yes
Shear checks for pad foundations
No shear reinforcement required. Check complete.
Beam shear Punching shear perimeters,

faces (load within deducted from V Ed)
Figure 5
Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas
2d
u1
u1 2d
2d
bz
Bends may be
d required
h d
by
47
_e^qnk^k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh<aZim^k-%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
Raft foundations ;^Zfl '
Ma^[Zlb\]^lb`gikh\^ll^l_hkkZ_mlZk^lbfbeZkmhmahl^_hkblheZm^] :em^kgZmboêr%ZmknllZgZeh`rfZr[^nl^]4mablbl\ho^k^]bgL^\mbhgl.'/'-
iZ]_hng]Zmbhglhkibe^\Zil'Ma^hger]b__^k^g\^bgZiikhZ\aeb^lbgma^ Zg]/'.h_>nkh\h]^+¾*¾*'Ma^lmknmZgè^ylahne][^Zme^Zlm+*'1mh
lê^\mbhgh_ZgZiikhikbZm^f^mah]_hkZgZerlbg`ma^bgm^kZ\mbhg[^mp^^g maâhkbshgmZe4ghm^maZmylahne][^f^Zlnk^]bgmaîeZg^h_ma^\henfg
ma^kZ_mZg]ma^`khng]lhZlmhZ\abô^Zk^ZlhgZ[e^kîk^l^gmZmbhgh_ Zg]ibe^'
ma^bk[âZobhnk'?hklmb__^kkZ_ml!b'^'liZg&mh&mab\dg^ll`k^Zm^kmaZg*)"pbma
Z_Zbkerk^`neZkeZrhnm%lbfieb_b^]ZiikhZ\a^lln\aZlrbê]ebg^hkma^_eZm ;hma[^Zfla^ZkZg]ing\abg`la^Zklahne]ma^g[^\a^\d^]Zllahpgbg
leZ[^jnboZe^gm_kZf^f^mah]fZr[^^fiehr^]%hg\^Zg^lmbfZmbhgh_ ?b`nk^/'?hk[^Zfla^Zk%ma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^lbgMZ[e^/fZr[^nl^]'B_ma^
maôZkbZmbhglbg[^Zkbgìk^llnkâZl[^^gh[mZbg^]_khfZ`^hm^\agb\Ze [Zlb\la^Zklmk^llbl^q\^^]^]%ma^]^lb`g^klahne]bg\k^Zl^ma^]îmah_ma^
li^\bZeblm'PaZmô^klbfieb_b\ZmbhglZk^fZ]^%bg]bob]nZeêZlmb\kZ_m [Zl^':em^kgZmboêr%ma^Zfhngmh_fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm\hne][^bg\k^Zl^]hk%
k^Z\mbhgllahne]^jnZm^mhma^Ziieb^]\henfgehZ]l' e^ll]^lbkZ[er%la^Zkebgdl\hne][îkhob]^]'<Zk^lahne][^mZd^gmaZmfZbg
[ZklZk^_neerZg\ahk^]':lZfbgbfnf%Z_neeZg\ahkZ`^lahne][îkhob]^]
Mabgg^k%fhk^_e^qb[e^kZ_mlhkmahl^pbmaZ\hfie^qeZrhnmfZrk^jnbk^ _khfma^bgg^k_Z\^h_ibe^l'EZk`^kZ]bnl[^g]lfZr[^k^jnbk^]'
ma^Ziieb\Zmbhgh_Z_bgbm^ê^f^gmhk`kbeeZ`^ZgZerlbl'?hkkZ_ml[^Zkbg`
hg`kZgneZkln[&`kZ]^lhkpa^g\hgmb`nhnl&ibe^]pZeelhk]bZiakZ`f Pa^gZll^llbg`ma^la^Zk\ZiZ\bmrbgZibe^\Zi%hgerma^m^glbhglm^ê
i^kbf^m^kpZeelZkîk^l^gm%ma^`khng]fZr[^fh]êe^]ZlZl^kb^l ieZ\^]pbmabgma^lmk^llshg^lahne][^\hglb]^k^]Zl\hgmkb[nmbg`mhma^
h_Pbgde^klikbg`l'Ahpô^k%_hk\ha^lbo^ln[&`kZ]^l%mablZiikhZ\abl la^Zk\ZiZ\bmr!l^^?b`nk^0"'
ngebdêrmh[ôZeb]%Zg]li^\bZeblmlh_mpZk^pbee[^k^jnbk^]'
Figure 6
Critical shear perimeters for piles
Piled foundations f /5 Beam shear 5 d from column face
?hkmaînkihl^h_mabl\aZim^kbmblZllnf^]maZmmaîbe^]^lb`gpbee[^
\Zkkb^]hnm[rZli^\bZeblmibebg`\hgmkZ\mhk'Ma^Z\mbhglhgmaîbe^lfnlm f /5
[^\e^Zker\hgo^r^]mhmaîbe^]^lb`g^k%Zg]ma^l^lahne][^[khd^g]hpg
bgmhma^ng_Z\mhk^]i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglZg]^Z\ah_ma^Ziieb\Z[eôZkbZ[e^
Punching shear 5 2d from column face
Z\mbhgl!^'`'bfihl^]Zg]pbg]Z\mbhgl"'Maîbe^]^lb`g^k\Zgma^g\Zkkr
hnmma^lmkn\mnkZeZg]`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_maîbe^l' f
Pa^k^fhf^gmlZk^Ziieb^]mhmaîbe^\Zima^>JN\hf[bgZmbhg
lahne]Zelh[^nl^]mh\a^\dmaîbe^l\Zgk^lblmma^ho^kmnkgbg`_hk\^l'
Ma^l^>JNehZ]lfnlmZelh[^\e^Zker\hgo^r^]mhmaîbe^]^lb`g^k Figure 7
Shear reinforcement for pilecaps
Zg]ikh\^]nk^linmbgieZ\^mh^glnk^maîbe^lZk^]^lb`g^]_hkma^
\hkk^\m_hk\^l'
A s contributing to shear capacity
:ibe^\ZifZr[^mk^Zm^]ZlZ[^Zfbg[^g]bg`%pa^k^ma^\kbmb\Ze
[^g]bg`fhf^gml_hkma^]^lb`gh_ma^[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gmZk^ Stress zone
o
eh\Zm^]Zmma^\henfg_Z\^l'?hk_nkma^k`nb]Zg\^hg]^lb`gbg`_hk 45
Table 7
Values for vRd, max
fck vRd,max Figure 8

+) ,'/1 Dimensions for plain foundations
+. -'.)
+1 -'20
a a
,) .'+1
,+ .'.1
hF
,. /')+
-) /'0+
bF
-. 0',1
.) 1'))
48
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
Plain concrete foundations Table 8

Minimum percentage of reinforcement required
LmkbiZg]iZ]_hhmbg`lfZr[^\hglmkn\m^]_khfieZbg\hg\k^m^ fck fctm Minimum % (0.26 fctm /fyka )

ikhob]^]ma^_heehpbg`kne^lZk^Z]a^k^]mh' +. +'/ )'*,
N Bg\hfik^llbhg%maôZen^h_a\\%ma^\h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ +1 +'1 )'*-
ehg`&m^kf^__^\mlZiieb^]mh]^lb`g\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma ,) +'2 )'*.
!l^^<e','*'/"%lahne][^mZd^gZl)'/Zlhiihl^]mh)'1._hk ,+ ,') )'*/
k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^' ,. ,'+ )'*0
N Ma^fbgbfnf_hng]Zmbhg]îma%a?%!l^^?b`nk^1"fZr[^ -) ,'. )'*1
\Ze\neZm^]_khf3 -. ,'1 )'+)
.) -'* )'+*

Key

a Pa^k^_rd 6.))FIZ'
pa^k^3
s`]6ma^]^lb`goZen^h_ma^`khng][^Zkbgìk^llnk^
_\m] 6ma^]^lb`g\hg\k^m^m^glbe^lmk^g`ma_khf>qi'!,'*/" Selected symbols
Symbol Definition Value
?hkfZgrlbmnZmbhglmablblngebdêrmhh__^kZgrlZobg`lho^kma^\nkk^gm :\ <khlll^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^ [a
ikZ\mb\^h_]^lb`gbg`_hka_ªZ' :l :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^ê
:l%ikho :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^êikhob]^]
Maîhllb[bebmrh_liebmmbg`_hk\^l%ZlZ]obl^]bg<eZnl^2'1'-h_>nkh\h]^
:l%k^j :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^êk^jnbk^]
+¾*¾*%fZrg^^]mh[^\hglb]^k^]'
] >__^\mbo^]îma
>nkh\h]^+ZeehplieZbg\hg\k^m^_hng]Zmbhglmh\hgmZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm ]^__ :o^kZ`^^__^\mbo^]îma !]r$]s"(+
_hk\hgmkheh_\kZ\dbg`' _\] =^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma a\\_\d (g\

_\mf F^ZgoZen^h_ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`ma )',)_\d+(,_hk_\d©<.)(/)
Rules for spacing and

@d

<aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg
!_khfMZ[e^,'*%>nkh\h]^+"
a Ho^kZee]îmah_ma^l^\mbhg
quantity of reinforcement e^__ >__^\mbo^liZgh_f^f[^k L^^L^\mbhg.','+'+!*"
F =^lb`gfhf^gmZmma^NEL
Crack control Jd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
K^_^kmh<aZim^k+%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl@^mmbg`lmZkm^]' Jd%p <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^pbg]Z\mbhg
O>] =^lb`goZen^h_Ziieb^]la^Zk_hk\^
Minimum area of principal reinforcement o>] =^lb`goZen^h_Ziieb^]la^Zklmk^ll

OK]%\ =^lb`goZen^h_maîng\abg`la^Zk
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl:l%fbg6)'+/_\mf[m](_rd[nmghm
k^lblmZg\^pbmahnming\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
e^llmaZg)'))*,[m]!l^^MZ[e^1"' oK]%\ =^lb`goZen^h_maîng\abg`la^Zklmk^ll
k^lblmZg\^pbmahnming\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Maximum area of reinforcement oK]%fZq ^lb`goZen^h_ma^fZqbfnfing\abg`la^Zk
=
k^lblmZg\^Zehg`ma^\hgmkhel^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]
>q\îmZmeZieh\Zmbhgl%ma^fZqbfnfZk^Zh_m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg
q =îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl !]¾s"()'-
k^bg_hk\^f^gm%lahne]ghm^q\^^]:l%fZq6)')-:\
qfZq EbfbmbgòZen^_hk]îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl !d¾)'-"]pa^k^d©*')
s Eô^kZkf
Minimum spacing of reinforcement a\\ h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf
< )'1._hk_e^qnk^Zg]
Ma^fbgbfnfliZ\bg`h_[Zkllahne][^ma^`k^Zm^kh_3 ^__^\mlhg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_ ZqbZeehZ]l%*')_hk
N ;Zk]bZf^m^k% ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^pZr hma^kia^ghf^gZ
ehZ]blZiieb^]!?khfNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q"
N :``k^`Zm^lbsîenl.ff%hk
b ?Z\mhk_hk]^m^kfbgbgìng\abg`la^Zklmk^ll
N +)ff' d Zmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^êZlmb\
K
[^g]bg`fhf^gm
Deep elements gf IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkfZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l
?hk]^îê^f^gmlma^Z]ob\^bg>nkh\h]^+_hkma^lb]^_Z\^lh_]^î r) K^_^k^g\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh _\d(*)))
[^ZflfZr[^_heehp^]'Ma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qk^\hff^g]lmaZm)'+ r e K^jnbk^]m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmfb]&liZg :l e[]

blikhob]^]bg^Z\a_Z\^'Ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^g[Zkllahne]ghm^q\^^] ehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbeô^kl"
maê^ll^kh_mpb\^ma^[^Zf]îmahk,))ff'?hkibe^\Zilma^lb]^ c ) ?Z\mhk_hk\hf[bgZmbhgoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
_Z\^fZr[^ngk^bg_hk\^]b_ma^k^blghkbldh_m^glbhg]ôêhibg`' c* ?Z\mhk_hk_k^jn^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
c+ ?Z\mhk_hkjnZlb&i^kfZg^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
49
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*2203>nkh\h]^03@^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g';LB!+iZkml"'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L.2,)3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hklbm^bgo^lmb`Zmbhg';LB%*222'
3 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1))+3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk^Zkmak^mZbgbg`lmkn\mnk^l';LB%*22-'
4 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1))-3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk_hng]Zmbhgl';LB%*21/'
5 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
6 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
7 @HH=<ABE=%<AP>;LM>KKF'Lik^Z]la^^ml_hk\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]>nkh\h]^+%o^klbhg,'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
9 ;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
50
0'?eZmleZ[l
Designing to Eurocode 2
Mabl\aZim^k\ho^klma^ZgZerlblZg]]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^_eZmleZ[lmh>nkh\h]^
+%Zikh\^llpab\abl^ll^gmbZeerma^lZf^Zlpa^gnlbg`;L1**)'Ahpô^k%
maêZrhnmZg]\hgm^gmh_>nkh\h]^+fZrZii^ZkngnlnZemh]^lb`g^kl
_ZfbebZkpbma;L1**)'>nkh\h]^+]h^lghm\hgmZbgma^]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^hk
li^\b_b\`nb]Zg\^hg]^m^kfbgbg`fhf^gmlZg]la^Zk_hk\^l'MablaZlZkbl^g
[^\Znl^bmaZl[^^g>nkhi^ZgikZ\mb\^mh`boîkbg\bie^lbgma^\h]^lZg]_hk
ma^]^mZbe^]Ziieb\Zmbhgmh[îk^l^gm^]bghma^klhnk\^lln\aZlm^qm[hhdl'
d^r]b__^k^g\^l[^mp^^g>nkh\h]^+Zg];L1**)%bg\en]bg`m^kfbgheh`r'
Bmlahne][^ghm^]maZmoZen^l_khfma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q!G:"aZo^[^^g
nl^]makhnàhnmmablin[eb\Zmbhg%bg\en]bgòZen^lmaZmZk^^f[^]]^]bg
]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^!]^kboZmbhgl\Zg[^_hng]Zmppp'^nkh\h]^+'bg_h"':eblmh_
lrf[helkêZm^]mh_eZmleZ[]^lb`gbl`bo^gZmma^^g]h_mabl\aZim^k'
Analysis
Nlbg`>nkh\h]^+_hkma^ZgZerlblh__eZmleZ[lbllbfbeZkmhnlbg`;L1**)'Ma^
_heehpbg`f^mah]lfZr[^nl^]3
N >jnboZe^gm_kZf^f^mah]
N ?bgbm^ê^f^gmZgZerlbl
N Rbê]ebg^ZgZerlbl
N @kbeeZ`^ZgZeh`r
Ma^>nkh\h]^`bo^l_nkma^kZ]ob\^hgma^^jnboZe^gm_kZf^f^mah]bg
:gg^qBZg]]^lb`g^klnl^]mh;L1**)pbee_bg]mablo^kr_ZfbebZk'Hg\^ma^
[^g]bg`fhf^gmlZg]la^Zk_hk\^laZo^[^^g]^m^kfbg^]%ma^_heehpbg`
`nb]Zg\^\Zg[^nl^]_hkma^]^lb`gh__eZmleZ[l'
Design procedure
:ikh\^]nk^_hk\Zkkrbg`hnmma^]^mZbe^]]^lb`gh__eZmleZ[lbllahpgbgMZ[e^*'
MablZllnf^lmaZmma^leZ[mab\dg^llaZlikôbhnler[^^g]^m^kfbg^]]nkbg`
\hg\îmnZe]^lb`g'<hg\îm]^lb`glikîZk^]Zllnfbg`]^mZbe^]]^lb`gphne]
[^mh;L1**)fZr[^\hgmbgn^]makhnàmh]^mZbe^]]^lb`gnlbg`>nkh\h]^+'
Fhk^]^mZbe^]Z]ob\^hg]^m^kfbgbg`]^lb`geb_^%ehZ]bg`%fZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l%
f^mah]lh_ZgZerlbl%fbgbfnf\hg\k^m^\ho^k_hk]nkZ[bebmrZg][hg]%Zg]
\hgmkheh_\kZ\dpb]mal\Zg[^_hng]bg<aZim^k+%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
@^mmbg`lmZkm^] '
!ghmfbgbfnf"]bf^glbhg%lhma^]^lb`g^klahne]^glnk^maZm
Fire resistance Zª\ghf$f ebgd$f [Zk (+
>nkh\h]^+%IZkm*¾+3Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g%`bo^lZ\ahb\^h_Z]oZg\^]% Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hk_eZmleZ[lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'
lbfieb_b^]hkmZ[neZkf^mah]l_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^_bk^k^lblmZg\^'Nlbg`
mZ[e^lblma^_Zlm^lmf^mah]_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^fbgbfnf]bf^glbhgl
Zg]\ho^k_hk_eZmleZ[l'Ma^k^Zk^%ahpô^k%lhf^k^lmkb\mbhglZg]b_ma^l^ Flexure
Ziier_nkma^k`nb]Zg\^\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfli^\bZeblmebm^kZmnk^'
Ma^]^lb`gikh\^]nk^_hk_e^qnkZe]^lb`gbl`bo^gbg?b`nk^*4mabl
KZma^kmaZg`bobg`Zfbgbfnf\ho^k%ma^mZ[neZkf^mah]bl[Zl^] bg\en]^l]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^[Zl^]hgma^lbfieb_b^]k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll
hgghfbgZeZqbl]blmZg\^%Z'Mablblma^]blmZg\^_khfma^\^gmk^h_ [eh\d_khf>nkh\h]^+'Pa^k^ZiikhikbZm^MZ[e^,fZr[^nl^]mh
ma^k^bg_hk\bg`[Zkmhma^lnk_Z\^h_ma^f^f[^k'BmblZghfbgZe ]^m^kfbg^[^g]bg`fhf^gml_hk_eZmleZ[l'
Table 1
Flat slab design procedure

Chapter in this publication Standard
* =^m^kfbg^]^lb`geb_^ +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] G:mh;L>G*22)MZ[e^G:'+'*
+ :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^leZ[ +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] ;L>G*22*!*)iZkml"Zg]GZmbhgZe:gg^q^l
, =^m^kfbg^pab\a\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZiier *3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l G:mh;L>G*22)MZ[e^lG:':*'*Zg]G:':*'+!;"
- =^m^kfbgêhZ]bg`ZkkZg`^f^gml +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] G:mh;L>G*22+¾*¾*
. :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] ;L1.))3+))/
/ <a^\d\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZiikhikbZm^_bk^k^lblmZg\î^kbh] +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]Zg]MZ[e^+ :iikho^]=h\nf^gm;';L>G*22+¾*¾*3L^\mbhg.
0 <Ze\neZm^fbg'\ho^k_hk]nkZ[bebmr%_bk^Zg][hg]k^jnbk^f^gml +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] ;L>G*22+¾*¾*<e-'-'*
1 :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^mhh[mZbg\kbmb\Zefhf^gmlZg]la^Zk_hk\^l +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]Zg]MZ[e^, ;L>G*22+¾*¾*L^\mbhg.
2 =^lb`g_e^qnkZek^bg_hk\^f^gm L^^?b`nk^* ;L>G*22+¾*¾*L^\mbhg/'*
*) <a^\d]^_e^\mbhg L^^?b`nk^, ;L>G*22+¾*¾*L^\mbhg0'-
** <a^\ding\abg`la^Zk\ZiZ\bmr L^^?b`nk^/ ;L>G*22+¾*¾*L^\mbhg/'-
*+ <a^\dliZ\bg`h_[Zkl +3@^mmbg`lmZkm^] ;L>G*22+¾*¾*L^\mbhg0',
*, <a^\dk^lblmZg\^mhfhf^gmmkZgl_^k_khf\henfgmhleZ[ ¾ ;L>G*22+¾*¾*:gg^qB*'+!."
Note
G:6GZmbhgZe:gg^q
Table 2
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs
Standard fire resistance Minimum dimensions (mm)

Slab thickness, hs Axis distance, a
K>B/) *1) *.Z
K>B2) +)) +.
K>B*+) +)) ,.
K>B+-) +)) .)
Notes
1 MablmZ[e^blmZd^g_khf;L>G*22+¾*¾+MZ[e^.'2'
2 Ma^Zqbl]blmZg\^blmhma^\^gmk^h_ma^hnm^keZr^kh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm'
3 Ma^mZ[e^bloZeb]hgerb_ma^]^mZbebg`k^jnbk^f^gml!l^^ghm^-"Zk^h[l^ko^]Zg]%bgma^ghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^]^lb`g%k^]blmkb[nmbhgh_[^g]bg`fhf^gml]h^lghm^q\^^]*.'
4 ? hk_bk^k^lblmZg\^h_K2)Zg]Z[ho^%Zme^Zlm+)h_ma^mhmZemhik^bg_hk\^f^gmbg^Z\a]bk^\mbhgho^kbgm^kf^]bZm^lniihkmlk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+¾*¾*lahne][^\hgmbgnhnlho^k
ma^_neeliZg'Mablk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][îeZ\^]bgma^\henfglmkbi'
5 Ma^k^Zk^mak^^lmZg]Zk]_bk^^qihlnk^\hg]bmbhglmaZmfZrg^^]mh[^lZmbl_b^]3
K F^\aZgb\Zek^lblmZg\^_hkehZ][^Zkbg`
> Bgm^`kbmrh_lîZkZmbhg
B BglneZmbhg
Key
a GhkfZeerma^k^jnbk^f^gmlh_;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee]^m^kfbg^ma^\ho^k'
52
0'?eZmleZ[l
Figure 1 Pab\aô^kf^mah]h_ZgZerlblblnl^]%<e'2'-'*k^jnbk^lma^]^lb`g^k
Procedure for determining flexural reinforcement mh\hg\^gmkZm^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmho^kma^\henfgl':gg^qBh_ma^
>nkh\h]^`bo^lk^\hff^g]Zmbhgl_hkma^^jnboZe^gm_kZf^f^mah]hg
START ahpmhZiihkmbhgma^mhmZe[^g]bg`fhf^gmZ\khllZ[Zrpb]mabgmh
\henfgZg]fb]]e^lmkbilmh\hfierpbma<e'2'-'*'=^lb`g^klnlbg`
Carry out analysis of slab to determine design moments `kbeeZ`^%_bgbm^ê^f^gmhkrbê]ebg^f^mah]lfZrZelh\ahhl^mh_heehp
(M) (Where appropriate use coefficients from Table 3).
ma^Z]ob\^bg:gg^qBmhf^^mmablk^jnbk^f^gm'
>nkh\h]^+h__^kloZkbhnlf^mah]l_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^lmk^ll&lmkZbg
No Outside scope of kêZmbhglabih_\hg\k^m^'?hklbfieb\bmrZg]_ZfbebZkbmrma^f^mah]
Concrete class
≤C50/60? this publication
ik^l^gm^]a^k^blma^lbfieb_b^]k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll[eh\d!l^^?b`nk^+"%
pab\abllbfbeZkmhmaZm_hng]bg;L1**)'
Yes
M Ma^>nkh\h]^`bo^lk^\hff^g]Zmbhgl_hkma^]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^ni
Determine KK from:
Determine from: K =
bd 2 fck mh\eZll<2)(*).'Ahpô^k%_hk\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma`k^Zm^kmaZg\eZll
<.)(/)%ma^lmk^ll[eh\dblfh]b_b^]'BmblbfihkmZgmmhghm^maZm
Determine K’ from Table 4 or \hg\k^m^lmk^g`mabl[Zl^]hgma^\rebg]^klmk^g`maZg]ghmma^\n[^
K’ = 0.60d – 0.18 d 2 – 0.21 where d ≤ 1.0
lmk^g`ma!b'^'_hk\eZll<+1(,.ma^\rebg]^klmk^g`mabl+1FIZ%pa^k^Zl
ma^\n[^lmk^g`mabl,.FIZ"'
Compression
No reinforcement Table 4
Is K ≤ K ’ ? required – not Values for K ’
recommended for
typical slabs
% redistribution d (redistribution ratio) K’
Yes ) *')) )'+)1Z
*) )'2) )'*1+Z
No compression reinforcement required
*. )'1. )'*/1
+) )'1) )'*.,
Obtain lever arm z from Table 5 or +. )'0. )'*,0
,) )'0) )'*+)
z=
d
2 [
1 + 1 – 3.53 K ≤ 0.95d ] Key
a Bmblh_m^gk^\hff^g]^]bgma^NDmaZmD£lahne][êebfbm^]mh)'*/1mh^glnk^
]n\mbe^_Zbenk^
Calculate tension reinforcement required from
M Table 5
As =
fyd z
z/d for singly reinforced rectangular sections
K z/d K z/d
Check minimum reinforcement requirements (see Table 6) ©)'). )'2.)Z )'*, )'1/1
0.26 fctm bt d )')/ )'2-- )'*- )'1./
As,min = where fyk ≥ 25
fyk
)')0 )'2,- )'*. )'1-,
)')1 )'2+- )'*/ )'1,)
)')2 )'2*, )'*0 )'1*/
Check maximum reinforcement requirements.
As,max = 0.04 Ac for tension or compression )'*) )'2)+ )'*1 )'1)+
reinforcement outside lap locations )'** )'12* )'*2 )'010
)'*+ )'11) )'+) )'00*
Key
a Ebfbmbg`smh)'2.]blghmZk^jnbk^f^gmh_>nkh\h]^+%[nmbl\hglb]^k^]mh[^`hh]ikZ\mb\^
Table 3
Bending moment coefficients for flat slabs
Table 6
End support/slab connection First Interior Interior Minimum percentage of reinforcement required
interior spans supports
Pinned Continuous support fck fctm Minimum % (0.26 fctm /fyka )
End End End End +. +'/ )'*,
support span support span +1 +'1 )'*-
Fhf^gm ) )')1/?e ¾ )')-?e )')0.?e ¾)')1/?e )')/,?e ¾)')/,?e ,) +'2 )'*.
,+ ,') )'*/
Notes
,. ,'+ )'*0
1 :
iieb\Z[e^mhleZ[lpa^k^ma^Zk^Zh_^Z\a[Zr^q\^^]l,)f+% -) ,'. )'*1
Jd%©*'+.@dZg]jd©.dG(f+
-. ,'1 )'+)
2 ?blma^mhmZe]^lb`gnembfZmêhZ]%eblma^^__^\mbo^liZg
3 FbgbfnfliZg7 )'1.ehg`^lmliZg%fbgbfnf,liZgl
.) -'* )'+*
4 ;Zl^]hg+)k^]blmkb[nmbhgZmlniihkmlZg]gh]^\k^Zl^bgliZgfhf^gml Key
a Pa^k^_rd 6.))FIZ
53
]îmakZmbhlZk^ZiikhikbZm^pa^k^ma^lmkn\mnk^k^fZbglikhii^]
Deflection ]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhghkngmbema^\hg\k^m^ZmmZbglln__b\b^gmlmk^g`mamh
lniihkmma^\hglmkn\mbhgehZ]l'Bm\Zg`^g^kZeer[^Zllnf^]maZm^Zker
>nkh\h]^+aZlmphZem^kgZmbo^f^mah]lh_]^lb`gbg`_hk]^_e^\mbhg4 lmkbdbg`h__hkfphkdpbeeghmlb`gb_b\ZgmerZ__^\mma^]^_e^\mbhgZ_m^k
^bma^k[rebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]îmakZmbhhk[rZll^llbg`ma^ma^hk^mb\Ze bglmZeebg`ma^\eZ]]bg`Zg](hkiZkmbmbhgl'
]^_e^\mbhgnlbg`ma^>qik^llbhgl`bo^gbgma^>nkh\h]^'MaêZmm^kbl
]^Zempbmabg]^mZbebg<aZim^k1%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl=^_e^\mbhg
\Ze\neZmbhgl ' Punching shear
Ma^liZg&mh&]îmakZmbhllahne]^glnk^maZm]^_e^\mbhgblebfbm^] Ma^]^lb`goZen^h_maîng\abg`la^Zk_hk\^%O>]%pbeenlnZeer[^ma^
mhliZg(+.)Zg]mablblmaîkh\^]nkîk^l^gm^]bg?b`nk^,'Ma^ lniihkmk^Z\mbhgZmma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^'Bgikbg\bie^ma^]^lb`g
;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q ;ghm^lmaZmma^liZg&mh& _hking\abg`la^Zkbg>nkh\h]^+Zg];L1**)bllbfbeZk'Ma^fZbg
]b__^k^g\^lZk^Zl_heehpl'
Figure 2 N LmZg]Zk]_Z\mhkl_hk^]`^Zg]\hkg^k\henfglmaZmZeehp_hk
Simplified rectangular stress block for concrete up to class C50/60 fhf^gmmkZgl_^k!b"Zk^`k^Zm^kbg>nkh\h]^+'Ahpô^k%b\Zg
from Eurocode 2
[^\Ze\neZm^]]bk^\mer_khf>qik^llbhgl!/',1"mh!/'-/"h_ma^
>nkh\h]^mh`bo^fhk^^__b\b^gm]^lb`gl'
Figure 4
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios for flat slabs
39
37 fck = 50
Figure 3 fck = 45
Procedure for assessing deflection 35 fck = 40
fck = 35
33 fck = 32
Span-to-effective-depth ratio (l/d)
START fck = 30
31 fck = 28
fck = 25
Determine basic l/d from Figure 4 29 fck = 20
27
Determine Factor 1 (F1)
For ribbed or waffle slabs 25
F1 = 1 – 0.1 ((bf/bw) – 1) ≥ 0.8†
(bf is flange breadth and bw is rib breadth)
Otherwise F1 = 1.0 23
21
Determine Factor 2 (F2)
Where the slab span exceeds 8.5 m and it supports 19
brittle partitions, F2 = 8.5/leff
Otherwise F2 = 1.0 17
15
Determine Factor 3 (F3) 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
F3 = 310/ss Percentage of tension reinforcement (A s ,req/bd)
Where ss = Stress in reinforcement at serviceability
limit state (see Figure 5)
ss may be assumed to be 310 MPa (i.e. F3 = 1.0)
Notes
Note: As,prov ≤ 1.5 As,req’d (UK National Annex) Increase
1 Mabl`kZiaZllnf^lZlbfierlniihkm^]_eZmleZ[!D6*'+"'
As,prov
2 <hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm%rÃ%aZl[^^gmZd^gZl)'
Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 ≥ Actual l/d ? 3 <nko^l[Zl^]hgma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhgl3
[ ( ) ]
No *'.
e *'. _\dr ) r)
Yes 6D ** $ $ ,'+ _\d ¾*
pa^k^r©r ) Zg]
] r r
Check complete
[ ]

e *'. _\dr ) _\d rÃ
† The Eurocode is ambiguous regarding linear interpolation. It is understood that this
6D ** $ $ pa^k^r7 r ) '
] ! r ¾ r Ã" *+ r)
was the intention of the drafting committee and is in line with current UK practice.
54
0'?eZmleZ[l
N Bg>nkh\h]^+ma^fZqbfnfoZen^h_la^ZkZmma^\henfg_Z\^bl :lZgZem^kgZmbo^mhnlbg`la^Zkebgdl%ikhikb^mZkrla^Zklmn]kZbel
ghmebfbm^]mh.FIZ%Zg]]î^g]lhgma^\hg\k^m^lmk^g`manl^]' fZr[^nl^]'>nkh\h]^+!?b`nk^/'++"Zeehplma^fmh[êZb]hnm
N Pbma>nkh\h]^+maî^kfbllb[e^la^Zkk^lblmZg\^pa^gnlbg`la^Zk
bgZkZ]bZehk\kn\b_hkfiZmm^kgZg]`bo^lliZ\bg`k^jnbk^f^gml_hk
ebgdlblabà^k%Zemahnàln\a]^lb`glfZrghm[^^\hghfb\hk [hma'Hma^km^\agbjn^lZk^ZoZbeZ[e^_hkbg\k^Zlbgìng\abg`la^Zk
]^lbkZ[e^' k^lblmZg\^Zg]ma^l^Zk^\ho^k^]bgZ[^lmikZ\mb\^`nb]^'
N Ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kl_hkk^\mZg`neZk\henfglbg>nkh\h]^+aZo^
Figure 6
khng]^]\hkg^kl' Procedure for determining punching shear capacity
N Pa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]maîkh\^]nk^bg>nkh\h]^+
bllbfie^k4maîhbgmZmpab\aghla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]\Zg
START
[^\Ze\neZm^]]bk^\merZg]ma^gnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^^qm^gmh_ma^
Zk^Zho^kpab\ala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]'
Determine value of factor β
N BmblZllnf^]maZmma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmpbee[^bgZkZ]bZeZkkZg`^f^gm' (refer to Figure 7 or Expressions (6.38) to (6.46)
of the Eurocode)
Ahpô^k%ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm\Zg[êZb]hgZ`kb]ikhob]^]ma^
liZ\bg`kne^lZk^_heehp^]'
Determine value of vEd
Maîkh\^]nk^_hk]^m^kfbgbg`maîng\abg`la^Zkk^jnbk^f^gmlbl (design shear stress at face of column) from:
lahpgbg?b`nk^/' vEd = β VEd /(ui deff)
where ui is perimeter of column
deff = (dy + dz)/2 (dy and dz
are the effective depths in orthogonal directions)
Figure 5
Determination of steel stress Determine value of vRd,max from Table 7
No
320
s,req su
Is vEd,4 vRd? Redesign slab

forAAs,req ,s
300
Yes
SLSfor
280
atSLS
Determine value of vEd, (design shear stress) from:

vEd = β VEd /(ui deff)
stressat
260 where u1 is length of control perimeter (see Figure 8)

steelstress
240
Approximatesteel
Determine concrete punching shear capacity

(without shear reinforcement), vRD,c from Table 8
Appromximate
220 where r l = (r ly r lz)0.5

(r ly, r lz are the reinforcement ratios in two orthogonal
200 directions for fully bonded tension steel, taken over a
width equal to column width plus 3d each side.)
180
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
No Punching shear
Ratio Gk/Qk Is vEd > vRd,c? reinforcement not
required
c2 = 0.8, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.25 Yes
c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25
Determine area of punching shear reinforcement per perimeter
c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.25 from:
Asw = (vEd – 0.75vRd,c)sr u1/(1.5 fywd,ef)
c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.35 where
sr is the radial spacing of shear reinforcement (see Figure 9)
fywd,ef = 250 + 0.25 deff ≤ fywd (see Table 9)
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio
Gk/Qk , read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to
determine ssu .
Determine the length of the outer perimeter where shear
As,req reinforcement not required from:
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu
( As,prov )( )
d
1
uout,ef = b VEd/(vRd,c d)
c2 is the factor for quasi-permanent value of a variable action. For further

explanation refer to How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Determine layout of punching shear reinforcement
Introduction to Eurocodes3. (see ‘Spacing of punching shear reinforcement’
Section and Figure 9).
55
Table 7 Table 9 Figure 7

Values for vRd,max Values for fywd,ef Recommended standard values for b
fck vRd, max deff fywd,ef
+) ,'/1 *.) +11 Corner column
+. -'.) *0. +2-
b = 1.5
+1 -'21 +)) ,))
,) .'+1 ++. ,)/
,+ .'.1 +.) ,*,
,. /')+ +0. ,*2 Edge column Internal column
-) /'0+ ,)) ,+.
-. 0',1 ,+. ,,* b = 1.4 b = 1.15
.) 1')) ,.) ,,1
Table 8
vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa Rules for spacing and
rI Effective depth, d (mm)
≤200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750 quantity of reinforcement
0.25% )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-) )',1 )',/
0.50% )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-. Minimum area of reinforcement
0.75% )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.* Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^fZbg]bk^\mbhg
1.00% )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0 bl:l%fbg6)'+/_\mf[m](_rd[nmghme^llmaZg)'))*,[]!l^^MZ[e^/"'
1.25% )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_Zebgde^`_hko^kmb\Zeing\abg`la^Zk
1.50% )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl
1.75% )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
*'.:lp%fbg(!lk'lm"ª)')1_\d(_rd
≥ 2.00% )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0*
pab\a\Zg[^k^ZkkZg`^]Zl
k +'))) *'2-, *'12- *'1., *'1*/ *'0./ *'0)0 *'//0 *'/,+ *'.00 *'.*/
:lp%fbgª!lk'lm"(?
Notes
1MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf3o K]%\6)'*+d!*))r I_\d"*(,ª)'),.d*'._\d )'.pa^k^ pa^k^
d6*$R!+))(]"©+Zg]r I6R!r er$r es"©)')+%r er 6:lr(![]"Zg]r es 6:ls(![]"
lk6ma^liZ\bg`h_maêbgdlbgma^kZ]bZe]bk^\mbhg
2 M ablmZ[eâZl[^^gikîZk^]_hk_\d 6,)4
Pa^k^r I^q\^^]l)'-)ma^_heehpbg`_Z\mhklfZr[^nl^]3 lm6ma^liZ\bg`h_maêbgdlbgma^mZg`^gmbZe]bk^\mbhg
f\d 25 28 32 35 40 45 50 ?\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^*)
Factor )'2- )'21 *')+ *'). *'*) *'*- *'*2
Maximum area of reinforcement
Hnmlb]êZieh\Zmbhgl%ma^fZqbfnfZk^Zh_m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ghm^q\^^]:l%fZq6)'-:\
Figure 8
Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
Ma^fbgbfnfliZ\bg`h_[Zkllahne][^ma^`k^Zm^kh_3
N ;Zk]bZf^m^k
u1
N :``k^`Zm^lbsîenl.ff
2d
2d u1 N +)ff
bz Maximum spacing of main reinforcement

?hkleZ[le^llmaZg+))ffmab\dma^_heehpbg`fZqbfnfliZ\bg`kne^lZiier3
N ?hkmaîkbg\biZek^bg_hk\^f^gm3,a[nmghmfhk^maZg-))ff
N ?hkma^l^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm3,'.a[nmghmfhk^maZg-.)ff
by
Ma^^q\îmbhgblbgZk^Zlpbma\hg\^gmkZm^]ehZ]lhkZk^Zlh_fZqbfnf
56
0'?eZmleZ[l
fhf^gmpa^k^ma^_heehpbg`Ziieb^l3 Table 10
N ?hkmaîkbg\biZek^bg_hk\^f^gm3+a[nmghmfhk^maZg+.)ff Factor, F, for determining Asw, min
N ?hkma^l^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm3,a[nmghmfhk^maZg-))ff fck Factor, F

Pa^kâblma^]îmah_ma^leZ[' +. *10.
+1 *00+
?hkleZ[l+))ffmab\dhk`k^Zm^k%ma^[Zklbs^Zg]liZ\bg`lahne][^
,) *0*+
ebfbm^]mh\hgmkhema^\kZ\dpb]maZg]k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh
,+ */.0
L^\mbhg0',',h_ma^>nkh\h]^hk<aZim^k+%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
,. *.1.
@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'
-) *-1+
-. *,21
Spacing of punching shear reinforcement
.) *,+/
Pa^kîng\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]ma^_heehpbg`kne^l
Note
lahne][^h[l^ko^]'
_\d aZl[^^gmZd^gZl.))FIZ
N Bmlahne][îkhob]^][^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfgZg]d]
bglb]^ma^hnm^ki^kbf^m^kpa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghehg`^k
k^jnbk^]'dbl*'.%nge^llmaî^kbf^m^kZmpab\ak^bg_hk\^f^gmblgh Selected symbols
ehg`^kk^jnbk^]ble^llmaZg,]_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfg'Bgmabl Symbol Definition Value
\Zl^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][îeZ\^]bgma^shg^)',]mh*'.] :\ <khlll^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^ [a
_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfg'
:l :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^ê
N Ma^k^lahne][^Zme^Zlmmphi^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkebgdl'
:l+ :k^Zh_\hfik^llbhglm^ê
N Ma^kZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_maêbgdllahne]ghm^q\^^])'0.]
:l%ikho :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^êikhob]^]
!l^^?b`nk^2"'
N Ma^mZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`h_maêbgdllahne]ghm^q\^^]*'.]pbmabg :l%k^j :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^êk^jnbk^]
+]h_ma^\henfg_Z\^' [ Pb]mah_leZ[

N Ma^mZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`h_maêbgdllahne]ghm^q\^^]+]_hkZgr ] >__^\mbo^]îma
hma^ki^kbf^m^k'
]+ >__^\mbo^]îmamh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
N Ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfgZg]ma^g^Zk^lmla^Zk
_\] =^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma a\\_\d (g\
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][ê^llmaZg)'.]'
Figure 9 _\mf F^ZgoZen^h_ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`ma )',)_\d+(,_hk_\d©<.)(/)

Punching shear layout !_khfMZ[e^,'*%>nkh\h]^+"
al LeZ[mab\dg^ll
Outer perimeter of shear D ?Z\mhkmhmZd^Z\\hngmh_ma^]b__^k^gm L^^MZ[e^G0'-bg

Outer control
reinforcement perimeter lmkn\mnkZelrlm^fl NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
u out
e^__ >__^\mbo^liZgh_f^f[^k L^^L^\mbhg.','+'+!*"
e(] Ebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]îmakZmbh
F =^lb`gfhf^gmZmma^NEL
≤ 0.75d
q =îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl !]¾s"()'-
A A
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≤1.5 d
(2 d if > 2d s Eô^kZkf
sr
from column)
a \\ <h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf )'1._hk_e^qnk^Zg]
st
^__^\mlhg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_ ZqbZeehZ]l'
ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^ *')_hkhma^kia^ghf^gZ
pZrehZ]blZiieb^] !?khfNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q"
d KZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^
êZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm
sr ≤ 0.75 d
Outer control g f IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkfZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l *'*._hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!gl "
≤ 0.5 d perimeter *'._hk\hg\k^m^!g\ "
kd
r ) K^_^k^g\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh R_\d (*)))
r K^jnbk^]m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmfb]&liZg :l([]
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rÃ K^jnbk^]\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZm :l+([]

Section A - A fb]&liZgmhk^lblmma^fhf^gm]n^mhma^
]^lb`gehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbeô^kl"
57
0'?eZmleZ[l
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)¾*3Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾IZkm*%<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg';LB%*220'
3 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
4 ;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾+%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^l¾lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g';LB%+))-'
6 P>;LM>K%K;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
7 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//10%;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh;L>G*22+¾*¾*Zg];L>G*22+¾*¾+';LB%+))/'
8 I:EE>MM%I'@nb]^mh_eZmleZ[_hkfphkdZg]_Zel^phkd'<hglmkn\m%+)),'
9 ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'Ik^_Z[kb\Zm^]ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm_hkk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^_eZmleZ[l';<:%+))*'
58
1'=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl
R Webster<>g`%?BLmkn\m>O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>
Methods for checking deflection

Mabl\aZim^k]^l\kb[^lma^nl^h_>nkh\h]^+mh\a^\d]^_e^\mbhg[r
\Ze\neZmbhg'Ma^Zem^kgZmbo^f^mah]_hk\hfierbg`pbmama^\h]^k^jnbk^f^gml
blmhnl^ma^]^^f^]&mh&lZmbl_rliZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]îmakZmbhl%pab\aZk^
ZiikhikbZm^Zg]^\hghfb\_hkmaôZlmfZchkbmrh_]^lb`gl'?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^
hgma^liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]îmaf^mah]bl`bo^gbg<aZim^kl,%-Zg]0%
hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl;^Zfl%LeZ[lZg]?eZmleZ[l'Ahpô^k%ma^k^Zk^
lbmnZmbhglpa^k^]bk^\m\Ze\neZmbhgh_]^_e^\mbhgblg^\^llZkr%Zleblm^][êhp3
N Pa^gZg^lmbfZm^h_ma^]^_e^\mbhgblk^jnbk^]'
N Pa^g]^_e^\mbhgebfbmlh_liZg(+.)_hkjnZlb&i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl!l^^
k^_^k^g\^._hk>nkh\h]^m^kfbgheh`r"hkliZg(.))_hkiZkmbmbhgZg](hk
\eZ]]bgèhZ]lZk^ghmZiikhikbZm^'
N Pa^gma^]^lb`gk^jnbk^lZiZkmb\neZkerlaZeehpf^f[^k%]bk^\m\Ze\neZmbhg
h_]^_e^\mbhgfZrikhob]^Zfhk^^\hghfb\lhenmbhg'
N Mh]^m^kfbg^ma^^__^\mhg]^_e^\mbhgh_^Zkerlmkbdbg`h__hkfphkdhkh_
m^fihkZkrehZ]bg`]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhg'
Overview
BgmaîZlmlmkn\mnk^lm^g]^]mh[^lmb__pbmakêZmboêrlahkmliZgl':l
m^\agheh`rZg]ikZ\mb\âZo^Z]oZg\^]%fhk^_e^qb[e^lmkn\mnk^laZo^k^lnem^]'
Ma^k^Zk^Zgnf[^kh_k^Zlhgl_hkmabl%bg\en]bg`3
N Ma^bg\k^Zl^bgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlmk^g`mae^Z]bg`mhe^llk^bg_hk\^f^gm[^bg`
k^jnbk^]_hkma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^!NEL"Zg]k^lnembg`bgabà^kl^kob\^
lmk^ll^lbgma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm'
N Bg\k^Zl^lbg\hg\k^m^lmk^g`mak^lnembg`_khfma^g^^]mhbfikho^[hma
]nkZ[bebmrZg]\hglmkn\mbhgmbf^%Zg]e^Z]bg`mh\hg\k^m^maZmblfhk^lmb__
Zg]pbmaabà^kl^kob\^lmk^ll^l'
What affects deflection?

There are numerous factors Other factors include:
that affect deflection. These Degree of restraint
factors are also often time- Magnitude of loading
related and interdependent, Time of loading
which makes the prediction Duration of loading
of deflection difficult. Cracking of the concrete
Shrinkage
The main factors are:
Ambient conditions
Concrete tensile strength
Secondary load-paths
Creep
Stiffening by other elements
Elastic modulus
N :`k^Zm^kng]^klmZg]bg`h_lmkn\mnkZe[âZobhnkZg]ma^Z[bebmrmh Bmblh_m^gk^\hff^g]^]maZmma^]^lb`goZen^h_ma^\hg\k^m^
ZgZerl^maZm[âZobhnkjnb\der[r\hfinm^k' m^glbe^lmk^g`ma_hkZehpk^lmkZbgmeZrhnmblmZd^gZlma^Zo^kZ`^
N Ma^k^jnbk^f^gmmhikh]n\^^\hghfb\]^lb`gl_hkleZ[lpahl^ h__\mf%_eZg]_\mf%mhZeehp_hkngbgm^gmbhgZek^lmkZbgm'?hkabàk^lmkZbgm
mab\dg^ll^lZk^mrib\Zeer]^m^kfbg^][rma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^ _\mflahne][^nl^]'
!LEL"Zg]pab\a\hglmbmnm^1)mh2)h_ma^lni^klmkn\mnk^\hlml'
N <eb^gmk^jnbk^f^gml_hkehg`^kliZglZg]`k^Zm^khi^kZmbhgZe Creep
_e^qb[bebmr_khfma^bklmkn\mnk^l' <k^îblma^mbf^&]î^g]Zgmbg\k^Zl^bg\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgZ
\hg\k^m^ê^f^gmng]^k\hglmZgm\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll'<k^îblnlnZeer
\hglb]^k^]bgma^]^lb`g[rfh]b_rbg`ma^êZlmb\fh]nenlnlbg`Z
Factors affecting deflection \k^î\h^__b\b^gm%h%pab\a]î^g]lhgma^Z`^ZmehZ]bg`%lbs^h_
ma^f^f[^kZg]Zf[b^gm\hg]bmbhgl%bgiZkmb\neZkkêZmboânfb]bmr'
:gZ\\nkZm^Zll^llf^gmh_]^_e^\mbhg\Zghger[^Z\abô^]b_ >nkh\h]^+`bo^lZ]ob\^hgma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_\k^î\h^__b\b^gmlbg
\hglb]^kZmbhgbl`bo^gmhma^_Z\mhklmaZmZ__^\mbm'Ma^fhk^bfihkmZgm ]^mZbebg:gg^q;'BmZelhZ]obl^lhgma^ZiikhikbZm^kêZmboânfb]bmr
_Z\mhklZk^]bl\nll^]bg]^mZbe[êhp' mhnl^bg?b`nk^,'*'
Tensile strength Ma^\^f^gmlmk^g`ma\eZllblk^jnbk^]bgma^Zll^llf^gmh_\k^î%

Ma^m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^blZgbfihkmZgmikhi^kmr[^\Znl^ ahpô^k%Zmma^]^lb`glmZ`^bmblh_m^gghm\e^Zkpab\a\eZlllahne]
ma^leZ[pbee\kZ\dpa^gma^m^glbe^lmk^llbgma^^qmk^f^_b[k^bl [^nl^]'@^g^kZeer%<eZllKlahne][^Zllnf^]'Pa^k^ma^`khng]
^q\^^]^]'Bg>nkh\h]^+ma^\hg\k^m^m^glbe^lmk^g`ma%_\mf%blZf^Zg `kZgneZm^][eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`!``[l"\hgm^gm^q\^^]l,.h_ma^
oZen^!pab\ablZiikhikbZm^_hk]^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl"Zg]bg\k^Zl^l \^f^gm\hf[bgZmbhghkpa^k^_erZla!i_Z"^q\^^]l+)h_ma^
Zlma^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`mabg\k^Zl^l'MablblZgZ]oZg\^f^gmpa^g \^f^gm\hf[bgZmbhg%<eZllGfZr[^Zllnf^]'Pa^k^``[l^q\^^]l
\hfiZk^]pbma;L1**)pa^k^ma^m^glbe^lmk^g`mabl_bq^]_hkZee /.hkpa^kî_Z^q\^^]l,.<eZllLfZr[^Zllnf^]'
\hg\k^m^lmk^g`mal'
Elastic modulus
Ma^]^`k^^h_k^lmkZbgmmhlakbgdZ`^fho^f^gmlpbeebg_en^g\^ma^ Ma^êZlmb\fh]nenlh_\hg\k^m^blbg_en^g\^][rZ``k^`Zm^mri^%
^__^\mbo^m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_ma^\hg\k^m^':eZrhnmh_pZeelpbmaabà phkdfZglabiZg]\nkbg`\hg]bmbhgl'Ma^^__^\mbo^êZlmb\fh]nenl
k^lmkZbgmpbee]^\k^Zl^ma^^__^\mbo^m^glbe^lmk^g`ma'Mrib\Ze^qZfie^l ng]^klnlmZbg^]ehZ]bg`pbee[^k^]n\^]ho^kmbf^]n^mhma^^__^\m
h_pZeeeZrhnmlZk^`bo^gbg?b`nk^*'?hkZehpk^lmkZbgmeZrhnmma^ h_\k^î'Ma^l^_Z\mhklf^ZgmaZmlhf^cn]`^f^gmblk^jnbk^]
_heehpbg`^qik^llbhgfZr[^nl^]_hkma^\hg\k^m^m^glbe^lmk^g`ma3 mh]^m^kfbg^ZgZiikhikbZm^êZlmb\fh]nenl'>nkh\h]^+`bo^l
_\mf%_e 6!*'/¾a(*)))"_\mf7 _\mf k^\hff^g]^]oZen^l_hkma^+1&]Zrl^\Zgmfh]nenl%>\f%!bgMZ[e^,'*"
pa^k^ Zg]fZd^lk^\hff^g]Zmbhgl_hkZ]cnlmf^gmlmhma^lôZen^lmh
_\mf%_e 6F^Zg_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^ Z\\hngm_hk]b__^k^gmmri^lh_Z``k^`Zm^'Maêhg`&m^kfêZlmb\fh]nenl
_\mf 6F^Zgm^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^ lahne][^mZd^gZl3
Figure 1
Typical floor layouts
a) Favourable layout of restraining walls (low restraint)
b) Unfavourable layout of restraining walls (high restraint)
60
>\%EM 6>\+1(!*$h" <hff^k\bZeik^llnk^lh_m^ge^Z]mhZk^jnbk^f^gmmhlmkbd^ma^_hkfphkd

pa^k^ ZllhhgZlihllb[e^Zg]fho^hgmhln[l^jn^gm_ehhkl%pbmama^fbgbfnf
>\+1 6+1&]ZrmZg`^gmfh]nenl6*').>\f h_ikhiibg`'M^lmlhg_eZmleZ[laZo^]^fhglmkZm^]maZmZlfn\aZl0)
h 6<k^î_Z\mhk'!Ghm^maZmpbma>nkh\h]^+%hkêZm^lmhZ+1&]Zr h_maêhZ]l_khfZg^per\Zlm_ehhk!_hkfphkd%p^m\hg\k^m^%\hglmkn\mbhg
lahkm&m^kfêZlmb\fh]nenl%pa^k^ZlZÂmkn^Ã\k^î_Z\mhkphne] ehZ]l"fZr[^\Zkkb^][rma^lnli^g]^]_ehhk[êhp'Bm\Zg`^g^kZeer
[^Zllh\bZm^]pbmama^fh]nenlZmma^Z`^h_ehZ]bg`'" [^Zllnf^]maZm^Zkerlmkbdbg`h__hkfphkdpbeeghm`k^ZmerZ__^\mma^
]^_e^\mbhgZ_m^kbglmZeebg`ma^\eZ]]bg`Zg](hkiZkmbmbhgl'Mablbl[^\Znl^ma^
Ma^Zll^llf^gmh_maêhg`&m^kf>&oZen^\Zg[^\Zkkb^]hnmfhk^ ]^_e^\mbhgZ__^\mbgìZkmbmbhglpbee[^lfZee^kb_ma^leZ[[^\hf^lÂ\kZ\d^]Ã
Z\\nkZmêrZ_m^kma^\hgmkZ\mhkaZl[^^gZiihbgm^][^\Znl^ma^rlahne][^ [^_hk^%kZma^kmaZgZ_m^k%ma^bglmZeeZmbhgh_ma^\eZ]]bg`Zg](hkiZkmbmbhgl'
Z[e^mhb]^gmb_rma^\hg\k^m^lniieb^k!Zg]a^g\^ma^mri^h_Z``k^`Zm^l"
Zg]Zelhma^\hglmkn\mbhgl^jn^g\^!Zg]a^g\^ma^Z`^Zm_bklmehZ]bg`"' Cracking
=^_e^\mbhgh_\hg\k^m^l^\mbhglbl\ehlêrebgd^]mhma^^qm^gmh_
Loading sequence \kZ\dbg`Zg]ma^]^`k^^mhpab\a\kZ\dbg`\ZiZ\bmrbl^q\^^]^]'Ma^
MaêhZ]bg`l^jn^g\^Zg]mbfbg`fZr[^\kbmb\Zebg]^m^kfbgbg` ihbgmZmpab\a\kZ\dbg`h\\nklbl]^m^kfbg^][rma^fhf^gmlbg]n\^]
ma^]^_e^\mbhgh_Zlnli^g]^]leZ[[^\Znl^bmpbeebg_en^g\^maîhbgm bgma^leZ[Zg]ma^m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_ma^\hg\k^m^%pab\abg\k^Zl^l
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_Z\mhkl_hkma^leZ[':ehZ]bg`l^jn^g\^bllahpgbg?b`nk^+%pab\a maêhZ]h_ma^leZ[Z[ho^blZiieb^]'Hg\^ma^leZ[aZl\kZ\d^]bml
lahplmaZmbgma^^ZkerlmZ`^lkêZmboêrabàehZ]lZk^bfihl^]pabe^ lmb__g^llbli^kfZg^gmerk^]n\^]'
\Zlmbg`ma^leZ[Z[ho^'MaêhZ]bg`l^jn^g\^fZroZkr%]î^g]bg`hg
ma^\hglmkn\mbhgf^mah]' Bmblma^k^_hk^g^\^llZkrmh_bg]ma^\kbmb\ZeehZ]bg`lmZ`^Zmpab\a
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Zk^ma^gbg\k^Zl^]i^kfZg^gmer[rma^Ziieb\Zmbhgh_ma^_ehhk_bgbla^l
K = fctm ^W 0.5h
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Figure 2
Loading history for a slab – an example
14
h
12
b g
10 f
c
e
8 d
a
Load (kN/m)
6 Loading sequence
a Slab struck e Floor finishes applied
4 b 1st slab above cast f Partitions erected
c 2nd slab above cast g Quasi-permanent variable actions
2 d 3rd slab above cast h Frequent variable actions
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Duration (days)
61
Zgrh_ma^^Zkeb^kehZ]lmZ`^l'B_%ahpô^k%Zg^Zkeb^klmZ`^ Figure 3
ikho^l\kbmb\Ze%ma^zoZen^ZmmaZmlmZ`^lahne][^\Zkkb^] Outline of rigorous method for calculating deflection
_hkpZk]mhZeeln[l^jn^gmlmZ`^l'
Collate input data
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N E hZ]bg`l^jn^g\^^'`'
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Methods for
Assess whether the element has flexural cracking
calculating deflections N =
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Ma^kb`hkhnlf^mah]_hk\Ze\neZmbg`]^_e^\mbhglblma^
N =h^lma^fhf^gmZmma^\kbmb\ZeehZ]lmZ`^^q\^^]ma^\kZ\dbg`fhf^gm8
fhlmZiikhikbZm^f^mah]_hk]^m^kfbgbg`Zk^Zeblmb\
B_r^l%ma^ê^f^gmbl\kZ\d^]ZmZeeln[l^jn^gmlmZ`^l'
^lmbfZm^h_]^_e^\mbhg'Ahpô^k%bmblhgerlnbmZ[e^_hk z 6*¾)'.!F\k(F"+Tz6)_hkng\kZ\d^]lbmnZmbhgV
Repeat at 1/20 points for all three loading stages
nl^pbma\hfinm^klh_mpZk^'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmkâZl Nl^ma^l^\kbmb\ZeoZen^lh__\mfZg]z_hkln[l^jn^gmlmZ`^l'
B_gh%ma^ê^f^gmpbeeghm\kZ\dZmZgrlmZ`^'
ikh]n\^]Zgnf[^kh_lik^Z]la^^mlmaZmnl^mablf^mah]
mh\Zkkrhnm]^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl_hkZoZkb^mrh_leZ[l
Zg][^Zfl'Ma^l^h__^kZ\hlm&^__^\mbo^pZrmh\Zkkr
Determine the curvature of the slab
hnm]^mZbe^]]^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl%Zg]ma^rbg\en]^ma^
N P
a^gma^leZ[bl\kZ\d^]\Ze\neZm^ma^_heehpbgìkhi^kmb^lZmmaêhZ]lmZ`^
Z[bebmrmh\hglb]^kma^^__^\mh_^ZkerZ`êhZ]bg`h_ma^ [^bg`\hglb]^k^]%nlbg`ZiikhikbZmôZen^l_hk_\mf%zZg]>EM3
\hg\k^m^'?b`nk^,beenlmkZm^lmaîkbg\bie^lh_ma^f^mah] G^nmkZeZqbl]îma_hk\kZ\d^]l^\mbhg%q\!l^ÎZgê+"
Zg]lahplahpma^_Z\mhklZ__^\mbg`]^_e^\mbhgZk^ L^\hg]fhf^gmh_Zk^Z_hk\kZ\d^]\hg]bmbhg%B\!l^ÎZgê+"
\hglb]^k^]bgma^kb`hkhnl]^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl' N <Ze\neZm^ma^_e^qnkZe\nkoZmnk^3
1 MQP MQP
rfl = g E e Ic + ]1 – g g E e Iu
?bgbm^ê^f^gmZgZerlblfZrZelh[^nl^]mhh[mZbg
N <Ze\neZm^ma^\nkoZmnk^]n^mhlakbgdZ`^lmkZbg*(k\l!l^ÎZgê+"
^lmbfZm^lh_]^_e^\mbhg'Bgmabl\Zl^maîkbg\bie^l
N <Ze\neZm^ma^mhmZe\nkoZmnk^%*(km6*(k_e$*(k\l
bg?b`nk^,lahne][^Ziieb^]b_\k^]b[e^k^lnemlZk^mh
[^h[mZbg^]'
Kî^Zmma^\Ze\neZmbhglZm_k^jn^gmbgm^koZel!lZrZm*(+)ihbgml"Zg]bgm^`kZm^
Panel 1 mpb\^mhh[mZbgma^ho^kZee]^_e^\mbhg'
Determining long term elastic modulus of elasticity
<Ze\neZmêhg`&m^kfêZlmb\fh]nenl%>EM_khf3 B_]^_e^\mbhgZ__^\mbg`\eZ]]bg`Zg](hkiZkmbmbhglblk^jnbk^]%kî^Zm\Ze\neZmbhgl
_hk_k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhgZg]_hkehZ]bg`Zmmbf^h_bglmZeeZmbhgh_iZkmbmbhgl
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
E LT = RW c + + + + m Zg](hk\eZ]]bg`'
Eeff,1 Eeff, 2 Eeff, 3 Eeff, 4 Eeff, 5
pa^k^
>^__ 6>\+1(!*$h" >lmbfZm^]^_e^\mbhgl3
N Ho^kZee]^_e^\mbhg!jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhg"
Pg 6L^kob\^Z[bebmrehZ]ZmlmZ`^g
N =^_e^\mbhgZ__^\mbgìZkmbmbhgl(\eZ]]bg`!?k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhg]^_e^\mbhg
h 6<k^î\h^__b\b^gmZmkêôZgmehZ]bg`mbf^
e^ll]^_e^\mbhgZmmbf^h_bglmZeeZmbhg"
Zg]]nkZmbhg
62
Table 1
Concrete properties
fck MPa 320 325 328 330 332 335 340 350
_\f 6!_\d$1" FIZ ,+1 ,,, ,,/ ,,1 ,-) ,-, ,-1 ,.1
_\mf 6!)',_\d!+(,"©<.)(/)hk+'*+eg!*$!_\f(*)""7 <.)(/)" FIZ ,,+'+* ,,+'./ ,,+'00 ,,+'2) ,,,')+ ,,,'+* ,,,'.* ,,-')0
_\mf#6!)',_\f!+(,"©<.)(/)hk*')1eg!_\f"$)'*7 <.)(/)"Z FIZ ,,+'00 ,,,')2 ,,,'+0 ,,,',2 ,,,'.* ,,,'/1 ,,,'2/ ,,-'.)
>\f 6!++T!_\f"(*)V)', @IZ ,,)') ,,*'. ,,+', ,,+'1 ,,,', ,,-'* ,,.'+ ,,0',
>\+1 6!*').>\f" @IZ ,,*'. ,,,') ,,,'2 ,,-'. ,,.') ,,.'1 ,,0') ,,2'*
e\]%)<>F\eZllK%KA 6.) fb\khlmkZbg 0-/ 0)/ /1, //1 /., /,+ .21 .,/
e\]%)<>F\eZllK%KA 61) fb\khlmkZbg -*/ ,2- ,1* ,0+ ,/- ,., ,,- +22
e\]%)<>F\eZllG%KA 6.) fb\khlmkZbg .-- .*+ -2- -1+ -0* -.- -+1 ,02
e\]%)<>F\eZllG%KA 61) fb\khlmkZbg ,), +1/ +0. +/2 +/, +., +,2 +*+
e\]%)<>F\eZllL%KA 6.) fb\khlmkZbg --* -*, ,20 ,10 ,00 ,/, ,-) +21
e\]%)<>F\eZllL%KA 61) fb\khlmkZbg +-/ +,) ++* +*/ +*) +)+ *12 *//
e\Z!∞" fb\khlmkZbg ,+. ,,1 ,-. ,.) ,.. ,/, ,0. *))
Key
a _\mf#fZr[^nl^]pa^glmkbdbg`Zme^llmaZg0]Zrlhkpa^k^\hglmkn\mbhgho^kehZ]blmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm'
Panel 2
Useful Expressions for a rectangular section
bh 2 pa^k^
2 + ] ae - 1 g ] Asd + As2 d2 g :l 6:k^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
xu =
bh + ] ae - 1 g ] As + As2 g
:l+6:k^Zh_\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
bh 3 2 [ 6;k^Z]mah_l^\mbhg
I u = 12 + bh a 2 - xuk + ] ae - 1 g 6 As ]d - xu g + As2 ] x u - d 2 g @
h 2 2
] 6>__^\mbo^]îmamhm^glbhg
k^bg_hk\^f^gm
xc = # 7 ^ As ae + A s2 ] ae - 1 g h 2+ 2 b ^ As d ae + A s2d2 ] ae - 1 g h A 0.5- ^ As ae + As2 ] ae - 1 g h - b

]+ 6=îmamh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
a 6Ho^kZee]îmah_l^\mbhg
bx c3 a^ 6Fh]neZkkZmbh
I c = 3 + ae As ^ d - x c g + ^ ae - 1 g As2 ^ d2 - x c g
2 2
Ln 6:l!]¾qn"¾:l+!qn¾]+"
1 SLu\ SLnc L\ 6:l!]¾q\"¾:l+!q\¾]+"
rcs = g f cs a e BI\u +^1 - g h fcs ae IBnc
Figure 4
Method for determining creep coefficient h(∞,t0)
1 1
S N R S N R
2 2
3 3
5 5
t 0 10 t 0 10
20 20
30 30
50 50
100 100
7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300
h (?, t 0 ) h 0 (mm) h (?, t 0) h o (mm)
a) Inside conditions - RH = 50% b) Outside conditions - RH = 80%
How to use Nonogram
Ke y Notes
C20/25 C40/50 1 t0 = age of concrete at time of loading
D
C25/30 C45/55 2 h0 = 2A c /u A
C30/37 C50/60 3 Intersection point between lines D & E can also be above point A E C
B
C35/45 4 For t0 > 100 it is sufficiently accurate to assume t = 100
63
Simplified method Figure 5

Simplified method for calculating deflection
:lbfieb_b^]f^mah]_hk\Ze\neZmbg`]^_e^\mbhgblik^l^gm^]bg?b`nk^.'
Bmbl_^Zlb[e^mh\Zkkrhnmma^l^\Ze\neZmbhgl[raZg]%Zg]ma^r\hne][^
START
nl^]mhkhnàero^kb_r]^_e^\mbhgk^lneml_khf\hfinm^klh_mpZk^%hk
nl^]pa^k^Z\hfinm^kblghmZoZbeZ[e^' Calculate the moment, MQP, due to quasi-permanent actions at
the critical section (i.e. mid-span or at support for cantilever)
Ma^fZchklbfieb_b\ZmbhgblmaZmma^^__^\mlh_^ZkerZ`êhZ]bg`Zk^ghm Obtain concrete properties, fctm, and Ec28 from Table 1
\hglb]^k^]^qieb\bmer4kZma^kZgZeehpZg\^blfZ]^_hkma^bk^__^\mpa^g
\Ze\neZmbg`ma^\kZ\dbg`fhf^gm'Lbfieb_b^]\k^î_Z\mhklZk^nl^]Zg] Calculate creep coefficient, h(∞,t0), using either Figure 4
or Annex B (in which case look-up fcm in Table 1)
]^_e^\mbhg_khfma^\nkoZmnk^h_ma^leZ[blZiikhqbfZm^]nlbg`Z_Z\mhk'
1 Calculate long term elastic modulus, Eeff from: Eeff = Ec28/[1+h (∞,t0)]
Figure 6 2 Calculate effective modulus ratio, ae from ae = Es/Eeff, where Es is
elastic modulus for reinforcement (200 GPa)
Values for K for various bending moment diagrams
3 Calculate depth to neutral axis for uncracked condition, xu
4 Calculate second moment of area for uncracked condition, Iu
Loading Bending moment diagram K
0.9 fctm I u
0.125 Calculate cracking moment, Mcr from: Mcr =
M h – xu
M M (Note the factor 0.9 has been introduced into this method
because the loading sequence is not considered)
al W 3 4a 2 Yes No
48 (1-a)
Is Mcr > MQP?
l M = Wa (1-a ) l If a = 1 , K = 1
2 12
Section is uncracked Section is cracked
0.0625 z=0 z = 1 – 0.5(Mcr/MQP)2
M Calculate depth to neutral axis for cracked

condition, xc and calculate second moment of area
for cracked condition, Ic
W/2 W/2
a2
al al 0.125
6
Wal 1 MQP MQP
M=
2
Calculate flexural curvature
rn
= g
Eeff Ic
+ ^1 – g h E
eff Iu
q 0.104 Calculate total shrinkage strain ecs from ecs = ecd + eca where:
ecd = kh ecd,0 = Drying shrinkage strain
ql 2 kh = Coefficient based on notional size, see Table 2
8 ecd,0 = Nominal unrestrained drying shrinkage, see Table 1
eca = bas(t) eca(∞) = eca(∞) for long-term deflection, see Table 1
q 0.102
Calculate curvature due to shrinkage strain 1/rcs (see Panel 2)
ql 2
15.6
1 1 1
Calculate total curvature r = rn + rcs
t,QP
b
q MA MC MB K = 0.104 (1 )
10 1
MA + MB Calculate quasi-permanent deflection from dQP KL 2 rt,QP=
b=
MC where K can be obtained from Figure 6 and L is the span.
al W End deflection
Wal
a (3 a ) Do you need No
= to calculate deflection
6 Finish
load at end K = 0.333 due to cladding and
partitions?
Yes
2 2
al qa l a (4 a )
q 2 12 Calculate the deflection that will occur at the time of application of
the load due to partitions and/or cladding.
if a = l , K = 0.25
1 Calculate the creep coefficient h(t,t0), where t is the age when
partition/cladding loads are applied and t0 is the age of striking.
b h(t,t0) ≈ h(∞,t0) bc(t,t0). For bc(t,t0) refer to Figure 7, alternatively
MA MB K = 0.083 (1 ) refer to Annex B of Eurocode 2.
4
MA + MB 2 Calculate the moment due to self-weight, partitions/cladding and any
MC b= other loads which have been applied prior to the installation of the
MC
cladding/partition, Mpar and use in place of MQP
al al 3 Recalculate the section properties, curvature and hence deflection,
1 (5 4a 2 )
2 dpar, using h(t,t0) or equivalent instead of h(∞,t0)
2
Wl (3 4a 2) 80 3 4a 4 The approximate deflection affecting cladding and partitions is
24 d = dQP – dpar
64
Table 2
Values for Kh
Precamber
h0 kh :leZ[hk[^Zf\Zg[îk^\Zf[^k^]mhk^]n\^ma^^__^\mh_]^_e^\mbhg
7 *)) *') [êhpmaâhkbshgmZe!l^^?b`nk^1"'Ahpô^k%bgikZ\mb\^mhhfn\a
ik^\Zf[^kbl`^g^kZeernl^]Zg]ma^leZ[k^fZbgli^kfZg^gmer
7 +)) )'1.
\Zf[^k^]'Mablbl[^\Znl^h_ma^]b__b\nemrbgZ\\nkZmêr\Ze\neZmbg`
7 ,)) )'0.
]^_e^\mbhg':ik^\Zf[^kh_nimhaZe_ma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm
7 .)) )'0)
\hf[bgZmbhg]^_e^\mbhg\hne][^nl^]%[nmZehp^k_b`nk^bl
Notes
k^\hff^g]^]'Ik^\Zf[^k]h^lghmk^]n\^ma^]^_e^\mbhglZ__^\mbg`
a)blma^ghmbhgZelbs^!ff"h_ma^\khll&l^\mbhg6+:\(n
pa^k^ iZkmbmbhglhk\eZ]]bg`'
:\6<hg\k^m^\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Z
n6I^kbf^m^kh_maZmiZkmh_ma^\khlll^\mbhgpab\abl^qihl^]mh]krbg`
Flat slabs
Figure 7
Coefficient for development of creep with time after loading ?eZmleZ[lZkô^krihineZkZg]^__b\b^gm_ehhklrlm^fl'Ahpô^k%
[^\Znl^ma^rliZgbgmph]bk^\mbhgl%bm\Zg[^]b__b\nemmh\Ze\neZm^ma^bk
]^_e^\mbhg'MK.1 `bo^llô^kZelnbmZ[e^f^mah]l_hkZll^llbg`_eZmleZ[
0.60
]^_e^\mbhg'H_ma^l^%ZihineZkf^mah]blmhmZd^ma^Zo^kZ`^]^_e^\mbhg
h_mphiZkZeeê\henfglmkbilZg]mhZ]]ma^]^_e^\mbhgh_ma^fb]]e^
0.55 lmkbiliZggbg`hkmah`hgZeermh`^mZgZiikhqbfZmbhgh_ma^fZqbfnf
]^_e^\mbhgbgma^\^gmk^h_ma^leZ['
0.50
Ma^k^\hff^g]^]Z\\îmZg\^\kbm^kbZ_hkZ_eZmleZ[Zk^lahpgbg?b`nk^2'
Coefficient, bc (t, t0)
0.45
Accuracy
0.40 Ma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_]^_e^\mbhgbg>nkh\h]^+nlbg`ma^kb`hkhnlf^mah]
ik^l^gm^]a^k^blfhk^Z]oZg\^]maZgmaZmbg;L1**)'Bm\Zg[^
0.35 nl^]mhmZd^Z\\hngmh_^Zker&Z`^\hglmkn\mbhgehZ]bg`[r\hglb]^kbg`
k^]n\^]^Zker\hg\k^m^m^glbe^lmk^g`mal'
0.30 Ahpô^k%ma^_heehpbg`bg_en^g\^lhg]^_e^\mbhgl\Zgghm[^Z\\nkZmêr
Zll^ll^]3
0.25 N M^glbe^lmk^g`ma%pab\a]^m^kfbg^lma^\kZ\dbg`fhf^gm'
100 300 500 700 900
h 0 (mm) N <hglmkn\mbhgehZ]bg`'
N >eZlmb\fh]nenl'
t = 90, t0 = 3 t = 90, t0 = 7
t = 60, t0 = 3 t = 60, t0 = 7 Ma^k^_hk^Zgr\Ze\neZmbhgh_]^_e^\mbhgblhgerZg^lmbfZm^%Zg]ô^gma^
t = 28, t0 = 3 t = 28, t0 = 7 fhlmlhiablmb\Zm^]ZgZerlbl\Zglmbeek^lnembg$*.mh&,)^kkhk'Bmbl
Notes Z]oblZ[e^mh`bo^ZlnbmZ[e^\Zo^ZmpbmaZgr^lmbfZm^h_]^_e^\mbhgmaZm
m 6:`^h_\hg\k^m^pa^giZkmbmbhgl(\eZ]]bg`Ziieb^] hma^klZk^kêrbg`hg'
m) 6:`^h_\hg\k^m^pa^glmkn\d
_\d 6,)!_\f6,1"%ahpô^kma^\h^__b\b^gmblghmiZkmb\neZkerl^glbmbo^mh\hg\k^m^\eZll
Figure 8 Figure 9
Precambering of slabs Recommended acceptance criteria for flat slabs
Just before installation

Precamber of partitions Notes
B_fZqbfnfi^kfbmm^]d 6E(gZg]
Qblmaîhlbmbhgh_fZqbfnfd
pa^k^
a E 6LiZg
X g 6Ebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]îmakZmbh%
^'`'+.)
ma^gma^]^_e^\mbhgZmQlahne]ghm[^
Deflection due to `k^Zm^kmaZg+Z(g'
Deflection due to frequent combination
quasi-permanent !FZqbfnf]^_e^\mbhghg`kb]ebg^l
fZr[^fhk^\kbmb\Ze'"
combination Deflection affecting partitions
65
N FZgn_Z\mnk^klfZrlZrmaZmma^bkèZs^]lrlm^fl\Zghger
Cladding tolerances Z\\hffh]Zm^]^_e^\mbhgZlehpZl.ff'
=^_e^\mbhgfZrZ__^\m\eZ]]bg`hkèZsbg`bgma^_heehpbg`pZrl3 Ma^k^lahne][^hi^g]bl\nllbhgl[^mp^^gma^]^lb`g^kl_hkmaôZkbhnl
N Pa^gZleZ[]^_e^\ml%maêhZ]hgma^\^gmkZe_bqbg`lpbee[^kêbô^] ê^f^gmlmh]^m^kfbg^ma^fhlm\hlm&^__^\mbo^pZrh_]^Zebg`pbmama^
Zg]la^]mhhnm^k_bqbg`l' bgm^kZ\mbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^Zg]\eZ]]bg`'
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`';LB%+))-'
3 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3LeZ[l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
4 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3?eZmleZ[l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
5 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).
6 ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'>Zkerlmkbdbg`Zg]bfikho^][Z\dikhiibg`';<:%+))*'!:oZbeZ[e^_khfppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf"
7 I:EE>MM%I'@nb]^mh_eZmleZ[_hkfphkdZg]_Zel^phkd'<hglmkn\m%+)),
8 MA><HG<K>M>LHMR'M^\agb\ZekîhkmGh'.1=^_e^\mbhglbg\hg\k^m^leZ[lZg][^Zfl'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
9 @HH=<ABE=%<AP>;LM>K%KF'Lik^Z]la^^ml_hk\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]><+%o^klbhg,'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
10 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)¾*'Lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg';LB%*220'
66
2'K^mZbgbg`pZeel
A J BondF:%FL\%Ia=%=B<%FB<>%<>gÒ Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>A J Harris;L\%FL\%=B<%FB<>%<>g`%?@L
Introduction
Mabl\aZim^k\ho^klma^ZgZerlblZg]]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^k^mZbgbg`
pZeelmh>nkh\h]^l+Zg]0'Bm\hglb]^klk^mZbgbg`pZeelnimh,fabàZg]
ikhii^][Zl^f^gmpZeelnimhmphlmhk^rlabà!0f"'Ma^lêbfbmlaZo^[^^g
\ahl^glhmaZmlbfieb_b\Zmbhgl\Zg[^fZ]^bgma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g'Ma^
lê_&p^bàmh_ma^l^pZeel%bg\en]bg`ma^lê_&p^bàmh_[Z\d_beehgma^f%ieZrlZ
lb`gb_b\Zgmkhe^bglniihkmbg`ma^k^mZbg^]fZm^kbZe'Ma^\aZim^k]h^lghm\ho^k
ma^ZgZerlblZg]]^lb`gh_^f[^]]^]k^mZbgbg`pZeel%pab\akêrikbfZkberhg
iZllbo^^Zkmaik^llnk^Zg]_e^qnkZek^lblmZg\^mhlniihkmma^k^mZbg^]fZm^kbZe'
Ikbhkmhmaîn[eb\Zmbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnkZe>nkh\h]^l%ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_
k^mZbgbg`pZeelpZl\ho^k^][r;L1))+':emahnà\^kmZbgikhoblbhglh_mabl
\h]^Zk^lni^kl^]^][r>nkh\h]^0%ma^_hkf^klmbee\hgmZbglnl^_nejnZebmZmbo^
bg_hkfZmbhgk^`Zk]bg`ma^]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^pZeel'
:fhk^`^g^kZebgmkh]n\mbhgmhma^>nkh\h]^lbl`bo^gbg<aZim^kl*Zg]+
hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]ZlBgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^lZg]@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^
^ll^gmbZe_^Zmnk^lh_>nkh\h]^0IZkm*Zk^\ho^k^]bg<aZim^k/%?hng]Zmbhgl%
pab\abg\en]^lZ]bl\nllbhgh_ebfbmlmZm^l%@^hm^\agb\Ze<Zm^`hkb^l%
f^mah]lh_]^lb`g%Zg]ma^@^hm^\agb\Ze=^lb`gKîhkm'Bmlahne][^k^Z]bg
\hgcng\mbhgpbmamabl\aZim^k'
>ll^gmbZe_^Zmnk^lh_>nkh\h]^0Zkîk^l^gm^]%Zehg`pbmama^hk^mb\Zefh]êl
_hkma^ZgZerlblh_k^mZbgbg`pZeel':ikh\^]nk^_hkZgZerlblZg]]^lb`gbl`bo^g
hgiZ`^0)'
Geotechnical Categories
>nkh\h]^0IZkm*]^_bg^lmak^^@^hm^\agb\Ze<Zm^`hkb^lmaZm\Zg[^nl^]mh
^lmZ[ebla`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gk^jnbk^f^gml'Lbfie^lmkn\mnk^lpbmag^èbZ[e^
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Determine initial geometry and actions (see Panel 1) General expressions for material properties and earth pressures
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9?@E Compaction earth pressures for structural design of cantilever
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Figure 12
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74
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Panel 5
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B EB
b R
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b
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b
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AD5? Table 2
s3 %i] gd%_ L Typical compaction equipment12
a] 7 4
)
$?
% Description of compaction Mass (kg) Centrifugal Design
equipment vibrator force (kN)
sa]
3
R
)]g%
p
D%_
"DI @?
GE?FG? "
force (kN)

;^mp^^g

)
%? "DI @?
GE?FG? " " ""
sa]
3
%Z] gd%_ L
1 4 DG ?
G?
I @?
EE
Forces for stem design (see Figure 14)
!DI @?
GE?FG? ! #
L < < OL OB0<+OL0
2F
' & B/ / <+O / B/ + / B+ G ?
G? " !
I @?
EE
B/L/ " FBBEEE " 3 ( !
8B?- & B/<+O</B+OB0<+O<0
#@EI @?
EE # " "!
B " FBBEEE " 3 ( "
B/&B?$
Forces for heel design (see Figure 15b) Panel 6

. 2 8 2 O Expressions for the structural design of basement walls for ‘at-rest’
2F
'B& - 0A B O B pressures

8B?-B&-.0AO82BO %&O

h R4*7
b

Forces for toe design (see Figure 15a)
s9&g <8
8 2 )
?
.
2F
'&

8B?-&82
s3s3%s9
)
.?

Figure 15 g:<=<:
Pressure diagram for design of reinforced concrete base
s3%s9O
Soil pressure above s3s3
toe ignored
Forces for stem design
< < 0 <
2F
' & B( : <O < B< <<O <

B<<O<< B+ <O<<

< < < O< < O<
8B?- & B( < B< < B< < B+ <

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B?EE?
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? K F
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■ 8 E ?
E?K EGF?@ E K E ■ <Bloading BF?
? A?D
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B? B

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B?EE? I

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BGAB?EE9B JG
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4& AG

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B
?AB @
B
B

Detailing FF ?EKG ?D
?
ABB?
ABEI
?F? ? EA?D

Control of cracking 4& BB?EE E B?

FF?
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.F?K@
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A?

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B BE??

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B

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F? $
■ 5I ?F
FF?F
A
AF
F
% B?B Table 3

AF

K E FF ?EKG
AF?
AB Maximum bar size or spacing to lmit crack width (mm)
A ?D Steel Wmax = 0.3 Wmax = 0.2

stress
■ <Brestraint BF?
? A?D
E F B@? (ss) Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
MPa bar size bar spacing bar size bar spacing
?FB? B

9?@E.
B ? ?
KEIEA E (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

Figure 16 47 47
Earth and pore water pressures for structural design of retaining
walls subject to 'at-rest' conditions
" "
O
" O
Note
9B E F?K@ F?AFBJG
@E
zW ;46 H
W
s &
gF GId
B$
zD ;4 &BB??
F
K E
gF &BG? ?EA?A
AF
E
6 &B?EE?AFH? GF?

F@
?
&B?EE?AF:18F@

?
H&B??A

AF
?B:18
GIB??A
AF
GI
d &B? A @
FF
E? FF

76
10
2'K^mZbgbg`pZeel
s & ?@ EI?EABF?J FF GF

B ,?EE B?B B?J ?EE?@? F
?EE BF?

AF
FF ?EK?ABAF?
AB?D
AF
GE?
? B?EEA? BEB?I?
I
9BI?E BE@B
@?

F
BE F
@?
AF

BAFAE
D B?E? AGFA?EE
L?
G?

?
9?@E ??<BEF B?
@? A ?FfU FF?
BIE?B?
f?
I
AF

H
Large radius bends
. A

?KGI E?? @
BF?
Horizontal reinforcement

AF
?B@? AB F@? ABB B
E 9BF
FF??AB L
?E
AF
B?A
A
B@? 9BF
FFF?
E ?FfFF
BE@ BAI ?E
AF
IB
? ? AEE $ ?D
E FG?
?EK?BF?E?
B
D?AA
BE@

fFF
V @1@f
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?B H F
F?K@E?J
B
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AF
??
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EAAFE F?E?
?@??B ?A
B@

1@ &B?EABG BAB@?
F
?EIGE f
f &@? ?F
Practical issues
&
I?EA
FG I
B
Design for movement
9B,1163 15
15 15?GG
J) *
B
D ?EKBF?EAA FF ?EK?A

?
F AE?@E B? EE?
F

B ?
9B@? A??

?EEK ?
@KB
F
FFF?
E L E
B B @?
B B
?

B

9BAB
AF
? E
G L?
H
A
Rules for spacing and quantity of

BE@GE?

EB E?
?D

reinforcement
9KG ?EEKG L ?G
KB BE F BK ?
Vertical reinforcement G
AFD9B(1 1515 7 1 16
<B?J ?EA F
?BF
FF??AI ?E FF
G L B?F?J FF??AF2?

AF
%B?EAB ?? BE@GE?
?B F?J FF F

FA?
?EE 9B
?
A?4B BF
FFG
?A
AF
?
EE D BE? G LG @E?
EE?

@@?
AF9?@E A*B?G4 E?GE?
B B?BF
FFIEFA
A?G F3 ?AEE
F?J FF??AI ?E
AF
%%B F?K@ E?A??KF J
. ?E? ?E
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@E?E?GE?

??EEBAA A?EK B
D?,B?I

?EE?
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?
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9B ?
@
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I ?E@? BE
J

?GG
1?
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BE A BB F B?EEB D
FF
,E
E
B A?

?EE
?EEK?GG?
Figure 17
B?IJG?

C
IKOF%I
B@? AB
Typical drainage layout for a retaining wall
?EE EE EE@ ?
,?FG??
AT*BC

BE?EEAFFAFIF
AIKFE
BA?EE
Drainage
9GI
G?G AF@ E
G FG?

GI ?
?F? ?E@B
??

?EE9BL

300 mm wide
granular backfill FF ?EK@B
B?EE BE@A?A?

?
E?
F? ?EB B BE@GGI
@F
@ED
BA
(?
?G GE? A?EE BE@GI ?B
Weep hole
Drainage pipe @? ABA?

F? ?E9B K F BE@
A
B?
G??
A?EE?

G
GI AF?

?

AB?
? K F <GBE BE@GI ? ?@?DG
? BK?? ?
IAE?
? ?I ?E?

B?F?

?

H BEBG F?K K F@F@ED(KG ?E
Large radius bend ?
? K F EE ?
, !
if required
11
77
2'K^mZbgbg`pZeel
Construction 9B
BE
BBFG?KD EE
. G? E?EK FG?
B

?

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?AAB
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A?@? F
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BBK EE@
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FAFAFG?KD ,
?
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J
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B F?K FG?
B
9B FGE AFA ?GA
K F@B EGI
B BG E

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A

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B ? B ?GA
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References
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O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>
Introduction
Mabl\aZim^kblbgm^g]^]_hknl^[r]^mZbe^klmhikîZk^k^bg_hk\^f^gm]kZpbg`l
_hkikhc^\mlmaZmaZo^[^^g]^lb`g^]nlbg`>nkh\h]^+'Bmikhob]^lZlnffZkr
h_ma^k^jnbk^f^gmlh_ma^>nkh\h]^Zg]lbfieb_b^lma^fpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
MhiZo^ma^pZr_hkma^bgmkh]n\mbhgh_>nkh\h]^+%hma^klniihkmbg`
lmZg]Zk]laZo^[^^gbgmkh]n\^]hkkôbl^]%bg\en]bg`3
N ;L1.))3<hg\k^m^¾<hfie^f^gmZkrlmZg]Zk]mh;L>G+)/¾*pab\a
kîeZ\^];L.,+13<hg\k^m^hg*=^\^f[^k+)),Zg]lahne]Zek^Z]r[^
_ZfbebZk'
N ;L---23Li^\b_b\Zmbhg_hk\Zk[hglm^ê[Zkl_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_
\hg\k^m^pZlkôbl^]bg+)).lhmaZmbm[^\Zf^Z\hfie^f^gmZkr
lmZg]Zk]mh;L>G*))1)3Lm^ê_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^Zg]
GhkfZmbo^:gg^q<h_>nkh\h]^+'
N ;L1///3+)).%L\a^]nebg`%]bf^glbhgbg`%[^g]bg`Zg]\nmmbg`h_lm^ê
k^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk\hg\k^m^¾li^\b_b\ZmbhgaZlZelh[^^gkôbl^]%
bgmkh]n\bg`>nkh\h]^+k^jnbk^f^gmlZg]Z`k^Zm^kkZg`^h_laZi^\h]^l'
Bgmablin[eb\ZmbhgZgnf[^kh_ZllnfimbhglaZo^[^^gfZ]^'FZgrh_ma^
]^kbo^]^qik^llbhglZg]_b`nk^lZllnf^NDoZen^l_hkma^GZmbhgZe=^m^kfbg^]
IZkZf^m^kl!G=Il"'BmblZllnf^]maZm[Zkllbs^lZk^-)ffhke^llZg]maZm
ma^[Zklpbeeghm[^[ng]e^]mh`^ma^k'BmblZelhZllnf^]maZmma^\hg\k^m^
\eZllpbeeghm^q\^^]<.)(/)'?hkZ]]bmbhgZek^jnbk^f^gmlhnmlb]^ma^lêbfbml%
k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh>nkh\h]^+'
Mabl\aZim^k_h\nl^lhg]^mZbebg`ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmmh\hfierpbma>nkh\h]^+4
`nb]Zg\^hgikh\^]nk^l%k^lihglb[bebmb^lZg]ikîZkZmbhgh_]kZpbg`l\Zg[^
_hng]bghma^k]h\nf^gml
Type and grade of reinforcement

Ma^+)).kôblbhgh_;L---2bgmkh]n\^]Z\aZkZ\m^kblmb\rbê]lmk^g`ma
h_.))FIZ'Ma^k^Zk^ghpmak^^`kZ]^lh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm%:%;Zg]<!l^^
MZ[e^*"%pab\ah__^kbg\k^Zlbg`]n\mbebmr'Bmbl^qi^\m^]maZm_hkma^]^lb`gh_
ND[nbe]bg`lZeemak^^`kZ]^l:%;hk<pbee[^ZiikhikbZm^Zg]bgmabl\Zl^ma^
[Zklbs^\Zg[îk^_bq^]pbmaZgA!^'`'A*+"'@kZ]^:blghmlnbmZ[e^_hknl^
pa^k^k^]blmkb[nmbhgZ[ho^+)aZl[^^gZllnf^]bgma^]^lb`gZg]Z
`kZ]^;[Zklahne][^li^\b_b^]bgma^l^\bk\nflmZg\^l!^'`';*+"'@kZ]^<bl
_hkl^blfb\\hg]bmbhglhkpa^k^Z]]bmbhgZe]n\mbebmrblk^jnbk^]'
Table 1
Notation for steel reinforcement
Cover
Type of steel reinforcement Notation Ma^ghfbgZe\ho^klahne]`^g^kZeer[^li^\b_b^][rma^]^lb`g^kZg]
@kZ]^;.)):%@kZ]^;.));hk@kZ]^;.))<\hg_hkfbg`mh A _nee]^mZbelh_ahpmh]^m^kfbg^mablZk^`bo^gbg<aZim^k+%hkb`bgZeer
;L---23+)). in[ebla^]Zl%@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^ghfbgZe\ho^klahne][^lahpg
@kZ]^;.)):\hg_hkfbg`mh;L---23+)). : hgma^]kZpbg`lZg]lahne]k^_^kmhma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmg^Zk^lmmhma^
@kZ]^;.));hk@kZ]^;.))<\hg_hkfbg`mh;L---23+)). ; lnk_Z\^h_ma^\hg\k^m^^'`'maêbgdlbgZ[^Zf'
@kZ]^;.))<\hg_hkfbg`mh;L---23+)). < :elh%ma^\ho^kmhma^fZbg[Zklahne][^Zme^Zlm^jnZemhma^lbs^h_
K^bg_hk\^f^gmh_Zmri^ghmbg\en]^]bgma^Z[hoêblmaZobg` Q maZm[Zk%ienlma^ZeehpZg\^_hk]ôbZmbhgl%D\]ô'Pa^k^ma^k^Zk^gh
fZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^lmaZmZk^]^_bg^]bgma^]^lb`ghk\hgmkZ\m
li^\b_b\Zmbhg' ebgdlma^ghfbgZe\ho^klahne][^Zme^Zlm^jnZemhma^lbs^h_ma^[Zk
Note ienlD\]ô%mablfZr[^lb`gb_b\Zgm_hk[Zk]bZf^m^kl`k^Zm^kmaZg
Bgma^@kZ]^]^l\kbimbhg;.)):%^m\'%Ã;Ãbg]b\Zm^lk^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê' *+ff'D\]ôfZr[^.hk*)ff]î^g]bg`hgma^jnZebmrZllnkZg\^
lrlm^fZllnf^]_hkmaîkhc^\m'B_ma^\ho^kg^^]lmh[^bg\k^Zl^]mh
Figure 1 f^^mma^l^k^jnbk^f^gml%ma^]^mZbe^klahne]\hglnempbmama^]^lb`g^k'
Description of bond conditions
=bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg` =bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg`
Anchorage and lap lengths
a >nkh\h]^+bgmkh]n\^lZkZg`^h__Z\mhkl!a*mha/"_hknl^pa^g
+.)
\Ze\neZmbg`ma^ZiikhikbZm^Zg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZie^g`mal':gnf[^kh_
a) 45º < a< 90º c) h > 250 mm
Zllnfimbhgl\Zg[^fZ]^maZm^gZ[e^MZ[e^+mh[^]ôêhi^]_hk
=bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg` Zg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZie^g`mal'B_ma^\hg]bmbhglghm^]bgma^mZ[e^Zk^ghm
=bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg` f^mma^gk^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh>nkh\h]^+'EZie^g`mal_hk
ª,))
ng^jnZelbs^[ZklfZr[^[Zl^]hgma^lfZee^k[Zk%Zemahnàmablblghm
a a lmZm^]bgma^<h]^'
b) h < 250 mm d) h > 600 mm
Key Anchorage of bars and links

Â@hh]Ã[hg]\hg]bmbhgl ÂIhhkÃ[hg]\hg]bmbhgl
:eek^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^Zg\ahk^]lhmaZmma^_hk\^lbgbmZk^lZ_êr
mkZglfbmm^]mhma^lnkkhng]bg`\hg\k^m^[r[hg]pbmahnm\Znlbg`
Table 2
Anchorage and lap lengths for concrete class C25/30 (mm)
Bond Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm) Reinforcement

condition, in
(see Figure 1) 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 compression
@hh] +,) ,+) -*) /)) 01) *)*) *,)) *0/) -)f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk ,,) -.) .1) 1.) **+) *-.) *1.) +.*) .1f
e^g`ma%e[] @hh] ,+) -*) -2) /.) 1*) *)*) *,)) *0/) -)f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk -/) .1) 0)) 2,) **/) *-.) *1.) +.*) .1f
.)eZii^]bghgêh\Zmbhg @hh] ,+) --) .0) 1,) *)2) *-+) *1*) +-/) .0f
!a/6*'-" Ihhk -/) /,) 1+) **2) *./) +)+) +.2) ,.+) 1*f
EZie^g`ma%
e) @hh] ,-) -0) /*) 12) **0) *.+) *2-) +/-) /*f
*))eZii^]bghgêh\Zmbhg
!a/6*'." Ihhk -2) /1) 10) *+0) */0) +*0) +00) ,00) 10f
Notes
1 GhfbgZe\ho^kmhZeelb]^lZg]]blmZg\^[^mp^^g[Zklª+.ff!b'^'a+5*"'
2 a*6a,6a-6a.6*')'
^lb`glmk^llaZl[^^gmZd^gZl-,.FIZ'Pa^k^ma^]^lb`glmk^llbgma^[ZkZmmaîhlbmbhg_khfpa^k^ma^Zg\ahkZ`^blf^Zlnk^]%sl]%ble^llmaZg-,.FIZma^_b`nk^lbgmabl
3 =
mZ[e^\Zg[^_Z\mhk^][rsl](-,.'Ma^fbgbfnfeZie^g`mabl`bo^gbg\e1'0',h_>nkh\h]^+'
4 Ma^Zg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZie^g`malaZo^[^^gkhng]^]nimhma^g^Zk^lm*)ff'
5 Pa^k^,,h_[ZklZkêZii^]bghgêh\Zmbhg%]^\k^Zl^maêZie^g`mal_hkÂ.)eZii^]bghgêh\ZmbhgÃ[rZ_Z\mhkh_)'1+'
6 Ma^_b`nk^lbgmablmZ[eâZo^[^^gikîZk^]_hk\hg\k^m^\eZll<+.(,)4k^_^kmhMZ[e^*,_hkhma^k\eZll^lhknl^ma^_heehpbg`_Z\mhkl_hkhma^k\hg\k^m^\eZll^l'
Concrete class C20/25 C28/35 C30/37 C32/40 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
?Z\mhk *'*/ )'2, )'12 )'1. )'1) )'0, )'/1 )'/,
80
*)'=^mZbebg`
\kZ\dbg`hkliZeebg`'Ma^]^lb`gZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma%e[]%!pab\a\Zg[^ Bars in compression

h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^+"blf^Zlnk^]Zehg`ma^\^gmkêbg^h_ma^[Zk BgZ]]bmbhgmhma^kne^l_hk[Zklbgm^glbhg!?b`nk^/Z"%hg^[Zkh_ma^
!l^^?b`nk^+"'Ma^Zg\ahkZ`^h_ebgdlbllahpgbg?b`nk^,' mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][îeZ\^]hnmlb]^^Z\a^g]h_maêZi
e^g`mah_[Zklbg\hfik^llbhgZg]pbmabg-fh_ma^^g]lh_maêZi
e^g`ma!l^^?b`nk^/["'
Arrangement of laps
Figure 2
Pa^kîhllb[eêZilbgZf^f[^klahne][^lmZ``^k^]!l^^?b`nk^-" Design anchorage length lbd, for any shape measured along the
centreline
Zg]ghmeh\Zm^]bgZk^Zlh_abàlmk^ll'Ma^ZkkZg`^f^gmh_eZii^][Zkl
lahne]\hfierpbma?b`nk^.%Zll^mhnm[êhp3
1. Ma^\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^geZii^][Zkllahne]ghm[^`k^Zm^kmaZg
-fhk.)ff%hma^kpbl^maêZie^g`malahne][^bg\k^Zl^][rZ
lbd f
e^g`ma^jnZemhma^\e^Zk]blmZg\^'
2. Maêhg`bmn]bgZe]blmZg\^[^mp^^gmphZ]cZ\^gmeZillahne]ghm[^
e^llmaZg)',mbf^lmaêZie^g`ma%e)'Pa^k^mablblghmma^\Zl^%ma^
[Zkllahne][^\hglb]^k^]Zl[^bgèZii^]bghg^l^\mbhg' Figure 3
Anchorage of links
3. Bg\Zl^h_Z]cZ\^gmeZil%ma^\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^gZ]cZ\^gm[Zkl
lahne]ghm[ê^llmaZg+fhk+)ff' .f%[nm *)f%[nm
ª.)ff ª0)ff
Pa^gmaîkhoblbhgl\hfierpbma*Zg],Z[ho^%maî^kfbllb[e^
i^k\^gmZ`^h_eZii^][Zklbgm^glbhgfZr[^*))pa^k^ma^[ZklZk^
ZeebghgêZr^k'Bgmabl\Zl^ma^]^lb`geZie^g`ma%e)%_khfMZ[e^+%fnlm
[^bg\k^Zl^]!l^^ghm^."'Pa^k^ma^[ZklZk^bglô^kZeeZr^klghfhk^
f f
maZg.)lahne][êZii^]bgZgrhgêZr^k'
a) Bend angle > 150º b) Bend angle © 150º

:ee[Zklbg\hfik^llbhgZg]l^\hg]Zkr!]blmkb[nmbhg"k^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr
[êZii^]bgma^lZfêh\Zmbhg'
Figure 4
Percentage of lapped bars in one lapped section
Transverse reinforcement e)
Bars in tension [Zk*
MkZglo^kl^m^glbe^lmk^ll^lh\\nkZmma^^g]lh_eZii^][Zkl'Pa^k^ma^
[Zk+
]bZf^m^k%f%h_maêZii^][Zklble^llmaZg+)ff%hkmaî^k\^gmZ`^
h_eZii^][ZklbgZgrl^\mbhgble^llmaZg+.%ma^gZgrmkZglo^kl^ [Zk,
k^bg_hk\^f^gmhkebgdlg^\^llZkr_hkhma^kk^ZlhglfZr[^Zllnf^]
[Zk-
ln__b\b^gm_hkma^mkZglo^kl^m^glbe^_hk\^lpbmahnm_nkma^kcnlmb_b\Zmbhg'
>qZfie^3[Zkl+Zg],Zk^
hnmlb]^ma^l^\mbhg[^bg`
)'/.e) )'/.e)
Pa^k^ma^]bZf^m^k%f%h_maêZii^][Zklbl`k^Zm^kmaZghk^jnZe \hglb]^k^]'
Ma^k^_hkâ/6*'-
mh+)ff%ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]aZo^ZmhmZeZk^Z%:lm L^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]
!lnfh_Zeee^`liZkZeeêmhmaêZr^kh_ma^lieb\^]k^bg_hk\^f^gm¾l^^
?b`nk^/Z"h_ghme^llmaZgma^Zk^Z:lh_hgêZii^][Zk!Σ:lmª*'):l"'
Ma^mkZglo^kl^[Zklahne][îeZ\^]i^ki^g]b\neZkmhma^]bk^\mbhgh_ Figure 5
maêZii^]k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg][^mp^^gmaZmZg]ma^lnk_Z\^h_ma^ Arranging adjacent lapping bars
\hg\k^m^'MZ[e^,`bo^lk^\hff^g]^]fbgbfnfZk^Zl_hkmkZglo^kl^ ª)',e) e)
k^bg_hk\^f^gm'Pa^k^maêZii^][ZklbgZleZ[Zkêh\Zm^]bgZg ©.)ff
?l ©-f f
Zk^Zh_ehplmk^ll%^'`'g^Zkmaîhbgmh_\hgmkZ_e^qnk^%bmbl`^g^kZeer ?l
Z\\îmZ[e^mhZllnf^maZmmkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblghmk^jnbk^]'
Z ª+f
?l
B_fhk^maZg.)h_ma^[ZklZkêZii^]bghgêh\ZmbhgZg]ma^ ª+)ff ?l
]blmZg\^%Z%[^mp^^gZ]cZ\^gmeZilZmZl^\mbhgbl©*)f!l^^?b`nk^." ?l
?l
mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^_hkf^][rebgdlhkN&[ZklZg\ahk^]
bgmhma^[h]rh_ma^l^\mbhg'
81
Beams Figure 7
Illustration of curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement
Curtailment Ah``bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm
Nge^llma^Z]]bmbhgZem^glbe^_hk\^bgmaêhg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
]n^mhla^ZkaZl[^^g\Ze\neZm^]%ma^\nkmZbef^gme^g`mah_ma^ >goêhi^h_F>](s$G>] e[]
ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^^qm^g]^][^rhg]maîhbgmZm e[]
pab\abmblk^jnbk^]_hk_e^qnkZelmk^g`ma!mablbldghpgZlma^Âlab_m :\mbg`m^glbe^_hk\^?l
K^lblmbg`m^glbe^_hk\^?Kl e[]
kne^Ã"nlbg`ma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhg!l^^Zelh?b`nk^0"3
Ze6s\hmy(+_hko^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
D ?m]
Ze
pa^k^
s6eô^kZkf
y 6Zgè^h_\hfik^llbhglmknm Ze
e[]
Mabl\Zg\hgl^koZmboêr[^mZd^gZl3 D ?m]
e[] e[]
Ze6*'*+.]
e[] e[]
?hk[^Zfl]^lb`g^]nlbg`ma^\h&^__b\b^gml`bo^gbgMZ[e^,h_<aZim^k-%
hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl;^Zfl%ma^lbfieb_b^]kne^llahpgbg?b`nk^1
fZr[^nl^]'Ahpô^k%ma^lbfieb_b\ZmbhglZk^\hgl^koZmbo^Zg]^\hghfb^l LZ``bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm
\Zg[^Z\abô^][r\nkmZbebg`[Zklmhlnbmma^Z\mnZefhf^gml'
Figure 6 Figure 8
Transverse reinforcement for lapped splices Simplified detailing rules for beams
:lm(+ :lm(+

e)(, !
e)(,
©*.)ff
?l
l a"l
?l
l a

a) Bars in tension
e)
a) Continuous member, top reinforcement

:lm(+ :lm(+
©*.)ff
?l
?l
l &a
$
b) Bars in compression e)
%
!
-f e)(, e)(, -f
b) Continuous member, bottom reinforcement
Table 3
Bar sizes for transverse reinforcement

Lap length Number Bar size (mm) l

(mm), for of bars
transverse at each 20 25 32 40 #l

bars at 150 lap
mm centresa As = 314 As = 491 As = 804 As = 1260 $
%
©-.) + *) */ */ +.
c) Simple support, bottom reinforcement
-.* ¾2)) , *) *+ */ +)
2)*¾*,.) - 1 *) *+ */ Notes
*,.*¾*1)) . 1 1 *+ */ 1 eblma^^__^\mboê^g`ma'
2 Zeblma^]blmZg\^mhZeehp_hkm^glbe^_hk\^]n^mhla^Zk_hk\^'
*1)*¾++.) / 1 1 *) *+
3 e[]blma^]^lb`gZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma'
++.*¾+0)) 0 G(: 1 *) *+ 4Jd©@d'
Key 5 Fbgbfnfh_mphliZglk^jnbk^]'
a ? hkmkZglo^kl^[ZklZme^llmaZg*.)ff\^gmk^lnl^ma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhgmh 6 :iieb^lmhngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]lhger'
\Ze\neZm^ma^k^jnbk^]gnf[^kh_[ZklZg]a^g\^ma^k^jnbk^]mkZglo^kl^[Zk]bZf^m^k3 7 Ma^lahkm^lmliZgfnlm[^`k^Zm^kmaZghk^jnZemh)'1.mbf^lmaêhg`^lmliZg'
Gnf[^kh_[Zklk^jnbk^]6*$e)(!,l"pa^k^l6liZ\bg`h_ma^mkZglo^kl^[Zkl' 8 :iieb^lpa^k^*.k^]blmkb[nmbhgaZl[^^gnl^]'
82
*)'=^mZbebg`
Reinforcement in end supports Minimum spacing of reinforcement

Bgfhghebmab\\hglmkn\mbhg%ô^gpa^glbfie^lniihkmlaZo^[^^g Ma^fbgbfnf\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^g[Zkllahne][^ma^`k^Zm^kh_3
Zllnf^]bg]^lb`g%ma^l^\mbhgZmlniihkml!mhik^bg_hk\^f^gm"lahne] N ;Zk]bZf^m^k
[^]^lb`g^]_hkZ[^g]bg`fhf^gmZkblbg`_khfiZkmbZe_bqbmrh_Zm N :``k^`Zm^lbsîenl.ff
e^Zlm+.h_ma^fZqbfnf[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgma^liZg!b'^'ikhob]^ N +)ff
+.h_fb]&liZg[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gm"'
Shear reinforcement
Ma^Zk^Zh_[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gmikhob]^]Zmlniihkmlpbmaebmme^hkgh Maêhg`bmn]bgZeliZ\bg`h_o^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ghm
^g]_bqbmrZllnf^]bg]^lb`g%lahne][^Zme^Zlm+.h_ma^Zk^Zh_lm^ê ^q\^^])'0.]'Ghm^ma^k^jnbk^f^gm_hkZfZqbfnfliZ\bg`h_
ikhob]^]bgma^liZg'Ma^[Zkllahne][^Zg\ahk^]mhk^lblmZ_hk\^%?>' *.)ffpa^k^ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmZ\mlZlZmkZglo^kl^
k^bg_hk\^f^gmZmeZilbgmaêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zkl'Ma^mkZglo^kl^liZ\bg`
?>6!uO>]uZe(s"$G>]
h_maê^`lbgZl^kb^lh_la^Zkebgdllahne]ghm^q\^^]3
pa^k^
lm%fZq6)'0.]©/))ff
uO>]u 6Z[lhenmôZen^h_la^Zk_hk\^
G>] 6ma^ZqbZe_hk\^b_ik^l^gm Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbg[^Zfl%:lp%fbglahne][^
\Ze\neZm^]_khf3
Ma^Zg\ahkZ`^%e[]%lahne][^f^Zlnk^][^rhg]maêbg^h_\hgmZ\m
:lp
[^mp^^gma^[^ZfZg]lniihkm' ªrp%fbg
pa^k^rp%fbg\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^-'
l[p
Ikhob]^]sl]blmZd^gZl-,.FIZbgma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_ma^Zg\ahkZ`^
e^g`ma!pab\ablZllnf^]bgMZ[e^l+Zg]*,"ma^gbmlahne]ghm[^
g^\^lZkrmh\Ze\neZm^?>' Slabs
Flanged beams Curtailment
:mlniihkmlma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhk^lblmah``bg`fhf^gml Ma^\nkmZbef^gmkne^l_hk[^Zfllahne][^_heehp^]%^q\îmmaZmZ
lahne][^]blmkb[nm^]Z\khllma^_neepb]mah_ma^^__^\mbo^_eZg`^Zl oZen^h_Ze6]fZr[^nl^]'
lahpgbg?b`nk^24iZkmh_bmfZr[^\hg\^gmkZm^]ho^kma^p^['
?hkleZ[l]^lb`g^]nlbg`ma^\h&^__b\b^gml`bo^gbgMZ[e^,h_<aZim^k,%
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]ZlLeZ[l%ma^lbfieb_b^]kne^llahpgbg?b`nk^*)
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl:l%fbg6)'+/_\mf[m](_rd[nm fZr[^nl^]'
ghme^llmaZg)'))*,[m]%pa^k^[mblma^f^Zgpb]mah_ma^m^glbhg
shg^!l^^MZ[e^-"'?hkZM&[^Zfpbmama^_eZg`^bg\hfik^llbhg%hger Reinforcement in end supports
ma^pb]mah_ma^p^[blmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmbg\Ze\neZmbg`maôZen^ Bglbfierlniihkm^]leZ[l%ma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[^k^]n\^]
h_[m' mhaZe_ma^\Ze\neZm^]liZgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]\hgmbgn^]nimhma^
lniihkm%hma^kpbl^*))h_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[^\hgmbgn^]
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement mhma^lniihkm';^rhg]ma^_Z\^h_ma^lniihkm*.h_ma^Zk^Zh_
Hnmlb]êZieh\Zmbhgl%ma^fZqbfnfZk^Zh_m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg fZqbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][îkhob]^]!l^^?b`nk^*)\"'Ma^
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ghm^q\^^]:l%fZq6)')-:\' [Zkllahne][^Zg\ahk^]mhk^lblmZ_hk\^%?>%Zl`bo^gbgma^l^\mbhg
hg[^Zfl'
Figure 9 Table 4
Placing of tension reinforcement in flanged cross section
Minimum percentage of reinforcement required
beff fck fctm Minimim percentage rw, min x 10-3
(0.26 fctm / fyka)
As
+. +'/ )'*, )'1)
+1 +'1 )'*- )'1.
hf
,) +'2 )'*. )'11
,+ ,') )'*/ )'2*
beff1 bw beff2
,. ,'+ )'*0 )'2.
-) ,'. )'*1 *')*
-. ,'1 )'+) *')0
.) -'* )'+* *'*,
Key
a :llnfbg`_rd6.))FIZ
83
Minimum spacing requirements Minimum areas of reinforcement

Ma^fbgbfnf\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^g[Zkl!ahkbshgmZehko^kmb\Ze" Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmmh[îkhob]^]oZkb^lpbmama^
lahne]ghm[ê^llmaZgma^[Zklbs^%[%!]`$.ff"%hk+)ff%pa^k^ \hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma!l^^MZ[e^-"'
]`blma^fZqbfnflbs^h_Z``k^`Zm^'
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement
Maximum spacing of reinforcement Hnmlb]êZieh\Zmbhgl%ma^fZqbfnfZk^Zh_m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg
?hkleZ[le^llmaZg+))ffmab\dma^_heehpbg`fZqbfnfliZ\bg` k^bg_hk\^f^gm%lahne]ghm^q\^^]:l%fZq6)')-:\':meZieh\Zmbhgl
kne^lZiier!ablma^]îmah_ma^leZ["3 :l%fZq6)')1:\'
N ?hkmaîkbg\biZek^bg_hk\^f^gm3,a[nmghmfhk^maZg-))ff'
N ?hkma^l^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm3,'.a[nmghmfhk^maZg-.)ff'
Edge reinforcement
Ma^^q\îmbhgblbgZk^Zlpbma\hg\^gmkZm^]ehZ]lhkZk^Zlh_
fZqbfnffhf^gmpa^k^ma^_heehpbg`Ziieb^l3 :ehg`Z_k^^!nglniihkm^]"^]`^%ZleZ[lahne]ghkfZeer\hgmZbgehg`bmn]bgZe
N ?hkmaîkbg\biZek^bg_hk\^f^gm3+a[nmghmfhk^maZg+.)ff' Zg]mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gm%`^g^kZeerZkkZg`^]Zllahpgbg?b`nk^**'
N ?hkma^l^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm3,a[nmghmfhk^maZg-))ff'
?hkleZ[l+))ffmab\dhk`k^Zm^k%ma^liZ\bg`k^jnbk^f^gmlZk^`bo^g Flat slabs

bgMZ[e^.'Pa^k^ma^]^lb`g^kaZlghmli^\b_b^]ma^k^jnbk^]liZ\bg`
hkikhob]^]ma^lm^êlmk^ll%sl%bm\Zg`^g^kZeer[^Zllnf^]maZmslpbee :_eZmleZ[lahne][^]bob]^]bgmh\henfgZg]fb]]e^lmkbil!l^^
ghm^q\^^],+)FIZ_hkZmrib\ZeleZ['Pa^k^ma^leZ[lniihkmlh__b\^ ?b`nk^*+"4ma^]boblbhgh_ma^fhf^gml[^mp^^gma^\henfgZg]
hkk^lb]^gmbZeZk^ZlbmblngebdêrmaZmslpbee^q\^^]+1)FIZ' fb]]e^lmkbilbl`bo^gbgMZ[e^/'
Figure 11
Figure 10 Edge reinforcement for slab
Simplified detailing rules for slabs

l l h
l
≥ 2h
a) Continuous member, top reinforcement
Table 5
Values for rw,min

Steel wmax = 0.4 mm wmax = 0.3 mm
l stress
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
(es) MPa
bar size bar spacing bar size bar spacing
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

*/) -) ,)) ,+ ,))
b) Continuous member, bottom reinforcement
+)) ,+ ,)) +. +.)
OR OR
+-) +) +.) */ +))

+1) */ +)) *+ *.)
l
,+) *+ *.) *) *))

,/) *) *)) 1 .)

c) Simple support, bottom reinforcement

Table 6
Apportionment of bending moments in flat slabs – equivalent frame method
Notes
1 eblma^^__^\mboê^g`ma' Location Negative moments Positive moments
2 e[]blma^]^lb`gZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma'
<henfglmkbi /)¾1) .)¾0)
3 Jd©*'+.@d Zg]jd©.dG(f+'
4 Fbgbfnfh_mphliZglk^jnbk^]' Fb]]e^lmkbi -)¾+) .)¾,)
5 :iieb^lmhngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]lhger' Notes
6 Ma^lahkm^lmliZgfnlm[^`k^Zm^kmaZghk^jnZemh)'1.mbf^lmaêhg`^lmliZg' Ma^mhmZeg^`Zmbo^Zg]ihlbmbo^fhf^gmlmh[^k^lblm^][rma^\henfgZg]fb]]e^
7 :iieb^lpa^k^+)k^]blmkb[nmbhgaZl[^^gnl^]' lmkbilmh`^ma^klahne]ZepZrlZ]]nimh*))
84
*)'=^mZbebg`
Figure 12 Ma^bgm^gmbhgblmhikhob]^Zgô^g]blmkb[nmbhg(]^glbmrh_ing\abg`
Division of panels in flat slabs la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmpbmabgma^shg^pa^k^bmblk^jnbk^]'Hg^
lbfieb\Zmbhgmh^gZ[e^k^\mZg`neZki^kbf^m^klh_la^^kk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl
lx > ly
mhnl^Zgbgm^glbmrh_:lp(n*Zkhng]k^\mZgènZki^kbf^m^kl'
ly /4 ly /4 Middle strip = lx – ly /2
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_Zebgde^`_hko^kmb\Zeing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl
ly /4
*'.:lp%fbg(!lk l m "ª)')1√ _ \d _rd
ly /4 pab\a\Zg[^k^ZkkZg`^]Zl3
:lp%fbgª!l k l m "(?
Middle strip = ly /2 ly
pa^k^
lk 6ma^liZ\bg`h_maêbgdlbgma^kZ]bZe]bk^\mbhg
Column strip = ly /2 l m 6ma^liZ\bg`h_maêbgdlbgma^mZg`^gmbZe]bk^\mbhg
? 6_Z\mhkh[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^0
Figure 13
Effective width, be of a flat slab
:mbgm^kgZe\henfgl%nge^llkb`hkhnll^kob\^Z[bebmr\Ze\neZmbhglZk^ \q \q
LeZ[^]`^
\Zkkb^]hnm%mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmh_Zk^Z)'.:mlahne][îeZ\^]bgZ
LeZ[^]`^
pb]ma^jnZemhma^lnfh_)'*+.mbf^lmaîZgêpb]mahg^bma^klb]^ \r
h_ma^\henfg':mkîk^l^gmlma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mh \r
r
k^lblmma^_neeg^`Zmbo^fhf^gm_khfma^lnfh_ma^mphaZe_iZgêl r
^Z\alb]^h_ma^\henfg'BmblZelhZ]oblZ[e^mhZiiermablk^jnbk^f^gm
mhi^kbf^m^k\henfglZl_ZkZlblihllb[e^' s
[^6\q$r
[^6s$r(+
:mbgm^kgZe\henfglZme^Zlmmph[Zklh_[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gmbg^Z\a LeZ[^]`^
hkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhglahne][îkhob]^]Zg]ma^rlahne]iZll[^mp^^g r\Zg[^7 \r s\Zg[^7 \qZg]r\Zg[^7 \r
ma^\henfgk^bg_hk\^f^gm'PabelmbmblghmZ\h]^k^jnbk^f^gmbmbl a) Edge column b) Corner column
\hglb]^k^]`hh]ikZ\mb\^mhikhob]^mph[ZklknggbgìZkZeeêmhma^ Note
rblma^]blmZg\^_khfma^^]`^h_ma^leZ[mhma^bgg^kfhlm_Z\^h_ma^\henfg
leZ[^]`^[^mp^^gma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_Zg^qm^kgZe\henfg'
K^bg_hk\^f^gmi^ki^g]b\neZkmhZ_k^^^]`^k^jnbk^]mhmkZglfbm Figure 14
[^g]bg`fhf^gml_khfma^leZ[mhZg^]`^hk\hkg^k\henfglahne] Punching shear layout
[îeZ\^]pbmabgma^^__^\mbo^pb]ma%[^%lahpgbg?b`nk^*,'

Punching shear reinforcement u
Pa^kîng\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]ma^_heehpbg`kne^l d
lahne][^h[l^ko^]'
d d
N Bmlahne][îkhob]^][^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfgZg]d] d
"d&"d
bglb]^ma^hnm^ki^kbf^m^kpa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghehg`^k
!
k^jnbk^]'dbl*'.%nge^llmaî^kbf^m^kZmpab\ak^bg_hk\^f^gmblgh
ehg`^kk^jnbk^]ble^llmaZg,]_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfg'Bgmabl
\Zl^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][îeZ\^]bgma^shg^)',]mh*'.]
_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfg' s d

N Ma^k^lahne][^Zme^Zlmmphi^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkebgdl' d
N Ma^kZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_maêbgdl%lklahne]ghm^q\^^])'0.]!l^^?b`nk^*-"' kd
N Ma^mZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`h_maêbgdl%l]lahne]ghm^q\^^]*'.]
pbmabg+]h_ma^\henfg_Z\^'
N Ma^mZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`h_maêbgdllahne]ghm^q\^^]+]_hkZgr
hma^ki^kbf^m^k'
N Ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfgZg]ma^g^Zk^lmla^Zk
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^[^mp^^g)',]Zg])'.]
85
Columns and walls Lapping fabric

Maximum areas of reinforcement Nge^llÂ_erbg`^g]Ã_Z[kb\bl[^bg`li^\b_b^]%eZilh__Z[kb\lahne][^
Bg>nkh\h]^+ma^fZqbfnfghfbgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmZk^Z_hk\henfgl ZkkZg`^]Zllahpgbg?b`nk^*.'Pa^g_Z[kb\k^bg_hk\^f^gmbleZii^]
Zg]pZeelhnmlb]êZilbl-\hfiZk^]pbma/bg;L1**)'Ahpô^k% [reZr^kbg`%ma^_heehpbg`lahne][^ghm^]3
mablZk^Z\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^]ikhob]^]maZmma^\hg\k^m^\Zg[îeZ\^] N I^kfbllb[eî^k\^gmZ`^h__Z[kb\fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmmaZmfZr[^
Zg]\hfiZ\m^]ln__b\b^gmer'Lê_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^fZr[^nl^] eZii^]bgZgrl^\mbhgbl*))b_!:l(l"©*+))ff+(f!pa^k^lbl
_hkiZkmb\neZker\hg`^lm^]lbmnZmbhgl%pa^k^ma^k^bg_hk\bg`[Zkllahne] ma^liZ\bg`h_[Zkl"Zg]/)b_:l(l7 *+))ff+(f'
[^liZ\^]mh^glnk^maZmma^\hg\k^m^\Zg_ehpZkhng]ma^f'?nkma^k N :eel^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[êZii^]Zmma^lZfêh\Zmbhg
`nb]Zg\^\Zg[^_hng]bgLê_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^' Zg]ma^fbgbfnfeZie^g`mae)%fbg_hkeZr^k^]_Z[kb\blZl_heehpl3
ª*.)ff_hkf©/ff
Minimum reinforcement requirements ª+.)ff_hk/ff5f©1'.ff
Ma^k^\hff^g]^]fbgbfnf]bZf^m^kh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
ª,.)ff_hk1'.ff5f©*+ff
bg\henfglbl*+ff'Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
bg\henfglbl`bo^g[r3:l%fbg6)'*)G>](_r]ª)'))+:\'Ma^]bZf^m^k Ma^k^lahne]`^g^kZeer[^Zme^Zlmmph[Zkibm\a^lpbmabgmaêZi
h_ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gm!ebgd"lahne]ghm[ê^llmaZg/ff e^g`ma'Mabl\hne][^k^]n\^]mhhg^[Zkibm\a_hkf©/ff'
hkhg^jnZkm^kh_ma^fZqbfnf]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zkl!l^^
MZ[e^1"'Ghehg`bmn]bgZe[Zklahne][^fhk^maZg*.)ff_khfZ
mkZglo^kl^[Zk' Tolerances
Particular requirements for walls Ma^mhe^kZg\^l_hk\nmmbg`Zg](hk[^g]bg`]bf^glbhglZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^*)
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_o^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmbgpZeelbl`bo^g[r3 Zg]lahne][^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmpa^g\hfie^mbg`ma^[Zkl\a^]ne^'
:l%ofbg6)'))+:\!l^^ZelhMZ[e^2"'AZe_ma^Zk^Zlahne][îkhob]^]bg
^Z\a_Z\^' Pa^k^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]mh_bm[^mp^^gmph\hg\k^m^_Z\^l
!^'`'ebgdl"ma^gZgZeehpZg\^lahne][^fZ]^_hk]ôbZmbhglbgma^f^f[^k
Ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gmphZ]cZ\^gmo^kmb\Ze[Zkllahne]ghm^q\^^] lbs^Zg][^g]bg`mhe^kZg\^l'Ma^k^blgh`nb]Zg\^`bo^gbg>nkh\h]^+%[nm
maê^ll^kh_^bma^kmak^^mbf^lma^pZeemab\dg^llhk-))ff' MZ[e^**`bo^l`nb]Zg\^hgma^]^]n\mbhglmh[^fZ]^_hk]ôbZmbhgl'
Table 9
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_ahkbshgmZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbg^Z\a_Z\^h_ZpZee Minimum area of vertical reinforcement in walls (half in each face)
blma^`k^Zm^kh_^bma^k+.h_o^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmhk)'))*:\'
Wall thickness (mm) As,min /m length of wall (mm2)
Ahpô^k%pa^k^\kZ\d\hgmkheblbfihkmZgm%^ZkerZ`^ma^kfZeZg]
+)) -))
lakbgdZ`^^__^\mllahne][^\hglb]^k^]' +.) .))
,)) /))
Ma^k^blghZ]ob\^`bo^gbgma^<h]^hgikhoblbhgh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm ,.) 0))
mh\hgmkhe\kZ\dbg`bgieZbgpZeel%[nmk^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[îkhob]^] -)) 1))
b_k^jnbk^]'
Table 10
Tolerance
Table 7
Factor, F, for determining Asw, min Cutting and bending processes Tolerance (mm)
<nmmbg`h_lmkZbàme^g`mal $+.%¾+.
fck +. +1 ,) ,+ ,. -) -. .) !bg\en]bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk
Factor, F *10. *00+ *0*+ */.0 *.1. *-1+ *,21 *,+/ ln[l^jn^gm[^g]bg`"
Bending:
Note
©*)))ff $.%¾.
_rd aZl[^^gmZd^gZl.))FIZ
7 *)))ffmh©+)))ff $.%¾*)
7 +)))ff $.%¾+.
Table 8
Requirements for column reinforcement Table 11
Deductions to bar dimensions to allow for deviations between two
Bar dia. (mm) 12 16 20 25 32 40
concrete faces
FZqliZ\bg`Z!ff" *--[ *2+[ +-)[ +-)[ +-)[ +-)[
Fbgebgd]bZ'!ff" / \ /\ /\ 1 1 *) Distance between Type of bar Total deduction
concrete faces (mm) (mm)
Key
)¾*))) EbgdlZg]hma^k[^gm[Zkl *)
a :
mZ]blmZg\^`k^Zm^kmaZgmaêZk`^k]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfgZ[ho^hk[êhpZ
[^ZfhkleZ[%]bf^glbhgl\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^][rZ_Z\mhkh_*'/0' *)))¾+))) EbgdlZg]hma^k[^gm[Zkl *.
b ;nmghm`k^Zm^kmaZgfbgbfnf]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfg' Ho^k+))) EbgdlZg]hma^k[^gm[Zkl +)
c /ff[ZklZk^ghmk^Z]berZoZbeZ[e^bgma^ND' :gre^g`ma LmkZbàm[Zkl -)
86
*)'=^mZbebg`
Figure 15 ek 6ma^`k^Zm^kh_ma^]blmZg\^l!bgf"[^mp^^gma^\^gmk^lh_ma^

Lapping of welded fabric \henfgl%_kZf^lhkpZeellniihkmbg`ZgrmphZ]cZ\^gm_ehhk
liZglbgma^]bk^\mbhgh_ma^mb^ng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg
?l ?l
?m 6!+)$-g)"©/)dG!g)blma^gnf[^kh_lmhk^rl"
e)
Ma^fZqbfnfliZ\bg`h_bgm^kgZemb^lbl*'.ek'
a) Intermeshed fabric (longitudinal section)
?l
?l
Minimum radii and end
e)
projections
b) Layered fabric (longitudinal section)
Ma^fbgbfnfkZ]bb_hk[^g]lZg]e^g`mah_^g]ikhc^\mbhglZk^`bo^g
bgMZ[e^*+'
Tying requirements
Table 12
Minimum scheduling radii and bend allowances
:m^Z\a_ehhkZg]khh_eôêZg^__^\mboêr\hgmbgnhnli^kbia^kZemb^
lahne][îkhob]^]pbmabg*'+f_khfma^^]`^4mablg^^]ghm[^
Z]]bmbhgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm'BgikZ\mb\^%_hkfhlm[nbe]bg`lma^mb^lahne]
≥ 5d
k^lblmZm^glbe^_hk\^h_/)dG':gZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_*,1ff+bl r P
ln__b\b^gmmhk^lblmmabl_hk\^'
Bgm^kgZemb^llahne][îkhob]^]Zm^Z\a_ehhkZg]khh_eôêbgmph
Nominal Minimum Mimimum end projection, P
]bk^\mbhglZiikhqbfZmêrZmkbàmZgè^l'Ma^rlahne][^^__^\mboêr size of bar, radius for
\hgmbgnhnlmakhnàhnmma^bke^g`maZg]lahne][^Zg\ahk^]mhma^ d (mm) scheduling, General (min 5d Links where bend
r (mm) straight), including < 150° (min 10d
i^kbia^kZemb^lZm^Z\a^g]%nge^ll\hgmbgnbg`ZlahkbshgmZemb^lmh\henfgl links where bend > straight) (mm)
150° (mm)
hkpZeel'Ma^bgm^kgZemb^lfZr%bgpahe^hkbgiZkm%[^lik^Z]ô^gerbg
1 */ **.Z **.Z
ma^leZ[lhkfZr[^`khni^]Zmhkbg[^Zfl%pZeelhkhma^kZiikhikbZm^ *) +) *+)Z *,)
ihlbmbhgl'BgpZeelma^rlahne][^pbmabg)'.f_khfma^mhihk[hmmhfh_ *+ +- *+.Z */)
_ehhkleZ[l'Bg^Z\a]bk^\mbhg%bgm^kgZemb^llahne][^\ZiZ[e^h_k^lblmbg`Z */ ,+ *,) +*)
]^lb`goZen^h_m^glbe^_hk\^?mb^%bgm!bgdGi^kf^mk^pb]ma"3 +) 0) *2) +2)
+. 10 +-) ,/.
?mb^%bgm6T!jd$`d"(0'.V!ek(."!?m"ª?mdG(f
,+ **+ ,). -/.
pa^k^
-) *-) .1)
!jd$`d" 6lnfh_ma^Zo^kZ`î^kfZg^gmZg]oZkbZ[e^_ehhkehZ]l Key
!bgdG(f+" a M a^fbgbfnf^g]ikhc^\mbhgl_hklfZee^k[Zklbl`ho^kg^][rmaîkZ\mb\Zebmb^lh_
[^g]bg`[Zkl'

References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l';LB!-iZkml"'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))3<hg\k^m^¾<hfie^f^gmZkrlmZg]Zk]mh;L>G+)/¾*';L*%+))+'
3 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L---23Li^\b_b\Zmbhg_hk\Zk[hglm^ê[Zkl_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^';LB%+)).'
4 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*))1)3Lm^ê_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^¾Pê]Z[e^k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê¾@^g^kZe';LB%+)).'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1///3L\a^]nebg`%]bf^glbhgbg`%[^g]bg`Zg]\nmmbg`h_lm^êk^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk\hg\k^m^¾Li^\b_b\Zmbhg';LB%+)).'
6 BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL(<HG<K>M>LHMR'LmZg]Zk]f^mah]h_]^mZbebg`lmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^'BL>(<L%+))/'
7 <HGLMKN<M'GZmbhgZelmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^li^\b_b\Zmbhg!mabk]^]bmbhg"';<:%+))-'
8 <HGLMKN<M':`nb]^mh\hgmkZ\mhk]^mZbebg`h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbg\hg\k^m^';<:%*220'
9 ;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
11 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3LeZ[l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
12 MA><HG<K>M>LHMR'M^\agb\Zekîhkm/+3Lê_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^'<<BI¾))*'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
13 JN>>GLIKBGM>KH?:<MLH?I:KEB:F>GM'Ma^<hglmkn\mbhg!=^lb`gZg]FZgZ`^f^gm"K^`neZmbhgl'*22-'JIH:I%*22-'
87
Table 13
Anchorage and lap lengths
Bond condition Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm) Reinforcement

(see Figure 1) in compression
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
Concrete class C20/25
@hh] +0) ,0) -1) /2) 2*) **1) *.)) +)-) -0f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk ,1) .+) /1) 22) *+2) */1) +*.) +2+) /0f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ,0) -0) .0) 0.) 2-) **1) *.)) +)-) -0f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk .,) /0) 1*) *)1) *,-) */1) +*.) +2+) /0f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ,0) .*) //) 20) *+0) */-) +*)) +1/) //f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk .,) 0,) 2.) *,1) *1*) +,.) ,))) -)1) 2-f
EZie^g`ma%
l) *))eZii^] @hh] -)) ..) 0*) *),) *,/) *0/) ++.) ,)/) 0)f
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'."
Ihhk .*) 02) *)*) *-1) *2-) +,+) ,++) -,0) *))f
@hh] +,) ,+) -*) /)) 01) *)*) *,)) *0/) -)f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk ,,) -.) .1) 1.) **+) *-.) *1.) +.*) .1f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ,+) -*) -2) /.) 1*) *)*) *,)) *0/) -)f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk -/) .1) 0)) 2,) **/) *-.) *1.) +.*) .1f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ,+) --) .0) 1,) *)2) *-+) *1*) +-/) .0f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk -/) /,) 1+) **2) *./) +)+) +.2) ,.+) 1*f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] ,-) -0) /*) 12) **0) *.+) *2-) +/-) /*f
*))eZii^]
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk -2) /1) 10) *+0) */0) +*0) +00) ,00) 10f
@hh] +*) ,)) ,1) ..) 0,) 2-) *+)) */,) ,0f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk ,)) -+) .-) 02) *),) *,-) *0+) +,,) .,f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ,)) ,1) -.) /)) 0.) 2-) *+)) */,) ,0f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk -+) .-) /.) 1/) *)0) *,-) *0+) +,,) .,f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ,)) -*) .,) 00) *)*) *,+) */1) ++1) .+f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk -+) .2) 0/) **)) *-.) *11) +-)) ,+/) 0.f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] ,+) --) .0) 1,) *)2) *-*) *1)) +-.) ./f
*))eZii^]
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk -.) /,) 1*) **1) *..) +)*) +.0) ,-0) 1)f
@hh] +*) +1) ,/) .,) /2) 2)) **.) *./) ,/f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +2) -)) .+) 0.) 22) *+1) */-) ++,) .*f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] +2) ,/) -,) .1) 0+) 2)) **.) *./) ,/f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk -*) .+) /+) 1+) *),) *+1) */-) ++,) .*f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] +2) ,2) .*) 0-) 20) *+/) */*) +*1) .)f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk -*) ./) 0+) *).) *,1) *02) ++2) ,**) 0+f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] ,*) -+) .-) 02) *)-) *,.) *0+) +,-) .-f
*))eZii^]
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk -,) /)) 01) **,) *-1) *2+) +-/) ,,-) 00f
@hh] +)) +0) ,.) .*) //) 1/) **)) *-2) ,-f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +1) ,1) .)) 0+) 2.) *+,) *.0) +*,) -2f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] +0) ,.) -+) ..) /2) 1/) **)) *-2) ,-f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,2) -2) .2) 02) 21) *+,) *.0) +*,) -2f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] +0) ,1) -2) 0*) 2,) *+)) *.-) +)2) -1f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,2) .-) /2) *)*) *,+) *0+) ++)) +21) /2f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] +2) -)) .+) 0/) 22) *+2) */.) ++-) .*f
*))eZii^]
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk -+) .0) 0-) *)1) *-+) *1-) +,.) ,+)) 0,f
88
*)'=^mZbebg`
Bond condition Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm) Reinforcement

(see Figure 1) in compression
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
@hh] *2) +/) ,,) -1) /,) 1*) *)-) *-*) ,+f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +/) ,/) -0) /1) 12) **/) *-1) +)*) -/f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] +/) ,,) ,2) .+) /.) 1*) *)-) *-*) ,+f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,0) -0) ./) 0-) 2,) **/) *-1) +)*) -/f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] +/) ,/) -/) /0) 10) **,) *-.) *20) -.f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,0) .*) /.) 2.) *+.) */+) +)0) +1*) /.f
EZie^g`ma%
l) *))eZii^] @hh] +1) ,1) -2) 0*) 2-) *+*) *..) +**) -1f
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'."
Ihhk ,2) .-) 0)) *)+) *,-) *0,) +++) ,)*) /2f
@hh] *0) +,) ,)) --) .0) 0-) 2.) *+2) ,)f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +-) ,,) -,) /+) 1+) *)/) *,.) *1-) -+f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] +-) ,)) ,/) -1) /)) 0-) 2.) *+2) ,)f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,-) -,) .*) /1) 1.) *)/) *,.) *1-) -+f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] +-) ,,) -+) /*) 1)) *)-) *,,) *1)) -*f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,-) -/) /)) 10) **-) *-1) *12) +.0) .2f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] +.) ,.) -.) /.) 1/) ***) *-+) *2,) --f
*))eZii^]
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk ,/) .)) /-) 2,) *++) *.2) +),) +0/) /,f
@hh] */) ++) +1) -)) .,) /2) 11) **2) +0f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk ++) ,*) -)) .1) 0/) 21) *+.) *0)) ,2f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ++) +1) ,,) --) ..) /2) 11) **2) +0f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,*) ,2) -0) /,) 01) 21) *+.) *0)) ,2f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ++) ,)) ,2) ./) 0-) 2/) *+,) */0) ,1f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,*) -,) ..) 1)) *)/) *,0) *0.) +,1) ..f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] +,) ,+) -+) /)) 02) *),) *,*) *01) -*f
*))eZii^]
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk ,,) -/) .2) 1/) **,) *-0) *11) +..) .1f
@hh] *.) +)) +/) ,1) -2) /-) 1+) ***) +.f
LmkZbàm[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +*) +2) ,0) .-) 0)) 2*) **0) *.1) ,/f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ++) +1) ,,) --) ..) /2) 11) **2) +0f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,*) ,2) -0) /,) 01) 21) *+.) *0)) ,2f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ++) ,)) ,2) ./) 0-) 2/) *+,) */0) ,1f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,*) -,) ..) 1)) *)/) *,0) *0.) +,1) ..f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] +,) ,+) -+) /)) 02) *),) *,*) *01) -*f
*))eZii^]
bghgêh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk ,,) -/) .2) 1/) **,) *-0) *11) +..) .1f
Notes
1 <ho^kmhZeelb]^lZg]]blmZg\^[^mp^^g[Zklª+.ff!b'^'a+5*"'
2 a*6a,6a-6a.6*')'
^lb`glmk^llaZl[^^gmZd^gZm-,.FIZ'Pa^k^ma^]^lb`glmk^llbgma^[ZkZmmaîhlbmbhg_khfpa^k^ma^Zg\ahkZ`^blf^Zlnk^]%sl]%ble^llmaZg-,.FIZma^_b`nk^lbgmabl
3 =
mZ[e^\Zg[^_Z\mhk^][rsl](-,.'Ma^fbfbfnfeZie^g`mab]`bo^gbg\e1'0',h_>nkh\h]^+'
4 Ma^Zg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZie^g`malaZo^[^^gkhng]^]nimhma^g^Zk^lm*)ff'
5 Pa^k^,,h_[ZklZkêZii^]bghgêh\Zmbhg%]^\k^Zl^maêZie^g`mal_hk .)eZii^]bghgêh\Zmbhg [rZ_Z\mhkh_)'1+'
89
*)'=^mZbebg`
Table 14
Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)
Bar size Number of bars

(mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 .)', *)* *.* +)* +.* ,)+ ,.+ -)+ -.+ .),
*) 01'. *.0 +,/ ,*- ,2, -0* ..) /+1 0)0 01.
*+ **, ++/ ,,2 -.+ ./. /02 02+ 2). *)+) **,)
*/ +)* -)+ /), 1)- *)*) *+*) *-*) */*) *1*) +)*)
+) ,*- /+1 2-+ *+/) *.0) *11) ++)) +.*) +1,) ,*-)
+. -2* 21+ *-0) *2/) +-.) +2.) ,--) ,2,) --+) -2*)
,+ 1)- */*) +-*) ,++) -)+) -1,) ./,) /-,) 0+-) 1)-)
-) *+/) +.*) ,00) .),) /+1) 0.-) 11)) *)*)) **,)) *+/))
Table 15
Sectional areas per metre width for various spacings of bars (mm2)
Bar size Spacing of bars (mm)

(mm)
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
1 /0) .), -)+ ,,. +10 +.* ++, +)* *1, */1
*) *).) 01. /+1 .+- --2 ,2, ,-2 ,*- +1/ +/+
*+ *.*) **,) 2). 0.- /-/ ./. .), -.+ -** ,00
*/ +/1) +)*) */*) *,-) **.) *)*) 12- 1)- 0,* /0)
+) -*2) ,*-) +.*) +)2) *1)) *.0) *-)) *+/) **-) *).)
+. /.-) -2*) ,2,) ,+0) +1)) +-.) +*1) *2/) *01) */-)
,+ *)0)) 1)-) /-,) .,/) -/)) -)+) ,.0) ,++) +2+) +/1)
-) */1)) *+/)) *)*)) 1,1) 0*1) /+1) ..2) .),) -.0) -*2)
Table 16
Mass of groups of bars (kg per metre run)
Bar size Number of bars

(mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 )',2. )'012 *'*1- *'.01 *'20, +',/1 +'0/+ ,'*.0 ,'..* ,'2-/
*) )'/*0 *'+,, *'1.) +'-// ,')1, ,'/22 -',*/ -'2,+ .'.-2 /'*/.
*+ )'111 *'00/ +'//, ,'..* -'-,2 .',+0 /'+*. 0'*), 0'22) 1'101
*/ *'.01 ,'*.0 -'0,. /',*, 0'12+ 2'-0) **')-1 *+'/+0 *-'+). *.'01,
+) +'-// -'2,+ 0',21 2'1/. *+',,* *-'020 *0'+/, *2'0+2 ++'*2. +-'//+
+. ,'1., 0'0)0 **'./) *.'-*, *2'+/0 +,'*+) +/'20- ,)'1+0 ,-'/1) ,1'.,-
,+ /',*, *+'/+0 *1'2-) +.'+., ,*'./0 ,0'11) --'*2, .)'.)0 ./'1+) /,'*,,
-) 2'1/. *2'0+2 +2'.2- ,2'-.1 -2',+, .2'*11 /2').+ 01'2*0 11'01* 21'/-/
Table 17
Mass in kg per square metre for various spacings of bars (kg per m2)
Bar size Spacing of bars (mm)

(mm)
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
1 .'+/* ,'2-/ ,'*.0 +'/,* +'+.. *'20, *'0.- *'.01 *'-,. *',*.
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*+ **'1,1 1'101 0'*), .'2*2 .')0, -'-,2 ,'2-/ ,'..* ,'++1 +'2.2
*/ +*')-- *.'01, *+'/+0 *)'.++ 2')*2 0'12+ 0')*. /',*, .'0,2 .'+/*
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Introduction
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Start
Can the Yes

tabular method conditions Use tabular method
be met?
This chapter is an addendum to The Concrete Centre's
publication, How to design concrete structures using No
No Is there an Yes
Eurocode 2 (Ref. CCIP–006), which includes chapters on: Use simplified methods acceptable solution?
?djheZkYj_edje
Eurocodes Is the element a Yes Use Annex C of Part 1–2:
=[jj_d]ijWhj[Z braced column? Buckling of columns under fire
IbWXi
No
8[Wci
Use Annex E of Part 1–2:
9ebkcdi Is the element a Yes
Simplified calculation method
<ekdZWj_edi slab or beam?
for beams and slabs
<bWjibWXi
:[\b[Yj_edi No
H[jW_d_d]mWbbi Use 500oc isotherm method No Is there an
or zone method acceptable solution?
:[jW_b_d]
8I.+&&
Yes
Finish
99
<_]kh[(
Basic concepts Coefficient kc(y Wbbem_d]\ehZ[Yh[Wi[e\Y^WhWYj[h_ij_Yijh[d]j^
(fck) of concrete
Ma^k^Zk^lhf^[Zlb\\hg\îmlpbmabgIZkm*¾+maZmZk^bgmkh]n\^]
1.0
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f^mah]l'Ma^k^bl\hglb]^kZ[erfhk^]^mZbebgMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^
in[eb\Zmbhg@nb]^mhma^_bk^k^lblmZg\^h_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l-' 0.8
Calcareous
aggregates
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Fire types 0.6
Siliceous
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0
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o
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<_]kh[)
Level of protection Coefficient ks(y Wbbem_d]\ehZ[Yh[Wi[e\Y^WhWYj[h_ij_Yijh[d]j^fck)
Ma^k^Zk^mak^^lmZg]Zk]_bk^^qihlnk^\hg]bmbhglmaZmfZrg^^]mh[^ of tension and compression reinforcement (class N)
lZmbl_b^]!_hkbglmZg\^mh\hfierpbma[nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl"3 1. 0
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Hot-rolled tension
E Bgm^`kbmrh_lîZkZmbhg reinforcement, e s,fi 2%
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I BglneZmbhg
Cold-worked tension
reinforcement, e s,fi 2%
Coefficient, k s (y )
Ma^k^jnbk^]i^k_hkfZg\^\kbm^kbZpbee]î^g]hgma^_ng\mbhgh_ 0.6
ma^ê^f^gm%pbmaleZ[l`^g^kZeerk^jnbkbgèhZ]k^lblmZg\^Zg]_bk^ Compression
reinforcement and
lîZkZmbhg\ZiZ[bebmrpa^k^Zl\henfglfZrhgerg^^]ehZ]k^lblmZg\^' tension reinforcement,
0.4 where es,fi < 2%
Material factors
Pa^k^bmblk^jnbk^]%ma^k^lblmZg\^h_Zl^\mbhglahne][^\Ze\neZm^]% 0.2
mZdbg`ma^fZm^kbZe_Z\mhkgF%_bZl*')pbmak^li^\mmh[hmama^
ma^kfZeZg]f^\aZgb\Zeikhi^kmb^lh_ma^\hg\k^m^%k^bg_hk\^f^gmhk
0
ik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê' 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
o
Temperature, y ( C)
Ijh[d]j^h[ZkYj_ed <_]kh[*
Ma^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^%k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]ik^lmk^llbg`lm^êk^]n\^l Coefficient kp(y Wbbem_d]\ehZ[Yh[Wi[e\Y^WhWYj[h_ij_Yijh[d]j^
pbmabg\k^Zlbg`m^fi^kZmnk^'?hk_bk^]^lb`gmablblZ\\hngm^]_hk[r (b fpke\fh[ijh[ii_d]ij[[b
ma^nl^h_lmk^g`mak^]n\mbhg_Z\mhkl' 1.0
Bgma^\Zl^h_\hg\k^m^%ma^k^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk%d\!y "%blZ_ng\mbhgh_ Quenched and tempered

0.8 prestressing steel (bars)
ma^Z``k^`Zm^mri^Zllahpghg?b`nk^+'Lbeb\^hnlZ``k^`Zm^lln\a
ZllZg]lmhg^lZk^\hfihl^]fZbgerh_lbeb\hg]bhqb]^Zg]jnZkmsbm^l%
Coefficient, k p (y )
pabe^\Ze\Zk^hnlZ``k^`Zm^lln\aZlebf^lmhg^lZk^\hfihl^]fZbger 0.6
h_\Ze\bnf\Zk[hgZm^'Ma^k^]n\mbhg_Z\mhkl_hkk^bg_hk\bg`Zg]
ik^lmk^llbg`lm^êl%dl!y "Zg]di!y "%Zk^lahpgbg?b`nk^l,Zg]-' Cold-worked prestressing
0.4 Cold-worked steel (wires and strands)
prestressing Class A
steel (wires and
Combinations of actions strands) Class B
Pa^k^bmblk^jnbk^]_hkf^f[^kZgZerlbl%ma^^__^\mh__bk^hgZ\mbhgl 0.2
blZ\\hngm^]_hk[rZiierbg`Zk^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk%n_b%mhma^Zf[b^gm
]^lb`goZen^'Pa^k^>qik^llbhg!/'*)"h_>nkh\h]âZl[^^gnl^]%n_b 0
bl]^_bg^]Zl3 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
o
Temperature, y ( C)
n_b6!@d$c_bJd%*"(!*',.@d$*'.Jd%*" TIZkm*+>qi'!+'."V
100
:llnfbg`ma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qoZen^lZiikhikbZm^mh>qik^llbhg
!/'*)"bg>nkh\h]âZo^[^^gnl^]%ma^gc_b6c*%*'?b`nk^.\Zgnl^] Tabular method
mhehhdnimaôZen^h_n_b Mabl]^^f^]&mh&lZmbl_r]^mZbebg`f^mah]bgL^\mbhg.h_IZkm*+fhlm
k^l^f[e^lma^_ZfbebZk;L1**)2%IZkm*ZiikhZ\a%^q\îmmaZmIZkm*+
B_>qik^llbhgl/'*)!Z"Zg]/'*)!["aZo^[^^gnl^]%ma^gma^lfZee^k nl^lma^ghfbgZe]blmZg\^_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^l^\mbhgmhma^Zqblh_
oZen^]^m^kfbg^]_khfma^_heehpbg`lahne][^nl^]_hkn_b3 ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm!l^^?b`nk^0"Zg]ghmma^\ho^k]blmZg\^'Ma^mZ[e^l
n_b6!@d$c_bJd%*"(!*',.@d$*'.c)%*Jd%*" TIZkm*+>qi'!+'.Z"V h_Zqbl]blmZg\^Zg]fbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^Zkîkhob]^]_hkZgnf[^kh_
f^f[^kmri^lnimhZ_bk^^qihlnkî^kbh]h_+-)fbgnm^l'
n_b6!@d$c_bJd%*"(!*'+.@d$*'.Jd%*" TIZkm*+>qi'!+'.["V
Ma^fbgbfnfk^jnbk^]Zqbl]blmZg\^%Z%]^m^kfbg^]_khfma^mZ[e^lblZ
pa^k^c)%*blZ_ng\mbhgh_nl^]^m^kfbg^]_khf;L>G*22)3+))+/% ghfbgZeoZen^%b'^'ZgZeehpZg\^_hkmhe^kZg\^l]h^lghmg^^]mh[^Z]]^]
l^^<aZim^k*hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]ZlBgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l0_hk mhmabloZen^'Pabelm\kbm^kbZ>Zg]Bikhm^\mbhgeôêlfZr[^Z\abô^][r
_nkma^k]^mZbel'c_bZelhoZkb^lbg^Z\ah_ma^Z[ho^^qik^llbhglZg]bl lZmbl_rbg`ma^fbgbfnfl^\mbhgk^jnbk^f^gml%\kbm^kbhgKk^jnbk^lmaZmma^
\aZkm^]bg?b`nk^/_hkoZkbhnloZen^lh_c)%*' fbgbfnfZqbl]blmZg\^k^jnbk^f^gmllahne]Zelh[^lZmbl_b^]'
Ma^bg_en^g\^h_Z``k^`Zm^mri^hgl^\mbhg[âZobhnkbg_bk^\hg]bmbhgl
IfWbb_d]
blZ\\hngm^]_hk[rma^kêZqZmbhgmaZm%pa^k^\Ze\Zk^hnlZ``k^`Zm^lZk^
Mphmri^lh_liZeebg`Zk^\hglb]^k^]bgIZkm*+3^qiehlbo^liZeebg`Zg]
nl^]%ma^fbgbfnfmab\dg^llfZr[^k^]n\^][r*)'
\hg\k^m^_Zeebg`h__ma^l^\mbhg'
Ma^mZ[neZm^]]ZmZaZl[^^g[Zl^]hgZ\kbmb\Zem^fi^kZmnk^h_.))<
Explosive spalling Zg]ZoZen^h_n_b6)'0'Ma^^q\îmbhgmhmablbl_hk\henfglZg]ehZ]&
Mablblngebdêrmhh\\nkpa^gma^fhblmnk^\hgm^gmh_ma^\hg\k^m^ [^Zkbg`pZeelpa^k^mableZmm^kiZkZf^m^kblkîeZ\^][rZnmbeblZmbhg
ble^llmaZg,[rp^bàm'Pa^k^mabloZen^bl^q\^^]^]%^qieb\bm\a^\dl _Z\mhkbgma^_bk^lbmnZmbhg%m_b'Ahpô^k%n_bfZr[^nl^]bglm^Z]h_m_b
!IZkm*+<e'-'.'*!.""Zk^k^jnbk^]'BmblZllnf^]maZmpa^k^Zf^f[^k ZlZ\hgl^koZmbo^lbfieb_b\Zmbhg'
aZl[^^g]^lb`g^]mhaZo^Zg^qihlnk^\eZllh_Q)hkQ<*bgZ\\hk]Zg\^
<_]kh[,
pbma>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**1%^qiehlbo^liZeebg`blngebdêrmhh\\nk%Zg]
:[j[hc_dWj_ede\nfiki_d];nfh[ii_edi($+WWdZXe\FWhj'(
mablpbeemrib\Zeer[^ma^\Zl^_hkbgm^kgZe\hg\k^m^'Bgma^mZ[neZkf^mah]%
pa^gma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mhma^fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmble^llmaZg0)ff 0.90
ma^ggh_nkma^k\a^\dlZk^k^jnbk^]_hkghkfZep^bàm\hg\k^m^'
0.80
Concrete falling off the section
Mrib\Zeer^qi^kb^g\^]bgmaêZmm^klmZ`^lh__bk^^qihlnk^%mablfZr[^ 0.70
c 0, 1 = 1.0 ; c 1, 1 = 0.9
Reduction factor, n fi
ikô^gm^][r`hh]]^mZbebg`'Bg\Zl^lpa^k^ma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mhma^
0.60 c = 0.7 ; c 1, 1 = 0.7
fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl^jnZemhhk`k^Zm^kmaZg0)ff%Zg]bgma^ 0, 1
Z[l^g\^h_m^lmbg`%lnk_Z\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmpbmaZ]bZf^m^kh_Zme^Zlm 0.50 c = 0.7 ; c 1, 1 = 0.5

0, 1
-fflahne][^nl^]%liZ\^]Zm*))ff\^gmk^lhke^ll'
0.40
<_]kh[+ c 0, 1 = 0. 5 ; c 1, 1 = 0. 2
:[j[hc_dWj_ede\nfiki_d];nfh[ii_ed($+e\FWhj'(
0.30
0.90 0.20
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Ratio,
0.80
0.70 <_]kh[-
c 1, 1 = 0.9
Reduction factor, n fi
I[Yj_edj^hek]^c[cX[hiêm_d]dec_dWbWn_iZ_ijWdY["a
0.60
c 1, 1 = 0.7
0.50
c 1, 1 = 0.5
0.40 h b b
c 1, 1 = 0.2
0.30
a a
0.20
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 a sd
Ratio, b
101
Pa^k^ma^\kbmb\Zem^fi^kZmnk^blghm.))<%Zf^mah]blikhob]^] ma^\Zl^maZmg^bma^kf^mah]pbee[ôZeb]%manlk^jnbkbg`ma^^g`bg^^k
mhfh]b_rma^Zqbl]blmZg\^`bo^g[rma^mZ[neZkf^mah]_hkm^glbhg mhnl^Zlbfieb_b^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]mh]^fhglmkZm^Z\\îmZ[bebmr'
f^f[^klZg]lbfierlniihkm^]f^f[^klbg[^g]bg`'Ma^fh]b_b\Zmbhg Ahpô^k%ZlZgZem^kgZmbo^%bgln\abglmZg\^lpa^k^ma^]^lb`gZqbZe
blZ_ng\mbhgh_ma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmikhob]^]Zg]maêhZ] _hk\^blghm`k^Zm^kmaZg)'*_\dmbf^lma^`khll\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Z%ma^
k^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk_hk_bkêhZ]bg`'Ma^k^]n\mbhgbl\aZkm^]bg?b`nk^1_hk f^f[^kfZr[^]^lb`g^]ZlZ[^Zf'
k^bg_hk\bg`[Zklpbmabgma^kZg`^,.)<©y\k©0))<'Bmlahne]Zelh[^
ghm^]maZmmablikhoblbhg]h^lghmZeehpma^fbgbfnf\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml Method A
h_>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**mh[^k^]n\^]' MZ[e^*`bo^lfbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^lZg]Zqbl]blmZg\ôZen^l_hk
oZkbhnlk^lblmZg\^mbf^lZg]nmbeblZmbhgkZmbhl!m_b"'Ma^k^lmkb\mbhglhg
?hkik^lmk^ll^]f^f[^kl%ma^\kbmb\Zem^fi^kZmnk^blZllnf^]mh ma^nl^h_F^mah]:Zk^3
[^-))<_hk[ZklZg],.)<_hkm^g]hgl'Ma^k^_hk^%bgik^lmk^ll^] N Ma^^__^\mboê^g`mah_ma^[kZ\^]\henfgbgma^_bk^\hg]bmbhg%e)%_b
f^f[^kl%ma^k^jnbk^]Zqbl]blmZg\^_khfma^mZ[e^llahne][^bg\k^Zl^] lahne][^©,f
[r*)ff_hkik^lmk^llbg`[ZklZg]*.ff_hkik^lmk^llbg`pbk^lZg] N Ma^_bklmhk]^k^\\^gmkb\bmrng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgllahne]lZmbl_rma^
lmkZg]l'B_bm\Zg[^]^fhglmkZm^]!nlnZeermakhnà_bk^^g`bg^^kbg`"maZm ebfbm3
maîk^lmk^llbg`lm^ê]h^lghmk^Z\ama^\kbmb\Zem^fi^kZmnk^ma^gma^
^6F)>]%_b(G>]%_b©^fZq
Z]]bmbhgZeZqbl]blmZg\^blghmk^jnbk^]'
pa^k^
Pa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmhkik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hglZkêZr^k^]%Z_nkma^k F)>]%_b 6 _bklmhk]^k]^lb`gfhf^gm
\a^\dblk^jnbk^]mhlahpmaZmma^mZ[neZm^]Zqbl]blmZg\^blghme^ll G>]%_b 6 ZqbZe_hk\^ng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl
maZgma^Zo^kZ`^Zqbl]blmZg\^%Zf%]^m^kfbg^]_khfma^_heehpbg`3 ^fZq 6 )'*.a!hk)'*.[_hk\bk\neZkl^\mbhgl"
Zf6S :lbZb(S:lb N Ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmhnmlb]^h_eZillahne]lZmbl_r3:l©)')-:\
pa^k^ Ma^]^`k^^h_nmbeblZmbhgbgma^_bk^lbmnZmbhgbl]^_bg^][r
:lb6 ma^Zk^Zh_[Zkhkm^g]hg%ÃbÃ m_b6G>]%_b(GK]Zg]blnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^\hkk^\mmZ[neZm^]oZen^'
Zb 6 ma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mh[Zkhkm^g]hgÂbÃ_khfma^g^Zk^lm ?hklbfieb\bmr%Zg]\hgl^koZmboêr%bm\Zg[^mZd^gmaZmm_b6n_b6)'0%
^qihl^]lnk_Z\^' b'^'bmblZllnf^]maZmma^\henfgk^lblmZg\^bl^jnZemhbml\ZiZ\bmrZm
Zf[b^gmnembfZmêhZ]l'
Columns
IZkm*¾+ik^l^gmlmphf^mah]l%:Zg];%pab\aZk^[hmaZ\\îmZ[e^_hk MaôZen^lbgma^mZ[e^Zk^\Ze\neZm^]mZdbgà\\6*')'Ma^NDGZmbhgZe
:gg^qmZd^la\\6)'1.Zg]mablfZr[^Z\\hngm^]_hk[r_Z\mhkbg`ma^
nl^bgma^ND'Ma^rZiiermh[kZ\^]lmkn\mnk^l4ng[kZ\^]lbmnZmbhglZk^
\Ze\neZm^]oZen^h_m_b[r)'1.¾*%hk[rnlbg`>qik^llbhg!.'0"'Ahpô^k%bm
Z]]k^ll^]eZm^kbgmabl<aZim^k'F^mah]:blma^lbfie^lmmhnl^%[nmbl
pbee[^\hgl^koZmbo^mhnl^ma^mZ[neZm^]oZen^lpbmahnmln\afh]b_b\Zmbhg'
Zelhfhk^k^lmkb\mbo^'
JWXb['
Bg[hmaf^mah]l%nl^h_ma^mZ[e^lblk^lmkb\m^][rma^ZeehpZ[e^ C_d_ckcYebkcdZ_c[di_ediWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[\ehYebkcdim_j^
^\\^gmkb\bmrZg]^__^\mboê^g`malh_ma^\henfgl'Bglhf^bglmZg\^l% h[YjWd]kbWhehY_hYkbWhi[Yj_edi¸C[jêZ7
_hk^qZfie^ma^\henfgllniihkmbg`ma^nii^kfhlm_ehhk%bmfZr[^ Standard Minimum dimensions (mm)
fire Column width bmin%Wn_iZ_ijWdY["a, of the
<_]kh[. resistance main bars
H[ZkYj_ed_dWn_iZ_ijWdY["a"Z[f[dZ_d]edWh[We\ij[[bfhel_Z[Z 9ebkcd[nfei[Zedceh[j^Wded[i_Z[ ;nfei[Z
on one side
0 mfi = 0.2 mfi3&$+ mfi3&$- mfi3&$-
2 K,) +))(+. +))(+. +))(,+ *..(+.

n fi = 0.7 ,))(+0
4
Reduction in axis distance D a (mm)
K/) +))(+. +))(,/ +.)(-/ *..(+.

6 ,))(,* ,.)(-)
n fi = 0.5 +))(,* ,))(-. ,.)(., *..(+.
8
K2)
,))(+. -))(,1 -.)(-)a
10
K*+) +.)(-) ,.)(-.a ,.)(.0a *0.(,.
12
,.)(,. -.)(-) -.)(.*a
14
K*1) ,.)(-.a ,.)(/,a -.)(0)a +,)(..
16
n fi = 0.2
18 K+-) ,.)(/*a -.)(0.a - +2.(0)
Key
20 aFbgbfnf1[Zkl'
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Note
Ratio, As,req / A ?hkik^lmk^ll^]\henfglZqbl]blmZg\^lahne][^bg\k^Zl^]¾l^^m^qm'
102
Method B Walls
MZ[e^+`bo^lfbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^lZg]Zqbl]blmZg\ôZen^l_hk PZeelZk^\Zm^`hkbl^]bgmhghg&ehZ][^Zkbg`%ehZ][^Zkbg`%Zg]_bk^
oZkbhnlk^lblmZg\^mbf^lZg]nmbeblZmbhgZg]k^lblmZg\^kZmbhl'Ma^ pZeel'?bk^pZeelaZo^mh\hfierpbmabfiZ\mk^lblmZg\^\kbm^kbZ':l
k^lmkb\mbhglhgma^nl^h_F^mah];Zk^3 mabl\Zm^`hkblZmbhgblmrib\Zeerghmnl^]bgma^ND%_bk^pZeelZk^ghm
N Ma^le^g]^kg^llh_ma^\henfgng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgllahne][^ \hglb]^k^]Zgr_nkma^ka^k^'
l_b6e)%_b(b©,)pa^k^bblma^fbgbfnfkZ]bnlh_bg^kmbZ'
N Ma^_bklmhk]^k^\\^gmkb\bmrng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgllahne]lZmbl_r ?hkZeemri^l%ZebfbmZmbhgblieZ\^]hgma^kZmbhh_\e^Zka^bàmmh
maêbfbm3 mab\dg^ll%e)(m©-)%mhZohb]^q\^llbo^ma^kfZe]^_hkfZmbhge^Z]bg`mh
^6F)>]%_b(G)>]%_b©^fZq _Zbenk^h_bgm^`kbmr[^mp^^gpZeeZg]leZ['Ahpô^k%_hkZee[nmma^mabgg^lm
h_pZeel%mablebfbmblngebdêrmh[^k^Z\a^]bgmrib\ZeZiieb\Zmbhgl'
pa^k^
^fZq6*))ff
?hkghg&ehZ][^Zkbg`pZeel hgerma^kfZeZg](hkbgm^`kbmr\kbm^kbZ
^([ ©)'+.
!BZg]>"g^^]mh[^f^mZg]fbgbfnfmab\dg^llZehg^`ho^kglma^
[ 6fbgbfnf\henfg]bf^glbhg
Z]^jnZ\rbgma^_bkêbfbmlmZm^%b'^'gh\a^\dblk^jnbk^]hgma^Zqbl
]blmZg\^'?hkehZ][^Zkbg`pZeelZfbgbfnfpZeemab\dg^ll%Zg]Zqbl
MaêhZ]eôêZmghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^\hg]bmbhgl%g%blnl^]bgma^
]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ma^fbgbfnfoZen^l'<hgl^koZmboêr%bmfZr[^ ]blmZg\^mhma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm%fnlm[îkhob]^]'Ma^fbgbfnfoZen^l
Zllnf^]maZmg6)'0'PabelmmablZllnfimbhgfZr[^h_nl^bgbgbmbZe _hk[hmamri^lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^,'Ghm^maZmmablmZ[e^fZrZelh[^
\hg\îm]^lb`g%lb`gb_b\Zgmk^]n\mbhglbgma^fbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^ nl^]_hkieZbg\hg\k^m^pZeel'
Zg]Zqbl]blmZg\^_hkZ`bo^g_bk^k^lblmZg\î^kbh]fZr[^Z\abô^][r
\Ze\neZmbg`g^qieb\bmer_khf3 8[Wci
Fbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^lZg]Zqbl]blmZg\^lmhk^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk[^Zfl
g6G)>]%_b(T)'0!:\_\]$:l_r]"V'
Zk^lahpgbgMZ[e^-'Bgnlbg`ma^mZ[neZkf^mah]%ma^_heehpbg`
Zllnfimbhgl(k^lmkb\mbhglZk^fZ]^3
Ghm^maZmbgma^mZ[e^ma^f^\aZgb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh%w%blhg^
h_ma^k^jnbk^]iZkZf^m^kl'Bg>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**1%Z\hgl^koZmbo^ N Ma^l^\mbhgbl^qihl^]hgmak^^lb]^lpbmama^nii^klnk_Z\^
oZen^bgma^]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ebfbmbg`le^g]^kg^ll_hkma^\henfgbl Zllnf^]mh[^bglneZm^]'Ahpô^k%pa^k^Zeelnk_Z\^lZk^^qihl^]
)'*'?hkZ\eZll<,)(,0\hg\k^m^mablkîk^l^gml)'-k^bg_hk\^f^gm% mh_bk^%ma^mZ[e^lfZrlmbee[^nl^][nmpbmaZ]]bmbhgZek^lmkb\mbhgl
pa^k^Zlpa^gw6*')%ma^\henfgphne]k^jnbk^-k^bg_hk\^f^gm' ieZ\^]hgma^fbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^'
Table 2
C_d_ckcYebkcdZ_c[di_ediWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[\ehYebkcdim_j^h[YjWd]kbWhehY_hYkbWhi[Yj_edi¸C[jêZ8
Standard fire resistance Mechanical Minimum dimensions (mm). Column width bmin%Wn_iZ_ijWdY["a
reinforcement ratio, w n3&$'+ n3&$) n3&$+ n3&$-
K,) )'*)) *.)(+.a *.)(+.a +))(,)3+.)(+.a ,))(,)3,.)(+.a
)'.)) *.)(+.a *.)(+.a *.)(+.a +))(,)3+.)(+.a
*'))) *.)(+.a *.)(+.a *.)(+.a +))(,)3,))(+.a
K/) )'*)) *.)(,)3+))(+.a +))(-)3,))(+.a ,))(-)3.))(+.a .))(+.a
)'.)) *.)(+.a *.)(,.3+))(+.a +.)(,.3,.)(+.a ,.)(-)3..)(+.a
*'))) *.)(+.a *.)(,)3+))(+.a +))(-)3-))(+.a ,))(.)3/))(,)
K2) )'*)) +))(-)3+.)(+.a ,))(-)3-))(+.a .))(.)3..)(+.a ..)(-)3/))(+.a
)'.)) *.)(,.3+))(+.a +))(-.3,))(+.a ,))(-.3..)(+.a .))(.)3/))(-)
*'))) +))(+.a +))(-)3,))(+.a +.)(-)3..)(+.a .))(.)3/))(-.
K*+) )'*)) +.)(.)3,.)(+.a -))(.)3..)(+.a ..)(+.a ..)(/)3/))(-.
)'.)) +))(-.3,))(+.a ,))(-.3..)(+.a -.)(.)3/))(+.a .))(/)3/))(.)
*'))) +))(-)3+.)(+.a +.)(.)3-))(+.a -.)(-.3/))(,) /))(/)
K*1) )'*)) -))(.)3.))(+.a .))(/)3..)(+.a ..)(/)3/))(,) b
)'.)) ,))(-.3-.)(+.a -.)(.)3/))(+.a .))(/)3/))(.) /))(0.

*'))) ,))(,.3-))(+.a -.)(.)3..)(+.a .))(/)3/))(-. b
K+-) )'*)) .))(/)3..)(+.a ..)(-)3/))(+.a /))(0. b
)'.)) -.)(-.3.))(+.a ..)(..3/))(+.a /))(0) b
*'))) -))(-.3.))(+.a .))(-)3/))(,) /))(/) b
Key
aGhkfZeerma^\ho^kk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee\hgmkhe'
bK^jnbk^lpb]ma`k^Zm^kmaZg/))ff'IZkmb\neZkZll^llf^gm_hk[n\debg`blk^jnbk^]'
103
N Maîkh_be^lbg?b`nk^2Zk^k^_^k^g\^]bgIZkm*+_hkma^mZ[neZk +)k^]blmkb[nmbhgZg]%b_nl^]%phne]k^jnbk^ma^lbfierlniihkm^]
f^mah]'Bghma^kbglmZg\^lln\aZlE&[^Zflhk_hkghg&lmZg]Zk] Zllnfimbhgmh[^Z]him^]'
l^\mbhglaZi^l%^g`bg^^kbg`cn]`^f^gmlahne][^nl^]bg N :]]bmbhgZe\a^\dlZk^k^jnbk^]_hkma^_bklmbgm^kgZelniihkmlh_
]^m^kfbgbg`ma^Ziieb\Z[bebmrh_ma^mZ[e^l' \hgmbgnhnlB&[^ZflkêZmbg`mhihllb[e^_Zbenk^f^\aZgblflZm_bk^
N :]]bmbhgZeebfbmlZk^Ziieb^]mhma^fbgbfnfZqbl]blmZg\^_hk k^lblmZg\î^kbh]lh_*+)fbgnm^lZg]Z[ho^'
\hkg^k[Zkl'
N ?hk\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl%b_k^]blmkb[nmbhg^q\^^]l*.bgma^ Pa^k^ma^l^\mbhgblik^lmk^ll^]%iZkmb\neZkZmm^gmbhglahne][îZb]
Zf[b^gm\hg]bmbhg%ma^mZ[e^l_hklbfierlniihkm^]l^\mbhgllahne] mhma^fh]b_b\Zmbhgk^jnbk^]mhma^Zqbl]blmZg\^h_maîk^lmk^ll^]
[^nl^]nge^llma^fhf^gm\ZiZ\bmrbl^qieb\bmer\a^\d^]':l^\hg] ê^f^gml%Zl]bl\nll^]bgma^bgmkh]n\mbhgmhma^mZ[neZkf^mah]'
bfieb\Zmbhgh_mablebfbmblmaZmlmZg]Zk]mZ[e^lh_[^g]bg`fhf^gm
Zg]la^Zk\h^__b\b^gml%ln\aZlmahl^bgma^FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_ ?hk\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl%\nkmZbef^gmkne^lZk^`bo^g_hkma^mhik^bg_hk\^f^gm
\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+*)%Zk^mrib\Zeer[Zl^]hg h_l^\mbhglbg_bk^'Ma^mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]^qm^g])',e^___khfma^
\^gmkêbg^h_ma^lniihkmpbmama^k^jnbk^]Zk^Z[^bg`Zeehp^]mhoZkrbg
JWXb[) Z\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^^qik^llbhg%Zg]ZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^*)'
Minimum wall thicknesses for walls :l%k^j!q"6:l%k^j!)"!*+'.q(e^__"
Standard Non- BeWZX[Wh_d]h[_d\ehY[ZYedYh[j[mWbbi
pa^k^
fire beWZX[Wh_d] Minimum dimensions (mm)
resistance wall MWbbj^_Yad[ii%Wn_iZ_ijWdY["a q 6 ]blmZg\^_khfma^\^gmkêbg^h_ma^lniihkm
thickness mfi3&$)+ mfi3&$- :l%k^j!q" 6 fbgbfnfZk^Zh_mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]Zm
(mm)
Number of sides of Number of sides of ]blmZg\^q_khfma^lniihkm[nmghme^llmaZgma^
mWbb[nfei[Z mWbb[nfei[Z fbgbfnfZeehp^]_khf>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**
One Two One Two :l%k^j!)" 6 ma^Zk^Zh_mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]ho^kma^
K>B,) /)b *))(*)b *+)(*)b *+)(*)b *+)(*)b
lniihkmbgZf[b^gm]^lb`g
K>B/) 1)b **)(*)b *+)(*)b *,)(*)b *-)(*)b
e^__ 6 ^__^\mboê^g`mah_ma^liZg
K>B2) *))b *+)(+)b *-)(*)b *-)(+. *0)(+.
K>B*+) *+)b *.)(+. */)(+. */)(,. ++)(,.
K>B*1) *.)b *1)(-) +))(-. +*)(.) +0)(.. B_)',e^__blln[lmbmnm^]bgmhma^Z[ho^%ma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmpa^k^
K>B+-) *0.b +,)(.. +.)(.. +0)(/) ,.)(/) k^jnbk^]]khilmh+.h_maZmk^jnbk^]Zmma^lniihkm'Bglhf^\Zl^l%
Key mabl\nkmZbef^gme^g`mafZr[^fhk^hg^khnlmaZgmaZm]^m^kfbg^]_khf
aÂKÃ^qihlnk^\hg]bmbhgghmZiieb\Z[e^mhghg&ehZ][^Zkbg`pZeel
lhf^lbfie^]^mZbebg`kne^lpabelmma^lbfieb_b^]]^mZbebg`kne^lik^l^gm^]
bGhkfZeerma^\ho^kk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee\hgmkhe'
bg<aZim^k*)%=^mZbebg`**pbeek^lnembgZlZ_^]^mZbe_hklmZg]Zk]\Zl^l'
JWXb[*
C_d_ckcZ_c[di_edWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[i\ehYedj_dkekiX[WcicWZ[m_j^h[_d\ehY[ZWdZfh[ijh[ii[ZYedYh[j[

resistance Simply supported beams Continuous beams
Possible combinations of a and bmin where a is the Web Possible combinations of a and bmin where a is the Web
Wl[hW][Wn_iZ_ijWdY[WdZbmin is the width of beam thickness bw Wl[hW][Wn_iZ_ijWdY[WdZbmin is the width of beam thickness bw
' 2 ) * + 6 - . 9 '&
K,) [fbg 1) *+) */) +)) 1) 1) */) 1)
Z +. +) *.a *.a *.a *+a
K/) [fbg *+) */) +)) ,)) *)) *+) +)) *))
Z -) ,. ,) +. +. *+a
K2) [fbg *.) +)) ,)) -)) **) *.) +.) 110
Z .. -. -) ,. ,. +.
K*+) [fbg +)) +-) ,)) .)) *,) +)) ,)) -.) .)) 130
Z /. /) .. .) -. ,. ,. ,)
K*1) [fbg +-) ,)) -)) /)) *.) +-) -)) ..) /)) 150
Z 1) 0) /. /) /) .) .) -)
K+-) [fbg +1) ,.) .)) 0)) *0) +1) .)) /.) 0)) 170
Z 2) 1) 0. 0) 0. /) /) .)
Key
aGhkfZeerma^\ho^kk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee\hgmkhe
Notes
'?hkik^lmk^ll^]\henfglZqbl]blmZg\^lahne][^bg\k^Zl^]¾l^^m^qm'
2al]blma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mhma^lb]^h_[^Zf_hkma^\hkg^k[Zkl!hkm^g]hghkpbk^"h_[^ZflpbmahgerhgêZr^kh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm'al]6a$*)ff%nge^llmaôZen^lh_[fbgZk^`k^Zm^k
maZgmaZm`bo^gbg\henfg,_hklbfierlniihkm^][^Zflhk\henfg1_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl%pa^gghbg\k^Zl^blk^jnbk^]'
104
Tensile members N Fbgbfnfg^`Zmbo^k^bg_hk\^f^gm^jnZemh)'.h_ma^`khll

Ma^mZ[neZm^]]ZmZ_hk[^ZflfZr[^nl^]_hkm^glbe^f^f[^klpbma l^\mbhgZk^Zlahne][îkhob]^]nge^llahm&khee^]k^bg_hk\^f^gm
ma^_heehpbg`k^lmkb\mbhgl3 aZl[^^gnl^]%k^lmkZbgmblikhob]^]Zmma^^g]lniihkmlh_mph&
liZgleZ[l%Zg]mkZglo^kl^]blmkb[nmbhgh_ehZ]blZ\\hngm^]_hk'
N Ma^`khll\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zlahne]ghm[ê^llmaZg+[fbg+
pa^k^[fbgblma^fbgbfnfZeehpZ[e^l^\mbhgpb]mamZd^g_khfma^
Bgma^NDmaîkh\nk^f^gmh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm]h^lghmghkfZeer
mZ[neZm^]]ZmZ'
Zeehpmaîkh]n\mbhgf^mah]mh[^li^\b_b^]'@^g^kZeer%<eZll:
N Pa^k^maêhZ][^Zkbg`\ZiZ\bmrblk^]n\^][r^q\^llbo^êhg`Zmbhg%
k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl\he]phkd^]Zg]<eZll;k^bg_hk\^f^gmblahmkhee^]%
IZkm*+`bo^l`nb]Zg\^mhZ]]k^llmabl'
[nmbmblihllb[e^mh_hkf<eZll;k^bg_hk\^f^gm[r\he]phkdbg`'
:mik^l^gm<eZll<k^bg_hk\^f^gmlniieb^]bgma^NDblahmkhee^]
Slabs Zg]ma^k^_hk^\Zg[^li^\b_b^]lhmaZmma^fbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gm
OZkbhnl_hkflh_leZ[Zk^\hglb]^k^]3lbfierlniihkm^]%\hgmbgnhnl% k^jnbk^]Z[ho^g^^]ghm[îkhob]^]'
mph&pZr%_eZm%Zg]kb[[^]%Zg]mZ[e^lZkîkhob]^]_hk^Z\a':lpbma
hma^kf^f[^kmri^l%Zgnf[^kh_k^lmkb\mbhglZk^Ziieb^]bg^Z\a\Zl^4 Ma^]^mZbebg`blln^lkêZmbg`mhah``bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gmbg\hgmbgnhnl
ma^l^Zk^]^l\kb[^][êhp' leZ[lZk^ma^lZf^Zlmahl^]^l\kb[^]ikôbhnler_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl'
Simply supported slabs Two-way slabs

MZ[e^.blikhob]^]_hklbfierlniihkm^]f^f[^klpbmaghli^\bZe Ma^mph&pZr\hg\îmZiieb^lmh[hmalbfierlniihkm^]Zg]
ikhoblbhgl(k^lmkb\mbhgl' \hgmbgnhnlleZ[mri^l'BgZ]]bmbhgmhma^\hff^gml_hk\hgmbgnhnl
leZ[lfZ]^Z[ho^%Zqbl]blmZg\^mhma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm%a%blmZd^gZl
Continuous slabs ma^]blmZg\^_khfma^lnk_Z\^mhma^Zqblh_ma^hnm^kfhlmeZr^kh_
<hgmbgnhnlleZ[lfZr[^mk^Zm^]Zlmph&pZrliZggbg`leZ[lpa^k^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm'
er(eq©*'.Zl`bo^gbgMZ[e^.'Ma^_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhgllahne][^f^m3
N ?hk\hgmbgnhnlleZ[l%b_k^]blmkb[nmbhg^q\^^]l*.bgma^Zf[b^gm Ma^^g`bg^^klahne]ghm^maZmma^\hgo^gmbhgbgMZ[e^.%pa^k^ma^
\hg]bmbhg%ma^mZ[e^l_hklbfierlniihkm^]l^\mbhgllahne][^nl^] kêZmbhglabi_hkliZglerªeqblma^hiihlbm^h_maZmbg>nkh\h]^+%
nge^llfhf^gm\ZiZ\bmrbl^qieb\bmer\a^\d^]' IZkm**_hk_eZmleZ[lpa^kêqªer'
<_]kh[/
:[\_d_j_ede\Z_c[di_edi\ehZ_\\[h[djjof[ie\X[Wci[Yj_ed JWXb[+
C_d_ckcZ_c[di_ediWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[i\ehh[_d\ehY[ZWdZ
prestressed solid slabs
resistance One-way Jme#mWoifWdd_d]ibWXa Flat slab
bw
ifWdd_d]
slab ly/ln ≤'$+ '$+2ly/ln ≤ 2 d ≤'+c d4'+c
b b b K>B,) al /) /) /) *.) *.)

(a) Constant width (b) Variable width (c) I -Section Z *)b *)b *)b *)b *)b
K>B/) al 1) 1) 1) *1) *1)
<_]kh['& Z +) *)b *.b *.b +)

;dl[bef[e\h[i_ij_d]X[dZ_d]cec[djiel[hikffehji\eh\_h[YedZ_j_edi K>B2) al *)) *)) *)) +)) +))
Z ,) *.b +) +. ,)
0.3 l eff 0.4 l eff 0.3 l eff
K>B*+) al *+) *+) *+) +)) +))
Z -) +) +. ,. -)
BM from Exp. (5.11)
K>B*1) al *.) *.) *.) +)) +))
Z .. ,) -) -. ..
K>B+-) al *0. *0. *0. +)) +))
Z /. -) .) .) /.
Key
BM in fire location
aMa^m^kfmphpZrleZ[lkêZm^lmhleZ[llniihkm^]ZmZee_hnk^]`^l'B_mablblghmma^\Zl^
ma^rlahne][^mk^Zm^]Zlhg^&pZrliZggbg`leZ[l'
bGhkfZeerma^\ho^kk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee\hgmkhe'
BM when cdblma^k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbh'
t =0
Notes
Design BM
according to 'eqZg]erZk^ma^liZglh_Zmph&pZrleZ[!mph]bk^\mbhglZmkbàmZgè^l"pa^kêrblma^
BS EN 1992–1–1 ehg`^kliZg'
2 ?hkik^lmk^ll^]\henfglZqbl]blmZg\^lahne][^bg\k^Zl^]¾l^^m^qm'
105
Flat slabs Ma^\h]b_b^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]lZg]ma^bkZllh\bZm^]Zgg^q^lbg

?hk_eZmleZ[l%MZ[e^.fZr[^nl^]':me^Zlm+)h_ma^mhmZemhi IZkm*+Zk^3
k^bg_hk\^f^gmbg^Z\a]bk^\mbhg!:m"lahne][îeZ\^]ho^kma^ N Lbfieb_b^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]_hk[^ZflZg]leZ[l:gg^q>
lniihkmlbgma^\henfglmkbiZg][^\hgmbgnhnlho^kma^_neeliZg'
N .))<blhma^kff^mah]!lmZg]Zk]hkiZkZf^mkb\_bk^l":gg^q;'*
Ribbed slabs N Shg^f^mah]!lmZg]Zk]_bk^lhger"3IZkm*+k^\hff^g]lmabl

Ma^kne^l_hk[^ZflZg]\hgmbgnhnlleZ[llahne][^nl^]bgma^ blik^_^kk^]pa^k^lfZeel^\mbhglhkle^g]^k\henfglZk^[^bg`
ôZenZmbhgh_hg^&pZrkb[[^]leZ[l'?hkmph&pZrliZggbg`kb[[^]leZ[l% \hglb]^k^]:gg^q;'+'!Mablf^mah]blghmbg\en]^]bgmabl\aZim^k"
ma^bg_hkfZmbhgbgMZ[e^/blikhob]^]pbmamaêbfbmZmbhgmhma^bknl^
N F^mah]_hkma^ZgZerlblh_\henfglpbmalb`gb_b\Zgml^\hg]hk]^k
[^bg`maZmmaêhZ]bg`blik^]hfbgZgmerngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]'
^__^\ml:gg^q;',
:lpbma[^Zfl%bgZee\Zl^lpa^k^ma^l^\mbhgblik^lmk^ll^]%iZkmb\neZk
Ahpô^k%[^_hk^lê^\mbg`Zgrh_ma^Z[ho^f^mah]l%bmblbfihkmZgm
Zmm^gmbhglahne][îZb]mhma^fh]b_b\Zmbhgk^jnbk^]mhma^Zqbl
mhghm^maZmma^rZ]]k^ll_e^qnk^hgerpbmala^ZkZg]mhklbhg[^bg`
]blmZg\^h_maîk^lmk^ll^]ê^f^gml%ZlZek^Z]r]bl\nll^]bgma^
bgmkh]n\mbhgmhma^mZ[neZkf^mah]' \ho^k^]lîZkZmêreZm^kbgmabl<aZim^k'
Simplified calculation method for beams

Simplified calculation and slabs
Mablf^mah]%`bo^gbg:gg^q>h_IZkm*¾+%blZg^qm^glbhgmhma^
methods mZ[neZkf^mah]Zg]fZr[^nl^]bgma^]^lb`gh_[^ZflZg]leZ[l
pa^k^maêhZ]blik^]hfbgZgmerngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]Zg]%_hk
?hnklbfieb_b^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]lZkîk^l^gm^]bgIZkm*&+'Ma^_bklm
\hgmbgnhnlf^f[^kl%maêôêh_k^]blmkb[nmbhg]h^lghm^q\^^]
h_ma^l^blZlbfieb_b^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]li^\b_b\Zeer_hk[^ZflZg]
*.'?hkabà^keôêlh_k^]blmkb[nmbhg%ma^fhf^gm\ZiZ\bmrZmma^
leZ[l'Bgma^hma^kf^mah]l%Zlbfieb_b^]\khll&l^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgblnl^]
lniihkmlfnlm[^\a^\d^][^_hk^mablZiikhZ\afZr[^Ziieb^]'
mh]^m^kfbg^ma^_e^qnkZek^lblmZg\^h_ma^l^\mbhgbgma^_bk^\hg]bmbhg%
Zg]mablbl\hfiZk^]pbmama^^__^\mh_Z\mbhglbgma^_bk^lbmnZmbhg'
Mablf^mah]ikhob]^lZf^Zglh_\a^\dbg`pa^ma^kZk^]n\^]Zqbl
Table 6 ]blmZg\^_khfmaZm]^m^kfbg^]bgma^mZ[neZkf^mah]\Zg[^cnlmb_b^]
C_d_ckcZ_c[di_ediWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[\ehjme#mWoifWdd_d]"i_cfbo [rZfhk^]^mZbe^]^qZfbgZmbhgh_ma^_e^qnkZe\ZiZ\bmrh_ma^l^\mbhg'
supported ribbed slabs in reinforced or prestressed concrete
Ahpô^k%ghk^]n\mbhgfZr[^fZ]^mhma^l^\mbhglbs^]^m^kfbg^]
Standard fire Minimum dimensions (mm) _khfma^mZ[neZkf^mah]'
resistance
Possible combinations of width of Slab thickness
ribs bminWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[a hsWdZWn_i Ma^ZiikhZ\ablmh\a^\dmaZmma^]^lb`gfhf^gmbg_bk^bl^jnZemhhk
distance a in
Simply supported 7jb[Wijed[[Z][ \bWd][ e^llmaZgma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^bg_bk^%b'^'F>]%_b©FK]%_b'Ma^m^kfF>]%_b
restrained bl]^_bg^]Zl3
[fbg F>]%_b6p>]%_be^__+(1
K>B,) 1) 1) al61)
Z *.a *)a Z 6*)a pa^k^
K>B/) [fbg *)) *+) ª+)) *)) *+) ª+)) al61) p>]%_b6 ngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]!dG(f"ng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl'
Z ,. +. *.a +. *.a *)a Z 6*)a 6 n_bp>]
K>B2) [fbg *+) */) ª+.) *+) */) ª+.) al6*))
n_b 6 k^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk!l^^Â\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglÃl^\mbhg
Z
hgiZ`^+"
-. -) ,) ,. +. *.a Z 6*.a
p>] 6 ngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]!dG(f"ng]^kZf[b^gm
K>B*+) [fbg */) *2) ª,)) */) *2) ª,)) al6*+)
\hg]bmbhgl
Z /) .. -) -. -) ,) Z 6+)
e^__ 6 ^__^\mboê^g`mah_[^ZfhkleZ[
K>B*1) [fbg ++) +/) ª-*) ,*) /)) al6*.)
Z 0. 0) /) /) .) Z 6,) =^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^Zg]hma^k\a^\dl]î^g]hg
K>B+-) [fbg +1) ,.) ª.)) -.) 0)) al6*0. pa^ma^kma^f^f[^kbllbfierlniihkm^]hk\hgmbgnhnl':_ehp\aZkm
Z 2) 0. 0) 0) /) Z 6-) h_ma^]^lb`gikh\^llblik^l^gm^]bg?b`nk^**'
Key
aGhkfZeerma^\ho^kk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+**pbee\hgmkhe'
Simply supported members
Notes
Ma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^ng]^k_bkêhZ]bg`bl]^m^kfbg^]_khfma^
'?hkik^lmk^ll^]\henfglZqbl]blmZg\^lahne][^bg\k^Zl^]¾l^^m^qm'
_heehpbg`^qik^llbhg3
2 Zl]blma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mhma^lb]^h_[^Zf_hkma^\hkg^k[Zkl!hkm^g]hghkpbk^"
h_[^ZflpbmahgerhgêZr^kh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm'Zl]6Z$*)ff' FK]%_b6!gl(gl%_b"dl!y"F>]!:l%ikho(:l%k^j"
106
pa^k^ :l[^_hk^%bgZee\Zl^lpa^k^ma^l^\mbhgblik^lmk^ll^]%iZkmb\neZk
gl 6 iZkmbZefZm^kbZe_Z\mhk_hklm^êZmZf[b^gmm^fi^kZmnk^l Zmm^gmbhglahne][îZb]mhma^fh]b_b\Zmbhgk^jnbk^]mhma^Zqbl
gl%_b 6 iZkmbZefZm^kbZe_Z\mhk_hklm^êng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl ]blmZg\^h_maîk^lmk^ll^]ê^f^gml%ZlZek^Z]r]bl\nll^]bgma^
dl!y " 6 lmk^g`mak^]n\mbhgZiieb^]mhlm^ê_hkZ`bo^g bgmkh]n\mbhgmhma^mZ[neZkf^mah]'
m^fi^kZmnk^!y "ng]^kma^k^jnbk^]_bk^k^lblmZg\^
F>] 6 ]^lb`gfhf^gm_hkZf[b^gm]^lb`g Ma^\nkmZbef^gme^g`mak^jnbk^]ng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhglfZr[^`k^Zm^k
:l%ikho6 \khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmikhob]^] maZgmaê^g`ma]^m^kfbg^]bg>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**Zg]lahne][^\a^\d^]'
:l%k^j 6 \khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]
+&&9_iej^[hcc[jêZ
Ma^kZmbh:l%ikho(:l%k^jlahne]ghm[^mZd^g`k^Zm^kmaZg*','Ma^ Bgma^blhma^kff^mah]%\hg\k^m^ZmZm^fi^kZmnk^Z[ho^.))<bl
\h^__b\b^gmdl!y"fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khf?b`nk^*+'Ghm^mablblZ g^è^\m^]bgma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_l^\mbhgk^lblmZg\^%pabelm\hg\k^m^Zmhk[êhp
lbfieb_b\Zmbhgh_?b`nk^,%_hknl^pbmama^mZ[neZkf^mah]Zg]:gg^q>' .))<blZllnf^]mhk^mZbgbml_nee%Zf[b^gmm^fi^kZmnk^lmk^g`ma'Bg
IZkm*¾+ma^f^mah]blbeenlmkZm^]pbmak^_^k^g\^mhk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl'
Continuous members
Bgma^_bk^\hg]bmbhg%IZkm*+Zeehplfhf^gmk^]blmkb[nmbhg_khf Manl%ma^\Ze\neZmbhgikh\^llblmh_bklm\a^\dmaZmma^l^\mbhgf^^ml
ma^liZg[Z\dmhma^lniihkmlb_ln__b\b^gmk^bg_hk\^f^gmblikhob]^] ma^fbgbfnf\khll&l^\mbhgZepb]mak^jnbk^f^gmlbgMZ[e^0'
ho^kma^lniihkmZg]maZmmablk^bg_hk\^f^gmbllnbmZ[er\nkmZbe^]mh
Z\\hffh]Zm^ma^[^g]bg`fhf^gm^goêhi^' B_ma^fbgbfnfk^jnbk^f^gmlZk^f^m%ma^Zk^Zghm]ZfZ`^][r
a^Zm%b'^'pbmabgma^.))<blhma^kf%bl]^m^kfbg^]mh`bo^Zk^]n\^]
Ma^fb]&liZgfhf^gmk^lblmZg\^\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^]_khfma^ l^\mbhglbs^![_b%]_b"pa^k^ma^\hg\k^m^k^mZbglbmlhkb`bgZeikhi^kmb^l'
^qik^llbhg_hkFK]%_bZ[ho^'Ma^Â_k^^Ã[^g]bg`fhf^gm_hkma^_bk^ Pabelmma^m^fi^kZmnk^`kZ]b^gmmakhnàZl^\mbhg]^ghm^][r
lbmnZmbhgblma^g]^m^kfbg^]Zg]Â_bmm^]Ãmhma^fhf^gmh_k^lblmZg\^ blhma^kflfZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khfm^lmbg`%IZkm*¾+ikhob]^l
h_ma^liZg'Ma^fhf^gmh_k^lblmZg\^Zmma^lniihkm_hkma^_bk^\Zl^ m^fi^kZmnkîkh_be^l_hkZgnf[^kh_mrib\Zef^f[^kmri^lZg]
fZrma^g[^\Ze\neZm^]Zl_heehpl3 \khll&l^\mbhgl'!L^^^qZfie^bg?b`nk^*,"'
FK]%_b%Lniihkm6!gl (gl%_b"F>]!:l%ikho(:l%k^j"!]Z"(] Ma^khng]^]\hkg^klh_ma^k^lb]nZel^\mbhgk^_e^\mma^k^Zeikh_be^h_

pa^k^ ma^blhma^kfZg]fZr[^ZiikhqbfZm^]mhZk^\mZgè^Zllahpgbg
] 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmah_ma^l^\mbhg ?b`nk^*-4lhf^bgm^kik^mZmbhgfZr[^k^jnbk^]'
Z 6 k^jnbk^]Zo^kZ`^[hmmhfZqbl]blmZg\^mZd^g_khfMZ[e^-%
\henfg-%_hk[^Zfl%Zg]_khfMZ[e^._hkhg^&pZrleZ[l JWXb[-
Minimum width of cross-section as function of fire resistance
:l%ikho(:l%k^jlahne]ghm[^mZd^g`k^Zm^kmaZg*','
Fire resistance K/) K2) K*+) K*1) K+-)
Minimum width of 2) *+) */) +)) +1)
<_]kh['' cross-section (mm)
Flow chart for simplified calculation method for beams and slabs
<_]kh['(
Start
H[\[h[dY[Ykhl[i\ehYh_j_YWbj[cf[hWjkh[e\h[_d\ehY_d]WdZfh[ijh[ii_d]
ij[[b\ehki[m_j^jWXkbWhc[jêZWdZ7dd[n;
Calculate MEd, fi.
Determine y, using temperature profiles in Annex A of Part 1-2. 1.0
Determine ks(y) from Figure 12

0.8
Calculate MRd, fi
Coefficient, ks (ycr) or kp (ycr)
Reinforcing steel
Yes 0.6
Is the element a Is MEd, fi. ≤ MRd, fi? Yes
simply supported?
Prestressing steel (bars)
No No 0.4
Calculate the support design Redesign section or use
moment of resistance, alternative methods
MRd, fi, support Prestressing steel
Yes 0.2 (wires and strands)
‘Fit’ the ‘free’ bending Are the support
moment so that MEd,fi = MRd,fi moments exceeded?
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12
No
o
Finish Temperature, y ( C)
107
Hg\^ma^k^]n\^]\khll&l^\mbhgbl]^m^kfbg^]%ma^m^fi^kZmnk^h_ :l+ 6 iZkmh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmbg^jnbeb[kbnf

^Z\ak^bg_hk\bg`[Zkbl_hng]nlbg`m^fi^kZmnkîkh_be^lZg]_khf pbmama^\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
mabl%ma^k^]n\^]lmk^g`mah_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm]n^mhm^fi^kZmnk^ :lÃ 6 Zk^Zh_\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma?b`nk^l,Zg]-'Ghm^maZm% _\]%_b!+)" 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_\hfik^llbhglmk^g`ma\hg\k^m^bg
bglhf^bglmZg\^l%ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr_Zeehnmlb]^h_ma^k^lb]nZe ma^_bk^lbmnZmbhgZmghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^
\khll&l^\mbhg'Bgln\a\Zl^l%ma^l^[ZklfZrlmbee[^\hngm^]pa^g 6 _\d (g\%_b6_\]
]^m^kfbgbg`ma^l^\mbhg\ZiZ\bmr' _l]%_b!yf" 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlmk^g`mabg
ma^_bk^lbmnZmbhgZmf^Zgm^fi^kZmnk^yfbgmaZmeZr^k
Ma^l^\mbhgk^lblmZg\^fZrma^g[^]^m^kfbg^]nlbg`\hgo^gmbhgZe _l\]%_b!yf"6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ma^\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlmk^g`ma
\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]l%Zlbg]b\Zm^]bg?b`nk^*.Zg]\hfiZk^]Z`Zbglm bgma^_bk^lbmnZmbhgZmf^Zgm^fi^kZmnk^yfbgmaZmeZr^k
ma^]^lb`gehZ]bgma^_bk^lbmnZmbhgbgmabl_b`nk^pa^k^3
Note: _l]%_b!yf"Zg]_l\]%_b!yf"fZraZo^]b__^k^gmoZen^l!l^ÎZkm*+%
[_b 6 pb]mah_k^]n\^]\khll&l^\mbhg <e-'+'-',"
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s 6 eô^kZkf[^mp^^gma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm _bk^lbmnZmbhg%Zg]bl^jnZemhiZkmh_ma^mhmZe_hk\^bg
Zg]\hg\k^m^ ma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
sÃ 6 eô^kZkf[^mp^^gma^m^glbhgZg]\hfik^llbhg l%nZg]qZk^]^_bg^]bg>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**
k^bg_hk\^f^gm
:l 6 Zk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm Pa^gma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl]blmkb[nm^]bgfhk^maZghgêZr^k%IZkm*¾+
:l* 6 iZkmh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmbg^jnbeb[kbnf h__^kllbfieb_rbg`f^mah]lmh]^m^kfbg^ma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mhma^\^gmk^
pbmama^\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbhg[eh\d h_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmeZr^klZg]ma^m^fi^kZmnk^k^]n\mbhgZmmableôê'
<_]kh[')
Reduced cross-section of reinforced concrete beam and column Ma^[^g]bg`fhf^gm\Ze\neZmbhgh_ma^\khll&l^\mbhgbl3
Compression Tension Fn*6 :l* _l]%_b!yf"s

Fn+6 :l+ _l\]%_b!yf"sÃ
o
500 C 500oC :l 6 :l*$:l+
d fi = d
d fi pa^k^
:l 6 mhmZem^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZk^Z
_l]%_b 6 ]^lb`gm^glbe^lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
Tension Compression _l\]%_b 6 ]^lb`glmk^g`ma_hk\hfik^llbo^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
bfi b fi [_b 6 pb]mah_ma^_bk^^qihl^]\khll&l^\mbhg
b b ]_b 6 ^__^\mboâ^bàmh_ma^_bk^^qihl^]\khll&l^\mbhg
a) Fire exposure on three sides b) Fire exposure on three sides with
with tension zone exposed the compression zone exposed <_]kh['*
;nWcfb[j[cf[hWjkh[fhe\_b[
500oC 240
Distance from bottom left corner of element (mm)
h fi h
220
200
b fi
b 180
100
c) Fire exposure on four sides (beam or column) 160
140
<_]kh['+
Ijh[iiZ_ijh_Xkj_edWjkbj_cWj[b_c_jijWj[\ehWh[YjWd]kbWhYedYh[j[ 200
120
cross-section with compression reinforcement.
100 300
n f cd, 1(20)
80 400
Fs = As1f scd,fi (ym)
l xb n fcd, 1(20) 500
x lx 60
600
A s1 700
z’ Mu2 40
z’ d1 z Mu1 800
20 900
As As1 fsd,fi (ym)
0
b1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance from bottom left corner of element (mm)
108
Pa^gma^fhf^gm\hgmkb[nmbhglZk^Zll^ll^]ZllahpgZ[ho^%ma^ @bo^gma^\hfie^qbmrh_ma^ZiikhZ\a%ma^mZ[e^lbg:gg^q<h_
mhmZefhf^gm\ZiZ\bmrblh[mZbg^]_khf3 IZkm*+aZo^[^^g]^kbo^]_khfmablf^mah]Zg]fZr[^nl^]mh
Fn6Fn*$Fn+ \a^\dmaZmma^l^\mbhglbs^Zg]Zqbl]blmZg\^lZk^Z]^jnZm^_hkZ
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Ma^]^lb`gikh\^llbllnffZkbl^]bg?b`nk^*/'
Calculation methods for shear and torsion
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:gg^q;',ikhob]^lZ\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]_hkf^f[^kl!ikbfZkber Zkîkhob]^]%gh\a^\dl[^rhg]mahl^\Zkkb^]hnm_hkZf[b^gm
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[rl^\hg]hk]^k^__^\mlng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl'Ahpô^k%Zlpbmama^ lahne][^]^m^kfbg^][r\Ze\neZmbhgZg]`nb]Zg\^bl`bo^gbg:gg^q=
mZ[neZkf^mah]%ma^ZiikhZ\ablebfbm^]mhf^f[^klmaZm\Zg[^ h_IZkm*+'
\hglb]^k^]Zl[^bg`[kZ\^]'
?hkmrib\Zel^\mbhgl%la^Zk_Zbenk^]n^mh_bkêhZ]bg`blng\hffhgZg]
<_]kh[', pabelmghm[^bg`_neeroZeb]Zm^]%pa^gnlbg`ma^\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]
<bemY^Whj\eh+&&9_iej^[hcc[jêZ
ik^l^gm^]%maîkbg\bie^lbg>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**fZr[^Ziieb^]mhZ
k^]n\^]\khll&l^\mbhgZl]^m^kfbg^]_khfZgrh_ma^\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]l
Start eblm^]Z[ho^'Ahpô^k%_hkZmrib\Zel^\mbhgl%ln\aZlmahl^pbmamabgp^[l
pa^k^p^[_Zbenk^fZr`ho^kg%ma^l^f^mah]llahne][^nl^]pbma\Zk^'
Calculate MEd, fi (see simplified calculation method for beams and slabs)
Check the minimum dimensions exceed the values in Table 7

Bg\Zl^lpa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghmikhob]^]%ma^l^\mbhg
k^lblmZg\^mhla^Zkblikhob]^][rma^\hg\k^m^'Bgln\a\Zl^lmabl
Determine reduced section size (bfi dfi) using Figure 13 and k^lblmZg\^fnlm[^k^]n\^]mhZ\\hngm_hkm^fi^kZmnk^^__^\ml[rZ
temperature profiles in Annex A of Part 1–2
_Z\mhkh_d\m!y"%pab\afZr[^mZd^g_khf?b`nk^*0'Bg\Zl^lpa^k^
Determine y, using temperature profiles in Annex A of Part 1–2 ebgdlZkîkhob]^]%pa^ma^k_hkla^ZkZehg^hkZelh_hkmhklbhg%ma^
lmk^g`mah_maêbgdlblk^]n\^]]n^mhma^m^fi^kZmnk^^__^\mlZg]ma^
Determine ks (y ), from Figure 3 or Figure 4
l^\mbhgk^lblmZg\^ma^g]^m^kfbg^]%[Zl^]hgma^k^]n\^]l^\mbhg'Ma^
Calculate Mu, using stress distribution shown in Figure 15. Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
\Ze\neZmbhgikh\^llbllahpgbg?b`nk^*1'
<_]kh['.
Is MEd,fi ≤ MRd,fi?
No Redesign section or use :[i_]d\bemY^Whj\ehi^[WhWdZjehi_edZ[i_]d
alternative methods
Yes Start
Finish
Determine the reduced cross-section using either 500°C
isotherm or zone methods
<_]kh['- Calculate the compressive and tensile concrete strengths:

For isotherm method, fcd,fi = fcd,fi(20) = fck and fctd,fi = fctd,fi(20) = fctk
Coefficient kc,t(yWbbem_d]\ehZ[Yh[Wi[e\j[di_b[ijh[d]j^fck,t) of
For zone method, fcd,fi = kc(ym) fcd,fi(20) and fctd,fi = kct(ym) fctd,fi(20),
concrete at elevated temperatures where kc(ym) and kct(ym) may be taken as kc(y) and can be determined
from Figure 2
Determine position P, the point at which the reference temperature,

y p is calculated. P is located along section A–A, which is
1.0 determined from hc,ef (see Figure 19)
Determine y p using temperature profiles in Annex A of Part 1–2

0.8
Coefficient, k c, t (y )
Calculate the reduced design strength of the shear reinforcement, fsd,fi,

from: fsd,fi = ks(y) fsd(20) = ks(y) fywd
0.6 where ks(y) can be determined from Figure 3 or Figure 4
Calculate the shear resistance using the methods given for ambient
0.4 temperature design, see Chapter 4 Beams11
Yes Calculate the reference

0.2 Does the section
temperature at points P along
also resist torsion?
the line A–A − see Figure 20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 No
Calculate the torsion resistance
o Finish and interaction with shear using
Temperature, y ( C)
section 6.3 of Eurocode 2, Part 1–1
109
Unbraced structures
BmaZl[^^gghm^]maZm_hk\henfglZg]pZeel%pa^gnlbg`ma^mZ[neZk ?hkbgbmbZe]^lb`g%ma^[Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q^l
f^mah]%[kZ\^]lmkn\mnk^lhgerZk^\hglb]^k^]bgIZkm*+'MablblZelh mh;L>G*22+*lmZm^lmaZm%Zmma^]bl\k^mbhgh_ma^]^lb`g^k%ma^
mkn^_hkma^lbfieb_b^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]ik^l^gm^]bg:gg^q;',% mZ[neZkf^mah]fZr[^nl^]_hk`^g^kZe]^lb`gZg]\kbmb\Ze\henfgl
pab\abl]^l\kb[^]ZlZshg^f^mah]_hkma^ZgZerlblh_\henfglpbma \a^\d^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma^bma^kma^.))<blhma^kff^mah]hkma^
lb`gb_b\Zgml^\hg]hk]^k^__^\ml' shg^f^mah]'
Bg\Zl^lpa^k^ma^lmkn\mnk^blng[kZ\^]%hkmaZmihkmbhgh_ma^ Ln\aZgZiikhZ\aphne][^nglZ_^pa^k^ma^f^f[^klbgma^_bk^
lmkn\mnk^[^bg`\hglb]^k^]\Zgghm[^\hglb]^k^]Zl[kZ\^][rmaZm shgîkhob]^maîk^]hfbgZgmf^Zglh_lmkn\mnkZelmZ[bebmrZg]bg
iZkmh_ma^lmkn\mnk^k^fhm^_khfma^_bk^ma^gma^_heehpbg`himbhgbl ln\a\Zl^lZ]oZg\^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]lZg]li^\bZeblmZ]ob\^fZr[^
ZoZbeZ[e^mhma^^g`bg^^k' k^jnbk^]'
<_]kh['/ <_]kh[(&
:[j[hc_dWj_ede\b_d[7¸7je[dWXb[[lWbkWj_ede\h[\[h[dY[ The reference temperature y piêkbZX[[lWbkWj[ZWbed]j^[b_d[7¸7\eh
temperature y p at point P the calculation of torsion resistance
x
e2 = 0
y p in links
d A A
h
A A
A
A
h c,ef A A
A
A c,eff e1
A
c,ef = MIN {2.5 ( ); (
References
' ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+*+%=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^llmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g';LB%+))-'
2 BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'@nb]^mhma^Z]oZg\^]_bk^lZ_^mr^g`bg^^kbg`h_lmkn\mnk^l'BLmkn\m>%+))0'
) ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'G:mh;L>G*22+*+%NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^llmkn\mnkZe_bk^
]^lb`g';LB%+)).'
* ;:BE>R%<'DAHNKR%@'@nb]^mhmaî^k_hkfZg\^h_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lbg_bk^'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%]n^+))2'
+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22**+%>nkh\h]^*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZeZ\mbhgl:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l^qihl^]mh_bk^'
;LB%+))+'
6 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22)%>nkh\h]^3;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g';LB%+))+'
- G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%HAhpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
. ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+**%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
9 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)%Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^';LB%*220'
'& M A>BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+'BLmkn\m>%+))/'
'' ;
KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+3=^mZbebg`'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
'( ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//10%;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh;L>G*22+**';LB%+))/
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110
Members of the Steering Group
ChagFZlhg :eZg;Zqm^k:llh\bZm^l!<aZbkfZg"
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Kb\aZk]LabifZg =<E@
Kh[^kmOheenf Bfi^kbZe<hee^`^%Ngbo^klbmrh_Ehg]hg
KnllPhelm^gahef^ PL:mdbgl=MBIkhc^\mH_Ë\^k
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Members of the Concrete Industry Eurocode 2 Group (CIEG)

ChagFhhk^ <hglnemZgm!<aZbkfZg"
<ebo^;n]`^ ;kbmblaIk^\Zlm<hg\k^m^?^]^kZmbhg
IZe<aZgZ ;kbmbla<^f^gm:llh\bZmbhg
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<B(L_[
N=<
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How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2
This publication brings together in one place “How to...” Dr Andrew BondblZND]ê^`Zm^hgma^<>G(M<+.)(L<0
guidance for the design, specification and detailing of a broad \hffbmm^^k^lihglb[e^_hk>nkh\h]^0%ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze>nkh\h]^%
range of concrete elements. Zg]blma^B<>Ãlkîk^l^gmZmbo^hgma^GZmbhgZeLmkZm^`r<hffbmm^^
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How To Design Concrete Structures EC2

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How To Design Concrete Structures EC2

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Published by The Concrete Centre

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The design process

Design life (years) Examples

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For members supporting one variable action the ULS combination

1.25 Gk + 1.5 Qk (derived from Exp. (6.10b), Eurocode) Reinforcing steel

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Symbol Description Properties

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