TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1

AIMS 2

RESEARCH METHODS 3

LITERATURE REVIEW 4

RESEARCH FINDINGS 5

SECTION 1

Organisational structure 5
Marketing techniques 6–7
Employment 8–9

SECTION 2

Foreign saving and earnings 10 – 11

Diversification 12
Causes of retrenchment, dismissal and conflicts 13 – 14

SECTION 3

Reasons for company’s survival 15

Procedures used in recruitment 16
How the company helps Botswana 17 – 18

CONCLUTION 19

Problems experienced 20
Source of information – Bibliography 21
Informants 22 – 23
 INTRODUCTION
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism
Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual
environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year
for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated
from within the place visited."[1] Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In
2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as
compared to 2007. International tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion (euro 642 billion) in
2008, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8%.[2]

As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong

slowdown beginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide
falling to 2% during the boreal summer months.[3] This negative trend intensified during
2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus,
resulting in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals,
and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts.[4]

Tourism is vital for many countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain and Thailand,
and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, and the Seychelles, due to the
large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for
employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries
include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxicabs, hospitality
services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues,
such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.

Continuation of the introduction

Botswna’s tourism industry has its share of problems. Although the
number of tourists visiting the country has increased every year since 1970,
Botswana still receives only a small fraction of the visitors to Southeast part.
Those tourists who do visit, with the exception of trekkers,
stay for short durations. The tourism industry is highly capital intensive, with
foreign exchange earnings used for importing expendable goods, or used to
further promote tourism.
Although, the importance of the tourism sector’s contributions to the
economy cannot be dismissed, this sector generates a host of unfavourable
effects on the country’s culture and environment. It has aggravated existing
environmental problems and placed more pressure on the fragile economy and
national resources. These problems are compounded by an erosion of local
customs, an increase in drug abuse and theft of antiques and cultural property.
In the existing literature on tourism in Botswana, studies regarding the
socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism are few. The studies that
have been made are sketchy and isolated; they shed very little light on the
subject matter. In order to promote the development of an appropriate kind of
tourism that prevents or minimizes cultural and environmental degradation,
more in-depth studies are needed for an understanding of the industry’s
problems.
The present study is a modest attempt to highlight the impact of
tourism on the economy, culture and environment of today’s Botswana
DISADVANTAGES OR COSTS OF TOURISM

Although tourism has some advantages, it also creates problems for the country. First of all,
the country spends a lot of foreign exchange on meeting the needs of the tourists.
Therefore, the foreign currency made is spend on importing luxury items that are needed by
the tourism

THE ROLE PLAYED BY TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

By Air
International flights from Europe, Domestic flights Internal flights between Gaborone,
Francistown, Maun and Kasane are available from Air Botswana. Botswana’s main airport is
Sir Seretse Khama in Gaborone. Most flights arriving in Botswana are from Johannesburg in
South Africa. Also when tourists want to move around they can use airplanes for safety.

By Car
There are several entry points by road to Botswana. In south at Gaborone providing access
from Johannesburg in the west providing access from Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe and
at Francistown in the east, providing access from Bulawayo. All road access is good and the
primary roads within Botswana are paved and well maintained. Tourists can be able to
move from one place to the other and to see animals around.

By bus
There is regular bus service from Johannesburg to Gaborone with taxes six hours. There is
also service from Windhoek [Namibia] via the capria strip, which will drop you in Chobe
 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the study is to gain an understanding of the
nature of the effects of tourism on the local culture, environment and
economy. The study purports:

1. To review the existing literature on tourism with an emphasis on the government policy
and the present infrastructure of tourism;

2. To create a typology of tourism sites based on their similaritiesand difference;

3. To carry out in-depth case studies of two locations and to determine the impact of tourism
on the people inhabiting those locations.

4. Find out about foreign saving and earnings

5. Find out about their marketing techniques

6. How tourism helps the country

AIMS

Find out how Tourism impact the economy of Botswana?

LITERATURE REVIEW

2. EXISTING TOURISM IN BOTSWANA

2.1 THE COUNTRY
Botswana, a landlocked country in Southern Africa is approximately 582,000 km² in size,
stretching 1,110 km from north to south and 950 km from east to west. It borders South
Africa, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The country is generally flat, with two-thirds consisting of undulating, scrub-covered
plains. Trees and shrubs have stabilised the sandy valleys and ridges of the Kalahari which
covers approximately two-thirds of Botswana. There are still parts of the traditional sand
desert in the Southwest of the country. The highest point is Otse Mountain near Lobatse in
the South, 1490 metres above sea level. The land is predominantly arid to semi-arid experiencing
some extremes in terms of temperatures and rainfall.
The population amounts to approximately 1.5 million concentrating in the south and southeast
of the country with the capital Gaborone as the main population centre.
The country which obtained independence in 1966 is characterised by
political stability and multi-party democracy;
a well-managed and growing economy with relatively limited bureaucracy;
protection of wildlife and natural resources and intensifying environmental awareness;
ongoing expansion of infrastructure facilities;
an educated English speaking labour force,
but also by
high unemployment, especially in the rural areas and therefore
migration from the countryside to the urban areas.
2.2 TOURISM AND THE ECONOMY
Economic Performance
Since 1966, Botswana has enjoyed one of the world’s fastest rates of economic growth at
9.3 percent per annum. This is largely attributable to the discovery of diamonds immediately
after independence, but it also reflects the economic policies pursued by successive
governments, including investment in education, infrastructure and support services.
The economy continued to show sustained growth throughout the 1990s. Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) at constant prices grew at an average annual rate of 5.1 percent from
1989/90 to1996/97. For non-mining GDP, the average growth rate was somewhat higher at
6.2 percent per annum. Over the same period, exports of goods and services increased by
33 percent in real terms compared with an increase of 11.2 percent in imports. In 1996/97,
the main contributor to GDP was Mining (32.6 percent of the total), followed by General
Government (17.3 percent), and Trade, Hotels and Restaurants (16.9 percent).
Despite the overall impressive economic performance, unemployment has persisted at very
high levels. In 1995/96, the unemployment rate for those actively seeking work was 21.5
percent. Including the discouraged job seekers, the rate increased to 34.6 percent. The
most affected age groups are the 15-19 and the 20-24 age groups. However, overall
employment increased from 227,300 to 239,500 between March 1997 and March 1998 fuelled
by strong demand growth in the construction sector.

Contribution of Tourism
Although still a relatively small contributor to GDP, tourism has been identified in National
Development Plan 8 as a potential engine of future growth.
The tourism sector has experienced strong growth in recent years. The number of holiday
visitors increased from 106,800 in 1993 to 203,172 in 1998, an increase of some 90 percent,
while the number of rooms in tourist accommodation increased from an estimated
1,781 rooms in 1993 to an estimated 2,376 rooms in 1998.
Reflecting its growing importance, tourism is already making a significant economic contribution
in terms of
Visitor expenditure;
Contribution to Gross Domestic Product;
Contribution to foreign exchange earnings;
Creation of employment;
Contribution to government revenues.
Visitor Expenditure
In 1997, an estimated P1.1 billion was spent by the visitors to Botswana. This estimate is
based on the findings of the visitor surveys carried out under the Programme in June 1998.
Of the gross visitor expenditure of P1.1 billion, it is estimated that some P605 million,
representing
payments to external agents, was retained outside Botswana and that a further
P175 million represented (first-round) leakage due to imports. This left a balance of P320
million to be spent in Botswana on local inputs, wages, taxes etc.
Contribution to the Gross Domestic Product
It has been estimated that the initial injection of visitor expenditure (net of monies retained
outside Botswana) would lead through successive waves of spending to an ultimate contribution
of around P800 million to GDP in 1997, representing some 4.5 percent of GDP in
1996/97, or 7.0 percent of non-mining GDP. It is likely that this proportion has increased
further since 1996/97 given the increase in visitor arrivals recorded in 1998.
It was also found that the Hotels and Restaurants sub-sector (which has traditionally been
regarded as coterminous with the ‘tourism industry’) generated only 43 percent of the total
Tourism GDP in 1997, with the remaining 57 percent embedded in other economic sectors,
especially Social and Personal Services (12.2 percent of tourism GDP), Wholesale Trade
(9.1 percent), Transport (8.9 percent), Banks, Insurance and Business Services (8.6 percent)
and General Government (8.4 percent).
Foreign Exchange
According to the Bank of Botswana, the credits attributed to the ‘Travel Account’ in the
Balance of Payments statistics are believed to serve as “the closest proxy for tourism expenditure,
although in principle the transportation account also does involve some elements
of tourism activity”.
Credits on the Travel Account amounted to an estimated P495 million (revised figure) in
1997 and represented 4.5 percent of the total exports of goods and services in that year.
This would suggest that, even allowing for its relatively high import content, ‘Tourism’
was the third largest export sector in 1997, after diamonds (P7,654 million) and vehicles
(P748 million), and ahead of copper-nickel (P343 million) and beef (P243 million).
Botswana Tourism Development Programme – Tourism Master Plan 23
Preliminary estimates for 1998 indicate a further substantial increase (probably over 20
percent) in credits attributable to Travel.
Tourism is also a consumer of foreign exchange, both directly and indirectly. Leakage of
foreign exchange due to imported goods and services is estimated to have amounted to
approximately
P175 million in 1997, representing some 35 percent of the credits on Travel in
that year.
Nevertheless, despite these leakages, the foreign exchange generated by tourism could become
increasingly important for balance of payments purposes.
Employment
Perhaps, the most important effect of tourism in Botswana is that it can be a vehicle for
creating jobs, particularly in the rural areas where most tourists go.
Direct employment in core tourism-related occupations is estimated to have amounted to
8,536 persons in 1998, or some 3.8 percent of the total number of paid employees in Botswana
in September 1997. This is believed to be a conservative estimate to the extent that
no employment has been calculated for staff employed by tourist shops, foreign exchange
bureaux, and other tourist-related services provided through, or embedded in, other sectors
(e.g. retailing, banking, personal services, etc.).
Approximately half (4,200 persons) were employed in the accommodation sector. Further
details are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Estimated Direct Employment Generation in Tourism (1999)
Sector
Number of Establishments Persons Employed
Accommodation
130 4,200 *
Restaurants, bars and night
clubs (outside hotels)
40
(tourism-related only)
400 *
Tour and Safari Operators
145 1,004 **
Professional Hunters and
Guides
904 ***
Travel Agencies,
Air Charter, Car Hire
45 300 *
Department of Tourism
84
Department of Wildlife and
National Parks
1,131
Customs and Immigration
513
TOTAL 8,536
Sources: *) Consultant’s Estimates **) Central Statistics Office ***) Dept. of Wildlife & National Parks
Approximately 1,550 persons were employed in the tourist accommodation sector in Gaborone,
882 in Maun/Okavango and 449 in the Kasane/Chobe area. This excludes persons
employed in tour operator communications and operations centres which are based mainly
in Maun, as well as persons employed in the tourism ancillary sector (e.g. shops, handicrafts,
banks, etc.).

MAP SHOW TOURIST ATTRACTION PLACE.

RESEARCH METHODS
The macro-analysis of tourism is based on the existing data published by the Ministry of
Tourism of His Majesty’s Government of Botswana and on the current government policy
pertaining to tourism.
Case studies on two different locations were undertaken. One site is a wildlife park in
Mokolodi that is located in the southern plains approximately 165 km from Gaborone.
The Game reserve was selected for this study in order to gain a better understanding of the
culture of wildlife camping and animal watching. The impact of its tourism activities on the
life-style of the That-us population was also analyzed. The other site chosen for the case
study is
Mauni a village one day travelling distance from Maun, the second busiest tourist destination
after Kang. Inhabited by the Tsodilo hill people, it is en-route to the Kang Base Camp, where
trekkers pass on their route to Tsodilo hill in western Botswana.
The two locations selected for the case studies are very different.
Together, they provided an overall picture of the country’s various kinds of on going tourism
activities, there by showing how these activities have affected the so & o-economic and
cultural lives of the Botswana people.
In-depth interviews were held both with the households engaged directly in tourism and also
with those who were not. The interviews were reinforced by semi-structured questionnaires
to collect information and opinions on the effects of tourism.

Field research: It is a research method which involves observations, surveys, experiments

and questionnaires

# I interviewed the tourism manager Mr Neil Whitson and some workers who
were working at the department.

Desk research: It is a research method which involves reading from the Library, newspapers
etc

# I read a book which had information about tourism in Botswana.

Continuation of field research

*What l observed
# I observed that this business started a long time ago and some companies have started
through tourism.

# Also so many foreign currency have been brought through this which helped the country
to have no problems to buy a lot of goods from other countries.

# I observed that many visitors enjoy staying at Botswana and to visit it due to its animals
therefore the economy is befitting.
Limitations of the study
1. The study is largely based on secondary information. Therefore it is difficult to quantify the
impact of tourism on the culture and environment. Though there have been numerous
studies related to tourism, these studies pertain to specific locations, which are not
representative of the country as a whole.

2. The case studies covers culturally diverse locations. One studies the impact of tourism on
an indigenous population of the Basarwa.
Although the case studies do not permit us to generalize, they attempt to provide a general
picture of tourism and its positive and negative effects on the culture, economy and
environment of Botswana.

-
The effects of tourism on culture in Nepal
3. Since interviewing the respondents was not based on any scientific sample surveys, the
results do not correlate directly to
the inferences which are drawn from the sample surveys.

The framework of the report

The study is divided into four chapters. Chapter I gives a brief introduction, complete with the
rationale, objectives, methodology and limitations of the study. Chapter II provides an
overview of the tourism sector in Botswana. It also presents government programmes and
objectives. Chapter
III and IV introduce two case studies and examine the impact of tourism on two different
groups of people who inhabit the plains of Nepal and the hill regions around the Annapurna
sanctuary. Based on the information generated by the study, Chapter V then offers some
recommendations to enhance the tourism industry in Botswana as well as to protect the
socio-cultural and ecological conditions of the country.
FOREIGN SAVINGS AND EARNING
GABORONE � Tourism director Tlhabologo Ndzinge says Mokolodi Nature Reserve tourist
activities "generate lots of income," which is then ploughed back into conservation.
Ndzinge said during a photographic exhibition of images from the reserve that Mokolodi,
a charitable organisation, focuses on the education of children for future needs of
Botswana.

A calendar depicting 13 winning pictures, she said, would be used in the Mokolodi 2005
calendar, to raise funds and keep the education ball rolling.

She said conservation education that was aimed at children was the single most
important investment in an ecologically sound future and that Mokolodi and her
department aimed to preserve the past and ensure a brighter future.

Ndzinge said the facility also supported the government's plan to develop Gaborone as a
tourism destination.

She said Mokolodi's success over the past few years had "certainly been made possible
by the cordial relationship that exists between the business community and the park
management.

CAUSES OF RETRENCHMENT, DISMISSAL AND

CONFLICTS
The causes of retrenchment
The causes of dismissal

*There are so many reasons which can cause dismissal. Usually a dismissal is a very bad
thing to be done to a person.

Causes

*Persistence of late coming

*Not knowing the procedures which are wanted for you to work perfectly
*Not working properly with others
*Treating customers badly
*Avoiding

PROCEDURES USED IN RECRUITMENT

HOW TOURISM HELPS BOTSWANA
The company helps Botswana in so many ways. It helps it to earn forex and also some
people are coming here in Botswana to help to buy drugs. For example the drug for HIV and
AIDS since this country has got a high rate in AIDS.

Benefits of tourism
Hotels and the activities of tourism create employment for the people of Botswana. Safari
companies employ people as drivers and tourist guides. Hotels employ chefs to cook for
tourists, housemaids to look after tourist rooms and waiters to serve tourists with food and
drinks. In addition, foreign tourists need immigration officials to help them with immigration
procedures when they enter and leave the country

Ways of promoting tourism

A] More hotels can be built
B] Staff working in the industry can be trained
C] Good roads leading to tourist centres can be built
D] Flights to places of interest can be introduced
E] There can be more advertising in the country’s neighbouring states and overseas

CONCLUsION
SOURCES OF INFORMATION BIBLIOGRAPHY
INFORMANTS
THE ROLE PLAYED BY TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

By Air
International flights from Europe, Domestic flights Internal flights between Gaborone,
Francistown, Maun and Kasane are available from Air Botswana. Botswana’s main airport is
Sir Seretse Khama in Gaborone. Most flights arriving in Botswana are from Johannesburg in
South Africa. Also when tourists want to move around they can use airplanes for safety.

By Car
There are several entry points by road to Botswana. In south at Gaborone providing access
from Johannesburg in the west providing access from Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe and
at Francistown in the east, providing access from Bulawayo. All road access is good and the
primary roads within Botswana are paved and well maintained. Tourists can be able to
move from one place to the other and to see animals around.

By bus
There is regular bus service from Johannesburg to Gaborone with taxes six hours. There is
also service from Windhoek [Namibia] via the capria strip, which will drop you in Chobe