E1. UNIT 01. Prehistory. Part 2 PDF

UNIT 1. PREHISTORY. PART II.
THE
NEOLITHIC AND METAL AGE
IN THIS PART OF THE UNIT...
●
We will see:
✔ The Neolithic economy and inventions
✔ Society, beliefs and art in the Neolithic period
✔ Metalworking activities and inventions
✔ Society and art in the Metal Age
✔ Prehistory in Spain
●
You will be able to:
✔ Organize logically the main changes of the Neolithic period
✔ Recognize and locate chronologically the different stages of the
Metal Age
✔ Point out the most important innovations during the Neolithic period
and Metal Age
✔ Distinguish the types of megalitism
✔ Make a little research about Prehistory in Spain
Slide 1
1. THE NEOLITHIC ECONOMY
AND INVENTIONS
●
The Neolithic period began around 10000
B.C. and ended around 4500 B.C.
●
Due to a global warming, temperatures on
Earth increased gradually.
●
People had to change their way of life,
becoming agriculturalists and farmers.
●
The region where the first remains of
agriculture and livestock farming appeared
is called the Fertile Crescent, a half-moon
shaped area which is located between the
mouth of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, up
to the middle and ending course of the Nile.
Slide 2
AND INVENTIONS
Slide 3
AND INVENTIONS
Wheat, barley
Rice
Corn
Slide 4
AND INVENTIONS
Slide 5
AND INVENTIONS
TASK 9
Look at the map of the previous slide
attentively and answer: how did the
agriculture and livestock come to
Europe?
Slide 6
AND INVENTIONS
●
The Neolithic
economy was
productive, which
means that people
got by thanks to
agriculture and
livestock.
●
People had
observed some
kinds of plants
since long time ago The main crops were
before they grow it. cereals: wheat, barley, rice
or corn.
Slide 7
AND INVENTIONS
●
Animals were
domesticated
after a long
process.
●
They were
The main domesticated animals confined in pens
were dogs, sheeps, goats, cattle
(cows, bulls and oxen), pigs and
and were used as
horses. a meat source
The domestication of animals, when hunting
adapting them for human use,
added a reliable source of meat, became scarce.
milk and wool. Animal could also
be used to do work.
Slide 8
AND INVENTIONS
●
These new activities
favoured a sedentary
way of life.
●
Hamlets and farming
settlements arose,
being located close
to rivers.
●
Houses were made
Neolithic houses of Stonehenge,
of stone or adobe Wiltshire, UK.
and were covered by
a mixture of
branches and clay
as a roof.
Slide 9
AND INVENTIONS
Neolithic settlement of Chatal Huyuk (6500-5700 B.C.). Turkey
Slide 10
AND INVENTIONS
Ideal reconstruction of Chatal Huyuk (Turkey). Notice that there were

no streets; the entrance of the houses was situated over the roof. As
you can see, the Neolithic hamlets were getting increasingly bigger,
being the direct ancestors of the first cities.
Slide 11
AND INVENTIONS
●
“Neolithic”
means “New
Stone”. It refers
to a new
technique to
make stone tools:
polishing.
●
Rough edges
were eliminated
and tools became Hoe (azada). It was used to
work the ground.
more resistant.
Slide 12
AND INVENTIONS
Hand mill (molino de mano). It was

used to grind the grain.
Stone sickle (hoz). It was used
to harvest the crops.
Slide 13
AND INVENTIONS
Hoe, sickles and hand mill.

Slide 14
AND INVENTIONS
●
Pottery was
invented in the
Neolithic period.
●
It was made by
hand from clay
then baked in a
fire.
●
It was used to
Neolithic pottery. Archeological cook food, to
National Museum. Madrid
store seeds and
keep liquids in.
Slide 15
AND INVENTIONS
●
Basketry
(cestería) was
another Neolithic
invention.
●
Baskets were
used to store
seeds and grains.
Neolithic Basketry from The
cave of the bats. Granada
Slide 16
AND INVENTIONS
●
Textiles were
made on looms
from wool, cotton
and linen.
Neolithic loom
Slide 17
2. SOCIETY, BELIEFS AND ARTS
IN THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD
●
The Neolithic ●
Other groups
population were
increased, while distinguished by
hamlets were their wealth and
getting bigger. power.
●
Social inequalities
appeared for the
●
People
first time: specialized in
inhabitants who certain jobs:
were leaders and there were
coordinated artisans, farmers,
defence and the herdsmen.
Slide 18
use of water.
The
specialisation
of work
Slide 19
●
The Neolithic
period was the
first time where
people started to
interchange their
products.
●
It is supposed to
be the beginning
of the trade and
Barter (trueque) was the first
kind of trade in History.
the birth of
traders.
Slide 20
●
Some people think
that religions
appeared in the
Neolithic period.
●
Religiosity was
focused on
astrological entities
(sun, moon), related
to the sowing and
harvesting season;
the mother goodess Seated mother goodess of Chatal
(fertility); and Huyuk (6000-5500 B.C.). Turkey.
Beliefs in mother goodess were
afterlife. directly connected to Palaeolithic
Slide 21
Venus.
●
During the
Neolithic period,
the most
representative
forms of art had
to do with pottery
(that was
decorated in a
variety of ways)
and schematic
cave paintings.
Phallic dancing (6500-5000
B.C.). Cogull, Lleida.
Slide 22
TASK 10
Make a scheme about the Neolithic
period. This scheme should consist of
Neolithic definition, chronology,
economy, inventions, society, beliefs and
arts.
TIP
To make a good scheme, follow the next steps:
➢
Revise your notes and select the main concepts or points.
➢
Divide them into categories (definition, chronology, economy,…)
➢
Select the most suitable kind of scheme
➢
Put the concepts into the scheme in a logical order
Slide 23
3. METALWORKING
ACTIVITIES AND INVENTIONS
●
The birth of Metal Age took place in the
Fertile Crescent around 4500 B.C. and
it continued up until 1000 B.C.
Copper Age (4500 B.C.).
METAL AGE Bronze Age (2200 B.C.).
Iron Age (1500 B.C.).
Slide 24
3. METALWORKING
COPPER
●
The first remains
of copper were
found in Anatolia
(Turkey).
●
Copper is weak
and it can be
deformed easily. Copper cup from Los Millares.
Almería
●
It was mostly
used for
Slide 25
adornments.
3. METALWORKING
BRONZE
●
It was invented in
Mesopotamia
around 2200 B.C.
●
Bronze is an alloy
(aleación) of
copper and tin.
●
It is more
resistant than
Bronze swords from Micenas copper, so it was
(1300-1100 B.C.) Greece
used for weapons.
Slide 26
3. METALWORKING
IRON
●
It was found in
Anatolia (1500
B.C.)
●
Ovens that
produced high
temperatures were
needed to make
iron.
Iron chest
●
Iron is stronger,
more resistant and
Slide 27
malleable.
3. METALWORKING
TASK 11
Complete the following table with the
information required:
COPPER BRONZE IRON
CHRONOLOGY
AND LOCATION
CHARACTERISTICS
USE
Slide 28
3. METALWORKING
METALWORKING
●
There were three metalworking
techniques that evolved gradually.
Blacksmiths worked metal in a cold state

COLD STATE
by striking it with a hammer.
Blacksmiths heated metal in a forge and then

HEATING
gave shape to it by striking with a hammer.
Metal was melted in a furnace (fragua).

Liquid metal was poured into moulds
FOUNDRY
with the shape of the object. When it was cool,
the metal object was polished.
Slide 29
3. METALWORKING
TASK 12
Identify the metalworking

technique that each
image represents. Give
reasons for each
identification.
Slide 30
3. METALWORKING
Metalworking process
Slide 31
3. METALWORKING
OTHER INVENTIONS
●
The wheel enabled
the invention of
the cart. More and
heavier products
could be
transported,
covering long
distances.
●
Potter’s wheel
allowed a higher
pottery production.
Slide 32
3. METALWORKING
OTHER
INVENTIONS
●
The ground could
be worked in less
time and more
efficiently thanks
to the invention
of the plough.
●
The plough was
pulled by oxen or
donkeys.
Slide 33
3. METALWORKING
OTHER INVENTIONS
●
The sail allowed to
make boats that were
powered by the wind.
●
Fluvial and sea trade
was highly
developed.
●
Long routes
connected the Fertile
Crescent to Western
and Central Europe,
looking for metals.
Slide 34
3. METALWORKING
ECONOMY
●
Agriculture and livestock farming still
were the main economic activities.
●
However, farmers lived together with
craftmen (people who manufactured
pottery objects, baskets or textiles),
traders and blacksmiths.
●
The specialisation of work kept getting
more complex.
Slide 35
3. METALWORKING
Slide 36
3. METALWORKING
ECONOMY
●
The agricultural production grew due
to the use of iron in some agriculture
tools (sickles, hoes and ploughs). This
allowed the increment of the
population.
●
Trade was also benefited from the
growth of agricultural production
(more crops were available).
●
The search of metals and the transport
Slide 37
innovations increased the exchanges.
3. METALWORKING
TASK 13
Look at these images and relate them with their
corresponding activity. You should also say what were
the main consequences of these innovations.
Agriculture / Trade / Crafts
Image 1. Sumerian battle cart. Image 2

2500 B.C.
Slide 38
3. METALWORKING
Image 3
Image 4
Slide 39
4. SOCIETY AND ART IN THE
METAL AGE
●
The population
continued to
increase.
●
Settlements were
situated in high
places, areas that
were easily
defendable.
●
Defensive structures,
such as palisades
and stone walls, were
built surrounding
settlements.
Slide 40
METAL AGE
●
Houses were
circular or
rectangular, with
wooden or adobe
walls and roofs
made of straw
and branches.
●
Some settlements
became cities.
Slide 41
METAL AGE
●
Due to the presence of walls or
palisades and weapons among the
main remains from metal age
settlements, historians suggest that
the society were more violent.
●
Probably, there were conflicts between
settlements because of the access to
the metal sources and the control of
metal routes and trade.
●
It is thought that the first rulers
appeared in this context.
Slide 42
METAL AGE
●
Megalithic
monuments are
the main artistic
remains from the
Metal Age.
●
The Megalithic
architecture was
based on large
stones called
megaliths. Menhir. A megalith can be
various metres tall and weigh
several tons.
Slide 43
METAL AGE
●
A menhir is a
large stone
placed vertically
in the ground.
●
It could be used
to mark territory,
to venerate the
Sun or to avoid
malign souls.
Menhir from Champ-Dolent.
French Britain
Slide 44
METAL AGE
●
Sometimes, numerous menhirs were
placed on the ground like a row,
forming a stone row.
Stone row from
Carnac. France.
Slide 45
METAL AGE
●
A dolmen is like a chamber formed by
two or three vertical stones supporting
an horizontal stone.
Slide 46
METAL AGE
●
Some dolmens has an additional
passageway, which is why they are
called corridor tombs.
Corridor dolmen from Menga. Antequera. Malaga
Slide 47
METAL AGE
●
A cromlech or stone circle consists of
some menhirs placed in a circle. They
could have been used as sanctuary for
an agrarian or solar cult.
Stonehenge (1845-1500
B.C.). UK
Slide 48
METAL AGE
●
Megalithic monuments are supposed
to be strongly related to some cults or
beliefs, as we have seen.
●
As in Neolithic period, people in Metal
Age still venerated the forces of the
nature: the Sun, the Moon.
●
In fact, some cromlechs, as
Stonehenge, are thought to be
astrological observatories or
sanctuaries.
Slide 49
METAL AGE
TASK 14
Identify the metalithic monument that is
related to each image. Then, describe it
and say what is its main function.
Image 1 Image 2 Image 3
Slide 50
5. PREHISTORY IN SPAIN
PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD
●
The first human remains in Spain were found
in Granada (Orce man) and Atapuerca (Homo
antecessor).
●
The homo antecessor was a homo erectus
variety, the most ancient in Europe. It was
hunter-gatherer.
●
During the Upper Palaeolithic period, the homo
Neanderthalensis and homo sapiens inhabited
the peninsula’s territory.
●
Naturalistic cave paintings of Altamira and
schematic cave paintings in Eastern Spain
Slide 51
belong to the end of the Palaeolithic period.
Ideal reconstruction of
Homo antecessor
Archeological
excavation in
Atapuerca. Burgos.
Slide 52
NEOLITHIC PERIOD
●
Neolithic changes came to Iberian
peninsula from the Near East (Oriente
Próximo) via the Mediterranean and
North Africa.
●
There were two main cultures in this
period: tumulus culture from Catalonia
and cardium pottery culture from
Levante.
Slide 53
Tumulus tomb. Barcelona

Slide 54
Cardium pottery was made incising a

shell over the surface of the clay
before it was baked.
Slide 55
COPPER AGE
●
The Copper Age in Spain is
chronologically situated between 3000
and 1700 B.C.
●
It was focused on the settlement of
Los Millares (Almería).
●
This period was characterized by
walled settlements, dolmens and
corridor tombs.
Slide 56
Settlement and corridor tomb. Los

Millares.
Slide 57
BRONZE AGE
●
The Copper Age in Spain is
chronologically situated between 1700
and 1000 B.C.
●
There were two main cultures:
➢
The culture of El Argar extended from
Almeria to Granada. It was characterised
by its dark pottery.
➢
The Balearic Islands culture is well
known thanks to its Megalithic
monuments (Taula, Talaiot and Naveta).
Slide 58
Taula, Talaiot and Naveta.
Slide 59
IRON AGE
●
The Iron Age in Spain was present
during the first millenium B.C.
●
The use of the iron was introduced by
the Celtic people coming from Europe;
and by Phoenician and Greek
colonists.
●
In this period, there also were other
people: Iberians and Tartessians.
Slide 60
Slide 61
TASK 16
Make a little research about one of the
following topics related to Prehistory in
Spain:
➢
Atapuerca and homo antecessor
➢
Altamira Cave
➢
The settlement of Los Millares
➢
The Menga Cave
➢
Naveta des Tudons (Balearic Islands
Slide 62
culture)
HOW TO MAKE A LITTLE RESEARCH
●
Make a search using Internet or an
encyclopaedia (there is a good one you can use
in the reading corner). You can also go to the
library.
●
Pick up the information you consider more
useful, including images.
●
Make a writing draft using between ten and
twenty lines. You have to write about:
chronology, location, description, function and
why you think it is important.
●
Finally, write out (pasa a limpio) your research
on a piece of paper or a posterboard (cartulina).
Slide 63
HISTORICAL CONCEPTS LIST
e r tile TASK 17
F
The cent,
Cres ctive Define these historic
u concepts on your notebook
prod ony, , basing on what we have
e c o m tt e r y
, p o seen in the Unit. You
i s h ing y, should use from two to five
po l e t r
bask ation of lines, depending on the
c ia lis ter, concept.
spe rk, bar el,
wo y, whe , Learn how to define in
u n d r n h ir
fo , m e History consulting the next
l o u g h
to m b, link:
p id or o
c o r r h o m
l e c h, https://jaimegeografiaehist
crom cessor oria.wordpress.com/2016/07/
ante 08/how-to-define-in-history
/
Slide 64

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UNIT 1. PREHISTORY. PART II.

Neolithic settlement of Chatal Huyuk (6500-5700 B.C.). Turkey

Ideal reconstruction of Chatal Huyuk (Turkey). Notice that there were

Hand mill (molino de mano). It was

Hoe, sickles and hand mill.

METAL AGE Bronze Age (2200 B.C.).

Iron Age (1500 B.C.).

Blacksmiths worked metal in a cold state

Blacksmiths heated metal in a forge and then

Metal was melted in a furnace (fragua).

Identify the metalworking

Image 1. Sumerian battle cart. Image 2

Corridor dolmen from Menga. Antequera. Malaga

Tumulus tomb. Barcelona

Cardium pottery was made incising a

Settlement and corridor tomb. Los

Taula, Talaiot and Naveta.

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