CHAPTER 13 -MOTION AND TIME

A. MEASUREMENT OF MOTION:
Motion- An object is said to be in motion when its position changes w.r.t. time and its surroundings
Speed: -Rate of change of motion .It can also be expressed as distance covered by an object in unit time.
Speed=Total distance travelled / total time taken
S=D/T
Basic Unit of Speed= m/s
Units can also be expressed in km/h, m/min
Uniform Motion: When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is said to have
uniform motion and is said to be moving with a uniform speed
Non-Uniform Motion: When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time , the body is said to
have non uniform motion and is said to be moving with a non uniform speed.
Speedometer is an instrument on vehicle’s dashboard which indicates the speed of the vehicle while it is
running.
Odometer is an instrument for measuring the distance travelled by the vehicle.
(Draw diagram for both)

B. MEASUREMENT OF TIME:
Earliest method of telling time was the position of sun in the sky.
The increase and decrease in the size of shadow during the daytime was used in Sundials to measure time.
Some historical sundials still exist in India. One such sundial is at Jantar Mantar in Delhi which was built by
Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur.
Romans used Sand Clocks. It works on the principle that all sand from one chamber falls into the lower
chamber in a fixed interval of time(Hour).
Water Clocks also work on the similar principle.
One of the modern devices for measuring time is a Simple Pendulum which was invented by a scientist
named Galileo Galilie. He established that the time period for a given pendulum remains constant.
Pendulum Clock- A pendulum clock has a simple pendulum attached to it but it has disadvantage as they
are big and bulky. Nowadays they have been replaced by quartz clock which have an electric circuit with 1
or more cells.

C. SIMPLE PENDULUM- (Draw Diagram)

It consists of a small metal ball (bob) suspended from a rigid support O, by a thread.
Oscillation- One complete to and fro movement of the pendulum bob is called Oscillation. A Pendulum is
said to have made one oscillation, if it moves from B to C through A and then back to C through A.
Time Period- Time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation. This depends on the length of the
thread of the pendulum.

D. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF MOTION.

1. Distance and Time graph for Uniform motion. If it is a straight line inclined to both the axis, the
object is moving at constant speed (It is a uniform motion)
As the speed is constant, the distance travelled is directly proportional to time so the graph is straight line
incline to both the X and Y axis.
2. Distance and Time graph for Non-uniform motion. If the graph is not a straight line (curved)
then the object is changing its speed (non-uniform motion)
3. Stationary Body/ a Body at rest- If it is a horizontal line parallel to time (X)axis, then the speed of
the object is zero (object is stationary ).
DRAW DITANCE TIME LINE GRAPH FOR TABLE 13.5 AND 13.6
 NUMERICALS
Q) The distance between two stations is 240km. A train takes 4 hours to cover the distance. Calculate
the speed of the train.
Solution:Given: Distance =240 km Time=4 hr Speed=?
Speed=Distance/Time
Speed=240/4 =60 Km/hr
The speed of the train is 60 Km/hr
Q) The odometer of a car reads 57321.0 km when the clock shows the time 08:30 AM. What is the
distance moved by the car, if at 08:50 AM, the odometer reading has changed to 57336.0 Km?
Calculate the speed of the car in Km/min during this time. Express the speed in Km/hr also.
Solution: Reading at the odometer on 8:30 AM = 57321.0 km
Reading on the odometer on 8:50 AM =57336.0 km
Distance travelled in 20 min = 15 km
S=D/T
Speed=15 km /20 min = ¾ km/min = 0.75 km/min
60 min= 1 h 1 min= 1/60 h 20min= 20/60 h = 1/3 h
Therefore speed= 15/ 1/3 km/h= 15*3 km/h= 45 km/h
Q) Salma takes 15 min from her house to reach her school on a bicycle. If is the bicycle has a speed of
2m/s , calculate the distance between her school and her house.
Solution: Since Speed =2m/s Distance=?
Time = 15*60=900 seconds
Distance= Speed * Time
D=2 m/s *900 s =1800 m
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Q1) A car covered a distance of 450 Km/hr in 9 hours. Calculate the speed of the car.
Solution: Given: Distance = 450km Time= 9hr
Speed=Distance/Time
Therefore Speed = 450/9 = 50Km/hr
The speed of the car is 50km/hr
Q2) A sprinter attains a maximum speed of 10m/s What will be his speed in Km/hr.
Solution: Here we convert 10 meters into kilometres by dividing it by 1000 and since there are 60*60 sec in
1 hour. We will multiply by 60*60.
So, speed = 10m/s
= (10*60*60)/1000 = 36Km/hr
Q3) A man riding a scooter travels a distance of 50 meters in 20sec. What is the speed of scooter?
Solution: Distance =50 meters Time = 20 sec
Speed =Distance/Time
= 50/20 =1.5 m/sec
1.5 m/sec is the speed of the scooter
Q4) A pendulum takes 25sec to complete 20 oscillations. What is the Time Period of a pendulum?
Q5) A bus travels with a speed of 60Km/Hr for first 20 minutes and then with the speed of 80Km/Hr for
next 15 minutes. Find the total distance travelled by the bus. Express the answer in meter.

Q6) You have made a pendulum by tying a stone to a string. Its time period is one second. You want to
reduce the time period. How will you achieve this?

Q7) Convert 108 km/h to m/s

Q8) A car moves with a speed of 40 km/h for 15 minutes and then with a speed of 60 km/h for the next 15
minutes. The total distance covered by the car is:

Q9) Rohan covers a distance of 10 km by running with uniform speed of 4.5 km/hr. Sohan runs 1.2 km in 15
minutes. Who runs faster?

Q10) If a car travels 600 m in 5minutes, find its speed in m/s.

Q11) If a simple pendulum has time period of 6s then find the number of oscillations oscillated by it in one
minute.

Q 12) Find the time taken by an object to cover a distance 10km with the speed 20km/hr.

Q13) Comment on the type of motion of the object depicted in the distance time graphs.