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Frost Deposition on Cold Surfaces

P. 1. Thibaut Brian, Robert C. Reid, and Yatish T. Shah'


Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 31ass. 02139

Water frosts were deposited on a liquid nitrogen-cooled plate from a humid air stream. The plate formed
the bottom of a high-aspect wind tunnel. Reynolds numbers were varied from 3770 to 15,800, gas-phase
humidities from dew points of 14" to 58"F, and gas temperature from 34" to 93°F. Frost densities and
thermal conductivities were determined and the heat and mass fluxes measured. The data were correlated
b y a simple analytical model which emphasized the internal diffusion processes within the frost. Density
measurements were also made within the thin frost layer. These measurements indicated that within the
accuracy of the method used there are no significant density gradients in the frost. This result, though not
thoroughly explained, i s believed due to a combination of internal diffusion and nucleation with particle
transfer by thermal diffusion forces.

PROCESSES in which heat is transferred to a refrigerated


surface with the simultaneous deposition of a frost layer
is still not completely clear, and various mathematical models
have been proposed. These are discussed below.
are important in gas coolers, refrigerators, regenerators, The experimental studies reported in this paper concen-
freeze-out purification of gases, cryopumping, and the storage trated on the properties of water frost deposited from a
of cryogenic liquids. Frost will form on a cold surface having a turbulent, humid air stream onto a liquid nitrogen-cooled
temperature below the dew point of the condensable compo- surface. Measurements were made of the frost density and
nent, if that temperature is also less than the freezing point. thermal conductivity as a function of time for various values
I n general, for small temperature differences between the bulk of the gas-phase Reynolds number, humidity, and gas tem-
gas and the frost surface, the condensable component will be perature. I n the analytical study various models of the frost-
transported to the wall as a vapor by molecular and turbulent ing process were proposed, and time variations of the frost
diffusional processes. If these temperatures are known, heat properties were calculated and compared with the experi-
and mass fluxes can be predicted with the usual transport mental values.
correlations. If, on the other hand, there are large temperature A summary of the literature dealing with similar frosting
differences between the gas and wall, the condensable compo- studies is given elsewhere (Biguria, 1968; Biguria and Wenzel,
nent may freeze out or fog in the vicinity of the wall. Particle 1970; Brian et al., 1969).
impingement or trapping of the particles on the surface then
becomes the dominant mechanism of frost deposition. This Experimental
type of deposition is, however, usually of short duration-
that is, after a short while, the frost deposited has insulated The experimental equipment and operational techniques
the cold surface and, in effect, has imposed a thermal resis- were similar to those described by Brazinsky (Brazinsky,
tance which results in a sufficiently high frost surface tem- 1967; Brian et al., 1969). The experimental setup is schemat-
perature so that a diffusional mechanism of gas-phase mass ically described in Figure 1.
transport predominates. Humid air passed over a liquid nitrogen-cooled flat copper
As additional frost deposits upon this cold surface and plate inserted in the bottom of a high-aspect-ratio rectang-
further insulates the surface, the rate of heat transfer from ular wind tunnel. Frost deposited on the plate and, as
the warm gas to the cold surface decreases. After an initial the thickness of the frost increased, the copper plate was
transient period (in which the heat flux decreases), numerous lowered so as to keep the frost surface always flush with the
bottom of the wind tunnel. T h e independent parameters
investigators have observed that the heat transfer rate levels varied were Reynolds number (3770 to 15,800), gas phase
off and becomes essentially constant with time, even though humidity (dew points of 14' to 58"F), gas temperature
frost continues to accumulate on the surface. Reid et al. (1966) (34' to 93"F), and time of deposition (up to 180 minutes).
concluded that this "steady-state" heat transfer rate could During a run, temperatures within the frost and a t the
frost surface were measured, as were the heat flux and frost
be explained only by postulating that the frost layer densifies thickness. At the end of a run, a sample of the frost was cut out
with time. During densification, the frost thermal conduc- and weight determined; from the volume and weight of the
tivity increases very substantially, presumably because of sample, the average density was determined. By making a
greater interparticle contact. T h e fact that frost densification number of runs with all independent variables constant, but
just counterbalances the increasing mass of frost so as to keep for different lengths of time, the average frost density could
be determined as a function of deposition time. Further
the frost thermal resistance constant with time is surely no details are given elsewhere (Shah, 1968).
coincidence; the great sensitivity of the densification rate The average thermal conductivity of the frost was cal-
to the frost surface temperature results in a high-gain feedback culated from heat flux, surface temperature, and thickness
effect which keeps the surface temperature almost constant measurements; the local thermal conductivity within the frost
was calculated from the heat flux and temperature gradients
with time (Brian et al., 1969). The mechanism of densification within the frost. Temperature gradients were obtained by
differentiating experimental temperature-distance profiles
1 Present address, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. such as shown in Figure 2. The data shown in this figure
13214 were obtained by means of thermocouples placed a t known

Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., Vol. 9, No. 3, 1970 375


,

Figure 1 . Flowsheet of equipment

Experimental Conditions IO' I 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I I 1

Re =15,800;Humidity=Gas dew point at 30°F; Experimental Data :


Frosting time = 79 minutes Gas Cold Surface System
-
LL
Temperature Temperature
93OF I5OF
Conditions
Frost i n g
o 75OF 8OF Frosting
"F
- -80
+
L
.c
A
0
58F
34F
5OF
2OF
Frosting
Frosting
\ o 82OF - I I05 F Non-Frosting
!? 3
I-
m
- Theoretical Predictions under
v Non -Frosting Conditions
9. c
E -160 C
f / -1 .-
0)
V
- F 10.0
- 0
0)

- V

- &i
w-
- C
Ln
0
- $ 0
- +
0 0
0 Tg =93OF, T,= 15OF
I ,

0
I I I I

0.05
I , ,

0.10
I I I I

0.15
0)
I @ T g = 7PF, Ts = 8OF
Distance from Cold Wall (inches) @ Tg =50°F, Ts = 5OF
Figure 2. End of run temperature profile within frost @ T, =34OF, Ts = 2OF

distances from the cold plate. For each set of system condi-
tions, the temperature profiles were obtained for the runs
with different deposition times. These profiles indicated that I .o I I I I I I I 1 I 1

during the transient state of the frosting process, the tem- 2x10~ io4 4x11
perature a t any depth within the frost decreases with an Reynolds Number
increase in the deposition time (Shah, 1968). For a few system
conditions, the temperature profiles were obtained for two Figure 3. Heat transfer coefficient vs. Reynolds number
identical repeat runs. These profiles were found to be in agree- (at various gas temperatures) under frosting and nonfrost-
ment within 10% deviation in the temperature values. ing conditions
Typical experimental results are shown below, when a
comparison with analytically predicted values is made. It Gas-phase mass transfer coefficients were calculated using the
can be noted in Figure 3, however, that using the measured Lewis analogy (Eckert and Drake, 1955) and the theoretical
frost surface temperature and experimental heat fluxes, values for the heat transfer coefficient are shown in Figure 3.
calculated gas-phase heat transfer coefficients agreed well This technique led to the predicted values of the mass transfer
(within 10%) with those predicted from the theoretical equa- coefficient shown in Figure 4. Experimental values of this
tion of Sleicher and Tribus (1957) for heat transfer in the coefficient were obtained from the mass deposition rate data
entrance region. The theory assumes a nonfrosted flat plate, and the water vapor partial pressure in the bulk gas and at
whereas in the experiment there is obviously an effect of a the frost surface, the latter being assumed to be the vapor
rough surface. Other experiments, not described here, wherein pressure of ice at the frost surface temperature. There is some
dry nitrogen gas was passed over the nonfrosted copper test Bcatter, which is believed to be due to slight inaccuracies in
plate yielded heat transfer coefficients within 3% of those the surface temperature measurements, but the agreement
predicted using the Sleicher and Tribus method noted above. between theory and experiment is satisfactory.

376 Ind. Eng. C h h . Fundam., Vol. 9, No. 3, 1970


Simple Analytical Model of Frosting Process

A microscopic, detailed examination of the frosting process Table 1. Empirical Correlation of Frost Thermal Con-
ductivity with Average Frost Density and Temperature
would reveal it to be extremely complex. The movement
of water vapor to the frost surface, if temperatures in the gas Equation Conditions
boundary layer are not too low, is believed to be similar to
other gas-phase transport processes. While not simple, such
IC,3.875
= x 10-6~1.441+ 4.08 x 10-9
- 0.025)Ta.0S5
(PI T
> 0.025
< 460
processes are describable and amenable to predictive calcula-
tions. Heat transfer and deposition rates will, however, be a
IC, +
= 8.49 X 10-'7T5~44 6.86 X p / > 0.025
(fit - 0.025)T4.84 T > 460
function of the frost surface temperature and therefore of the
properties of the frost layer. The frost is not a simple thermal
+ 8.17 X 10-6p,T'.74
k f = 6.58 X 10-6T1.272 < 0.025
T < 460
resistance. The thickness increases with deposition time, the p, in g/cma; IC, in Btu/hr-ft-OIt; T i n OR.
density increases (whether or not deposition occurs) as it
matures, and the resulting average thermal conductivity is a
function of time as well as deposition conditions. As noted
I I I I I I I I I I I
earlier, however, all studies of heat transfer across a frost
layer have shown that the heat flux soon becomes almost lxperimental Data :
constant with time, even though the thickness continues to Gas Cold Surface
increase. With constant gas-phase conditions, this would lead Tempe rat u re Te mp e r atu re
one to predict that during the period of quasi-steady heat 0 93OF + 15OF
flux, the frost surface temperature also becomes essentially 0 75°F + 8OF
time-independent. This assertion was shown to be true in A 5OoF t 5OF
earlier work (Brian et al., 1969) and also in the present studies. 0 34OF + 2OF
A very simple analytical model may be formulated during
this quasi-steady-state heat transfer portion of a frosting - Theoretical Predictions from
process. The development of the model is summarized else- Lewis Analogy
where (Brian et al., 1969). A key assumption in this model
is that water vapor diffuses away from the frost-gas surface
into the colder frost interior by virtue of the equilibrium
partial pressure gradient corresponding to the temperature
gradient existing a t the surface. I n some "undefined" way,
this water penetrates the frost to produce a frost of uniform
density, though this density is time-variant. This assumption
is examined in detail later and some experiments are described
to support the model.
The three basic equations which must be solved are as

i
follows: 0
Energy Balance
@ Tg=93OF; Ts=15OF
@ Tg=75OF, T s = 8OF
9 = h ( T , - T,) + - P , ) A ~ T= ICf9s(dT/dz)s= O Tg =5OoF, Ts = 5°F
i , V S- T,)/6 (1) @ T, = 34OF, Ts= 2?
Mass Balance
'"2x IO 3 ~ 1 0 ~
N Kg(pg - PA) = Pi(ds/d) + 6(dp,/de) (2)
103

Internal Diffusion
(dp,/W = -PVA[(I - P , / P ~ ~ ~ ) / ~ I ( ~ T(3)
/~&
I n addition, one must have, for water frost, a relationship
of the form k , = f(T, p,). For water frost deposited on a flat
plate, such a correlation was developed from the present
experimental data (Shah, 1968) and the data of Brazinsky
(Brazinsky, 1967; Brian et al., 1969). Expressed analytically,
this correlation yields the equations shown in Table I.
Also, to solve Equations 1 to 3, initial values of 6 and pf
are required. To test the applicability of the model, initial
values of 6 and p , were chosen equal to the first experimental
values taken in a frosting test. The equations were then
solved by finite difference techniques, using a digital computer
to predict the time variation of frost thickness, total mass de-
posited, average frost density, and heat flux. The predicted
values are shown and compared with experimental values in
Figures 5 and 6 for several widely differing deposition condi-
tions. The agreement is excellent. The conclusion one can
draw from comparisons such as those illustrated in Figures
5 and 6 is that, given only initial values of p , and 6, with a
- 0.40
System Conditions
R e = 14,700
G 0.30
HumidityZGas dew point

"'
e
t 0.20
.-

:0.10 0.15
at 29.2"F
Tg= 7 O o F

I C - 0 - 0 -v
0.14
> 0,13
0

N
-
*
A
.-
1,000
t
/ A'
0
Y

LL

$ 0.04

40 80 120
Time (rnins.) Time (rnins.)
Figure 5. Experimental facts and theoretical predictions
of the effect of gas temperature on time variation of frost
properties and heat and mass fluxes 0,05- einitioi 3 0 mins.
0 Re = 5 7 9 0 ; humidity = gas dew point a t 27.2 OF; T, = 3 4 O F I I I I I 1
A Re = 5 1 0 0 ; humidity = gas dew point a t 27.4 OF; T, = 9 3 OF

-- Theoretical curve

correlating p , with the independent system parameters a t


zero time or correlating both p , and 6 with independent system
parameters a t any arbitrary time if the experimental data are
available.
1 0.041
Variable Density Model

Even though the simple model presented above accurately


predicts the time variation in heat flux and frost properties,
one might question the assumption that the frost density is
t T. i constant throughout the layer while being time-dependent.
I n fact, the simple model disregards completely any processes
occurring within the frost.
As the key concept of the simple niodel was that water
2 20 60 100 140 0 40 80 120 160 vapor diffused from the frost surface int,o the interior by a n
Time (inins.) Time (mins.) equilibrium partial pressure gradient, it seemed logical to
Figure 6. Experimental facts and theoretical predictions extend this assunipt,ion to include the entire frost layer-
of the effect of gas temperature on variation of frost prop- t,hat is, one might postulate that the time-variant frost densi-
erties and heat and mass fluxes with time fication results solely from subliination processes between
A Re = 8 4 3 0 ; humidity = gas dew point a t 29.8 O F ; T, = 52 OF frost layers at different temperatures. At each point within the
0 Re = 8000; humidity = gas dew paint a t 30.4 OF; T , = 7 6 O F - frost there is assumed to be equilibrium between the solid
-- Theoretical predictions of simple model
and water vapor. With this concept as a basis, one cannot
assume that the frost density is uniform wit'h depth. I n fact,
For a given set of frosting conditions, the choice of p , a t solutions of the partial differential equat'ioiis describing
0 = 0 was found (Shah, 19:s) to be important in predicting heat and mass transport within the frost will lead to predic-
iiumerical values of p , and 6 a t later times, but the rate of tions of the density'and temperature profiles as well as the
change of p , and 6 a t long times was nearly independent of the thickness and heat flux a t different, times. These equations,
choice of the initial average frost density. This finding, while together with the details of their numerical solution, are given
interesting, still does not aid one in an a priori estimation elsewhere (Shah, 1968). An example of the results of the
of sonie starting values of 6 and p , for the analytical model. numerical solution is shown in Figure 7 .
It is possible, however, that the problem of obtaining starting The results in Figure 7 are computed for a hypothetical
values of 6 and p , might be resolved by either empirically run a t a Reynolds number of 14,700, a gas humidity corre-

378 Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., Val. 9, No. 3, 1 9 7 0


- 1 - - i T T - I l l l l l l i l ~
Curves Generoted by
Simple Model o Average Density of the Entire Frost Layer
A Density of the Bottom 0.0625" Thick
Curves Generoted b y Frost Layer
S Variable D e n s i t y o Density of the Bottom 0.12 5 " T h i c k
800 Frost Loyer

Experimental Conditions
''I7- -
Re = 15,800
0.16 - H u m i d i t y = G a s dew point at 29.8v
30 35 40 45 50 -
-- Tg = 7 l 0 F
Time ( m i n s )
0,20 I -1 0.14
m 0.15
U
VI
v) Svstem Conditions 1:. 0.13 -- A / 9 4 .

bIy
c
a)
c l-
X n) - -
n 0.12
V Q

0.11 - -
.- $ c.10-
c
ln-
0
0,14
0
30
. 1
35
2
40
H u m i d i t y = G a s dew p o i n t

L
45
-
a t 29.2OF
A
50
f
. ~
0.09 -
0.08
- :/: -
-
-
Time ( m i n s . ) 0.07 - -
1 om - -

0,08 vr i F i g u r e 9.
Time (min. )
Density distribution within frost as function of t i m e
0,O7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
30 35 40 45 50
Time (mins.) the end of the run varied between 0.091 aiid 0.256 inch. T o
F i g u r e 8. C o m p a r i s o n of t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s of s i m p l e
sample the frost at the end of each run, a coring tube was
and v a r i a b l e density models constructed by gluing together 0.0625-inch polystyrene rings.
When a frost saniple was removed with this tube, the 0.0625-
iuch rings (with frost) could easily be separated with a cold
sponding to a dew point of 29.2'F, and a gas temperature of razor blade in a -20'F cold room. The density of each seg-
70'F. Results for other conditions were qualitatively similar. ment was determined by measuring the frost volume and
For the results in Figure 7 , the calculation was started a t a mass. The results of these tests are shown in Figure 9. Though
time of 30 minutes with a frost layer 0.14 inch thick of uniform the density varied for runs of different length, the frost den-
density equal to 0.076 gram per cc. This layer was then sity on the bottom 0.0625-inch layer was always essentially
exposed to the 70°F gas with a dew point of 29.2'F. As addi- the same as the average density for the entire layer. With the
tional frost deposited, internal diffusion of water vapor caused help of repeat runs, the data shown in Figure 9 were estimated
densification of the frost layer, but to an appreciable extent to be accurate within a inaxinium error of 10%.
only in the outer regions of the layer. Apparently, in the These results and others of n similar nature force one to
inner regions of the frost layer the temperature is so low and reject a n internal densification model based on the transport
the ice vapor pressure so small that frost densification occurs of water b y vapor-phase diffusion driven by a n equilibrium
a t a n insignificant rate. Therefore, as shown in Figure 7 , large partial pressure gradient, a t least in the colder regions of the
variations of density with position were predkted. frost interior. Indeed, vapor-phase diffusion is unlikely even
Over a short period of time, this model predicted heat and with a rionequilibrium partial pressure profile. Using the
mass fluxes and frost thicknesses in good agreement with experimentally determined rate of densification of t'he frost
the simple model and with experimental data. Figure 8 in- layer for a given run, the partial pressure profile required to
dicates the type of agreement for one set of conditioiis. B u t produce a uniform densification of the frost layer by vapor-
the two niodels disagree strongly in the predicted density phase diffusion can be calculated. Such calculations (Shah,
distribution within the frost. The only previous experiinental 1968) resulted in water vapor partial pressure profiles such as
data on density gradients within a frost were taken by Braein- that shown in Figure 10. The slope of the required partial
sky (Braeinsky 1967; Brian et al., 1969) who found no varia- pressure profiles must, at each point within the frost, be equal
tion of density with depth. As these data were few and the to the rat,e of densification of the frost layer between t'he
result was somewhat unexpected, additional experimental point in question and the cold wall. Thus the slope a t the cold
confirmation was also sought in this work. wall is zero, and the slope a t the frost surface is that required
to densify the entire frost layer. R u t while the slope of the
Experimental Measurements of Density required profile is fixed a t every point', the absolute pressure
Gradients in a Frost layer
level is not. Thus the required profile is represented by a
A series of frosting runs was made a t a gas-phase Reynolds family of curves obtained by sliding the curve in Figure 10
number of 15,800, a humidity corresponding t o a 30'F dew up or down. B u t since negative partial pressures must. surely
point, arid a gas temperature of 71'F. These conditions be excluded, the curve presented in Figure 10 represents the
closely approximate those chosen for the theoretical results lowest possible curve in the family of partial pressure profiles
in Figure 7 . The deposition times varied from 26 to 144 which could account for a uniform frost densification a t the
minutes; corresponding to these times the frost thickness a t experimentally observed rate.

Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., Vol. 9, No. 3, 1970 379


"1 gradient. Assuming an ice particle 50 A in diameter, Brock's
theory has been used t o calculate (Shah, 1968) the thermal

A
S
Rn:I,yo
d
':i;tn
ies = 14,700 diffusion velocity corresponding to the temperature gradient
H u m i d i t y = G a s dew point at various points within the frost, as given in Figure 2. The
calculated velocity varies from about 40 feet per hour near the
* e o T4= 7 O o F frost surface to about 170 feet per hour near the cold wall.
The water flux required to explain frost densification is of the
I .o
order of 0.05 lb,/hi ft2 near the fiost surface, but it decreases
3.0 to zero at the cold wall. I n order to get a flux of 0.02 lb,/hr
ft2with a particle velocity of 100 feet per hour, the concentra-
tion of particles would have to be 2 X lb,/ft3, which
corresponds to a volume fraction of 4 X 10-6. This does not
appear to be an unreasonable nuclei concentration.
While nucleation within the frost appears likely and while
Brock's theory predicts thermal diffusion velocities high
enough to transport the nuclei within the fiost, there ale a t
this time no experimental observations to corroborate the
.--
+
0
5.0
postulate that theimal diffusion of nuclei is the mechanism
0
4.0 of densification of the cold regions of the frost. Furthermore,
a it is by no means clear how this water transport mechanism
3 .O would result in a densification rate which is uniform over the
2 .o frost layer. But no other mechanism of densification of the
cold layers appears likely, and so this postulate is currently
I .o being pursued.
0 Nomenclature
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
Distance f r o m Cold W a l l (inches)
D = molecular diffusivity of water vapor in air, ft2/hr
h = heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2-OF
Figure 10. Required pressure profile compared to equi- AH = heat of sublimation (negative) of water vapor,
librium profile within frost Btu/lb,
k = thermal conductivity, Btu/hr-ft-OF
K, = mass transfer coefficient, ft/hr
Shown for comparison in Figure 10 is the profile of the ice M = molecular weight of water, lb,/lb mole
vapor pressure in equilibrium with the local frost temperature. AT = flux of water vapor to surface, lb,/hr-ft2
At the frost surface, the slope of the equilibrium profile is p = partial pressure of water vapor, mm of Hg
= heat flux, Btu/hr-ft2
nearly equal to the slope of the required profile because the
former agrees with the over-all rate of densification of the
kT = gas constant, lbi-ft3/ftz-lb mole-OF
= temperature, O F
frost layer. But the required profile lies substantially above the X = distance from the cold wall, ft
equilibrium profile, indicating supersaturation ratios over GREEKLETTERS
1000 within the frost layer. Even a t the frost surface, a
supersaturation ratio of about 5 is indicated. Such high e time, hr
=
P frost density, lb,/ft3
=
supersaturation ratios would appear to be unattainable in P(T,) DLlf2AHpg/R2Tsar,lb,/'F-ft-hr
=
such circumstances. But even more convincing is the fact 7 = tortuosity
that the required partial pressure a t the frost surface, 14 m m 6 = frost thickness, inches
of Hg, is substantially higher than the water vapor partial SUBSCRIPTS
pressure in the bulk gas stream, which was only 6.3 mm of f = frost
Hg. This contradiction indicates that vapor-phase diffusion 9 = gas phase
cannot account for a uniform densification of the frost layer. ice = solid ice
Therefore while the success of the simple model indicates S = frost surface
that water is transported from the frost surface to the interior W = wall
by vapor diffusion driven by an equilibrium partial pressure A bar over a symbol indicates an integrated average value.
gradient, the transport of water to the cold regions deeper
within the frost would appear t o occur by other mechanisms. Literature Cited
Biguria, Gabriel, Ph.D. thesis, Lehigh University, Bethlehem,
Water Transport as Nuclei Pa., 1968.
Biguria, Gabriel, Wenxel, L. A,, IND.ENG.CHEM.FUNDAM. 9,
Since the densification of the cold regions of the frost i 2 9 (i970). '
layer cannot be explained by vapor diffusion, it is postulated Brazinsky, I., Sc.D. thesis, Massachusetts Icstitute of Tech-
that very small ice particles are nucleated in the vapor within nology, Cambridge, hIass., 1967.
Brian, P. L. T., Reid, R. C., Braainsky, I., Cryog. Technol. 5 , 205
the frost and that these nuclei are transported to the cold 11969).
regions by thermal diffusion. Thus the water transport into Brock, J. R., J . Colloid Sci. 17,768 (1962).
the frost is visualized as occurring by vapor-phase diffusion Eckert, E. R . G., Drake, R. I f . , ('Heat and Mass Transfer,"
2nd ed., p. 7, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955.
in the warm region near the frost surface but by thermal Reid, R. C., Brian, P. L.T., Weber, M.E., A.I.Ch.E. J . 1 2 , 1190
diffusion of nuclei in the cold region. Intermediate between (1966).
these two would lie a region in which both vapor-phase diffu- Shah, Y. T., Sc.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass., 1968.
sion and thermal diffusion of ncclei might be important. Sleicher, C. A,, Tribus, X., Trans. ASME 79, 789, 1957.
Brock (1962) has presented a theory for the movement of RECEIVED for review July 7, 1969
colloidal-sized solid particles in a gas with a temperature ACCEPTEDJune 1, 1970

380 Ind. Eng. Chem. Pundam., Vol. 9, No. 3, 1970

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