Types of faults

1. Single line to ground fault

2. Phase to Phase fault
3. Three Phase fault

Single Phase To Ground Fault:

In case of single phase to ground fault, one phase is connected to ground. In such case voltage of
that faulty phase decreases and current draw from source increases rapidly. The amount of
current depends upon the compensation factor designated as ‘K’ and line impedance ‘Z’.
Mathematically ‘K’ is defined as:

K=1/3(Z0/Z1-1) eq…...1

Suppose single line to ground fault exits and voltage of that phase decreases significantly. The
amount of voltage drop can be calculated as:

V= (1+K)ZI eq……2

Example

Suppose single line to ground fault on the line and the short circuit current is 5A and line
impedance Z is 3 ohm the voltage drop can be calculated by the using eq…..2 as:

V=(1+.559*+)*3*5 eq……3

Solving the equation, voltage drop come out to be ’23.385V’

‘*’ For Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced ‘Z0/Z1’=2.677

Put the Z0/Z1 in eq….1 than value of K come out to be 0.559.

Case 1

Suppose single line to ground fault exists on ‘A’ phase and the line impedance Z is 3 ohm than in
such case the injection values come out to be.

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 23.385 0
2 VB 63.5 240
3 VC 63.5 120
4 IA 5 275*
5 IB 0 0
6 IC 0 0
‘*’ line angle 85

Than 0 – 85= -85

360 – 85 = 275

Case 2

Similarly if single line to ground fault exists on ‘B’ phase than injection values come out to be

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 63.5 0
2 VB 23.385 240
3 VC 63.5 120
4 IA 0 0
5 IB 5 155*
6 IC 0 0

‘*’ line angle 85

Than 240 – 85= 155

Case 3

And if single line to ground fault exists on ‘C’ phase than injection values come out to be

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 63.5 0
2 VB 63.5 240
3 VC 23.385 120
4 IA 0 0
5 IB 0 0
6 IC 5 35*

‘*’ line angle 85

120 – 85 = 35
Phase To Phase Fault

When two phases are connected than double phase fault occur, the amount of fault current is
very high.

If I’ is flowing in case of fault than voltage drop can be found as

V=I’Z eq…..4

In such case fault current is double and we may write as

I’=2*I

Put the value of I’ in eq….4 than it looks

V=2*I*Z eq……5

Example

Suppose double phase fault on the system, impedance Z is 3 ohm and amount of fault current is
5A.Put these values in eq…5 and it look like that:

V=2*5*3

= 30 Volts eq….6

Current of two faulty phases increase and voltage of these phases drops off to half.

Case 1

a)

Suppose phase to phase fault exists on ‘A’ and ‘B’ phase and the line impedance Z is 3 ohm than
in such case the injection values can be applied.

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 15 0
2 VB 15 180
3 VC 63.5 0
4 IA 5 275*
5 IB 5 95*
6 IC 0 0
Line angle=85

* 0-85=-85

360-85=275

* 0-85-180=-265

360-265=95

b)

Suppose phase to phase fault exists on ‘A’ and ‘B’ phase other than line angle say 450 and the
line impedance Z is 3 ohm than in such case the injection values can be applied.

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 12.95 0
2 VB 12.95 180
3 VC 63.5 0
4 IA 5 315*
5 IB 5 135*
6 IC 0 0

Line angle = 85

Z new = Z imp cos (line angle-new angle)

Z new = 3*cos (85-45)
Z new = 2.59 ohm
V = I*Z
V = 5*2.59
V = 12.95
*0-45 = -45 =360-45 = 315
*180-45 = 135
Case 2

a)

Suppose phase to phase fault exists on ‘B’ and ‘C’ phase and the line impedance Z is 3 ohm than
in such case the injection values can be applied.

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 63.5 0
2 VB 15 0
3 VC 15 180
4 IA 0 0
5 IB 5 275*
6 IC 5 95*

Line angle=85

* 0-85=-85

360-85=275

* 0-85-180=-265

360-265=95

b)

Suppose phase to phase fault exists on ‘B’ and ‘C’ phase other than line angle say 450 and the
line impedance Z is 3 ohm than in such case the injection values can be applied.

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 63.5 0
2 VB 12.95 0
3 VC 12.95 180
4 IA 0 0
5 IB 5 315*
6 IC 5 135*
Line angle = 85

Z new = Z imp cos (line angle-new angle)

Z new = 3*cos (85-45)
Z new = 2.59 ohm
V = I*Z
V = 5*2.59
V = 12.95
*0-45 = -45 =360-45 = 315
*180-45 = 135

Case 3

a)

Suppose phase to phase fault exists on ‘C’ and ‘A’ phase and the line impedance Z is 3 ohm than
in such case the injection values can be applied.

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 15 180
2 VB 63.5 0
3 VC 15 0
4 IA 5 95*
5 IB 0 0
6 IC 5 275*
Line angle=85

* 0-85=-85

360-85=275

* 0-85-180=-265

360-265=95
 b)

Suppose phase to phase fault exists on ‘C’ and ‘A’ phase other than line angle 450 and the line
impedance Z is 3 ohm than in such case the injection values can be applied.

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 12.95 180
2 VB 63.5 0
3 VC 12.95 0
4 IA 5 135*
5 IB 0 0
6 IC 5 315*

Z new = Z imp cos (line angle-new angle)

Z new = 3*cos (85-45)
Z new = 2.59 ohm
V = I*Z
V = 5*2.59
V = 12.95
*0-45 = -45 =360-45 = 315
*180-45 = 135

Three Phase Faults

The type fault in which all three phases are shorted are called three phase faults. This is the most
sever fault on the system. The amount of fault current increases tremendously and voltage drop
can be find out from that relation.

V=I*Z eq….7

Example

a)

Suppose three phase fault exits on the system, impedance Z is 3 ohm and amount of fault current
is 5A.Put these values in eq…7 and it look like that:
 V=5*3

=15V

So, the injection can be applied

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 15 0
2 VB 15 240
3 VC 15 120
4 IA 5 275*
5 IB 5 155*
6 IC 5 35*

Line angle=85

* 0-85=-85

360-85=275

* 240-85=155

* 120-85=35

b)

Suppose three phase fault exits on the system other than line angle say 450, impedance Z is 3
ohm and amount of fault current is 5A. So, the new injection can be applied

INJECTION VALUES
Sr.
Values Magnitude Phase
1 VA 12.95 0
2 VB 12.95 240
3 VC 12.95 120
4 IA 5 315*
5 IB 5 195*
6 IC 5 75*
Z new = Z imp cos (line angle-new angle)
Z new = 3*cos (85-45)
Z new = 2.59 ohm
V = I*Z
V = 5*2.59
V = 12.95
*0-45 = -45 =360-45 = 315
*240-45 = 195
*120-45 = 75