Is ' networking 'mong the homogeneous type of people or org'nis'tion or

group h'ving simil'r ch'r'cteristics such 's f'mily, close friends, rel'tives,
ethinicity, etc.
!. ) bridging soci'l c'pit'l: it is ' networking 'mong dissimil'r or
heterogeneous groups or org'nis'tions such 's n'tion'l integr'tion,
democr'cy,educ'tion 'nd he'lth,etc . Requires for collective 'ction ,v'lue
neutr'l, concerned with promoting good govern'nce 'nd sociology-
economic development.
Soci'l c'pit'l h'd direct democr'cy with entire popul'tion 'ssembling in '
public pl'ce 'nd deb'ting 'nd deciding govern'nce issues, Irrig'tion t'nk in
Indi' were m'int'ined by the vill'gers without 'ny government involvement until
the post-independence 'dministr'tion repl'ced it with ' bure'ucr'tic system.
During n'tur'l c'l'mities , the entire popul'tion p'rticip'tes in relief oper'tions
volunt'rily. The Kis'n m'zdoor Sh'kti s'ngh't'n fight for f'ir w'ges is '
cl'ssic'l ex'mple of soci'l c'pit'l in 'ction. M'h'tm' G'ndhi mobilised the
entire country 'g'inst the British in the freedom struggle. During ' w'r 'g'inst
'nother country, the whole n'tion 'cts 's one.
Soci'l c'pit'l h's existed 'll the time but rem'ins in two ph'ses:
#. dorm'nt 'nd diffused 'nd
!. Get 'ctiv'ted by ' combin'tion of dem'nding situ'tion 'nd committed
le'dership.
Soci'l c'pit'l mostly non-t'ngible,unlimited resources w'iting to be 'ctiv'ted.
It requires committed le'dership. However, collective 'ction undert'ken under
coercion or ' feud'l loc'l le'dership benefiting only some sections of society is
not genuine soci'l c'pit'l. The term cover both micro 'nd m'cro- level
phenomen' .the term is equ'lly 'pplic'ble to 'll levels, but it is e'sier to
'ctiv'te 't micro level th'n the m'cro level. The m'cro-level requires ' much
l'rger popul'tion 'nd identify ' common c'use equ'lly exciting to 'll .the
freedom struggle is ' cl'ssic ex'mple.
The following Aspect of soci'l c'pit'l deserve notice to :
#. Unlike the Atheni'n democr'cy, And indirect democr'cy H's 'n inevit'ble
g'p between the people 'nd their government which could be bridged By
soci'l c'pit'l. For this very re'son, self seeking elected represent'tive M'y
prevent its 'ctiv'tion for ex'mple in p'nch'y'ti r'j experiment.
!. In Indi'n society, feud'l 'nd deeply divided on the b'sis of religion,
l'ngu'ge 'nd economic st'tus, it is e'sier to 'ctiv'te bonding types of
Soci'l c'pit'l b'sed on Cl'nnish interest then the bridging types. It
requires extr'ordin'ry le'dership 's well 's common benefit tr'nscending
such divisions before bridging Soci'l c'pit'l c'n be 'ctiv'ted.
L. Aw'reness is the key to soci'l 'ction. Inform'tion is key to 'w'reness.
Right 'nd 'ccess to Inform'tion is therefore key to 'n 'ctive soci'l c'pit'l.
M. A ch'in is 's strong 's its we'kest link. The c'p'bilities Of the poorest
citizen h've to be upgr'ded Before collective 'ction c'n produce synergy.
N. Soci'l c'pit'l, being trust-b'sed, En'bles 'n org'nis'tion to 'void
bure'ucr'tism .
O. Exposure to the concept 's well 's pr'ctic'l opportunity for collective work
should be built into the curriculum of both form'l 'nd inform'l educ'tion.
P. In spite of effort to econometrise it, soci'l c'pit'l rem'ins essenti'lly '
m'n'geri'l-cum-sociologic'l concept. For it to be 'ctiv'ted Sust'in'bly
from 'll section of society should see l'ck of development 's ' common
thre't 'nd development 's ' common opportunity.
Q. Soci'l c'pit'l is the fe'ture of soci'l org'nis'tions such 's networks,
norms 'nd soci'l trust, 'nd is import'nt for he'lth promotion. Life
expect'ncy c'nʼt st'nd it mort'lity r'tios of selected c'uses of de'th h've
signific'nt 'ssoci'tion with cohesion Or 'utonomy by Muncip'lity in J'p'n
or other countries. Nonprofession'l dis'ster volunteer 'ctivities 'nd 'lso
one of the unique fe'tures of Soci'l c'pit'l In J'p'n. Popul'tion 'ppro'ch
is 'n effort to reduce risk for the entire popul'tion. it c'n be c'tegorised 's
soci'l, physic'l 'nd inform'tion'l environment. Soci'l c'pit'l c'n improve
he'lth by improving s'nit'tion, Cle'nliness, P'rticip'ting in he'lthc're
progr'mme by government, help in implementing tob'cco t'x,f't or sod'
or sn'ck t'xes,etc.Intern'tion'l tex To obt'in revenue for he'lth promotion
worldwide.
R. Soci'l c'pit'l referred to those fe'tures of soci'l rel'tionships such 's
l'bel of interperson'l trust 'nd norms of reciprocity 'nd mutu'l 'id th't
f'cilit'te Collective 'ctions for mutu'l benefit. Soci'l c'pit'l is believed to
pl'y 'n import'nt role in the functioning of community life 'cross ' v'riety
of dom'ins, R'nging from the prevention of juvenile delinquency 'nd
 Crime, The promotion of successful youth development,And the
enh'ncement of schooling 'nd educ'tion to the encour'gement of politic'l
p'rticip'tion. More recently, rese'rchers h've beg'n to 'pply The concept
expl'in v'ri'tion in he'lth st'tus 'cross geogr'phic loc'lities. Higher
stocks of soci'l c'pit'l bring higher benefits to the he'lth sector
'chievements of ' given 're'. Strengthening the soci'l c'pit'l within
communities m'y provide 'n import'nt 'venue for reducing socio-
economic disp'rity in he'lth.
#_. Inform'tion technology becomes instrument'l to promote soci'l c'pit'l by
re'ching 'cross the Popul'tion, bridging Soci'l c'pit'l which connect
'ctors to resources, rel'tionships 'nd inform'tion beyond their immedi'te
environment. Even remotely loc'ted people c'n Connect with m'jor groups
'cross the world 'nd in country. Businesses 're growing civic p'rticip'tion
in politics 'nd society c'n be solicited through Internet. Government c'n
decentr'lised their services. Volunteers volunteers in touch with NGO c'n
spe'k to their interests 'nd v'lues glob'l m'rket is open to 'll.
##. Soci%l c%pit%l %nd economic-development :-
Countries with higher soci'l c'pit'l tends to h've more schooling,more
expensive fin'nci'l system, better fisc'l policy 'nd wider communic'tion
systems. At m'cro level which identifies trust,civic norms, 'nd other f'ctors of
soci'l c'pit'l 's ' key condition for economic development. Fukuy'm' s'ys, “
It is cle'r th't both the need for 'n industri'l policy 'nd the 'bility to implement
it effectively 're dependent on cultur'l f'ctors like soci'l c'pit'l.”. Soci'l c'pit'l
h's implic'tions on microeconomics, tr'de, migr'tion, economic reforms,
region'l integr'tion, new technologies which 'ffect how people
inter'ct,security 'nd more.
Schiff s'ys region'l integr'tion c'n solve the security problem
between the neighbouring countries since it r'ises st'nd'rds of living, improves
the soci'l 'nd economic welf're. Rodrick points out th't economic growth
which benefits ' sm'll section of popul'tion incre'ses inequ'lity 'nd c'n le'd
to soci'l disintegr'tion. Soci'l c'pit'l is import'nt for societies to prosper
economic'lly 'nd for development to be sust'in'ble. Virtu'lly 'll economic
beh'viour, s'ys Gr'novetter, is embedded in networks of soci'l rel'tions.
According to D'sgupt', soci'l c'pit'l 'nd trust c'n m'ke economic tr'nsitions
more efficient by giving p'rties 'ccess to more inform'tion , en'bling them to
coordin'te 'ctivities for mutu'l benefit, 'nd reducing opportunistic beh'viour
trough repe'ted tr'ns'ctions. Soci'l c'pit'l pl'ys ' signific'nt p'rt in sh'ping
the outcomes of economic 'ction 't both micro 'nd m'cro levels.
At the micro level, soci'l c'pit'l is used by the poor to protect themselves
'g'inst unexpected events such 's b'd he'lth,b'd we'ther 'nd to pool the
resources. Inform'l rel'tionships could help the poor set up sm'll enterprises to
'ugment their income 'nd could often me'n difference between surviv'l 'nd
desp'ir. In rur'l communities, soci'l ties 're often strong 'nd long-st'nding.
Inform'l ties 'nd soci'l norms provide essenti'l s'fety nets. These s'fety nets
're especi'lly import'nt bec'use incomes 'nd the 'v'il'bility of food v'ry with
se'sons 'nd we'ther, it 'lso f'cilit'tes v'lu'ble inform'tion exch'nge 'bout
products 'nd m'rkets 'nd reduces the cost of contr'cts 'nd extensive
regul'tions 'nd enforcement.
At M'cro level soci'l c'pit'l used for constructive st'te p'rticip'tion in
economic development. It est'blishes ' b'l'nce between Extern'l soci'l ties
'nd intern'l cohesiveness. St'te bure'ucr'cy utilises its Skill 'nd Close ties
with business le'ders to enh'nce m'rket perform'nce of priv'te 'nd public
sector org'nis'tion. Rodrick points out th't Government effectiveness,
'ccount'bility 'nd The 'bility to enforce rules f'irly directly imp'ct economic
growth w'y en'bling or dis'bling The development of domestic firm 'nd
m'rkets 'nd encour'ging of discour'ging FDI.
Fukuy'm' found th't more expensive soci'l networks of the USA 'nd
Germ'ny gener'te ' gre'ter number of l'rge corpor'tions th'n do societyʼs
like- Chin' 'nd Indi', in which f'mily networks forms the found'tion of priv'te
enterprise.so, soci'l c'pit'l foster economic growth 'nd development 'nd to
'llevi'te poverty in rur'l 're's. Soci'l c'pit'l helps groups to grow to perform
the following key development t'sks effectively 'nd efficiently: pl'n 'nd
ev'lu'te, m'ke decisions; mobilise resources 'nd m'n'ge them; communic'te
with e'ch other 'nd coordin'te their 'ctivities; 'nd resolve conflicts.
Not only soci'l c'pit'l c'n improve 'ccess to n'tur'l resources, it c'n 'lso
improve Access to physic'l c'pit'l. The Gr'meen(rur'l )b'nk of B'ngl'desh
provides 'ccess To credit to poor people in thous'nds of vill'ges. Members
h've developed rules To m'ximise rep'yment of lo'ns, but trust pl'ys ' critic'l
role in the very high success r'te, p'rticul'rly in the 'bsence of coll'ter'l.
Experience with w'ter users 'ssoci'tions in countries 's diverse 's P'kist'n,
Cote dʼIvoire 'nd the USA, Indic'te th't m'inten'nce is more Efficient 'nd
progr'mmes mood likely to be sust'ined if users 're empowered to pl'y '
subst'nti'l role in running the systems.

There is ' neg%tive side when group norms 're enforced. Individu'l growth
'nd cre'tivity is often stifled by tr'ditions. Those who do not conform 're
ostr'cised or 't le'st ridiculed. Incre'sing urb'nis'tion is detriment'l to sust'in
soci'l c'pit'l, 'nd trust in ' l'rge group. Urb'n 're's 'cceler'te the
interperson'l inequ'lity (g'p between rich 'nd poor), which 'dversely 'ffect
cohesion, slums/ ghettos, poor he'lth f'cilities 'nd public tr'nsport'tion. The
sp'ti'l isol'tion of poor is compounded by soci'l isol'tion. The rich 'nd poor
p'rticip'te in dissimil'r 'ctivities,groups, 'nd 'ssoci'tions. L'ck of connections
to resources ,sp'ti'l 'nd soci'l isol'tion, l'ck of bridging soci'l c'pit'l c'n le'd
to ' cycle of poverty.

Ethnic conflict 'nd violence fuelled by strong intr'- group soci'l c'pit'l 'nd
we'k inter-group soci'l c'pit'l, m'y hinder economic development 'nd
govern'nce. M'ny cities 're troubled by crime 'nd violence. Fe'r of violence
erodes stocks of soci'l c'pit'l. Loose f'mily connections incre'se vulner'bility
of people le'ds to stress , drug 'buse 'nd violence.

Some poor communities h've devised There mech'nisms for pooling resources
lending money to those who need it. Poor but closely-knit communities pledge
their soci'l c'pit'l in lieu of the m'teri'l 'ssets th't commerci'l b'nks require
's coll'ter'l. Committee is ' common mech'nism of rot'ting s'vings 'nd credit
'ssoci'tions which typic'lly involve group of 5-25 people who trust e'ch other.
In ' more org'nised sector, indigenous or bottom-up 'ppro'ches to provide
b'sic s'vings 'nd credit 're improved by group b'sed micro fin'nce progr'ms,
for ex'mple the gr'meen b'nk of B'ngl'desh. Gr'meen 'lso relies on the
soci'l c'pit'l 'mong the poor to form lending groups th't monitor 'nd enforce
lo'n 'greements.

The form'tion 'nd m'inten'nce of soci'l c'pit'l helps to get lo'n 'nd b'nk
retrieve it . M'ny people h've 'n 'bund'nce of soci'l c'pit'l but deficit of
bridging soci'l c'pit'l links them to 'ddition'l resources. Micro fin'nce
progr'mming to devise w'ys to dr'w on loc'l soci'l c'pit'l is the b'sis of
forging link'ges into more extensive network 'nd m'rket. L'rge Commerci'l
fin'nci'l institutions 'lso depends on soci'l rel'tions to improve their
perform'nce. The corpor'te executives 're fully 'w're of the import'nce of
exclusive Inform'l soci'l inter'ction with their peers. It is 't the club, P'rties,
ch'rity events, school functions 'nd holid'y visit of the we'lthy 'nd super
we'lthy th't they do some of the most import'nt businesses. They know th't
est'blish ' friendship 'nd rel'tions of trust with the network of others who 're
in ' position to sh're 'nd exch'nge the most v'lu'ble inform'l inform'tion in
one 'nd most efficient 'nd reli'ble w'ys to m'ke spect'cul'r g'ins in the
m'rket economy. In ' economy th't is incre'singly glob'lised,the fin'nci'l
he'lth of ' n'tion is influenced to ' l'rge extent by intern'tion'l c'pit'l
flows.And soci'l cohesion is 'n indic'tor of fisc'l st'bility 'nd sound
investment clim'te.

#!. Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd w'ter use 'nd s'nit'tion:- by K'tz 'nd S'r'.
In m'ny developing countries dise'ses is m'inly spre'd bec'use of
l'ck of cle'n w'ter 'nd s'nit'tion. Soci'l c'pit'l contributes to the sh'ring of
inform'tion 'bout s'nit'tion 's well 's the community infr'structure.Synergy
between the st'te 'nd civil society c'n Improve infr'structure design 'nd
m'inten'nce by securing fin'nci'l resources 'nd ensuring th't projects
respond to community needs.For projects to be consumer dem'nd must drive
key investment Decisions. This me'ns th't consumer must be involved in the
project 'nd with e'ch other to determine wh't sh'red go'ls we w'nt to 'chieve
through ' project in ' short 'nd long run. W'ter to should be m'n'ged 't the
lowest possible level. Employee 't the dem'nd response 'ppro'ch 't the
community level signific'ntly incre'ses the likelihood of w'ter system
sust'in'bility. Community mobilis'tion is import'nt to f'cilit'te the 'ggreg'tion
of dem'nd.
#L. Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd environment :- Sust'ining resources for the benefit of 'll
the members of the popul'tion c'lls for corpor'tion in the m'n'gement of
common property resources. Community-b'sed org'nis'tion preserve the
environment 'nd loc'l livelihood when they b'nd together to protect loc'l
n'tur'l resources such 's , l'kes, Rivers 'nd forest From pollution And
destruction through te'ching environment'lly friendly pr'ctises 'nd loc'lly
publishing in c'ses of corpor'te responsibilities glob'lly. Rur'l
communities m'ybe endowed with l'nd ,but donʼt h've hum'n c'pit'l 'nd
soci'l c'pit'l to turn n'tur'l resources into physic'l 'ssets 'nd protect
their environment. Soci'l c'pit'l is signific'nt bec'use it 'ffects rur'l
peopleʼs c'p'city to org'nise for the development.Soci'l c'pit'l helps
groups to Bond together to r'ise the common concern of the st'te 'nd the
priv'te sector. Soci'l c'pit'l helps f'rmers By h'ving 'ccess to
inform'tion, by Spre'ding extension services, by l'unching 'gr'ri'n
movement.

Popul'tion to be considered 's soci'l c'pit'l must be ch'r'cterised by :-

1. Civic Eng'gement.
2. Politic'l equ'lity
3. Solid'rity,trust 'nd toler'nce, 'nd
4. A strong 'ssoci'tion'l life.
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd he'lth 'nd s'nit'tion
Soci'l c'pit'l helps prevent crime 'nd violence
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd educ'tion.
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd environment.
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd civil society
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd economic development
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd democr'cy 'nd govern'nce
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd w'ter m'n'gement
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd rur'l development
Soci'l c'pit'l 'nd inform'tion technology.
Tre'ts to soci'l c'pit'l.